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In 2005, archaeologists followed James Fort’s west wall footprint to the fort’s north bulwark and continued work on the foundations for the rowhouses (ca. 1611) just inside that wall. There was a surprising discovery of a ca. 1617 addition to the rowhouses, made by Governor Argall. The brick chimney for Argall’s extension collapsed into an earlier fort-period well. This well held a quarter of a million artifacts, including a loaded pistol and a ceremonial halberd that is on display in the Archaearium.
Excavations also identified graves inside the west corner of the fort that contained the remains of many of the original 1607 colonists. Three postholes found in the fort’s center appeared to reveal the fort’s storehouse, which historical documents suggested would have been in the middle of the fort. Archaeologists also found a bombproof for the 1861 Confederate fort from the Civil War.
Dig Update Archive, 2004-present
2005 Dig Updates
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Lesson Plan: Colonial Worldview
Uses European maps from before the American Revolution to show how Europeans saw the world and its inhabitants. By highlighting images of people, symbols, resources and tools, this lesson asks the following questions: Why did Europeans think colonialism was morally justifiable? Why did they want to colonize? How were they able to colonize so many parts of the world?
Further Reading
• Daston, Lorraine. Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150 - 1750. 2001.
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Why are actual core losses larger than calculated?
When calculating the core losses, it is assumed that the structure is homogeneous. In reality, when core halves are mated, there is leakage flux (fringing flux) at the mating surfaces, and the gap losses contribute to the total losses. Gap losses are caused by flux concentration in the core and eddy currents generated in the windings. When a core is gapped, this gap loss can drastically increase overall losses. Additionally, because the cross-sectional area of many core geometries is not uniform, local “hot spots” can develop at points of minimum cross section. This creates localized areas of increased flux density, resulting in higher losses at those points.
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The Riderless Horse in American Presidents’ Funerals
In North America, early Native Americans had great reverence for horses, and while the founders of the United States of America may not have shared that reverence initially, they nonetheless respected the animal’s significant roles in transportation, agriculture, sport and the military. At the end of the 18th century in the United States, with the death of America’s first president, a new role emerged: the riderless horse representing the mount of a fallen leader.
A former officer in the American Revolutionary War, Henry “Light-Horse Harry” Lee eulogized George Washington in December 1799 as being “…first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen…” Twelve days after Washington’s death at Mt. Vernon, a riderless horse took part in an elaborate, simulated funeral ceremony conducted in Philadelphia, the then-capital of the United States, with an empty casket symbolizing the late president. The event was described in The Pennsylvania Gazette:
Immediately preceding the clergy in the funeral procession, two marines wearing black scarves escorted the horse, who carried the general’s “saddle, holsters, and pistols” and boots reversed in the stirrups. The riderless horse was “trimmed with black – the head festooned with elegant black and white feathers – the American Eagle displayed in a rose upon the breast, and in a feather upon the head.”
In 1850 the funeral of President Zachary Taylor, a former Army general celebrated as “Old Rough and Ready,” took a more personal turn, so to speak. Taylor’s own Army horse, Old Whitey, was walked in the funeral procession while bearing the military saddle worn in combat during the Mexican-American War, when Old Rough and Ready sat astride him as “shots buzzed around his head.” As in the Philadelphia ceremony commemorating George Washington, the general’s boots were turned backward in the stirrups.
A light gray horse, Old Whitey was familiar to many who witnessed the funeral cortege that day in 1850. He had become a popular tourist attraction while grazing on the front lawn of the White House during his master’s sixteen-month presidency, which ended abruptly when Taylor was struck down by an alleged gastrointestinal complication that reportedly stemmed from ingesting cold milk and cherries on an extremely hot day.
Perhaps because the 1865 assassination of Abraham Lincoln was immediately recognized as a profound tragedy in American history, Lincoln’s funeral was orchestrated on a grand scale befitting the people’s adulation. A funeral train carrying his casket traveled nearly 1,700 miles through 180 cities and towns in seven states, stopping occasionally for public viewings and tributes, as it progressed toward its final destination, Springfield, Illinois, where a young Abe had grown to manhood.
Ridden by Lincoln from town to town while the self-educated lawyer campaigned for office, Old Bob was brought out of retirement in a pasture for his master’s final rites. He was led in the funeral procession by the Reverend Henry Brown, an African-American minister who performed occasional handyman tasks for the Lincolns, as they followed the hearse to Lincoln’s resting place.
Roosevelt’s death stunned Americans to the core, and inasmuch as U.S. government officials were focused on the transition to their new leader in a world at war, it is understandable that the participation of a riderless horse in FDR’s funeral procession may not have received the attention it had in earlier days. This is how the New York Herald Tribune described the matter:
“Directly in back of the caisson (bearing FDR’s flag-draped casket), a Negro soldier led a riderless horse.” The horse was “draped in black, its head covered in a dark cowl, and a saber bouncing gently off the horse’s belly.” The funeral procession was in Hyde Park, New York, where the late president was buried in a garden on the Roosevelt estate. We will assume the saber was attached to a saddle and bounced gently off the horse’s side.
The year 1963 marked another traumatic time for Americans, particularly the family of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, who was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 23rd. The riderless horse who took part in JFK’s funeral procession would become the most renowned of them all: Black Jack, who would represent the mount of a fallen leader in the processions for Kennedy, Presidents Herbert Hoover (1964) and Lyndon B. Johnson (1973), as well as General Douglas MacArthur (1964), among other prominent Americans.
The protocol for Black Jack in Kennedy’s funeral procession would set the standard for riderless horses from 1963 to the present day. He was tacked with a black modified English riding saddle and black bridle. Black, spurred cavalry boots faced backward in the stirrups, and a scabbard with sword hung from the rear of the saddle’s right side. Positioned beneath the saddle, a heavy saddle cloth, or saddle blanket, was ornamental in design.
Although he was a military horse named in honor of General of the Armies John J. “Black Jack” Pershing, Black Jack was not born into the service. A dark bay Morgan-Quarterhorse cross with a small star on his forehead, he was foaled on a Kansas farm in 1947 and later purchased by the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps for remount service, the remount referring to a soldier’s need to replace a mount that had been injured or killed in the days of the U.S. Cavalry. The Army then shipped Black Jack to the Fort Reno, Oklahoma, Remount Depot, where he was raised and trained.
When Black Jack passed away in 1976, his remains were cremated and his ashes buried with full military honors. A monument on the parade ground at Fort Myer’s Summerall Field attests to the degree he had been revered. Raven, another dark horse, succeeded Black Jack in his duties as a riderless horse.
At this point a mention should be made of President Dwight D. “Ike” Eisenhower, who passed away in March 1969 and was buried in Abilene, Kansas. No horse of record participated in the Kansas funeral ceremonies, but earlier, in Washington, a riderless horse did follow the horse-drawn caisson bearing Eisenhower’s casket from the Washington National Cathedral to the Capitol, where the late president lay in state for public viewing in the Capitol Rotunda.
A video of the procession from the Cathedral to the Capitol shows a riderless horse who is nearly liver chestnut in color with a small star on his forehead, a horse whose prancing and dancing in the procession, and pawing impatiently while standing “at rest,” bear a suspicious resemblance to Black Jack’s behavior. If the fidelity of the color in the video is flawed, and the horse’s coat is indeed nearly black, it could be that BJ, as Black Jack’s grooms and walkers called him, had a connection with the man who was the most popular military commander of World War II and, later, the 34th president of the U.S.
In 1948, the Army’s 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment was assigned the responsibility of organizing and conducting the funeral processions of American presidents laid to rest in Arlington National Cemetery, as well as other Americans eligible for burial with military honors in Arlington. The Old Guard, as the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment is known, was formed in 1784, is the oldest active unit in the U.S. Army, and is based at Fort Myer, Virginia, adjacent to the nation’s most hallowed cemetery.
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History - Rømø
Naturstyrelsen.Dyreliv.Rømø.JuvreSand (2)
In 1973, drillings were carried out in the subsurface at Nørre Tvismark, close to Rømø dyke. Rocks were not found until after drilling 51 meters into the Rømø subsurface, and these were deposited during the Ice Age. Everything above this level was sand thrown up by the sea over thousands of years. Around 9,000 years ago the coast probably followed a line from Blåvandhuk in the north to the German island of Sild in the south. 1,000 years later, the sea washed over the low-lying heathland and formed large sand banks which slowly developed into the island barriers of Fanø, Mandø and Rømø. Since then, tidal waters, storm surge and the wind have caused Rømø to grow towards the west, while the Wadden Sea has extended behind the island.
The islanders and the sand
The first people probably settled on Rømø around 1200, when the King and the diocese of Ribe jointly owned the island. Later, fishing villages, quays and farms came to Rømø.
The Wadden Sea created fertile soil along the eastern coast of Rømø, but agriculture was plagued by sand-drifts in the 1600s and 1700s because sheep and livestock were free to wander the island and graze the sparse vegetation. In many places on Rømø today, you can still see the so-called “fields of foam” where islanders have shovelled free their houses or farms from the drifting sand. The fields are often slightly sunken and framed with narrow dykes built of the sand-drift.
Rømø in its heyday
Many of the men on Rømø joined whaling expeditions to the polar oceans near eastern Greenland and Svalbard over a period of about 200 years from 1660 to 1860. Most sailed with German and Dutch ships, and many earned a lot of money as captains, officers or harpooners. The captains were known as kommadører (commanders), and there are still impressive kommadører-houses on Rømø, where owners were not afraid to show-off their newly earned wealth.
The heyday of whaling peaked around 1770, when it is said around 40 kommadører or retired kommadører lived on Rømø. Sometimes the whalers would bring back the massive jaw-bones of the whales and use them instead of timber. There is still a fence made in 1772 of whalebone in Juvre.
About the name Rømø
Rømø comes from the Jutland word “rimme”, meaning long embankment, and the Danish word “ø”, meaning island. In Valdemar the Conqueror’s 1231 land registry it is called Rymø.
Tourists discover Rømø
Around 1900, the first tourists arrived on Rømø. Tourists were sailed to Kongsmark, from where a horse-drawn tram transported them the final 4km to the beach at Lakolk.
"Nordseebad Lakolk” was built here. Rømø was still part of Germany at this time and it was a relatively cheap health-farm which appealed to the Germans. Near the hotel, 37 small blockhouses were built with neither toilets nor kitchens. On the other hand, guests could visit restaurant Kaiserhalle with seating for 3-400 guests, a reading room and a billiard room. Strandhalle was on the beach, serving refreshments and with a sports ground and training equipment. A summerhouse on pillars in Lakolk Sø, called Swanhildsruh, was also built.
Pastor Jacobsen from Skærbæk was behind the project to build Nordseebad Lakolk. He went bankrupt in 1903 and the site was closed down at the outbreak of the First World War.
Not much is left from the start of Rømø’s tourist industry. The tramway was demolished in 1939, but some of the tracks can still be seen. Hotel Drachenburg burned down in 1965. Kaiserhalle was demolished in 1989. About one-half of the blockhouses, which were sold as holiday homes in the 1920s, still survive and they can be recognised by the carvings around their rafters and windows. However, most of the blockhouses have been extended and converted and since the birth of tourism on Rømø more than 250 more holiday homes have been built near Lakolk.
Tourism is Rømø’s most important source of income, but the shrimp businesses at Havneby also make a good contribution to the island’s economy.
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Houses in history
On this post we will learn about the parts of the house: furniture, objects and rooms.
Activity 1: Read this interactive book about the description of houses.
Activity 2: Now learn more about the parts of the house with this presentation.
Activity 3: Describe this house.
1. The rooms: There is a big bathroom upstairs.
2. The objects, furniture and gadgets in each rooms: In the bathroom, there is / are …
3. Adjectives before the nouns: colour, big, small, comfortable, modern, etc. There is a comfortable bunk bed in the bedroom.
4. Prepositions: next to, near, on, in, between, in front of, etc. There is a washing machine next to the oven.
5. The objects and gadgets that did not exist in the 16th century: There wasn’t / there weren’tThere weren’t any plastic chairs. There wasn’t any electricity.
Project: We will create a presentation with a description of a house in past. Choose a house in history using THERE WAS / THERE WERE.
Oral presentation: Study the description of your house. You cannot read the text on the screen.
House 1: Visit this castle
House 2: Visit Aston Hall
House 3: Visit Blakesley Hall, a Tudor house.
House 4: Visit this Victorian house.
victorian house
House 5: Visit this house at war.
2 thoughts on “Houses in history
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Ephemeris Time (ET)
The need for Ephemeris Time
The first time scales were based on the rotation of the Earth. However, as clocks became more precise, it became clear that the rotation of the Earth was not constant, as Flaamsted thought he had shown (Kant thought it wasn't). By 1950, improvements in clocks made possible a precision greater than the variations in the rotation of the earth. A second found by subdividing the day was no longer adequate, as such a measurement would vary depending on when it was made.
To get away from the variations in the earth's rotation, a conference on Fundamental Constants in Astronomy (Paris, 1950) recommended that the time standard be based on the revolution of the Earth around the sun, instead of its rotation on its axis. The second would be defined as a fraction of one particular year, rather than a fraction of the mean solar day. The length of the year was based on Simon Newcomb's classic study Tables of the Sun (1895).
Adoption of Ephemeris Time
The International Astronomical Union introduced such a scale, Ephemeris Time, in 1952
The new scale required a new definition of the second. In 1954 the 10th CGPM proposed that the ephemeris second be "the fraction 1/31 556 925.975 of the length of the tropical year for 1900.0" This was considered insufficiently precise, and in 1956 the CIPM defined the ephemeris second as “the fraction 1/31 556 925.9747 of the tropical year for 1900 January 0d 12h ephemeris time.”¹ In 1960 the 11th CGPM abandoned the definition of the second as a fraction of the mean solar day in favor of the ephemeris second.
The epoch of the time scale was defined in 1958 when the IAU General Assembly resolved: “Ephemeris Time (ET), or Temps des Ephémérides (TE), is reckoned from the instant, near the beginning of the calendar year A.D. 1900, when the geometric mean longitude of the sun was 279° 41′ 48″.04, at which instant the measure of Ephemeris Time was 1900 January 0d 12h precisely.”²
Ephemeris Time had two shortcomings.
One was that the ephemeris second was based on a standard that could never be measured again. Current years are not the same length as the year in 1900, since years are getting shorter by about half a second per century.
The other was that for some users, a time scale in which every second is just the same as every other, and hence that is not based on the Earth's rotation, is not ideal. Navigators, for example, in crude terms need the sun to be overhead at noon. In the United States, for example, the National Bureau of Standards stations, WWV and WWVB, broadcast a time based on Ephemeris seconds. Meanwhile, the U.S. Naval Observatory station (NSS) broadcast time based on the Earth's rotation, for the use of navigators.
What really did in Ephemeris Time, however, was the development of atomic clocks.
The demise of Ephemeris Time
The astronomers stuck with Ephemeris Time until 1979, when they defined two new time scales that used the atomic second and that took into account relativity (velocity affects time). From 1 January 1984, these scales replaced ephemeris time in national ephemerides like the Nautical Almanac.
1. Procès-verbeaux des Séances.
Comité Internationale des Poids et Mesures, 2e série, Tome xxv, session de 1956.
Paris, 1957.
Page 77.
2. D. H. Sadler, editor.
Proceedings of the 10th General Assembly, Moscow, 1958.
Transactions of the International Astronomical Union. Volume X.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1960.
help | privacy | terms of use
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Option Questions Flashcards Preview
Biology > Option Questions > Flashcards
Flashcards in Option Questions Deck (49):
Using the evidence provided by the data evaluate the hypothesis that the mean rate of food collection increases during the twelve days after the start of foraging on Day 1
- General increase in food collection over 12-day period.
- Large increase between days 1-2, 6-7 and 10-11.
- Most food collected was on day 7
- Declines between 3-5, 8-10 and a large decrease from day 7-8
Suggest reasons for the day to day rises and falls in the mean rate of food collection.
- Variations in temperature and/or wind speed
- Flowers produce more nectar in some days than others.
Explain how sound is perceived in the ear.
- Sound waves in air cause ear drum to vibrate
- Vibrations are amplified by middle ear bones
- Causes oval window in cochlea to vibrate
- This stimulates cilia hair cells in cochlea
- Cilia hair cells convert vibrations into nerve impulses that are then passed to the brain via optic nerve.
State two differences in the way rod and come cells function.
Function well in dim light
Not responsible for colour vision
Poor visual acuity
Function well in bright light
Responsible for colour vision
Good visual acuity
Explain the pupil reflex in bright light.
- Light detected by cones and rods in retina
- Sensory impulses sent to brain along optic nerve
- Medulla oblongata processes impulses
- Motor impulses sent to circular muscles of iris which constrict and so pupil constricts.
Outline the development of birdsong.
- Development of bird song has both innate and learned components
- When birds hatch, they may possess a basic song (crude template) that is species-specific
- After hatching, young birds hear songs from adults of their species and modify their crude template to mimic adult members.
- Song does not develop properly if young bird doesn't hear other members of species sing
- Young birds practise what they have heard, which improves song to form mature song.
Calculate how much time it took the ant to find the food after leaving the nest, giving the units.
350 seconds
Estimate how far the ant travelled to the nest after finding the food, giving the units.
Compare the ant's journey from the nest to the food with the return journey to the nest.
Ant travelled FURTHER and for a longer period of TIME from nest to food than from food to nest.
Suggest how the ant knew the direction to return to the nest after finding the food.
Memorised direction
Suggest how the other ants in the colony were able to quickly find the same source of food.
Ant communicated with other ants using touch or smell for example.
State one advantage to an insect of living in a colony
Division of labour due to large number of insects.
Label the bipolar neuron on the diagram
(Middle area of image)
Using an arrow, annotate the diagram to show direction in which light moves
Outline the role of the following structures in perceiving sound.
(I) Bones of the middle ear
(II) Hair cells of cochlea
(I) Amplify sound waves
(II) Convert sound waves to nerve impulses
Distinguish between innate behaviour and learned behaviour using birdsong in young birds as an example.
- Innate behaviour present at birth, whilst learned behaviour occurs after birth through experiences.
- Young birds born with crude template of species-specific song (innate)
- Birds refine crude template from listening to adult members of species (learned)
Discuss how experiments can be carried out to identify specific functions of parts of the brain.
- Observe abnormal behaviour from patients with a lesion to specific part of brain, which allows links to be made between part of brain injured and abnormal behaviour.
E.g. Damage to occipital lobes affects patients's vision
- Neuroimaging tools like fMRI measure blood flow in parts of brain during certain activities, meaning that patients do not have to be injured (can be healthy).
- Experiments on animals are unethical and almost never carried out on humans (which is also unethical). What applies to animals may not apply to humans... And ethical violations.
State the difference in mean rate of food collection on Day 7 compared with Day 6, giving the units.
0.16 mgmin(-1)
Identify the season and light conditions which result in the strongest northerly direction flown by the robins.
Season: Spring
Light conditions: Green light
Distinguish between the effect of red light and green light on the behaviour of the robins in spring and autumn.
In green light, birds migrate north in spring but south in autumn; whereas in red light, birds migrate west in both spring and autumn.
Based on the results of these experiments, suggest one possible conclusion that could be drawn regarding the effect of red light on the behaviour of robins.
Red light has almost same effect as total darkness.
Using the data in the diagram, deduce with a reason, whether European robins migrate during the daytime or at night.
Daytime, as wrong orientation in darkness.
Scientists anesthetized the beaks of some robins in order to deactivate the magnetoreceptors. Predict how this would affect their orientation in red light.
No effect, orientation could actually become even more random.
Outline how the pupil reflex can be used to indicate brain death.
Pupil normally contracts when light is shone on it. If pupil does not contract, then it suggests a lack of motor response and hence, no brain processing taking place.
Discuss the evolution of altruistic behaviour in animals other than humans.
Altruistic behaviour benefits other individuals and may be harmful to self. This decreases survival of a species but not individuals. Natural selection works at level of gene pools and so it would be expected that natural selection would work against behaviour that reduces chance of survival. Uniquely, vampire bats show altruistic behaviour towards unrelated individuals by sharing regurgitated blood with another colony member who hasn't been fed. It is difficult to explain this behaviour but it is likely because vampire bats benefit as a colony from this.
Calculate the decrease in mass of food foraged by fed sand gobies when a predator was introduced, giving the units.
2.6 miligrams
Compare the effect that starvation had on both species of goby when no predator was present.
Both foraged more after starvation; black goby increased amount of food foraged more than sand goby.
Describe the effect the predator had on the foraging of the gobies.
Predator present causes both species to forage for less food; fed black gobies showed little change in foraging with predator present.
Suggest a reason for the effect of the predator.
Gobbies may hide rather than forage when predator present.
The diagram shows the structure of the human ear.
Label structures I and II.
I: Pinna
II: Ear drum
Outline how sounds are perceived in the cochlea, including the name of the cell type involved.
Cilia hair cells vibrate with cochlear fluid movement to convert sound waves into nerve impulses.
Outline how contralateral processing of visual stimuli occurs in the human eye.
Optic nerves from right eye and left eye meet at chiasma; right brain hemisphere processes information from left visual field from both eyes and vice versa. This allows the brain to perceive depth and size.
Identify a function of the parts of the brain by using numerals II to V to complete the chart.
Hypothalamus has been completed for you.
Hypothalamus Homeostasis
Medulla Oblongata Controls Breathing
Cerebellum Coordinates Balance
Pituitary Gland Secretes hormones regulating body functions
Cerebral Hemispheres Memory Centre
Explain the effects of cocaine on the brain.
Cocaine is an excitatory drug that affects synapses that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter. Dopamine affects reward and pleasure pathways in brain. Dopamine molecules are released into synapse and they attach to receptors of post-synaptic membrane. Dopamine is then taken up again by pre-synaptic membrane. Cocaine prevents re-absorption of dopamine by pre-synaptic neuron and causes dopamine to build up un synaptic cleft and so it continues to stimulate post-synaptic neuron, meaning that pleasure effects continue.
Identify which stage of cocaine use shows the least percentage difference between identical twins and non-identical twins.
Compare the results for identical twins and non-identical twins.
Both show lower %'s going from occasional to abuse to dependence; % is higher at every stage for identical twins; non-identical twins % drops to 0 for dependence, but identical twins doesn't.
Analyse the data to find whether it supports the hypothesis that genetic factors cause some people to have a much higher chance of cocaine dependence than others.
Supports: Identical twins more likely to behave the same way for abuse and dependence than non-identical twins.
Doesn't Support: Environment is major factor for trying cocaine; not enough data for valid statistical analysis either.
State the diagnostic tool used for functional analysis in the images.
Using the table below, distinguish between rod cells and cone cells.
Rod cells Cone cells
Light intensity detected
Connection to optic nerve
Characteristic Rod cells Cone cells
Location Retina Fovea
Light intensity detected Dim Bright
Connection to optic nerve Group of rod cells Single cell
to single fibre to single fibre
Outline the challenges in controlling experiments involving human behaviour.
Variations between humans
Ethical and legal considerations
Explain what is meant by exaggerated traits and how they may develop in males of a species.
Exaggerated traits play a major role in mate selection; but can be a hindrance to survival. Male birds of paradise have courtship rituals that are becoming more and more flamboyant, along with exaggerated physical features and bright colours to attract females. Development of these traits represents expenditure of time and energy, but also reproductive fitness; and so is more likely to mate and produce offspring. Traits are also genetic and so passed on to offspring.
State the lowest head circumference measured in newborn babies born to high cocaine users, giving the units.
31 cm
State the relationship between birth weight and head circumference in newborn babies whose mothers did not use cocaine.
Babies with higher birth weight have larger head circumference.
Using the data in the graph, describe the relationship between cocaine exposure and head circumference in newborn babies.
Head circumference decreases in babies exposed to high levels of cocaine;
Smallest head circumference from high cocaine group and largest head circumference from no cocaine group.
Deduce the effect of cocaine use on the head circumference of babies with a birth weight below 3.5 kg.
It is likely that head circumference will be smaller; but there is no proof that there is a cause and effect, only that there is a correlation, making predictions.
Distinguish between innate and learned behaviour.
Innate behaviour is independent of experience whilst learned behaviour is influenced by experience.
State the name of the part of the brain that coordinates balance.
Label the diagram of the ear.
I: Eardrum
II: Cochlea
III: Auditory Nerve
IV: Semicircular Canals
Compare the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems with reference to examples.
Secretes adrenaline
Accelerates heart rate
Causes pupil dilation
Dilates bronchi
Secretes acetylcholine
Slows down heart rate
Causes pupil constriction
Constricts bronchi
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The Greek Theatre
Extracts from this document...
The amphitheatres of Ancient Greece were located on hillsides. A bowl shape was dug into a north facing slope for maximum sunlight. The amphitheatre complex contained the koilon, orchestra, proscenium, skene and parados. The koilon was the semi-circular, stacked seating area for the audience and was split into two sections; upper and lower diazoma. The area closest to the stage of the lower diazoma was reserved for priests, members of the council and officials. The upper diazoma operated under a free seating scheme. This communicated to the audience that official people should be respected and have certain perks. This might have made ordinary people work harder and aspire to hold a position of power. In front of the koilon was the orchestra: a circular piece of land approximately 60m in diameter. The orchestra was used by the chorus for their choral odes and stasimons. The chorus were a group of fifteen amateur performers who acted as a united group. The chorus entered at the beginning of a play chanting a song and marching at a slow pace. The acting then commenced from professional actors. After a section of acting had taken place the chorus performed a stasimon; commenting on what has just been seen. Stasimons included singing and dancing which added movement and spectacle to the play. ...read more.
"Prosternada" were worn by men to give the appearance of female breasts and "Progastreda" were worn to give the appearance of a bigger belly (most women were larger than men or pregnant). For the very same reason masks were also worn. Male masks, such as Haemon's, would have had bigger heads but no decoration around the face whilst female masks, such as Antigone's, were more petite in size yet had the appearance of make up. Actors' masks were a lot more decorated than the chorus' masks. Creon's mask would have been highly ornate and contained gold leaf, feathers, jewels or crystals whereas the Watchman's mask would have been plainer. Behind the proscenium was the skene: a building made to look like a castle or palace. The buildings had doors built into it so that it gave the appearance that characters were entering from different areas. There were two other entrances called "Paradoi" located between the skene and koilon. If a character entered from the left parados then it meant he was coming from the fields or abroad whilst if it was the right parados signified the city or port. The Watchman enters from the left parados as he comes from the hill/field where Antigone is buried. The skene building was also used for costume changes and makeup as well as storing props. ...read more.
However, it would also make sure that the actors faces looked natural under the strong lighting used in modern plays. Without make up actors often look pale which might communicate to an audience as a sick actor. As for staging, a solitary rostra block would stand in the middle of the stage and would be used by high status characters and the dead. High status characters would be able to stand on the block to gain height and to show the audience that they are greater than the other characters in terms of status. The block would be mainly dominated by Creon who is of highest status, being the king, but Tiresias would also use the block as he is the fountain of knowledge. Death was never shown on stage but the bodies of the dead character were presented on stage to convince the audience that the person had died. Once the death has occurred offstage, two chorus members will carry on the dead character and place them on the rostra block for thirty seconds. All acting would cease whilst the dead person was presented to mimic a mourning period. The body would then be taken offstage. Spatially, there movement would be kept to a minimum on stage as this would make it hard for audiences to concentrate. As the acting space isn't very large the chorus would have to stand up stage with their backs to the audience. ...read more.
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See related essaysSee related essays
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To round the piece and anchor it to our initial stimulas of 'A Mid Summer Night's Dream' we produced a prologue and epilogue to introduce and end the piece with conviction. The Prologue gave us the opportunity for a dramatic entrance and a chance to say the 'Lord's Prayer' in its entirety, introducing our theme.
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She goes on to state that women cannot fight against the "institutionalized strength of the male sex" and that she has "no choice!" She finishes her rant telling Antigone "Heroic refusals are reserved for madmen!" After this Ismene calms herself down and stops shouting, with this being the loudest her character gets.
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Crossing the French border through the Pyrenees
We crossed the border the way thousands of republicans did back in 1939. We entered France through the Pas de Lli in the Pyrenees. Every 5 students carried an old suitcase with the belongings they would take with them if they were to flee their own country.
Project week task 3: Escape
Imagine you need to leave the country and you can only take with you whatever you can carry using a suitcase or a bundle. It is December and you need to get to France through the Manrella mountain pass. What objects are you taking with you? Take into account the final weight of your baggage, together with the distance, time of the year and holography.
Make a list of objects and share it with your group. Then, make a common list with the objects that your group will take with them. Take into account that you will need to put all those objects in an old suitcase and carry them all the way to France!
Spanish Post-war, first hand
Once again, Mr. Florenci Teixidor, who was only two years old at the end of the Spanish Civil War, has come to the school to tell our students about the hard times that came after the war, which brought food shortage, revenge, and the disappearance of his own father. That was a great experience thanks Florenci!
Project week task 1: Reflecting War
Today we are starting our project week. One group will be working on Task 1 while the other will get some training on documentary shooting by ESCAC teacher Roi.
If you are in Group 1, here’s what you need to do:
We assume that you have already been looking for images related to the Syrian Civil War. You needed to find an image for each of the following subjects:
Bombings, daily survival, fleeing people, refugee camps. You must write a brief reflection of the feelings this image brings out to you. Attach the location and time it was taken if possible. You must mention the source you got it from.
Classify the images in the Google Drive folders named:
• Bombings
• Daily survival
• Fleeing people
• Refugee camps
There must be kids in the pictures you choose.
Open the worksheet EscapingWar_activity1, print it at home and complete it before starting Task 1 at school.
Task 1: Steps
1. Tell your group why you have chosen these instead of any other
2. Cut out the images you brought. Every expert in the group collects all pictures related to their speciality (bombings, daily survival, fleeing people, refugee camps)
3. Leave the group and join the expert group dealing with your speciality
4. Once in the expert group, choose a total of seven pictures
5. Open the Google Drive folder escaping war>CivilSpanishWarphotosand select 7 pictures of the Spanish Civil War that can complement your photos from Syria
6. Share your selection with your group of experts via AirDrop
7. Go back to your original group
8. Use iMovie to create a video with 7 images of each category, with the Syrian pictures fading to black and white and following the Spanish Civil War ones. Make sure to deactivate the Ken Burns effect for a smooth transition.
9. Add some music
10. Upload your final video to the Google Drive folder escaping war>videos-final product, using the name escaping_act1_grup1, using your group number at the end.
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. .
Patch Clamp Technique
To measure what's happening in or on a single living cell, scientists use a technique called the patch clamp which requires an extremely fine pipette held tightly against the cell membrane.
By carefully heating and pulling a small glass or quartz capillary tube, a very fine pipette can be formed. When pulled by machine, the tip will be much smaller than a human hair and the opening on the end of the pipette may be only 1 micron (one-one thousandth of a millimeter) in diameter.
The patch clamp technique is a laboratory technique in electrophysiology that allows the study of single or multiple ion channels in cells. The technique can be applied to a wide variety of cells, but is especially useful in the study of excitable cells such as neurons, cardiomyocytes, muscle fibers and pancreatic beta cells. It can also be applied to the study of bacterial ion channels in specially prepared giant spheroplasts. The patch clamp technique is a refinement of the voltage clamp.
Erwin Neher Bert Sakmann
Won Nobel in 1991
Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann developed the patch clamp in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This discovery made it possible to record the currents of single ion channels for the first time, proving their involvement in fundamental cell processes such as action potential conduction. Neher and Sakmann received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991 for this work.
Through this experiment you will be able to:
1. Understand how to make neuronal measurement.
2. Understand what is membrane potential and how it is measured.
3. Apply a suction seal so as to make gigohm seal.
4. Study and emulate the various modes of patch-clamp technique.
5. Understand the differences between various modes of patch clamp operation.
Cite this Simulator:
..... .....
Copyright @ 2017 Under the NME ICT initiative of MHRD
Powered by AmritaVirtual Lab Collaborative Platform [ Ver 00.12. ]
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Select Board & Class
Novels Society And History
Question 1:
Explain the following:
(a) Social changes in Britain which led to an increase in women readers
(b) What actions of Robinson Crusoe make us see him as a typical coloniser.
(c) After 1740, the readership of novels began to include poorer people.
(d) Novelists in colonial India wrote for a political cause.
(a) As the middle classes became more affluent, women got more leisure time to read and write novels. Also, novels began to explore the world of women, their emotions, identities, experiences and problems. Domestic life became an essential subject of novels—a field women had an authority to speak about.
(b) Robinson Crusoe’s actions that make us see him as a typical coloniser are many. Shipwrecked on an island inhabited by coloured people, Crusoe treats them as inferior b…
To view the solution to this question please
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"url": "https://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-10/social-science/india-and-the-contemporary-world---ii/novels--society-and-history/ncert-solutions/12_8_76_819_200_10449"
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There are three types of aspiration:
1. Large foreign bodies or food particles
2. Liquid aspiration
3. Bacterial aspiration
Aspiration of solid particles leads to atelectasis and/or recurrent post-obstructive pneumonia. Consequences to liquid aspiration vary depending on the nature of liquid. Acidic stomach contents can lead to diffuse alveolitis and ARDS. Bacterial aspiration leads to lung abscess.
Common predisposing states for aspiration are
Children are prone to aspiration.
Aspiration should be considered if the clinical setting is appropriate in the differential of atelectasis, recurrent pneumonia, ARDS and lung abscess.
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"url": "http://www.lumen.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/MEDICINE/PULMONAR/diseases/pul4.htm"
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Beowulf Themes and Symbols
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Themes, Motifs & Symbols
Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. The Importance of Establishing Identity
As Beowulf is essentially a record of heroic deeds, the concept of identity—of which the two principal components are ancestral heritage and individual reputation—is clearly central to the poem. The opening passages introduce the reader to a world in which every male figure is known as his father’s son. Characters in the poem are unable to talk about their identity or even introduce themselves without referring to family lineage. This concern with family history is so prominent because of the poem’s emphasis on kinship bonds. Characters take pride in ancestors who have acted valiantly, and they attempt to live up to the same standards as those ancestors.
While heritage may provide models for behavior and help to establish identity—as with the line of Danish kings discussed early on—a good reputation is the key to solidifying and augmenting one’s identity. For example, Shield Sheafson, the legendary originator of the Danish royal line, was orphaned; because he was in a sense fatherless, valiant deeds were the only means by which he could construct an identity for himself. While Beowulf’s pagan warrior culture seems not to have a concept of the afterlife, it sees fame as a way of ensuring that an individual’s memory will continue on after death—an understandable preoccupation in a world where death seems always to be knocking at the door.
Tensions Between the Heroic Code and Other Value Systems
Much of Beowulf is devoted to articulating and illustrating the Germanic heroic code, which values strength, courage, and loyalty in warriors; hospitality, generosity, and political skill in kings; ceremoniousness in women; and good reputation in all people. Traditional and much respected, this code is vital to warrior societies as a means of understanding their relationships to the world and the menaces lurking beyond their boundaries. All of the characters’ moral judgments stem from the code’s mandates. Thus individual actions can be seen only as either conforming to or violating the code.
The poem highlights the code’s points of tension by recounting situations that expose its internal contradictions in values. The poem contains several stories that concern divided loyalties, situations for which the code offers no practical guidance about how to act. For example, the poet relates that the Danish Hildeburh marries the Frisian king. When, in the war between the Danes and the Frisians, both her Danish brother and her Frisian son are killed, Hildeburh is left doubly grieved. The code is also often in tension with the values of medieval Christianity. While the code maintains that honor is gained during life through deeds, Christianity asserts that glory lies in the afterlife. Similarly, while the warrior culture dictates that it is always better to retaliate than to mourn, Christian doctrine advocates a peaceful, forgiving attitude toward one’s enemies. Throughout the poem, the poet strains to accommodate these two sets of values. Though he is Christian, he cannot (and does not seem to want to) deny the fundamental pagan values of the story.
The Difference Between a Good Warrior and a Good King
Over the course of the poem, Beowulf matures from a valiant combatant into a wise leader. His transition demonstrates that a differing set of values accompanies each of his two roles. The difference between these two sets of values manifests itself early on in the outlooks of Beowulf and King Hrothgar. Whereas the youthful Beowulf, having nothing to lose, desires personal glory, the aged Hrothgar, having much to lose, seeks protection for his people. Though these two outlooks are somewhat oppositional, each character acts as society dictates he should given his particular role in society.
While the values of the warrior become clear through Beowulf’s example...
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In reference to The Last of the Mohicans (1992), what were the social, political, economic institutions that were presented in the film?
Expert Answers
kapokkid eNotes educator| Certified Educator
Two of the major institutions presented were the French and British armies and the way they tended to operate alongside Native American tribes during the French and Indian War. Both of them were considered capable and well trained forces but they also depended on Native Americans for intelligence, interpreters, and sometimes also for missions that they felt were either outside their capabilities or beneath them.
Social institutions were present in the way that the whites were courting, and the way that a romance between a British or American and a Native American was considered taboo. The more arranged matches between upper-class women and men were presented as well.
One economic institution that was presented was the way that trade and land use was connected and dependent on good relations between the Native Americans and the settlers and the way the British and French both tried to protect their economic interests with forts and other structures.
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A copper rod of length 0.50 m is lying on a frictionless table. Each end of the rod is attached to a fixed wire by an unstretched spring that has a spring constant of k=50.0 N/m. A magnetic field of strength 0.25 T is oriented perpendicular to the surface of the table as shown.
1. What must the direction of current be in the copper rod that causes the spring to stretch?
2. If the current is 15A, by how much does each spring stretch?
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Even after more than 75 years, the May 6, 1937 explosion of the Hindenburg zeppelin remains one of history's most notorious aircraft disasters. Although the footage of the burning dirigible has been endlessly studied, the conclusive cause of the explosion has remained a mystery. Some people thought it was struck by lightning. Others blamed sabotage, or flammable paint. A more recent theory supposed that engine sparks ignited the hydrogen filling the airship.
Now a team of experts say they know what caused the explosion: static electricity. Long theorized as a possible cause, static electricity likely built up after the Hindenburg passed through lightning storm, which then ignited the excess hydrogen that built up in the back of the dirigible. Though static electricity was long theorized as a possible cause, one final peice of the puzzle only recently fell into the place: The men who grabbed the landing robes to moor the vehicle added the final ingredient by "grounding" the Hindenburg, creating a spark caused by connecting two opposite charges.
British aeronautical engineer Jem Stansfield and a team from the South West Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas, testing all of the theories about the Hindenburg's explosion by building 78-foot scale models of the ship. They also studied archival footage and eyewitness accounts.
"I think the most likely mechanism for providing the spark is electrostatic," Stansfield told The Independent. "That starts at the top, then the flames from our experiments would've probably tracked down to the center. With an explosive mixture of gas, that gave the whoomph when it got to the bottom."
A new documentary about the disaster and Stansfield's experiments will air this week in the U.K.
You can view footage of the Hindenburg disaster below:
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What works in the classroom?
Scots rule 2
Copperplate penhold
What is wrong with this picture?
The hand is in an awkward position. All four knuckles point upward: it is meant to slide on the nails of the third and fourth finger.
Every letter is made with the whole hand and forearm. The fingers hold the pen, but move very little on their own.
This is the copperplate penhold.
What works in the classroom?
Failed: elegant complexity
I n a century and a half, renaissance italic germinated, flowered, and went to seed. The style was fashionable rather than popular, which I suspect quickened its development.
The earliest surviving document in italic is dated 1423, but the famous copybooks of Tagliente, Arrighi, and Palatino were printed a hundred years later. By that time, the style had lost its youthful vigor.
Their chancery cursive shows its age in gracious decorative strokes. It is too cumbersome for fast writing, but looks impressive in manuscript books and solemn documents. The twentieth-century revival drew heavily on these books.
Charcery cursive is not a good model for children. Neither was the copperplate style that followed it in the late sixteenth century. I will now tell you what is.
Arrow-left Arrow-right Arrow-up
Scots rule 2
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Tuesday, 8 November 2011
Sample Lesson Plan
Class : 3 Pintar
Time : 10.30 a.m - 11.30 a.m
Theme : World of Knowledge
Topic : Animals and its Youngs
Specifications : 3.6.1 Read and label the animals
4.3.2 Labelling animals
Content Vocabulary : cat ~ kitten
dog ~ puppy etc.
Objectives : By the end of the lesson, pupils are able to name the young of the aniamals and
write sentences on them.
Activities : 1) Set Induction - to name the animals shown on the pictures.
2) Teacher introduces the young of the animals to the pupils.
3) To spell and name animals and their youngs
4) Written work.
Thursday, 27 October 2011
Animal Body Parts
Here are some pictures and words about animal body parts.
Can you think other animals that have these body parts ?
Pupils practice the pronunciation of each words.
Then, give the exercise on worksheet .
Eg: Label the parts of the fish using words given.
gills scales tail fins
Tuesday, 25 October 2011
Animals Story
The tortoise and the hare : An Aesop fable is a short story that describes a race between two animals. The hare being a very fast animal, and the tortoise a very slow. Lets read and find the moral values from the story.
Once a hare was roaming near a lake in a forest. Suddenly he saw a tortoise and mocked
at him saying - "Hurry up, you slow coach! Don't you find life very dull taking so long to
cover a few yards? I could have run to the other side of the lake by now."
The tortoise felt teased and dared the hare to a race. The race was to be through the wood
to a fixed goal.
The hare agreed laughingly. In a few minutes he was away and out of sight.
"What a funny race it is!" he said to himself , "I am already half -way through. But it is
too-too cold; why not have a nap in the warm sunshine?"
The tortoise walked steadily on and on. In a short time, he passed by the sleeping hare.
The hare slept far longer then he had intended. When he woke up at last, he looked
around in surprise and said to himself," Not even a sigh of the poor tortoise anywhere
so far; I had better trot along and finish the race."
The hare ran to the goal. He was amazed to see all the animals cheering the tortoise
who had arrived just a minute earlier. how ashamed he felt indeed!
MORAL : Slow and steady wins the race.
There are many activities that teacher can do using the story such as :
1. Make a role play in the class.
2. Making a mask of a hare and a tortoise.
3. Asking the comprehension questions
Example : a) What is the title of the story ?
b) Who win the race ?
c) What happened to the hare ?
d) What is the moral value from the story ?
4. Completing the sentences with words given.
5. Arrange words to form correct sentences.
Here is the video about the story....
Monday, 24 October 2011
Animals and Their Young
These are pictures of the animals and their young.
Sample worksheet
From the pictures, pupils can make simple sentence.
Example : 1. A baby cat is called a kitten.
2. A baby cow is called a calf.
Friday, 21 October 2011
Tame Animals
omg cat animated gif
The animals that we keep as a pet is a tame animals.
This is a cat. It has fur. It likes to eat fish.
This is a rabbit. Ih has a short tail. It likes to eat carrot.
This is a dog. It can barks. It likes to eat bone.
This is a parrot. It has two legs. It likes to eat fruit .
Wild Animals
This is an elephant. It has a long trunk. It likes to eat sugarcane.
This is a tiger. It has black and orange stripes on it body. It likes to eat meat.
This is a lion. It has mane around it neck.It likes to eat meat.
This is a giraffe. It has a long neck. It likes to eat twig and leaves.
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When Asia Was the World
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From the beginning, Asia has always had a huge impact on the history of the world. Without contributions from caliphs like Ibn Fadlan, traders like Abraham bin Yuji, and nobles such as Ibn Battuta, our world would be very different today. Xuanzang, a Buddhist monk, fled his Chinese monastery illegally to travel to India, and retuned after 17 years, around the same time the Tang dynasty began, where he later reunited with his brother, and remained a buddhist monk. Ibn Fadlan, a noble who traveled to Almish hoping to ally with him, was forced to take the long way around to avoid contact with enemies, but when he finally reached his destination was sent away by the king because he did not have the money to pay him. Ships were also an asset to Asian trading, carrying luxury items such as gold, tin and bronze; as well as glass beads informing us of trade in early Asia; specifically in the Intan shipwreck, we learned it was built from lash-lug method that allows the ship to end rather than break. Abraham bin Yuji, was a trader, who traveled through North African coast to spread introduction letters written by his father and traded many goods, pepper being the popular item. His letters remain because papers mentioning God were stored in Cairo's dry climate that persevered them perfectly, telling us of his travels were mainly influenced by family and religious ties. Ibn Battuta, a noble, traveled receiving wealth while he studied, made contacts, and was included in robes ceremonies, as well as seeing connections between trade and religion. A Chinese officer named Ma Huan, sailed documenting towns like Champa, Java, and Cochin which led to many important trade connections for the Chinese. Tomé Pires was a Portuguese apothecary and government scribe chosen to make the first diplomatic mission to China, but offended the government officials causing the execution of his expedition and his banishment from Beijing. Although Ibn Sina and Babur both began accomplishing their...
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Explain the importance of the setting in "Lord of the Flies"? Could a different setting have the same effect?
Expert Answers
timbrady eNotes educator| Certified Educator
It's also interesting that the intrusion of man on the perhaps idyllic island (the plane crash) creates a "scar" on the island. It is almost as though the intrusion of man begins the disintegration of the island, even though it will recover quickly when the men/children leave the island. The boys are not the noble savages of Rousseau ... they come with backgrounds and some "issues" that have clearly been controlled by the social structure. On their own, without the structure, the bad things that are in some of them come to the surface (almost sounds like Freud, except the superego is absent in some of them).
The island becomes a sort of "tabula rasa" where this can be written without the intrusion of the adult/controlling world.
ms-mcgregor eNotes educator| Certified Educator
The importance of the setting is that is isolates the boys from any contact with other human society. This allows the boys to develop without any input from adults. The progression from little boys to savages seems to be a natural occurrence. It is something that comes, a the Lord of the Flies says, from inside the boys. I suppose any setting that would isolate the boys from the rest of society could work to promote Golding's message. However, a tropical island is supposed to an idyllic place, free of stress and natural beauty. The contrast between the beautiful place and the development of the boys into savages seems all the more ironic given the contrast between nature and humanity.
anjaneya | Student
In the novel "Lord of the Flies" careful attention is payed to the way the in depth descriptions of the island was used to create imagery and persuade the readers response. For example on page 14/15, there is much emphasis on the brightness and color of the island. This influences the reader to think that the island is like a tropical paradise full of joy and happiness.
The weather in "Lord of the Flies" plays a major role in representing the attitudes, behavior and mood of the boys throughout the novel. The beach during the day is always described as bright and there is little or no conflict and the ocean is always calm. In the more dense parts of the jungle on the island, it is always described as dark and scary. On the night of Simon's killing, the author describes the night as pitch black and there is great detail of a violent storm raging on the island and the ocean is extremely rough. The weather and ocean symbolize the boy's anger and hatred.
It is evident that plot, setting and characterization in fiction texts all have a significant effect on the reader's response. The reader is made to feel sympathetic towards the characters that are alienated from society, and angry towards those who are mean and violent. The plot has an extremely important role on the reader because it has to maintain their attention and interest. Essentially, plot, setting and characters provide the reader with an image, and their response will be affected depending on how effectively the image is presented.
Read the study guide:
Lord of the Flies
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Adjective "disrupting" definition and examples
Definitions and examples
1. 'They were targeted after police visited or monitored their homes in a bid to to disrupt their activities.'
2. 'The roof structure itself can be added on to, again, without disrupting the ongoing activities of the airport.'
3. 'Police said they had mounted the operation to ensure the safety of those attending the club and to disrupt criminal activities.'
4. 'The notion that a small group would disrupt the event for reasons of self-interest will be regarded as distasteful.'
5. 'Strike action would disrupt performances in the company's current summer festival season.'
6. 'The contest became a target in 1970 when women protesters disrupted the event.'
7. 'It will specifically target offenders and disrupt their activities.'
8. 'We've done a great deal to disrupt their activity and influence the flow of money.'
9. 'It only defers its end by disrupting the social event with which it begins.'
10. 'Regular mealtimes and other activities are not disrupted by the arrival of a child.'
11. 'alcohol can disrupt the chromosomes of an unfertilized egg'
12. 'This could have led to disruption of a turn, and thus disrupting global structure.'
13. 'When the dingoes are persecuted, however, it disrupts the social structure of dingo packs and leads to crossbreeding.'
14. 'Monetary policy can never have a neutral effect on an economy because it disrupts the production structure and relative prices.'
15. 'This means we're disrupting their activities, because they have to move to another border crossing.'
16. 'Every circumstance in church life offers an opportunity for the forces of the abyss to disrupt and destroy.'
17. 'Alkylating agents function by reacting with and disrupting the structure of DNA.'
18. 'A hydronium ion, however, disrupts this structure because it can accommodate a maximum of three hydrogen bonds.'
19. 'PyrR binding in turn disrupts the structure of the antiterminator hairpin.'
20. 'The beetles kill trees by disrupting their water- and nutrient-carrying tissues.'
21. 'There was a major effort to disrupt the enemy's command structure on Thursday morning.'
22. 'The research has developed a technique which disrupts the process of replication by selecting genes carrying the virus and killing them.'
More definitions
1. to cause disorder or turmoil in: The news disrupted their conference.
2. to destroy, usually temporarily, the normal continuance or unity of; interrupt: Telephone service was disrupted for hours.
3. to break apart: to disrupt a connection.
4. Business. to radically change (an industry, business strategy, etc.), as by introducing a new product or service that creates a new market: It’s time to disrupt your old business model. adjective
5. broken apart; d
More examples(as adjective)
"flights can be disrupting."
"services can be disrupting."
"productions can be disrupting."
"hurricaneses can be disrupting."
"syndicates can be disrupting."
More examples++
(disrupt)Late Middle English: from Latin disrupt- ‘broken apart’, from the verb disrumpere.
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Mud shrimp
Occasionally it eats some of this debris, but mostly it makes a compact ball that is held together with secrete from the mouth. The ball is then pressed onto the wall of the burrow. This process continues until the mud shrimp has decorated the whole of the wall in the tunnel with detrious material.
The mud shrimp uses its middle legs to create a water current and thus ventilate its burrow. With the water currents come particles of food that the mud shrimp catches with the help of its brush furnished legs around the mouth.
Swim on their backs
Individuals that are larger than about 5,5 mm usually change their holes regularly with a few days interval. When they leave their hole they can either crawl or swim on the bottom. When they swim, this journey is made on their backs - usually by short and quick spurts of about 5-10 seconds. Between these spurts the mud shrimp can either slowly swim on its back or crawl along the bottom. If the sediment is drained, for example at low-tide, the mud shrimp pulls itself along with the use of its long antennae and pushing with its legs at the same time.
<A HREF="">[Watch a mud shrimp creep along the bottom!]</A>
Mud shrimps are usually noticed first when they move because their size, colour and camoflage that resembles their background make them difficult to see.
Investigates other burrows
During its excursions the mud shrimp investigates other burrows with its antennae. If another individual is in the burrow the trespasser immediately departs, sometimes after a short fight. It is seldom that a trespasser can occupy a burrow that is already inhabited. Sometimes two individuals of the opposite sex can occupy the same burrow. It is assumed that mating occurs in the burrows.
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Digs skillfully
Decorates with detrious
Swim on their back
Several litters
Fishfood and aviation fuel
More specie
Mud shrimp More facts Other names
Home Contents Inspiration Facts Collaboration
© Aquascope 2000 Tjärnö Marine Biological Laboratory, Strömstad, Sweden
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Birds, Beasts, and Relatives Fun Activities
Gerald Durrell
Buy the Birds, Beasts, and Relatives Lesson Plans
Bug Book
Create a book in which some of the creatures Gerald discovers on the island are described. Include drawings or photographs of the ones you choose, and cite any outside sources you use.
With a map of Corfu, find some of the places Gerald speaks of in his book. Where might the villa be? The olive groves? The bay?
To whom does the author dedicate his book? What other things can you find about this person on the internet? Based on what you find, write a new dedication that tells something about the person.
Larry Durrell
Who is Larry Durrell? What are some of the books he has written? When did he die? Write a short biography of Larry Durrell.
Research the bear followed that Gerald home. Where did the bear originally come from? What did the bear look like? Are bears indigenous to...
(read more Fun Activities)
This section contains 624 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)
Buy the Birds, Beasts, and Relatives Lesson Plans
Birds, Beasts, and Relatives from BookRags. (c)2018 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Common Core Standard RL.4.2 Questions
You can create printable tests and worksheets from these questions on Common Core standard RL.4.2! Select one or more questions using the checkboxes above each question. Then click the add selected questions to a test button before moving to another page.
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Grade 4 Main Idea CCSS: CCRA.R.2, CCRA.R.5, RL.4.2, RL.4.5
What is the subject of the second stanza?
1. flowers blooming
2. animals and their babies
3. growing crops
4. singing about summer
Grade 4 Summarizing CCSS: CCRA.R.2, RL.4.2
Which sentence summarizes the speaker's thoughts in A Valentine?
1. Love requires fancy notes and gifts.
2. A simple "I love you" is good enough.
3. Grandma looks the same as when she was young.
4. Grandma has started to look a lot older and has white hair.
Grade 4 Theme CCSS: CCRA.R.2, RL.4.2
Which moral best fits the story?
1. Looks can be deceiving.
2. Set goals and you will reach them.
3. Being yourself is the best.
4. Costumes help you escape life.
Grade 4 Main Idea CCSS: CCRA.R.2, RL.4.2
What is the moral of the story?
1. Work first, then play.
2. Share with others.
3. YOLO (you only live once)
4. Friendship
Grade 4 Theme CCSS: CCRA.R.2, RL.4.2
What is theme of this poem?
1. Fourth of July celebrations
2. The meaning of the Fourth of July
3. Fourth of July symbols
4. The people behind Fourth of July
Grade 4 Summarizing CCSS: CCRA.R.2, RL.4.2
In order to give a good summary of a story, you must make sure you include which of the following:
1. only the most important details, your own words, what the story is mostly about
2. as many details as possible, all of the events in the story, in order, the author's words
3. all of the above
4. none of the above
Grade 4 Story Elements CCSS: CCRA.R.1, CCRA.R.2, RL.4.1, RL.4.2
Jessica and Melanie were in the same classroom at school and on the same swim team. Both girls loved to swim, and often ended up competing against one another. Melanie always beat Jessica by a few seconds, but Jessica didn't mind. She was happy for Melanie, and decided that if someone was going to beat her, it might as well be someone from her own team.
The swim season had ended in March and both girls enjoyed a break from the rigorous practice schedule for a few months.
When May arrived, Jessica asked Melanie, "Which days are you going to swim practice this summer? Maybe we can practice together on the same days."
"I decided to take the summer off from swim practice. Summer is for having fun in the pool, not working hard. Besides, if I start practicing in September, I'll have plenty of time to get in shape before our first swim meet in October," Jessica said.
So Melanie went to swim practice alone three times a week that summer and worked very hard in the pool. She could feel herself improving and was excited when her coach commented that she could see how much improvement she could see in her swim strokes.
Jessica returned to practice in September, just a planned. When the date for the first swim meet arrived, she was feeling relaxed and confident. This would surely be another great swim season.
Both girls climbed on to the starting blocks for their first race -- the 50 meter freestyle. The horn sounded and they dove into the pool, swimming as fast as they could. When the race ended, it was Melanie who had won the race, and Jessica had come in 4th place. Clearly, Jessica was very disappointed.
The rest of the swim meet continued in the same fashion. Melanie didn't win EVERY race, but she did ALWAYS come in a few seconds ahead of Jessica. When she climbed out the pool for the last time that day, she felt an amazing sense of accomplishment!
On the lines below, write a theme that the reader could learn from this story and then find two sentences in the story that could be used as proof to support your theme. Write them below your theme. BE SURE TO RESTATE THE QUESTION INSIDE YOUR ANSWERS.
Which statement BEST sums up the theme of the story?
1. It is always good to be kind
2. Kindness never pays
3. Never trust a snake
4. Once a snake, always a snake
The best title for this text would be
1. The Value of Hard Work.
2. Gathering Food.
3. Two Mice.
4. A Lazy Mouse.
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Blognya Orang yang Sedang Mencari Sesuatu.
Descriptive Text
Take an example, the following is one of the text belongs to the descriptive text.
It was built around 850 CE by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the second Mataram dynasty, or Balitung Maha Sambu, during the Sanjaya Dynasty. Not long after its construction, the temple was abandoned and began to deteriorate. Reconstruction of the compound began in 1918. The main building was completed in around 1953. Much of the original stonework has been stolen and reused at remote construction sites. A temple will only be rebuilt if at least 75% of the original stones are available, and therefore only the foundation walls of most of the smaller shrines are now visible and with no plans for their reconstruction.
The temple was damaged during the earthquake in Java in 2006. Early photos suggest that although the complex appears to be structurally intact, damage is significant. Large pieces of debris, including carvings, were scattered over the ground. The temple has been closed to the public until damage can be fully assessed. The head of Yogyakarta Archaeological Conservation Agency stated that: “it will take months to identify the precise damage”. However, some weeks later in 2006 the site re-opened for visitors. The immediate surroundings of the Hindu temples remain off-limits for safety reasons.
We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to:
· Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
· Describe the most important person in your live.
· Describe the animal’s habit in your report.
Descriptive writing or text is usually also used to help writer develop an aspect of their work, e.g. to create a particular mood, atmosphere or describe a place so that the reader can create vivid pictures of characters, places, objects etc. To complete our intention to, here are the characteristics based on descriptive writing or text, below;
As a feature, description is a style of writing which can be useful for other variety of purposes as:
· To engage a reader’s attention
· To create characters
· To set a mood or create an atmosphere
· To being writing to life
While in language function, descriptive writing;
· Aims to show rather than tell the reader what something/someone is like
· Relies on precisely chosen vocabulary with carefully chosen adjectives and adverbs.
· Is focused and concentrates only on the aspects that add something to the main purpose of the description.
· Sensory description-what is heard, seen, smelt, felt, tasted. Precise use of adjectives, similes, metaphors to create images/pictures in the mind e.g. their noses were met with the acrid smell of rotting flesh.
· Strong development of the experience that “put the reader there” focuses on key details, powerful verbs and precise nouns.
Beyond the characteristics stated on, descriptive writing also consists of generic structure in range as:
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
The description text has dominant language features as follows:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.
6 Tanggapan to “Descriptive Text”
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2. fgarzbad said
TKNJJz ffthgrezjkwr, [url=]kyyqqwbpzxgv[/url], [link=]vbvckyvinijy[/link],
3. afif said
Bagaimana cara mencarinya…????
4. hahahahaha…. ….
5. UNGKA_LAZY said
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Wings: The Aerodynamics of Lift on Various Wing Designs
The purpose of Cross and Grifka's experiment with wings was to test different wing designs for lift and to determine the best design overall. Cross and Grifka also created a self-designed wing with two bumps on the top to determine if it had any advantages or disadvantages over more traditional wing designs.
To conduct the experiment, Cross and Grifka constructed eight seperate wings made out of balsa wood, each with a different design. They then tested each of these wings in the wind tunnel for lift, changing the variables and factors for each trial. These factors included wing design, angle of attack, wing speed, and vortex generator attachment. Once the experiment was concluded, Cross and Grifka had a total of 144 trials, 18 for each design.
Very little lift was produced at a zero degree angle of attack. The inverse bottom wings, four and eight, generated the most lift. When the vortex generator was attached to each design, the lift was decreased greatly. Also observed was more lift at higher air speeds and higher angles of attack. Overall, Cross and Grifka produced data that was consistent with what they expected and some results that were unexpected as well.
Research Done By:
Jonathon Cross
Warren Mott
Christopher Grifka
Warren Mott
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Southwest Traditions:
Ancient Traditions
Turquoise has been used and valued in the Southwest for millennia. By a thousand years ago, people at Chaco Canyon may have organized the regional turquoise trade. They certainly made and used a lot of it themselves — tens of thousands of beads and pendants and other pieces were found in Pueblo Bonito. Turquoise was being processed and shaped at smaller sites in the canyon as well as at great houses. Using drills and stone tools, crafts-men and -women made beads, pendants, and tesserae (flat pieces used in mosaics). Even the manufacturing debris was important.
Turquoise debris is found in ancient kivas throughout the Southwest, in niches or under roof supports, probably left as a dedicatory offering.
How extensive turquoise trade networks were hundreds of years ago is the subject of ongoing research. The stone was exchanged within the region, but recent results question whether large quantities were traded to cultures outside the region, including into the Valley of Mexico.
Turquoise appears to have carried the same meaning in the past as in more recent times — water, sky, health, protection, and plenty — everything necessary for a good life.
Turquoise pendant, AD 1300-1650 (17921/11, Origin/Artist: Ancestral Pueblo)
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Thursday, March 12, 2015
What Is a Dynasty?
Warm-Up Quiz It's time to show what you've learned about the 'Geography of China.' Take the quiz here.
Introduction to Chinese Dynasties Read about two of the earliest Chinese dynasties here. What features or characteristics do dynasties seem to have? What do you think it mean to be a dynasty?
Dynasty Concept Map In order to fully understand what it means to be a 'dynasty,' let's create a Dynasty Concept Map, which you can find in your Social Studies folders. First, based on the text we read previously what characteristics or features do dynasties seem to share? Next, considering these characteristics, what are some 'non-examples' of a dynasty? Who are what does not qualify as a dynasty? If you have time you can even include some images of such non-examples.Thirdly, now that we better understand what a dynasty is not, what are some legitimate examples of dynasties. Shall we Google "examples of ruling dynasties" and see what we can find? Once again, feel free to add some visuals to your concept map. Finally, what is the actual definition of a dynasty. Check our what your Social Studies textbook says here. Additionally, Google "definition of dynasty" and see what you come up with. Which definition are you going to include on your concept map and why? Maybe you could consider combining the definitions of several sources or using your newly developed understand to create your own.
Homework (1.) Complete your Dynasty Concept Map. (2.) Complete the China Map and Ancient China Webquest, both of which are due tomorrow, Friday, March 13.
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The Maori are a people who lived in what is now known as New Zealand. Their word for bird is ‘manu’ and it is the shape of a bird that they made their kites. It was believed that birds could carry messages between humans and gods. Sometimes, the kites represented the gods themselves. The Maori god Rehua is depicted as a bird, and was thought to be the ancestor of all kites. As kite flying was considered a sacred ritual, it was often accompanied by a type of chant called the turu manu. Here is a translation of a turu manu.
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"url": "https://www.ozonenewzealand.com/collections/frontpage"
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Persian Painting 1
The Medes and Persians were the natural inheritors of Assyrian civilization, but they did not improve their birthright. The Medes soon lost their power. Cyrus conquered them, and established the powerful Persian monarchy upheld for two hundred years by Cambyses, Darius, and Xerxes. Substantially the same conditions surrounded the Persians as the Assyrians—that is, so far as art production was concerned. Their conceptions of life were similar, and their use of art was for historic illus tration of kingly doings and ornamental embellishment of kingly palaces. Both sculpture and painting were accessories of architecture.
Of Median art nothing remains. The Persians left the record, but it was not wholly of their own invention, nor was it very extensive or brilliant. It had little originality about it, and was really only an echo of Assyria. The
sculptors and painters copied their Assyrian predecessors, repeating at Persepolis what had been better told at Nineveh.
TYPES AND TECHNIC: The same subjects, types, and technical methods in bas-relief, tile, and painting on plaster were followed under Darius as under Shalmanezer. But the imitation was not so good as the original. The warrior, the
winged monsters, the animals all lost something of their air of brutal defiance and their strength of modelling. Heroes still walked in procession along the bas-reliefs and glazed tiles, but the figure was smaller, more effeminate, the hair and beard were not so long, the drapery fell in slightly indicated folds at times, and there was a profusion of ornamental detail. Some of this detail and some modifications in the figure showed the influence of foreign nations other than the Greek ; but, in the main, Persian art followed in the footsteps of Assyrian art. It was the last reflection of Mesopotamian splendor. For with the conquest of Persia by Alexander the book of expressive art in that valley was closed, and, under Islam, it remains closed to this day.
ART REMAINS: Persian painting is something about which little is known because little remains. The Louvre contains some reconstructed friezes made in mosaics of stamped brick and square tile, showing figures of lions and a number of archers. The coloring is particularly rich, and may give some idea of Persian pigments. Aside from the chief museums of Europe the bulk of Persian art is still seen half-buried in the ruins of Persepolis and elsewhere.
THE TRADING NATIONS: The coast-lying nations of the Eastern Mediterranean were hardly original or creative nations in a large sense. They were at different times the conquered dependencies of Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Greece, and their lands were but bridges over which armies passed from east to west or from west to east. Located on the Mediterrancan between the great civilizations of antiquity they naturally adapted themselves to circumstances, and became the middlemen, the brokers, traders, and carriers of the ancient world. Their lands were not favorable to agriculture, but their sea-coasts rendered commerce easy and lucrative. They made a kingdom of the sea, and their means of livelihood were gathered from it. There is no record that the Egyptians ever traversed the Mediterranean, the Assyrians were not sailors, the Greeks had not yet arisen, and so probably Phoenicia and her neighbors had matters their own way. Colonies and trading stations were established at Cyprus, Carthage, Sardinia, the Greek islands, and the Greek mainland, and not only Eastern goods but Eastern ideas were thus carried to the West.
Politically, socially, and religiously these small middle nations were inconsequential. They simply adapted their politics or faith to the nation that for the time had them under its heel. What semi-original religion they possessed was an amalgamation of the religions of other nations, and their gods of bronze, terra-cotta, and enamel were irreverently sold in the market like any other produce.
ART MOTIVES AND METHODS: Building, carving, and paint ing were practised among the coastwise nations, but upon no such extensive scale as in either Egypt or Assyria. The mere fact that they were people of the sea rather than of the land precluded extensive or concentrated development.
Politically Phoenicia was divided among five cities, and her artistic strength was distributed in a similar manner.
Such art as was produced showed the religious and decorative motives, and in its spiritless materialistic make-up, the commercial motive. It was at the best a hybrid, mongrel art, borrowed from many sources and distributed to many points of the compass. At one time it had a strong Assyrian cast, at another an Egyptian cast, and after Greece arose it accepted a retroactive influence from there.
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Campaigning for children
Thomas Coram was a champion for foundlings at a time when most people thought that helping unwanted children would encourage promiscuity.
Portrait of Thomas Coram finding an abandoned baby
We don’t know whether there was a particular incident that aroused his compassion, or whether it was because of his staunch Anglican faith, or because he had experienced a difficult childhood himself after his own mother died when he was only three or four.
What we do know is that Coram was a determined campaigner for people who could not stand up for themselves and that he could not and would not ignore destitute children on London’s streets.
His solution was to petition the king for a charter to create a foundling hospital that would be supported by subscriptions. But at first this met with no success. He found it impossible to gain the backing of anyone influential enough, and there was opposition to the idea because of attitudes to illegitimacy.
Undaunted, and inspired by the role of French women in caring for foundlings in Paris, Coram decided to ask English noblewomen to lend weight to his petition and gain the interest of influential men along the way.
In this he triumphed. Not only did '21 inspiring women' sign a petition, he also won the support of many aristocratic and influential men who, along with the ladies of quality and distinction, helped turn the establishment of a hospital for foundlings into a fashionable cause.
Finally, on 17 October 1739, King George II signed a royal charter. Governors were quickly appointed from those who had donated to the cause, and the work of the Foundling Hospital could begin.
Coram’s vision for foundling children
Hogarth engraving of some foundlings
Coram had a vision in which foundling children were cared for and educated so that, ultimately, they could support themselves.
In this he was both humanitarian and ahead of his times. During his lifetime, it was widely believed that foundlings didn’t deserve charity because they were the product of immoral behaviour. And while workhouses did exist, it was argued that the act of receiving charity should be made unattractive to ensure only the truly destitute would apply. This included putting children to work as soon as possible.
As an experienced campaigner, Coram knew the importance of making his radical idea acceptable to existing and potential supporters. Accordingly, his campaign to establish the Foundling Hospital not only outlined the plight of foundling children, but also the benefits to society of removing them from the streets and creating useful citizens.
Find out more
Find out how Thomas Coram championed children’s health, education and training
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Cicada tymbals: sound-producing organs and musculature.
a, Body of male Cicada from below, showing cover-plates of sound-producing organs;
c, Section showing muscles which vibrate tymbals (magnified);
d, A tymbal at rest;
The tymbal (or timbal) is the corrugated exoskeletal structure used to produce sounds in insects. In male cicadas, the tymbals are membranes in the abdomen, responsible for the characteristic sound produced by the insect. In tiger moths, the tymbals are modified regions of the thorax, and produce high-frequency clicks. In lesser wax moths the left and right tymbals emit high frequency pulses that are used as mating calls.[1]
The tymbals of a tiger moth are specialized regions on the metathoracic episterna, normally corrugated such that sound is produced when the entire tymbal surface is buckled by muscular contraction and then released, producing a series of extremely rapid "clicks" as the corrugations flex back into place.[3] These sounds are only occasionally audible to humans, and are used in both acoustic aposematism (the moths are advertising to bats that they are toxic[4]), and as mating signals. A recent study [5] demonstrates that these sounds are used by some moths to "jam" the sonar of moth-eating bats.[6]
1. ^ Jang, Yikweon; Greenfield, Michael D. (1996). "Ultrasonic communication and sexual selection in wax moths: female choice based on energy and asynchrony of male signals". Animal Behaviour. 51: 1095–1106. doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0111.
2. ^ Rosales (1990). "Auditory characteristics of the cicada stridulation". Journal of Entomology. 12 (3): 67–72.
External linksEdit
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Burgundian Wars of 1474-77
Burgundian Wars of 1474-77
caused basically by the clash of interests between France and the Burgundian state.
Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, strove to unite his scattered possessions by annexing Lorraine and a number of other lands, including those controlled by the French king. This was an obstacle on France’s road to the unification of its national territories. In the struggle with the Burgundians the principal military force was provided by the Swiss, who were the allies and, in fact, the mercenaries of the French king under terms of the “eternal alliance,” concluded in January 1474 with the Swiss cantons headed by Berne. In October 1474 the Swiss, with their enforced allies from several cities of Alsace, invaded the possessions of the duke of Burgundy. During the period April through October 1475 they captured Waadt (Vaud) and Lower Valais, which had belonged to the duke of Savoy, an ally of Charles the Bold. In September 1475 the troops of Charles the Bold occupied Lorraine. Then, turning against the Swiss, Charles captured Granson; however, on Mar. 2, 1476, his army was routed by the Swiss, who smashed it at Murten on June 22, 1476. The Swiss and Alsatian troops then occupied Lorraine; on Jan. 5, 1477, they inflicted a decisive defeat on the Burgundians in a battle near Nancy, during which Charles the Bold was killed.
The Burgundian state ceased to exist; its territory was divided between France and the Hapsburgs. France’s victory, gained by the Swiss forces, was the historically inevitable victory of the emerging French national state over the ethnically mixed Burgundian state, which lacked economic unity. The Burgundian Wars were of major military importance. They clearly demonstrated the superiority of densely packed, close ranks of infantry (the Swiss) over knightly cavalry (the Burgundians); the Swiss army became a major military force in Europe.
Del’briuk, G. Istoriia voennogo iskusstva v ramkakh politicheskoiistorii, vol. 3. Moscow, 1938.
Mentioned in ?
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In the south bank of Qinghai Lake, numerous alluvial fans and coastal deposits have been formed. In terms of their developmental positions and relationships, the denudation system, depositional system, and transportation system consist of source-to-sink systems. Based on the field-investigation evidence and literature survey, it was confirmed that the developmental processes of these “source-to-sink” systems can be divided into three stages: the Early-Late Pleistocene stage, from 39 to 23 ka BP; Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene stage, from 39 to 10.7 ka BP; and modern stage. At the present time, these stages can still be identified as three levels of lake shore terraces. In the Late Pleistocene, the source-to-sink system indicates that the lake level was high, supply of clasts was sufficient, fan deltas had formed, and the lakeside plain continued to develop. At the end of the Late Pleistocene, with the sudden changes in global climate, the climate was dry and cold, and the lake level fell. At this time, the source-to-sink system showed that lake level was relatively low, supply of clasts was reduced, and transportation distance was longer; ancient sediments started to recycle in this system. Until modern times, alluvial fans in the south bank of Qinghai Lake have only rarely been developed, and the supply of clasts is primarily derived from the recirculation of paleo-shore sediments. Meanwhile, a large amount of sandy gravel beaches developed along the lake shore. By studying the multistage source-to-sink systems around modern lakes, the characteristics of the system in lake basins are enriched and provide an important analogy for researches of ancient lake basins.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Isocolon is a rhetorical scheme in which parallel elements possess the same number of words or syllables. As is any form of parallelism, the pairs or series must enumerate like things to achieve symmetry.[1] The scheme is called bicolon, tricolon, or tetracolon depending on whether they are two, three, or four parallel elements.[2] A well-known example of tricolon is Julius Caesar's "Veni, vidi, vici" ("I came, I saw, I conquered").[3]
An example of bicolon is the advertising slogan "buy one, get one free" (you pay for one item but you get another free).[2]
In Biblical poetry it is standard to see a pair of adjacent lines of poetry in which the second echoes the meaning of the first.[4] This can be considered a bicolon.[4][need quotation to verify] For example:
1. When Israel went out of Egypt, * the house of Jacob from a barbarous people:
2. Judea made his sanctuary, * Israel his dominion.
3. The sea saw and fled: * Jordan was turned back.
4. The mountains skipped like rams, * and the hills like the lambs of the flock.
5. What ailed thee, O thou sea, that thou didst flee: * and thou, O Jordan, that thou wast turned back?
6. Ye mountains, that ye skipped like rams, * and ye hills, like lambs of the flock?
7. At the presence of the Lord the earth was moved, * at the presence of the God of Jacob:
8. Who turned the rock into pools of water, * and the stony hill into fountains of waters.
Psalm 113:1-8 (Psalm 114 Hebrew)
Veni, vidi, vici
— (Julius Caesar)
"I came; I saw; I conquered."[5]
Nec tē noster amor nec tē data dextera quondam
nec moritūra tenet crūdēlī fūnere Dīdō?
Aeneid Book IV by Virgil
A tricolon that comprises parts in increasing size, magnitude or intensity is called a tricolon crescens, or an ascending tricolon.[6] Tricolon can sometimes be a hendiatris.
Repeating the same thing multiple times is a special case of an isocolon, as a way of saying that only one thing is important, and it is very important. In about 1500, when Louis XII asked Giangiacopo Trivulzio what was necessary to win the war against Ludovico Sforza, Trivulzio answered: "Three things, Sire, Money, money, money!"[7] In the 20th century, the cliché "Location, location, location" was said to enumerate the three most important attributes of real property. This phrase appears in print in Chicago as early as 1926,[8] but is nonetheless frequently credited, incorrectly, to the British real estate magnate Lord Harold Samuel.[9][10] British Prime Minister Tony Blair set out his priorities for office in 1997 with "Education, Education, Education".
Tetracola are sometimes called "quatrains" (cf. the usual meaning of quatrain).[4]
An example is Gabriele D'Annunzio:[2]
It was raw mortar, and then it was terra cotta, and then it looked like bronze, and now it is a living thing
Special cases[edit]
A bicolon that is both short and so well known that it becomes a fixed expression is a special type of collocation known as a Siamese twin. Not all linguistic Siamese twins are bicolons or tricolons, however. Siamese twins generally consist of only a few words at most.
Examples of Siamese twins that are bicolons or tricolons:
Examples of Siamese twins that are not bicolons or tricolons:
See also[edit]
1. ^ Corbett and Connors, 1999. p. 45
2. ^ a b c Dizionario di retorica e stilistica, UTET, Toino, 2004. ISBN 9788877508850
3. ^ Forsyth, 2014. p. 98
5. ^ Forsyth, 2014. p. 98
6. ^ Latina ad Vitam: Poetry Device of the Day: Tricolon Crescens
7. ^ John Aikin, William Johnston, General Biography, 1814, p. 477
9. ^ Brodie, Sophie (14 November 2007). "It's location, location, location for Land Secs". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
10. ^ William Safire, "On Language", New York Times Magazine, June 26, 2009 [full text]
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What Is Shuck Split in Fruit Trees?
Stone fruits must split their shucks to develop.
Stone fruits must split their shucks to develop. (Image: Zoonar/O.Kovach/Zoonar/Getty Images)
Shuck split is not a disease or disorder of fruit trees. It is a stage of fruit development that occurs in stone-fruit trees after the blossoms have been pollinated. Shuck split happens when a developing fruit bursts through the shuck, which consists of the sepals at the base of the blossom; the sepals hold the flower petals and protect the fruit ovary.
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Fruit Growth
A shuck splits as a fertilized stone fruit grows too big to be contained in the shuck. As the fruit continues to develop, it pushes the shuck to the fruit's blossom end. Eventually, the shuck drops off the tree.
Development Trigger
Shuck split is the final stage of the blossoming process. Blossoming starts in early spring in stone-fruit trees as their sap rises from their roots to their limbs. The blossom buds start to swell until the internal pressure from rising sap pops open the buds, freeing the blossoms to grow. After the ovary in a blossom has been pollinated, development of the fruit begins.
Time Span
Depending on the stone-fruit tree species, shuck split can occur anytime from four days to two weeks after pollination. It is a key stage in the development of stone fruits. At shuck split, the tiny fruits become visible and vulnerable to insect pests and diseases. Owners of stone-fruit trees should step up their insect- and disease-control measures at this time.
Nuts, Too
In some species of nut trees, the nuts develop within shucks. Unlike stone fruits, which shed their shucks early in their development, nuts stay shielded in their shucks until they are ripe. The shucks of fully ripe nuts turn brown and split, releasing the nuts from their tree. That event happens in early fall or before the first frost.
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Southern Wall
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Southern wall)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Coordinates: 31°46′32.74″N 35°14′9.98″E / 31.7757611°N 35.2361056°E / 31.7757611; 35.2361056
Eastern portion of the Southern Wall of the Temple Mount
The Southern Wall (Hebrew: הכותל הדרומיHaKotel HaDromi) is a wall at the southern end of the Temple Mount and the former southern side of the Second Temple (also called Herod's Temple) in Jerusalem. It was built during King Herod's expansion of the Temple Mount platform southward on to the Ophel.
The Southern Wall is 922 feet (281 m) in length, and which the historian Josephus equates as being equal to the length of one furlong (Greek: stadion).[1] Herod's southern extension of the Temple Mount is clearly visible from the east, standing on the Mount of Olives or to a visitor standing on top of the Temple mount as a slight change in the plane of the eastern wall, the so-called "Straight Joint."[2] Herod's Royal Stoa stood atop this southern extension.[2] The enormous retaining wall is built of enormous blocks of Jerusalem stone, the face of each ashlar (block) is edged with a margin, the bossage is raised about 3/8" above the surrounding margins. The unmortared blocks are so finely fitted together that a knife blade cannot be inserted between the ashlars.[2]
An enormous flight of steps leads to the Southern Wall from the south. They were excavated after 1967 by archaeologist Benjamin Mazar and are the northernmost extension of the Jerusalem pilgrim road leading from the Pool of Siloam to the Temple Mount via the Double Gate and the Triple Gate. These are the steps that Jesus of Nazareth[2][3] and other Jews of his era walked up to approach the Temple, especially on the great pilgrimage festivals of Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot. [2] The stairs that lead to the double gate are intact and "well-preserved."[4] The steps that lead to the triple gate were mostly destroyed.[4] / The risers are low, a mere 7 to 10 inches high, and each step is 12 to 35 inches deep, forcing the ascending pilgrims to walk with a stately, deliberate tread.[2] The pilgrims entered the temple precincts through the double and triple gates still visible in the Southern Wall.[5][2] Together, the double and triple gates are known as the Hulda Gates, after the prophetess Huldah.[2]
Pilgrim steps leading to the Double Gate
The present iteration of the Triple Gates is not Herodian. The only Herodian element visible from the outside is the doorjamb on the bottom of the left-hand arch.[2] The Double Gate is substantially concealed by a Crusader-era addition to the Temple Mount. Only half of the right-hand arch of the double gate is visible today from the outside. [2] Over the part of the right-hand Herodian arched doorway that is visible is an ornate, decorative half-arch dating to the Umayyad period (661–750 CE).[2] Just above it, the stub of an Herodian relieving arch is visible.[2]
Inside the Temple Mount, much of the original staircase and the arched, elaborately carved Herodian ceilings survive.[2] According to archeologist Meir Ben-Dov, "On his way in and out of the Temple, Jesus must have walked here."[3]
The domed ceilings of the great staircases are carved with elaborate floral and geometric designs.[2] The internal parts of the Herodian Double Gate survive, although the waqf rarely permits visitors to see it.[2] Unlike the austere exterior gate, the interior of the gateway is elaborately decorated with ornately carved columns and ornamented domes. Two pairs of domes and their elaborate, surrounding columns survive intact.[2] Intricately carved vines, rosettes, flowers and geometric patterns cover "every inch" of the "impressive" entry to the ancient Temple.[2]
Eastern set of Hulda gates
In a post-1967 dig led by archaeologists Benjamin Mazar and Meir Ben-Dov, it was discovered that the Hulda gates led into a grand staircase and served as the principal entrance to the temple in the Roman period.[6]
During the post-1967 digs, an elaborate group of Umayyad administration buildings and palaces were uncovered just outside the Southern Wall.[7] They have been carefully preserved and are now part of an archaeological park.[7] The Umayyad Caliphate is understood to have repaired damage to the Huldah Gates and Pilgrim stairs caused by the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in the year 70, in order to use them for access to the newly built Dome of the Rock.[7]
Repair work[edit]
In the early 21st century, a new bulge was noticed in the Southern Wall, threatening the structural integrity of the masonry. Unauthorized underground construction of the el-Marwani Mosque was cited as the cause.[8] In a compromise between Israel, the Palestinian Authority and the Muslim Waqf that manages the property, it was decided that Jordan would manage the repairs.[8] The Jordanian repair, visible as a bright, white patch in the photo above, has been criticized as "unsightly", an "eyesore", and a "terrible job" because it is out of keeping with the common practices of historical restoration in being of a lighter color and smoother surface than the original stone.[8]
See also[edit]
1. ^ Josephus, Antiquities (15.11.3; XV.415–416), who described the dimensions of the Temple Mount in the following terms (apparently not including the extension made to the Temple Mount): “This hill was walled all round, and in compass four furlongs; [the distance of] each angle containing in length a furlong (Gr. stadion).” Compare Mishnah Middot 2:1 which states that the Temple Mount measured five-hundred cubits (Heb. amah) by five-hundred cubits. If it can be ascertained that Josephus' stadion is equivalent to the 500 cubits mentioned in the Mishnah, and being that the Southern Wall measured 281 meters, this would place each cubit (Heb. amah) at 56.205 cm. Rabbi Saadia Gaon, on the other hand, holds that a stadion was equivalent to only 470 cubits (v. Uziel Fuchs, "Millot HaMishnah" by R. Saadia Gaon — the First Commentary to the Mishnah, Sidra: A Journal for the Study of Rabbinic Literature, pub. Bar-Ilan University Press (2014), p. 66), in which case , each cubit was 59.792 cm, close to the 60 cm. cubit espoused by the Chazon-Ish.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Shanks, Hershel (1995). Jerusalem, an Archaeological Biography. Random House. pp. 141–151. ISBN 978-0-679-44526-5.
3. ^ a b Moshe, Janet Mendelsohn (June 1, 2001). "Walking through Jerusalem 2,000 Years Ago". Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affair, Israel Magazine-On-Web.
4. ^ a b Mazar, Eilat (2002). The Complete Guide to the Temple Mount Excavations. Jerusalem: Shoham Academic Research and Publication. pp. 55–57. ISBN 965-90299-1-8.
5. ^ Har-El, Menashe (2004). Golden Jerusalem. Gefen Publishing House. pp. 228–242. ISBN 978-965-229-254-4.
6. ^ Rubinstein, Danny (September 12, 2004). "Remnants of the Temple?, Not in this Garbage". Haaretz.
7. ^ a b c "Umayyad Administration Center and Palaces". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Archaeological Sites in Israel. July 29, 1998.
8. ^ a b c Shanks, Hershel (2010). "First Person: Temple Mount Repairs Leave Eyesores". Biblical Archaeology Review. 36 (5).
External links[edit]
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Looking at Artifacts, Thinking about History
By Steven Lubar and Kathleen Kendrick
Artifacts reflect changes
Times change; history is the story of those changes. An artifact, or a collection of artifacts, can reflect change over time. Artifacts change as our society and culture change; artifacts nudge these changes along; and artifacts themselves change over time. Artifacts reflect changes, and sometimes cause change. They allow us opportunities to consider how and why society and culture change over time.
Think about some of the changes reflected by this typewriter, manufactured by E. Remington & Sons around 1875. It tells a story of innovations in technology and manufacturing. The adoption of the typewriter, at just the same time that women began to work in offices, reflected changes in women's roles, new ideas about the organization of work, and the rapidly growing corporations of the day. In turn, the typewriter brought about and helped to accelerate social change, opening up new jobs for women in the office.
• Changes in Business and the Workplace. The typewriter, by reducing the time and expense involved in creating documents, encouraged the spread of systematic management. It allowed a system of communications that shaped the business world. While the typewriter wasn't responsible for opening the office world to women—the shortage of men during the Civil War and the increasing division of labor and specialization of office work played a bigger role—it did encourage the feminization of office work. In 1870, there were very few women office workers. In 1890, there were nearly 45,000, and 64 percent of stenographers and typists were women.
• Social Changes. In the 1880s, when the typewriter was first adopted in many offices, America was a country in the throes of rapid change. The way in which the typewriter was adopted reflected changes in women's roles, new ideas about the organization of work, and the rapidly growing corporations of the day. In turn, the typewriter opened up many new jobs for women in the office.
• Changes in People's Lives. Though it took a while for the typewriter to catch on, it quickly changed the lives of those who used it. Many working-class women saw office jobs as an escape from the drudgery of factory jobs. Office work was a step up in the class structure, a cleaner, higher-paying job. One novel described the changes in the life of a young woman when she got her first job as a typist.
• Invention, Innovation and Obsolescence. Dozens of inventors had tried to invent a workable writing machine, but it wasn't until 1872 that the right combination of a clever mechanism, manufacturing expertise, and a growing market allowed the typewriter to become a commercial success. Christopher Latham Sholes, a Milwaukee printer, editor, and government bureaucrat, received his first typewriter patent in 1868, and two more in the next few years. Many inventors devised improvements for the typewriter, from the shift key in 1878 to the electric typewriter in 1920. In all, several thousand typewriter patents were granted. But by the 1980s, the typewriter had begun to disappear, overcome at first by the word processor and then by the personal computer, which could do everything the typewriter could do and much more.
• Changes in Manufacturing. Christopher Sholes was unable to raise the money, successfully organize a factory, or find the skilled labor to produce his typewriter invention cheaply and in volume. In 1873 he sold his patent rights to E. Remington and Sons, manufacturers of guns and sewing machines, who had the technological skills to develop and manufacture the machines. The typewriter has numerous small precision parts. To make the machine cheaply enough to reach a large market, it had to be mass-produced. Remington and others soon developed ways to apply existing technology and techniques, including the "interchangeable parts" system, to the manufacture of the typewriter.
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In the 16th century, Pope Gregory assigned the monk and geographer Ignazio Danti to carry out the project. In turn, Danti hired several artistic stars of the day and up-and-comers as well to illustrate the maps, including Girolamo Muziano, Cesare Nebbia and the Flemish brothers Matthijs and Paul Bril. The Brils excelled at landscape paintings—an essential skill for the work.
This 4-year restoration project is a great cultural revival, but it also reveals the importance of geographic information. The Vatican was a great medieval seat of both religious authority and political power. This attracted prominent visitors from all over Europe and the map gallery served to convey geographic information about the Italian peninsula.
Tagsart, Italy, historical, Europe, religiontourism, Christianity.
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I heard this story by watching a recent lecture given by MIT’s Open Coursware initiative. It traces the history of how the rocket booster design of the Space Shuttle was influenced by Roman Empire horses. t goes a little like this.
1. Thoikol is a Utah-based company that builds the rocket boosters. The boosters are transported to Florida via the railroad. NASA engineers wanted large boosters but were constrained by a tunnel along the railroad path that the boosters would take on their trip. The tunnel was just slightly larger than the railroad tracks which measure 4 feet, 8.5 inches wide. So why the weird dimension.?
2. 4 feet, 8.5 inches is the width of the British railroads, and it was British engineers who built American railroads.
3. The people who built the British railroads had initially built the British streetcar lines
4. The people who built the streetcar lines used tools made for building coaches and those coaches had a track gauge. The coaches had the 4 feet, 8.5 inches track gauge because of the width of the British roads.
5. It was the Romans who built the first British roads so they kept the width in building future roads.
6. The Romans built their roads to move the Army and thus fit their war chariots.
7. The Roman war chariot was built to accommodate the width of two horses!
So there you go, the reason the Space Shuttle booster rockets were designed and built as they are can trace their requirements back to butt of a Roman horse.
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Lavatories can be classified as a characteristic factor of living standard and economic prosperity. Many remains of ancient lavatories have been found in Greece. Some of them are dated even in the Minoan era. Many references about them have been recorded in numerous ancient Greek scripts. Despite that many related archaeological finds are dated in a wide chronological range, the typical mature ancient Greek lavatory was probably formed in the Hellenistic period, which was a period of a great evolution of the ancient Greek water technology. Lavatories are found not only in private houses but also in many public buildings and sanctuaries. The features of the typical ancient lavatory are the bench type seats with the keyhole shaped defecation openings and the ditch underneath them, which is associated with both water supply or flushing conduit and sewer. The lavatory was usually situated in the area of the building most convenient for water supply and sewerage. Later, the mature lavatory's layout was spread out all around the Roman Empire, acquiring more or less monumental appearance.
You do not currently have access to this content.
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What is the Meaning of Indicator | Definition and What is Indicator
An indicator is something that is used to indicate. This verb, meanwhile, means suggest or show something by signs or indications.
Examples: "the success of a character on television of this class is an indicator of the cultural decadence of the country", "the Government is satisfied with the economic indicator that has published the International Monetary Fund", "the arrival of thousands of tourists in the city during the weekend is an indicator that anticipates a great summer season.
An indicator can be a physical instrument that says something. In this sense, an arrow in a graphics system, a warning sign on the end of a road or the needle of a clock are indicators.
The indicators or indices are also used in economics, demography and sociology. This concept relates to the representation of reality in a quantitative manner. The Big Mac index is an indicator that allows to compare the purchasing power of the population where the Big Mac from McDonald Burger is sold. What is done, is to convert the price of the Big Mac in dollars or euros and to compare in different countries about whether the purchasing power of consumers is high or low.
In the field of chemistry, means flag the substance which, when added to a sample, it produces a chemical change that is noticeable to the naked eye. A chemical indicator is a pH indicator.
In common parlance, finally, indicators are signs that reflect a reality: "the fact that the team has been eliminated from the tournament as quickly is an indicator of how things go wrong".
Published for educational purposes
Meanings, definitions, concepts of daily use
Recommended Contents
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Limax flavus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Limax flavus
Limax flavus.JPG
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
(unranked): clade Heterobranchia
informal group Pulmonata
clade Eupulmonata
clade Stylommatophora
informal group Sigmurethra
clade limacoid clade
Superfamily: Limacoidea
Family: Limacidae
Subfamily: Limacinae
Genus: Limax
Subgenus: Limacus
Species: L. flavus
Binomial name
Limax flavus
Limacus flavus
Limax flavus (syn. Limacus flavus), known commonly as the cellar slug, the yellow slug, or the tawny garden slug, is a medium to large species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Limacidae.[1]
This slug has a yellow body with grey mottling, and pale blue tentacles. When extended, the body length can be 7.5 to 10 cm (3.0 to 3.9 in).[2]
Drawing of reproductive system of Limax flavus.
The yellow slug is common in Scotland, England, Wales and Ireland as well as most of southern and western Europe. It has been accidentally introduced in many other parts of the world.
Yellow slugs, like the majority of other land slugs, use two pairs of tentacles on their heads to sense their environment. The upper pair, called optical tentacles, is used to sense light. The lower pair, oral tentacles, provide the slug's sense of smell. Both pairs can retract and extend themselves to avoid hazards, and, if lost to an accident or predation, can be regrown.
Like all slugs, the yellow slug moves relatively slowly, gliding along using a series of muscular contractions on the underside of its foot, which is lubricated with mucus, such that it leaves a slime trail behind it.
This species feeds mostly on fungi, decaying matter,[6] and vegetables.
This species is strongly associated with human habitation, and is usually found in damp areas such as cellars, kitchens, and gardens or under stones. Generally speaking it is only seen at night, because it is nocturnal. Thus often it goes unnoticed and people are unaware of how (relatively) common the species is.
Parasites of Limax flavus include the nematode Angiostoma spiridonovi.[7]
1. ^ Marshall, B. (2014). Milax gagates (Draparnaud, 1801). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at on 2014-11-06
2. ^ Tiscali Encyclopaedia Archived 2006-02-16 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved March 25, 2005.
3. ^ Kerney M.P. and Cameron R.A.D., 1979, A field guide to the land snails of Britain and north-west Europe. Collins.
4. ^ Balashov I. & Gural-Sverlova N. 2012. An annotated checklist of the terrestrial molluscs of Ukraine. Journal of Conchology. 41 (1): 91-109.
5. ^ Wiktor A., De-niu C. & Wu M. (2000). "Stylommatophoran slugs of China (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) – prodromus". Folia Malacologica 8(1): 3-35.
6. ^ Bennett, S. M. 2000. Yellow Slugs. Retrieved March 25, 2005.
7. ^ Morand, S. (1992) Angiostoma spiridonovi sp. n. (Nematoda: Angiostomatidae) from Limax flavus (Gastropoda: Limacidae). Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington 59 212–17.
• Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca. pp 196–219 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
External links[edit]
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MotorCities National Heritage Area
By Robert Tate, Automotive Historian and Researcher
Images Courtesy of the Chrysler Archives
Published 05.01.2019
Map of Detroit with Plymouth plant 1942 Chrysler RESIZED 1Map of Detroit including the Plymouth plant, 1941 (Chrysler Archives)
In 1941, before wartime production had begun, many men and women from the Detroit area worked in one of the largest automotive manufacturing plants in the world that was not part of Ford and General Motors.
During the early days, the Plymouth plant was recognized as one of the world’s most modern automobile facilities. The factory was in the Detroit area with 26 acres of manufacturing floor space. The advertising slogan at the time said, “You’ll see Plymouths built from start to finish.”
Plymouth factory 1941 Chrysler RESIZED 3Plymouth's Detroit factory, 1941 (Chrysler Archives)
All of the bodies were made of steel and later fitted with instruments and other appointments that made an automobile complete. In 1941, labor strikes hampered the manufacturing process of some parts, but production was not effectively interrupted. That year, the Plymouth still held its position as the third biggest producer in the industry based on sales.
Plymouth factory 1941 Chrysler RESIZED 6Plymouth's Detroit factory, 1941 (Chrysler Archives)
The 1940-41 Plymouth models were an instant success with the buying consumer. At the start of the manufacturing process, workers would telegraph parts orders to stations along the assembly line for a car’s frame and body. The bodies would travel on many conveyors for the next assembly operation. In 1941, Plymouth had several lines that carried the frames with the body hardware installed, across to the main assembly line where the bodies would receive fenders, batteries and additional trim parts. Then, instrument panels, shock absorbers and headlamps were added, and the 1941 Plymouths took shape.
One of the main features of the Plymouth manufacturing process was engine testing. Plymouth engines were tested for their required horsepower. The engine testing was called a “running in,” and after being “run in,” each engine was tested for horsepower, which the workers called a dynamometer test. From frame to a finished product, it took 50 minutes to manufacture a Plymouth product in 1941. Today, automakers have factory computers that reduce assembly time.
The chassis assembly was another important part of the manufacturing process. It took 12 minutes for the painted chassis to pass through an oven where the paint was thoroughly baked before further assembly line operations. From shaping brake tubing to mounting wheels and tires each consisting of wheel, tire and brake drum were assembled as single units before being mounted on the car. Installing steering and shift columns included steering gear mechanism along with a steering wheel gearshift were installed.
In 1941, before a new car was driven off the assembly line, Plymouth models would go through a series of tests before they were sold to the public. Even before moving off the assembly line under its own power for the first time, each model would be tested and inspected. For example, the “roller test” was a floor machine that held the front blocks in place while the rear wheels would drive on heavy rollers set in the floor. The factory employee could shift through low, second and high gears, testing the transmission and rear axle, and finally the hydraulic and braking systems. Other tests included sealed beam headlights, upholstery, paint, hinges and locks.
In conclusion, the 1941 Plymouths were assembled under one roof, and the men and women of Michigan helped put America on wheels.
Butler, Don. “The Plymouth and DeSoto Story.” Crestline Publishing, 1978.
Szudarek, Robert G. “How Detroit Became the Automotive Capital 100th Anniversary.” 1996.
Vertical file – “Plymouth Factory History.” The National Automotive History Collection.
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Eagle flag of the Byzantine empire
Agion Oros has a rich and turbulent history that goes back for more than 1000 years. During that time, many administrative changes happened. Sometimes the monks were scarce and sometimes numerous. In the beginning of the 19th century they were around 6000 monks but just a few decades later only around 1000 remained. Habits and customs also changed in the course of time. It is only reasonable to assume that the monastic foundations also went through changes. Some were burned or deserted while new ones were founded. In the 10th century there were around 56 monasteries. A few centuries later the monasteries went to 180.
At present 20 monasteries are still active. They form the administrative backbone of the Agion Oros community. Apart from the large monasteries, a number of smaller monastic structures also exist. These are the Sketes (Σκήτες), the Cells (Κελιά), the Huts (Καλύβες), the Seats (Καθίσματα) and the Hermitages (Ησυχαστήρια). The Sketes and the Cells also provide a monastic life. In the Huts, the Seats and the Hemitages the number of monks is smaller and the conditions of living much harsher. The people there usually feed on what the earth around them can offer and their “homes” are usually caves and rocks over the cliffs of the sea. These remote places administratively and spiritually are sheltered by a nearby monastery. A monk before retreating to this seclusive way of life has to obtain the permission, the blessing of the prior monk of the monastery.
The 20 monasteries are divided in five groups of four monasteries each. The monasteries have a hierarchy that goes back in time, according to their history, wealth and privileges obtained by the byzantine emperors. Representatives of each of the 20 monasteries reside in an annex(konáki) in Karies where they form the administrative command, the Holy Community.
The 20 monasteries according to the hierarchy are:
Holy Monastery of Megistis Lavras (963)
Holy Monastery of Vatopedion (972)
Holy Monastery of Iviron (976)
Holy Monastery of Chelandariou (1197, Serbian)
Holy Monastery of Dionysiou (1375)
Holy Monastery of Koutloumousiou (12th Century)
Holy Monastery of Pantokratoros (1363)
Holy Monastery of Xiropotamou (11th Century)
Holy Monastery of Zographou (1270, Bulgarian)
Holy Monastery of Docheiariou (11th Century)
Holy Monastery of Karakalou (1070)
Holy Monastery of Philotheou (992)
Holy Monastery of Simonos Petras (1363)
Holy Monastery of Agiou Pavlou (11th Century)
Holy Monastery of Stavronikita (1542)
Holy Monastery of Xenophontos (1070)
Holy Monastery of Grigoriou (14th Century)
Holy Monastery of Esphigmenou (11th Century)
Holy Monastery of Agiou Panteleimonos (1169, Russian)
Holy Monastery of Konstamonitou (1086)
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The Legacy of Indentured Labor
Reference work entry
This chapter will present and discuss the system of indentured labor established by the British Empire during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a new form of labor acquisition for the colonies. The indentured labor system was created in response to the British Abolition of Slavery Act of 1833. This chapter will outline the nature of the indentured labor system, why it was started, and how it functioned. It will then examine how such a migrant labor system impacted upon both the migrants and receiving colonies, paying particular attention to the notion of ethnicity and the development of multiethnic communities. Mauritius is one such host society that dramatically changed due to the impact of indentured labor migrants arriving on its shores; it will therefore serve as a useful case study to examine the significant role indentured labor has played in the formation of Mauritian society today.
Indentured labor Indo-Mauritian Plural society Multiethnic Ethnicity and diversity Indian ancestry Labor migration
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Copyright information
Authors and Affiliations
1. 1.AnthropologyCanterbury UniversityChristchurchNew Zealand
Section editors and affiliations
• Lyndon Fraser
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Personalised recommendations
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Detailed story of Nyangire Rebellion
Compared to Omukama Kabalega’s War of Resistance, the Nyangire rebellion in Bunyoro was a low-key affair. The rebellion was at its heart, a peaceful rebellion against British authority, exercised through hated Baganda chiefs who were collaborating with the colonial officials.
The revolt arose from the arrogance of the Baganda chiefs, many of whom were more interested in private accumulation of wealth, the mistreatment of Banyoro as an inferior people, and the giving away of its territory, including the ‘Lost Counties’ to Buganda in the 1900 Buganda Agreement.
The Christian missionaries, whose division of the people of Buganda along religious lines had accelerated the destruction of the ancient monarchy, also played a role in Bunyoro.
Not only were the missionaries unwilling to translate the Bible into Runyoro – thus perpetuating the assimilative ambitions of the Luganda speakers – but also began dividing up the people of Bunyoro as Catholics and Protestants.
Bunyoro was not the only part of the country in which Baganda chiefs had been appointed – for instance Semei Kakungulu had been promised his own kingdom as a reward for helping bring British authority over Busoga and Bukedi.
However, the British had a particularly nasty attitude towards Bunyoro which had influenced their war against Kabalega and which would continue to influence colonial policy towards Bunyoro almost until independence.
Banyoro chiefs, officials and locals had complained about the character and conduct of the Baganda chiefs to the British. They were, in particular, concerned about the potential loss of more land through the new policy of granting freehold ownership of land.
This policy drew its inspiration from the 1900 Buganda Agreement and although the Banyoro revolted largely out of fear that the imposed chiefs would grab and own their land, the policy would lead to even wider revolts in Buganda itself when the reality of what had happened occurred to the hundreds of thousands of peasants.
Although the British had removed Baganda chiefs in other areas where local populations complained, they refused to do so in Bunyoro. “The absolute refusal of the British to remove the Baganda chiefs signalled that Bunyoro’s humiliation and low constitutional status would be a long-term feature of colonial rule,” notes Shane Doyle, a historian who has researched the issue extensively.
The rebellion started slowly as a boycott of Baganda officials before degenerating into the burning of huts and destruction of crops, forcing the Baganda chiefs and officials to flee to Hoima for their safety.
The rebellion, however, was mostly peaceful defiance and eloquent arguments for political and constitutional reforms. The Banyoro proposed to have representatives from Toro, Ankole, Buganda and Busoga form a council to debate and settle the Bunyoro Question.
“What is so impressive about the Nyangire,” Doyle writes, “is that Bunyoro’s chiefs advanced such reasoned, convincing arguments for political reform, while ensuring that the protest remained non-violent, and organising pan-ethnic support for a general campaign against Ganda sub-imperialism.”
However, George Wilson, the British official in-charge at the time, had a very dim view of African natives generally and Banyoro in particular. “Natives under a wise restraint can be like good and even clever children,” he had once noted. “Natives in their wild impulses and with passions aflame can be very devils incarnate.”
Wilson could not believe, therefore, that native Africans were capable of such sophisticated political thought and action. He believed, instead, that the Catholic missionaries were behind the rebellion in an attempt to short-change their Protestant rivals.
Rather than resolve the matter politically, Wilson ordered for a militant solution. Some 54 Banyoro chiefs and opinion leaders were arrested and exiled from the kingdom. Of these, 49 were Catholics. They were replaced with another set of Baganda chiefs of whom 51 were Protestant.
According to Doyle, “Wilson’s ultimate solution to the Nyangire crisis, as in his earlier investigation into the murder of a colonial officer in Ankole district, was to create a limited number of scapegoats and then re-emphasise the colonial state’s alliance with favoured local allies.”
Chiefs who had supported the rebellion had their land taken away and given to the pro-British puppet Omukama Duhaga. Non-protestant chiefs were deposed and one prominent chief, Byabacwezi, was fined the princely sum of £500.
Why didn’t the Banyoro resist the reinstatement of the hated Baganda chiefs? Doyle had argued that a smallpox epidemic and famine following almost a decade of war and instability meant that ordinary Banyoro peasants were not in a position to actively resist or fight.
There was also the small matter of the reinstated chiefs being escorted by 50 armed soldiers – evidence, if any was needed, that they were an occupying force.
Although Nyangire did not succeed, it meant that the first two decades of colonial rule were, in Bunyoro, informed primarily by the need to maintain the authority of the Baganda chiefs, for good or for worse.
It also led to administrative instability in Bunyoro, which came to have the highest rate of turnover of officials. For instance, in the five years up to 1907, there had been 17 different colonial officers in charge of Bunyoro, with five in 1906 alone. By comparison, a territory in German East Africa, which had 10 administrators in eight years, was considered unstable.
The ineffectiveness of colonial administration in Bunyoro would, as this series, will later show, hold back the economic development of the region and lead to widespread socio-demographic problems, some of which persist today.
It would also inspire revolts and resistance to Ganda sub-imperialism in other parts of the colony and shape the alliances that would, in future, come to influence the politics of Uganda.
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Culture x
6 Transgender Pioneers Who Helped Change History
In celebration of October being LGBT history month, here are a few of the remarkable trans individuals who helped fight sexual discrimination.
Transgender Icons
By Andy Winder, Brigham Young University
This October marks the 22nd anniversary of LGBT History Month, a month dedicated to recognizing the historical achievements and advancements of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people and their stories.
It is a reminder to not only remember LGBT people in a queer context, but to recognize the role they played in shaping the history of the world.
We’re kicking off LGBT History Month by reminding you of six transgender pioneers in history, people who braved great discrimination and harassment to live a life true to themselves. It is, of course, only the tip of the iceberg: There were any courageous people who helped make the trans movement what it is today.
1. Billy Tipton
Jazz musician Billy Tipton grew up with his aunt, who taught him a love of music at a young age. At age 16, he began attending jazz clubs and found that nobody would accept him because at the time, he was living as a female.
6 Transgender Pioneers Who Helped Change History
Image via Wikipedia
It was then that Tipton decided to live as male and secured legal documents listing him as such. He bound his chest, cut his hair and wore a suit instead of a dress. This time, he received the job.
Throughout the rest of his life, Tipton worked as a saxophone player for various jazz bands, and even started his own Billy Tipton Trio in the 1950s.
Tipton was able to keep his biological gender a secret until his death. He told his romantic partners that his chest had been damaged in an accident to explain the bandages, and only made love in the dark. In 1989, after his death, he was discovered to have been female at birth, a surprise to not only his friends but also his wife and children.
2. Louise Lawrence
Louise Lawrence worked as an artist and manager of a women-only apartment complex in San Francisco; in the 1940s, she began living full-time as a woman. She lived in the apartment complex with her partner.
6 Transgender Pioneers Who Helped Change History
Image via
As an activist, she helped create a correspondence network for transgender women throughout the United States. She also worked with Alfred Kinsey and Dr. Harry Benjamin as they studied transgender people. Most importantly, her work helped create connection and communication in the trans community and was the first to work toward that goal.
3. Albert Cashier
Albert Cashier, born Jennie Hodgers in 1843, was one of many women who disguised themselves as men to fight in the Civil War. What is unique about Cashier is that he continued to live as a male after the war was over and was not discovered as biologically female until a few years before his death.
6 Transgender Pioneers Who Helped Change History
Image via
Cashier enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry in 1862 and fought in over 40 campaigns, during which he was captured and able to escape by overpowering a prison guard. He served until 1865, after which he returned to his home in Illinois.
When back in Illinois, Cashier continued to live as male and worked mainly in labor positions as a farm hand, cemetery worker and church janitor. In 1910, he was hit by a car and broke his leg. When taken to the hospital, his secret was discovered, but it was not divulged until he fell to the onset of dementia and was sent to a state hospital for the insane. There, he was forced to wear a dress after his story came out that a Civil War veteran was, in fact, biologically female. When Albert died in 1915, he was buried in his full uniform and given a tombstone under his male identity.
4. Lucy Hicks Anderson
Born in 1886, Lucy Hicks Anderson was a transgender activist who not only fought for gender equality but was also one of the earliest marriage equality activists.
6 Transgender Pioneers Who Helped Change History
Image via
In 1944 she married a soldier named Reuben Anderson, which led to a perjury charge filed against her when officials discovered she had been born male at birth.
Later on, she and her husband were charged for fraud for receiving federal money reserved for military spouses. When standing up against the charges, she said, “I defy any doctor in the world to prove that I am not a woman. I have lived, dressed, and acted just what I am: a woman.”
After facing these charges, she and her husband lived in Los Angeles until her death in 1954. She is remembered today as a woman who brave great discrimination in the name of authenticity.
5. Coccinelle (Jaqueline Charlotte Dufresnoy)
Jacqueline Charlotte Dufresnoy, known as “Coccinelle,” was a French activist and actress as well as one of the first to undergo a successful gender reassignment surgery in the twentieth-century.
6 Transgender Pioneers Who Helped Change History
Image via Wikipedia
After she began taking hormones in 1952, Dufresnoy began to work as a showgirl in the Le Carrousel de Paris nightclub. As her popularity rose, she was featured in several films and inspired opera singer Ghigo Agosti to write a song in her name.
After she received sexual reassignment surgery, France changed its birth certificate laws so that the gender could change following surgery. She also secured trans rights to marry in France through her marriage to a man. Later in life, she helped found the Center for Aid, Research and Information for Transsexuality and Gender Identity. She died in 2006 after living a life of activism for transgender women in France.
6. Reed Erickson
Reed Erickson was a transgender philanthropist best known for funding early research on trans issues and an advocate of transgender visibility in the United States.
6 Transgender Pioneers Who Helped Change History
Image via
Erickson grew up in Philadelphia and attended Louisiana University, where he was the first biological female to graduate in engineering. In 1962, under the supervision of Dr. Harry Benjamin, he began to take hormones and began the process of masculinization.
Two years later, he founded the Erickson Educational Foundation (EEF), where he supported early studies of transgender people through philanthropic donations. He also funded books, events, and educational systems for other trans people.
Writer Profile
Andy Winder
Brigham Young University
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How do you chamfer in autocad?
What is the chamfer command in AutoCAD?
Introduction to Chamfer in AutoCAD. … The chamfer is a command through which you can cut corners of two adjacent sides of any 2d shape at any distance or any particular angle by entering specific values.
What does the chamfer tool do?
Machinists use chamfers to “ease” otherwise sharp edges, both for safety and to prevent damage to the edges. A “chamfer” may sometimes be regarded as a type of “bevel”, and the terms are often used interchangeably.
How do you chamfer a solid in AutoCAD?
To Chamfer a 3D Solid
1. Click Modeling tab > Solid panel > Fillet Edge drop-down > Chamfer Edge.
2. Select the edge of the base surface to chamfer. …
3. Do one of the following: …
4. Specify the base surface distance. …
5. Specify the location of the chamfer using one of the following options. …
6. To complete the chamfer, press Enter.
How many layers should a drawing have?
IT IS INTERESTING: What is the best autocad version?
What is the difference between fillet and chamfer in AutoCAD?
Whereas TRim, EXtend, and BReak alter one object at a time, the Fillet and CHAmfer commands modify a pair of objects in AutoCAD 2014. Fillet creates a curved corner between two lines, whereas CHAmfer creates a beveled corner.
What’s the difference between chamfer and bevel?
But, to break it down into much simpler terms, a bevel is an edge that is sloped and a chamfer is an edge that is a beveled edge that connects two surfaces. … The beveled edge is on top and the chamfered edge is on bottom.11 мая 2015 г.
How a chamfer is measured?
I would approach this in two steps first using a protractor measure the angle, then measure the width of the chamfer with a scale and magnification. Multiply the width by the square root of 2 (assuming a true 45°)for the actual chamfer. This would be most likely an inspection or metrology function.
How do you show a chamfer drawing?
Inserting Chamfer Dimensions into Drawings
1. Click Chamfer Dimension. on the Dimensions/Relations toolbar or click Tools > Dimensions > Chamfer. …
2. Select the chamfered edge, select one of the lead-in edges, then click in the graphics area to place the dimension. You must select the chamfered edge first. …
3. Click .
What is the thickness of chamfering?
Chamfering is fast and above all cost-effective with our welding edge former (nibbler). This machine can be set continuously in any chamfer angle between 20° – 45°. Depending on the strength of the material the sheet or plate metal thickness is up to 15 mm with a strength of 400 N/mm².
IT IS INTERESTING: Which of the following file extension cannot open the autocad?
What is a stopped chamfer?
When it’s “stopped” it means that the chamfer doesn’t extended the entire length of the panel. With a frame and panel, you have have a few choices. You can chamfer the entire length of the board. This extends the chamfer along the rails so that the join between rail and style is accentuated.
How do you fillet a 3d corner in Autocad?
To Fillet a 3D Solid Edge
1. Click Solid tab Solid Editing panel Fillet Edge. Find.
2. Select the edge of the solid to fillet.
3. Specify the fillet radius.
4. Select additional edges or press Enter.
Special Project
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Contending with meteorological conditions in times of war in Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
Weather conditions were often decisive in times of war. Already in the sixth century BCE, Sun Tzu emphasized in his Art of War the role of atmospheric conditions, which have repercussions on the health and morale of troops as well as on the conducting of military operations, prompting men and their leaders to equip themselves and plan ahead. The conflicts in modern Europe confirmed the importance of weather, in terms of how they unfolded as well as the growing awareness of this factor among general staff.
Cover of La bataille dans les neiges (Battle in the Snow), a brief account written by A. Norec for the collection “Patrie” in 1917, highlighting the “guerra bianca” on the Italian front during the Great War, and the difficulties specific to this front (collection P.-L. Buzzi).
As a result of the many conflicts in which it was the theater during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Europe has emerged as a singular case for the study of weather conditions in times of war, as it has multiple climates in close proximity, including oceanic, continental, Mediterranean, and mountainous. While the continent’s successive conflicts became increasingly technological, they were nevertheless dependent on the weather. Serving as both ally and enemy, and acting on the body as well as the morale of soldiers, weather conditions also had an impact on military operations, and prompted the military to equip itself and obtain the tools needed to anticipate the weather, in an effort to gain an advantage over the enemy.
Suffering: The Consequences on Combatants
The frequent mention of weather conditions in the letters of combatants demonstrates the strong impact that weather had on the health and morale of soldiers. Both cold and heat were considered as scourges, and were elevated to the rank of enemies on par with opposing armies. Certain regions that were regularly transformed into theaters of operation were closely linked with winter conditions, such that during both Napoleon’s retreat in 1812 and the Wehrmacht’s attack in 1941-1942, Russia left the invaders with a frigid and deadly memory. The cold led to a spike in circulatory, respiratory, and infectious diseases, and also caused frostbite in feet, sometimes requiring amputation.
Heat also proved highly incapacitating, as it prevented the proper functioning of regulatory mechanisms, caused dehydration and headaches, and was accompanied by the proliferation of disease-spreading insects. During the Greek War of Independence in 1829, part of the French army suffered from the fever caused by the summer heat of the Peloponnese. High temperatures tired men all the more as they often wore outfits poorly adapted to intense heat. Rain chilled the body, made clothing heavy, and weakened organisms and morale. Moreover, in transforming dirt into an ocean of mud, it made the soldier’s tasks even more arduous.
As a result, combatants sometimes found themselves in situations of acclimation, which reached its peak with troops from areas that were far from their theater of confrontation. This is why camps were established in the south of France during the Great War, to accommodate colonial troops from November to March in an effort to protect them from the harshness of winter.
Adapting: The Consequences on Military Operations
Weather conditions, which change the state of the sea, ground, and sky, also disrupt military operations. The Allied landing in June 1944 was postponed by 24 hours due to bad weather. Like the navy, the air force is particularly dependent on the weather. In December 1994, as Russia launched an offensive against Grozny during the first Chechen War, a thick fog deprived it of its air force. For ground troops, rain and thaw are the most problematic, as demonstrated by the Russian campaign during the Second World War. Beginning in October 1941, heavy rains were accompanied by the fall raspoutitsa, which transformed fields and roads into torrents of mud that slowed the German invasion.
However, weather events can also have positive consequences for belligerents who are able to adapt. A river often slows offensives, but a frozen one can on the contrary facilitate crossing, as was the case in the Finnish War, in which the Russian army took advantage of the freezing of the Bothnian Bay to reach the Swedish shore on March 19, 1809, a maneuver that decided the outcome of the war. More than one army used weather to its advantage, with the Greeks for instance using wind during their War of independence to counterattack against Ottoman ships through the use of fireships. There is thus no determinism in the subject, for what is considered an advantage can also prove to be incapacitating in certain situations.
The climatic constraints mentioned by military leaders can subsequently be overestimated in order to serve as an excuse for a strategic defeat. “The roads were covered with black ice; the cavalry, artillery, and transportation horses died throughout the night not by the hundreds but by the thousands [...] our artillery and transportation lacked teams of horses”: in a few words, the Bulletin de la Grande Armée from December 1812 described the terrible consequences of the cold on the retreat from Russia. However, this myth of “general Winter” obscures another reality, as over a third of the Grande Armée’s forces were already out of action even before the extreme cold struck Napoleon’s troops, who had initially been weakened by illness, faulty logistics, and battles of great violence.
Preparing: The Consequences on Tactics and Techniques
Armies had to prepare for weather by solving problems relating to clothing, food, and transportation. Victorious armies were not just those exhibiting a capacity to adapt to weather conditions, but also those that knew how to take advantage of them by anticipating difficulties. The objective for the belligerent was to use weather to their advantage, by including it in their tactics through the development of specific techniques. Finns, who were accustomed to snow and were able skiers, specialized in motti, a tactic for encircling enemy units that helped them get the upper hand in Suomussalmi in January 1940, despite their smaller numbers compared to the Russians.
The makeup of the kit also emerged as a recurring question among general staff, without for all that being resolved in advance. For example, civilians were called on during the two world wars to produce clothing in order to relieve men from the cold, a development that reflects the lack of preparation on the part of military authorities. In addition, weather conditions prompted members of the military to take an interest in climatology, with war becoming a driver of innovation in this field. The sinking of 38 ships in the Crimean War during the storm on November 14, 1854 prompted France to develop a weather service. In the ensuing years, technological advances in weaponry made better knowledge and awareness of weather indispensable, especially for artillery, gas, and aviation. A military weather office was created in France in 1915, for the purpose of overseeing a weather observation network. Over the years stations were better equipped, military meteorologist were trained, and previsions were made more quickly and accurately.
During the twentieth century, long neglected weather conditions shifted, in the words of climatologist Pierre Pagney, from the worry of the peasant to the concern of military leaders. The rise of satellites and training in meteorology in European armies attests to the henceforth crucial role of this discipline in military science. A basic tool for an army, mastery of weather forecasts is now associated with the new quest of mastering climate and climate war, which is to say the use of techniques to modify atmospheric weather for military purposes.
Translated by Arby Gharibian
To quote from this article
Pierre-Louis Buzzi , « Contending with meteorological conditions in times of war in Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries », Encyclopédie d'histoire numérique de l'Europe [online], ISSN 2677-6588, published on 22/06/20, consulted on 14/05/2021. Permalink :
Amat, Jean-Paul, Cantat, Olivier, Filippucci, Paola, Savouret, Edwige, “Au temps météorologique de la Grande Guerre. Approche séquentielle des périodes contraignantes dans les tranchées sur le front de la Marne et de la Meuse, 1914-1918,” Climatologie 8 (2011): 59-77.
Buzzi, Pierre-Louis, “Pour une histoire météorologique de la Grande Guerre. La météo sur le front des Vosges d’après les témoignages des combattants,” Mémoire des Vosges 31 (2015): 39-43.
Pagney, Pierre, Le climat, la bataille et la guerre. Des conflits limités aux conflits planétaires (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2008).
Pagney, Pierre, L’incertitude climatique et la guerre (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2016).
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Home Page
Lesson Objective
L.O. To describe human and physical features of Scotland
Success Criteria
• I can identify human and physical features
• I can draw famous human and physical features of Scotland
• I can label famous human and physical features of Scotland
To identify basic human and physical features and describe what places are like.
Physical features would be here even if there were no people around. For example, seas, rivers and mountains.
Human features are things that have been built by people. For example, houses, roads and bridges.
Flags are used as symbols of a country or organization.
Capital city – A capital is a city where a region's government is located. This is where government buildings are and where government leaders work.
Edinburgh – Capital city of Scotland.
Statue – a sculpture of a person is life-size.
Palace – the/or was the official home of a king or queen or other important person.
Castle – a large, strong building where a noble lived with his family and servants. Many castles were built long ago to defend the people inside against attacks.
Factsheet - a paper giving useful information
Teaching slides - Features of Edinburgh Scotland
Geography | KS1 | KS2 | The United Kingdom | BBC Teach
This video explores the countries that make up the United Kingdom and identifies a key human and physical feature of each one.It also shares the flags of the...
Task 1
Watch the two videos (several times) of the girl walking through Edinburgh, Scotland.
Take notes of the physical and human features she sees and talks about. (There are at least 8 features)
Task 2:
Time to make a factsheet about Edinburgh, Scotland. See Teacher’s Model.
•Draw the physical and human features you saw and heard in the videos.
•Label the pictures
•Remember to title your factsheet.
Edinburgh Scotland Factsheet - Teacher's Model
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[general principles of the strong nuclear force]
5 ideas
The strong force pulls, but also pushes apart if nucleons get too close together [Inwagen]
The strong force is repulsive at short distances, strong at medium, and fades at long [New Sci.]
The strong force binds quarks tight, and the nucleus more weakly [New Sci.]
Gluons, the particles carrying the strong force, interact because of their colour charge [New Sci.]
Colour charge is positive or negative, and also has red, green or blue direction [Hesketh]
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"url": "http://philosophyideas.com/search/response_idea_theme.asp?find=theme&visit=1&ThemeNumber=2089&return=yes&theme_alpha=yes"
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Australia's Aboriginal People
Mungo Man Skull Reconstruction
Reconstruction of the
Mungo Man Skull
In 2016 Griffith University, Queensland, researchers have found evidence that demonstrates Aboriginal people were the first to inhabit Australia, as reported in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The work refutes an earlier landmark study that claimed to recover DNA sequences from the oldest known Australian, Mungo Man. This earlier study was interpreted as evidence that Aboriginal people were not the first Australians, and that Mungo Man represented an extinct lineage of modern humans that occupied the continent before Aboriginal Australians.
Scientists from Griffith University's Research Centre for Human Evolution (RCHE), recently used new DNA sequencing methods to re-analyse the remains of Mungo Man from the World Heritage listed landscape of the Willandra Lakes region, in far western New South Wales. Professor Lambert, from RCHE, said it was clear that incorrect conclusions had been drawn in relation to Mungo Man in the original study.
Mungo Man
Mungo Man
Aboriginal Australians
Aboriginal Australians
Lambert stated that the sample from Mungo Man which they retested contained sequences from five different European people suggesting that these all represent contamination. At the same time they re-analysed more than 20 of the other ancient people from Willandra. They were successful in recovering the genomic sequence of one of the early inhabitants of Lake Mungo, a man buried very close to the location where Mungo Man was originally interred.
By going back and reanalysing the samples with more advanced technology, they found compelling support for the argument that Aboriginal Australians were the first inhabitants of Australia. Moreover, the results proved that the more advanced genomic technology was capable of unlocking further secrets from Australia's human past; meaningful genetic information can be recovered from ancient Aboriginal Australian remains. This represents the first time researchers have recovered an ancient mitochondrial genome sequence from an Aboriginal person who lived before the arrival of the Europeans.
The research was planned and conducted with the support of the Barkindjii, Ngiyampaa and Muthi Muthi indigenous people.
Aboriginal Australians
Compelling support for Aboriginal
Australians being the first inhabitants
Gwion Gwion
Gwion Gwion rock art from the Kimberley
region of north west Australia
If genomic technology can decode an ancient mitochondrial genome sequence from an Aboriginal person who lived before the arrival of the Europeans, this will certainly shed light on the prehistoric art of Australia such as the Gwion Gwion paintings of the Kimberley. As dating techniques become more and more accurate, the age of the Gwion Gwion rock art will come into focus, perhaps confirming that it is the world’s oldest figurative art.
The Australian Rock Art Archive
Bradshaw Foundation
bradshaw foundation donate help
Mailing List
Email Sign-Up
website updates
First Name
Last Name
bradshaw foundation ishop dvd
bradshaw foundation podcast
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Quechan language explained
Quechan language should not be confused with Quechuan languages.
Also Known As:Yuma
States:United States
Region:California, Arizona
Ethnicity:c. 10,000 Quechan
Date:2015 census
Fam2:Core Yuman
Fam3:River Yuman
Map:Yuma County Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Quechan Tribe highlighted.svg
Mapcaption:Yuma County with Fort Yuma Indian Reservation, where Quechan is spoken, highlighted
Quechan or Kwtsaan,[1] also known as Yuma, is the native language of the Quechan people of southeastern California and southwestern Arizona in the Lower Colorado River Valley and Sonoran Desert.
Quechan belongs to the River branch of the Yuman language family, together with Mohave and Maricopa languages. Publications have documented Quechan grammar and texts.[2]
In 1980, it was estimated that there were fewer than 700 speakers of the language, including both the elderly and young.[3] Hinton (1994:32) put a conservative estimate of the number of speakers at 150, and a liberal estimate at 400-500. As of 2009, 93 preschoolers were learning Quechan in the Quechan tribe's language preservation program, and the number of fluent speakers was estimated to be about 100. A Quechan dictionary was in progress.[4]
Quechan speakers participate in the Yuman Family Language Summit, held annually since 2001.[5]
A 2010 documentary, “Songs of the Colorado,” by filmmaker Daniel Golding features traditional songs in the Quechan language. Golding says, "The songs are all sung in the language, so if you're not learning and picking up the language, then you won't be able to understand the songs ... there are actually words telling stories..." [6]
Assistance is available for speakers of the language who wish to vote in elections in Imperial County, California and Yuma County, Arizona, under Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Quechan has five vowel phonemes, which all occur in short and long forms. Vowel length is contrastive, as shown in ʔa·vé "snake" versus ʔa·vé· "mouse".
Closei iːu uː
Mide eːo oː
Opena aː
The consonants in Quechan are given in the table below.
Plosivevoicelessptk kʷ q qʷʔ
Fricativevoicelesss x xʷ
Quechan features word-medial and word-final consonant clusters. Word-medial clusters may be biconsonantal or triconsonantal, while word-final clusters only appear with two consonants.
The semivowels w and j occur as consonants when in a word-initial position, when intervocalic, and as final members of consonant clusters. They occur as vowels when in the word-final position and as initial members of vowel clusters.
Phonological processes
A variety of processes affect the realization of sounds in Quechan, a few of which are listed below.
[7] [8]
Word structure
Quechan words consist of two immediate constituents: a theme and non-thematic elements. Themes are structures consisting of unanalyzable root morphemes that form the basis of Quechan words. Themes can consist of stems in isolation, reduplicated, or affixed.
Words usually include one or more nonthematic affixes which can be either nominal or verbal. Themes can be split into noun themes, verbal themes and interjectional themes. Nouns are words composed of noun themes and nominal affixes, verbs are words composed of verbal themes and verbal affixes, and interjections are themes with no affixes added.
Quechan nouns consist of a theme alone or a theme plus non thematic affixes. The primary function of a noun is to convey simple referential content. There are four types of nonthematic elements that can be affixed to nouns: pronominal prefixes, demonstrative suffixes, the locative suffix -i, and case suffixes.
Pronominal prefixes
Possessive pronominal prefixes indicate first, second, third and indefinite third person possessor. There are two distinct sets of possessive prefixes.
1st personʔ-ʔanʸ-
2nd personm-manʸ-
3rd person∅-nʸ-
Indef. 3rd personkʷ-kʷanʸ-
The first set of prefixes is used primarily with body parts and kinship terms, while the second is used primarily with natural objects and artifacts but also certain body part terms. The distinction is not that between inalienable and alienable possession: for example, i·kʷé "his horn" refers to both a deer's horn and a person's deer horn.
Demonstrative suffixes
The demonstrative suffixes in Quechuan are -va "this (nearby)," -sa, "that (far off)," and -nʸ "that (location unspecified)."
Locative suffix
The locative suffix -i is roughly equivalent in meaning to English "at, in the vicinity of." It is primarily affixed to the noun theme plus a demonstrative suffix: i·mé šama·vi (i·mé "foot," šamá· "root" + -va "this" + -i "at") "at his feet, underfoot" (literally "at the root of his foot").
Case suffixes
Noun themes with case suffixes function as subjects of verbs, adverbs, or, with vocative -a, as a predicative expression: šalʸʔáyc ʔamé·k "the sand is high," literally "sand it-is-high."
The following suffix combinations are found (with -nʸ representing the demonstrative suffixes):
Case suffix With nothingWith a demonstrative suffixWith the locative suffixWith a demonstrative and locative suffix
Quechan verbs convey most meaning in sentences, including indication of notional and grammatical relationships, in contrast to nouns which are comparatively simple in content.
Verbs typically consist of a theme and two nonthematic elements, a pronominal prefix and a predicative suffix as in ʔayú·k "I see", which is composed of first person pronominal prefix ʔ + "to see" ayú + present-past suffix ·k.
Verb stems that form the basis of verb themes can be modified in a variety of ways to modify their meaning.
Some verb stems can be reduplicated to add the meaning of repetitive or intermittent activity.An example of a reduplicated stem is toxatóx "to be spotted", from the stem atóx "to have a spot." Another example is aspukaspúk "to be kinky (hair)", from the stem aspúk "to be curled.
Thematic prefixes
A variety of thematic prefixes can be added to the verb stem to give the stem meaning.
One such prefix is t- "to cause generally or by means of an instrument." The stem qʷeraqʷér "to be sharp-pointed" can be modified by t- to produce the stem taqʷeraqʷér "to sharpen to a point."
Prefixes can be compounded, which most frequently occurs with the causative prefix u·- in addition to another prefix. The causative prefix u·- is affixed in conjunction with the prefix c- "to cause with the teeth" present in caqáw "to eat fruit," producing the compound u·caqáw "to feed fruit to."
A theme consisting of only a stem or a prefix-stem structure can be further developed through infixation. Infixing before the consonant preceding the accented vowel of the stem in conjunction with the suffixation of a thematic suffix -v or -p produces a developed theme with the meaning "to be one who does."
An example is the theme ku·nácv "to be one who orders" which is produced by infixing and affixing -v to the stem kanác "to order, summon." [9]
Word order
Quechan has a subject-object-verb word order. [10]
Switch reference
Like other Yuman languages, Quechan features switch-reference by which two clauses can be linked with markers specifying whether their subjects are the same or different. [11]
Sample text
The following is an excerpt from a traditional Quechan story called "The Man Who Bothered Ants." [12]
External links
Notes and References
1. Book: Golla, Victor. California Indian Languages. University of California Press. 2011. University of California, Berkeley.
2. Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press.
3. Kendall, Martha B. 1983. "Yuman languages". In Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 4-12. Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Vol. 10. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
4. News: Anne Slagill. Tribal program seeks to preserve Quechan language. The Yuma Sun. 2012-09-22. 2009-07-27.
5. Web site: Yuman Language Family Summit Home Page. 2012-09-22.
6. News: Nancy Gilkey . Tribal music documentary premieres Saturday . YumaSun . 2012-09-22 . 2010-12-08 . dead . https://archive.is/20130209221505/http://www.yumasun.com/articles/golding-66002-language-songs.html . 2013-02-09.
7. Book: Halpern, Abraham Meyer and Miller, Amy and Langdon, Margaret. Karʔúk: native accounts of the Quechan mourning ceremony. 1997. 24.
8. Book: A grammar of the Yuma language. University of Chicago. Halpern, Abraham M.. 1947. Chicago.
9. Book: A grammar of the Yuma language. University of Chicago. 261–265. Halpern, Abraham M.. 1947. Chicago.
10. Langdon, Margaret and Munro, Pamela. SUBJECT AND (SWITCH-)REFERENCE IN YUMAN. Folia Linguistica, 13.3-4 (2009)
12. Halpern, A. M. Stories from Quechan Oral Literature. Open Book Publishers, 2014.
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[ rip-lee ]
/ ˈrɪp li /
Save This Word!
characterized by ripples; rippling.
sounding like rippling water.
Question 1 of 7
Origin of ripply
First recorded in 1765–75; ripple1 + -y1
What does ripply mean?
Ripply is used to describe things that have ripples—small waves, ruffles, or wrinkles on a surface, such as water, fabric, clouds, or hair.
A raindrop causes ripples in a puddle. A soft gust of wind can cause ripples on the surface of a lake, on the surface of a sheet hanging from a clothesline, or through the tall grasses in the meadow. Ripples aren’t typically breaks in the surface where they appear—they are disturbances that change its shape momentarily.
The word can also be applied to waves or wrinkles involving intangible or abstract things, such as ripples of cause and effect, but ripply is typically used in the context of tangible things.
Ripple can also refer to a cascading sound, like that of rippling water. Ripply is sometimes used to describe the sound of such water.
Example: I love how the wind makes the surface of the lake ripply.
Where does ripply come from?
The first records of the word ripply come from around 1770. Ripple may derive from the verb rip, but its origin is uncertain. The suffix -y is used to form adjectives.
Throwing a pebble into water causes ripples and makes the water ripply. Wind can make the water ripply in a different way—instead of causing rings to extend out, it causes tiny peaks and waves on the surface. A fabric with small peaks, wrinkles, or crinkles in it can also be described as ripply. Believe it or not, as fun as the word is to say, it’s not commonly used.
Did you know ... ?
What are some other forms of ripply?
What are some synonyms for ripply?
What are some words that share a root or word element with ripply
What are some words that often get used in discussing ripply?
How is ripply used in real life?
The word ripply is most commonly used in the context of small waves on surfaces like water, but it can be used in many different situations.
Try using ripply!
Which of the following things can be ripply?
A. water
B. fabric
C. clouds
D. all of the above
Example sentences from the Web for ripply
Tired of Typos? Get Help Now!
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Creating data frames
Feature engineering
In the previous exercise, we used numeric columns to create other numeric columns. The procedure is the same for character vectors.
For example, we can extract the quarter and store this information in a new column called quarter. We know that the quarter_prices data frame has a column named period that stores both the quarter and the year, in the following format: "Q# YYYY".
Thus, we can extract "Q#" for each quarter by using the substring() function, and store that extracted value in a new column quarter like this:
quarter_prices$quarter <- substring(quarter_prices$period, 1,2)
The first argument is the character column period. The next two arguments specify the start and end (inclusive) indexes of the substring we wish to extract. Remember that indexing begins with 1 in R. Here's the resulting data frame:
period avg_price conversion_rate avg_price_usd quarter
[1,] "Q1 2017" 170195 1.2 204234 "Q1"
[2,] "Q2 2017" 173937 1.2 208724.4 "Q2"
[3,] "Q3 2017" 177938 1.2 213525.6 "Q3"
Note that there is no error when the end index exceeds the length of the string.
Extract the year from the period column. Store these values in a new column named year in the quarter_prices data frame.
Stuck? Here's a hint!
The initial index is 4, and the final index is 7.
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Fine Sixteenth-Century Map of Tartary and the Strait of Anian
Striking example of Magini's map of the Tartar Empire, from an early edition of Magini's Geographiae Universae tum Veteris tum Novae Absolutissimum.
The map features northeastern Asia and northwestern North America, with Japan sandwiched between them. The map offers a detailed, if still largely fanciful, treatment of the west coast of North America, stretching from what is today Alaska to the tip of Baja California. They are separated by the Strait of Anian. Ania itself is included as a province on mainland China.
The Tartar Empire extends from Europe to Asia, with the Caspian Sea evident. A bearded Tartar sits in a tent in the far north, while tall mountains are included in several places, and there is a lone yurt next to a hill.
There are several annotations included across the map. In the far north, near Argon, Christians are said to dwell. Other notes cite ancient and Medieval thinkers whose ideas influenced the geography of this map.
The map is supposed to show the extent and location of the Tartar Empire (also Tatar). Europeans referred to practically anyone from Central Asia as Tartars. An early confederation of Tartars was incorporated into the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. These largely nomadic groups interested Europeans for their supposed ruggedness, but in reality Magini and his contemporaries knew little accurate information about the Tartars.
Strait of Anian
This strait, believed to separate northwestern America from northeastern Asia, was related to the centuries-long quest to find a Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. Appearing on maps beginning in the mid- to late-fourteenth century, the rumor of this strait and a Northwest Passage in general inspired many voyages of discovery, including those of John Cabot, Sir Francis Drake, Gaspar Corte-Real, Jacques Cartier, and Sir Humphrey Gilbert.
The term Anian itself comes from Marco Polo’s thirteenth-century accounts of his travels. Polo used the term to refer to the Gulf of Tonkin, but cartographers thought it could refer to this supposed strait between Asia and North America. The Strait of Anian, so named, first appeared in a 1562 map by Giacomo Gastaldi, and was later adopted by Bolognini Zaltieri and Gerardus Mercator.
Giovanni Antonio Magini Biography
Giovanni Antonio Magini was an accomplished Italian cartographer, astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician—in short, a Renaissance man. Born in Padua, he studied philosophy in Bologna. His first publication was Ephemerides coelestium motuum, an astronomical treatise published in 1582. In 1588 he was selected, over Galileo Galilei, to fill the chair of mathematics at the University of Bologna. He died in that city in 1617.
Magini operated under a geocentric understanding of the universe and created his own planetary theory consisting of eleven rotating spheres. He published this theory in Novæ cœlestium orbium theoricæ congruentes cum observationibus N. Copernici (Venice, 1589). In the 1590s he published works on surveying and trigonometry, as well as invented a calculator. In 1596, he published a commentary of Ptolemy’s Geographia, which was published in several editions and languages. He labored for years on an atlas of Italy, which was printed posthumously in 1620. To pay for this project, Magini served as the math tutor to the son of the Duke of Mantua, as well as being the court astrologer to the Duke.
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Superstition In Julius Caesar Essay
671 Words3 Pages
Superstition throughout Julius Caesar Julius Caesar, a dramatization of Roman history by Shakespeare, most definitely defied centuries of literature in order to be in the hands of students today. The play, like many of shakespeare's other works contains superstitions and omens to create suspense, foreshadowing, and characterization. Not only does the work demonstrate the topic of superstitions but we can also see this in modern day works and events. Shakespeare's work, Julius Caesar, clearly shows the concept of superstition through the play and can relate to contemporary ideas currently. Superstition, by definition, is a belief or notion not based on reason or knowledge of the ominous significance of a particular thing, circumstance, and/or occurrence. This quote, “In Victorian and Edwardian Britain, the task of recording ‘superstitions’ was nothing less than an intellectual and cultural obsession,” (Walsham,pg. 1). The people of Shakespeare's time were…show more content…
One of the most common ways we see superstitions today are through stories and legends one tells to children. Originating from ancient times, “but roman superstitions didn't end there, children were told nasty creatures would who would come to eat them if they weren't good,”(, pg. 1). This, a tale as old as time, although effective, was completely based off of superstition. Another example of superstition transferring to contemporary times, “Romans were extremely superstitious, their world was full of phenomenon making superstitions a perfectly natural part of the relationships between gods and men,” ( It's natural for humans to be curious and as one can see, it continues to modern day. Superstition and omens is how human beings have made sense of situations and the future for a very long time. Julius Caesar and current culture most definitely can base facts off of
Open Document
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Hakai Magazine
This painting, known as the Porterville Galleon, is believed to be a rare indigenous record of colonial activity in South Africa. Photo courtesy of the Trust for African Rock Art
In South Africa, Colonialism Was Written on Stone
An ocher painting of a ship from the early 18th century serves as a visual reminder of the clash between indigenous peoples and settlers.
Authored by
by Kimon de Greef
Article body copy
At the base of a steep outcrop near the small South African town of Porterville, outside Cape Town, is a painting of a wooden ship. Its masts and rigging are clearly visible, traced on a lined and rutted rock surface. Three flags blow to the left; a fourth blows to the right. This suggests that the artist did not fully understand sailing technology, an incongruity that can be readily explained. Archaeologists believe that the ship represents an extremely rare record of encroaching colonial activity, painted by someone whose ancestral land was being wrested away. Today, the painting footnotes an era of conquest that had devastating consequences for local people.
Whoever painted the ship trekked far inland before leaving his or her mark: the nearest coastal bays lie 100 kilometers to the west. The painting, dubbed the Porterville Galleon, is found in one of the richest rock art areas in southern Africa. The parched and rugged mountain range 200 kilometers north of Cape Town known as the Cederberg has several thousand ocher paintings on boulders and sandstone ledges. The images record the lives and rituals of the indigenous peoples who inhabited the Cape of Good Hope for hundreds of generations before European settlers—first from the Netherlands, and then Britain—took control of the land.
Some paintings found near the Cederberg are more than 3,500 years old, left behind by ancient San hunter-gatherer societies. They depict animals, humans, and therianthropes—people with hybrid animal features metamorphosing during trance states. Geometric patterns, handprints, and paintings of domestic sheep overlay some of these images, which are thought to date to the appearance of Khoi pastoralists 2,000 years ago. The ship painting marks a more recent and dramatic historical contact.
The South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA) incorporated the painting into a logo for its National Survey of Underwater Heritage in 2003. Around that time, SAHRA manager John Gribble wrote that the image, which has been speculatively dated to the early 18th century, was an “important graphic reminder of the meeting of precolonial and colonial maritime worlds.” John Parkington, professor emeritus of archaeology at the University of Cape Town, is more cautious about the art’s provenance. “It’s a painting on a rock,” he says. “You can never be completely sure who put it there, that it wasn’t some joker in the 1960s. But it’s likely that the image is authentic: there are much older paintings, produced with what seems to be the same iron oxide pigments, nearby.”
According to Parkington, indigenous societies had been “wrecked, disempowered, and dispossessed” by the time the ship was painted. “Things had changed dramatically for local people. Settlers were expanding north from Cape Town, claiming new territory. Many herders started working for white ranchers. Hunter-gatherers were scarce. While the old traditions and languages probably still existed, it’s doubtful many new paintings were being made.”
There are at least five known rock paintings of ships in South Africa; according to Parkington, the Porterville Galleon is the “clearest and most interesting.” Other colonial-era rock paintings show wagons, men smoking tobacco pipes, and women in ankle-length dresses. These images mark the end of a visual archive extending back thousands of years. Khoi and San groups were largely annihilated by the mid-19th century, engulfed and splintered by colonial development. Many people died of smallpox, a fate shared by millions of indigenous peoples on the other side of the Atlantic when the Americas were colonized. In South Africa, more people still were killed in systematic horseback raids by settler militias—a genocide, according to the Cape Town historian Mohamed Adhikari and several other scholars and activists.
“It was a period of immense disruption,” Parkington says. “We don’t know why the artist traveled to the mountains from the sea, but this painting is evidence that they did.”
Slowly fading, the image provokes questions that cannot be resolved. Who painted it? What message was it supposed to convey? When the ship loomed near shore, its flags rippling, what did the artist see?
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Parking Posts
Medieval residents did not enjoy the paved parking lots that we take for granted today. Horses were the preferred mode of transportation. As travelers shopped, visited friends, and went about their days, they would hitch their horses to posts. These were often adorned with varying colors to indicate class and wealth. The first component of this activity included decorating our “posts” with colorful pipe cleaners and yarn. Each child selected a variety of pipe cleaners that they were to “attach” to their preferred post. This fostered fine motor skills as it involved your little one twisting and fastening the pipe cleaner to make it adhere to the tree. The second component involved dramatic play. Here, your little one rode around on their own horses, exploring their medieval villages and parking their horses when they needed to rest. Dramatic play provides a host of social skills for your little one to practice. When they engage in pretend play, they exercise their negotiation and cooperation skills. They are encouraged to share and dictate roles. As they relate to one another, they foster their problem solving abilities and impulse control. Lastly, they learn to appreciate each actor’s role in the play. These all contribute to building important life skills.
Cobblestone Roads
Cobblestone roads have been used to fulfill transportation needs since ancient times. They appealed to medieval residents because of their durability in harsh weather. Though they were poorly maintained, they provided an integral component to medieval life. To facilitate our understanding of what a cobblestone road is, we created our own! Using cardboard for our roads, glue, and wood pieces as our “stones”, your little one constructed their own version of a cobblestone road. By fabricating their own roads, your little one was applying their awareness of what a cobblestone road is, and how it functions. Doing this also enabled them to practice a variety of skills imperative to their educational repertoire. By manipulating the “stones” they were practicing physical and cognitive skills. As they arranged them within the scope of a predetermined shape, they were learning spatial skills, logical and mathematical skills. Lastly, it encouraged creative thinking on account of the planning that was involved.ImageImageImage
The people of the medieval ages did not enjoy water as we do today. Most citizens received their water from wells and other communal sources. This water was almost always tainted with bacteria, caused by human waste and poor sanitation. To compensate, people would add alcohol, honey, and other fruits to the water to make it “cleaner” for consumption. Using honey, limes, and water, we created our own version of mead. Before we began this activity, we discussed what germs were and how important it is to exercise proper hygiene. Your budding historian also learned about why medieval water was so dirty, and how they can ensure cleanliness in their own lives. When young children are active in creating their learning experiences, they foster meaningful connections between new information and their understanding of it. This is an important component in the capacity to problem solve. As they add and manipulate levels of ingredients, they amplify their ability to think creatively, as they create new and unique combinations of ideas and materials.ImageImage
Knights and Shields
Medieval shields were designed to protect a knight or “soldier” from their enemies. They were also used as weapons throughout the middle ages. Learning how to manipulate a shield required years of training, aimed at increasing skills such as strength and agility. These weapons of war were also decorated with symbols that served to identify the knight, both in tournaments, and on the battle field. Using foil, cardboard, and glue, we created our own shields! This activity hosted a variety of developmental skills. As your child placed the foil on the cardboard, they practiced their fine motor skills and hand eye coordination. As they arranged the foil on the shield, they engaged their ability to manipulate space.
Custard Tarts
Dragon Slime
Sensory activities play a key role in the maturation process of young children. Activities that require manipulation and touch enable children to heighten the adaptive response through their senses.
They are an integral component in early childhood education. They not only engage the child, but stimulate cognitive development. To access this, your young one participated in an activity where they made dragon slime!
Using corn starch, food coloring, water, and glitter, we manipulated and created various combinations to create the perfect consistency for our goo!
Poker Chips and Patterns
We have been talking about the letter I this week! Using silly songs, props, and a variety of learning activities, we have integrated this letter into our week of the Ichthyosaurus! Using poker chips and the letter I, we combined math and literacy to supplement our awareness of this fascinating vowel. To start, your child was given a color pattern that they were directed to replicate on their letter. They were then instructed to verbally count their items. Teaching patterns and sequencing to young children is an integral component to the concept of emerging mathematics. They facilitate an understanding of one to one correspondence (i.e. matching sets, recognizing groups) and foster one’s ability to count verbally.
Ichthyosaurus Habitat
Fossils have revealed that the Ichthyosaurus lived from the early Jurassic Period up until the early Cretaceous Period. They are not dinosaurs, but marine reptiles. As carnivores, they were fond of fish and cephalopods. Their powerful dorsal fin enabled them to reach speeds surpassing thirty miles per hour in the water. To apply our understanding of this new information, we created a habitat for our Ichthyosaurs, consisting of gel for the water, rocks, shells, fish, and ichthyosaurs. Constructing a habitat can be a powerful educational tool. It not only provides a means to apply one’s understanding of new information, but conveys that information in an interesting and dynamic way that appeals to young learners.
Flippers and Friction
The Ichthyosaurus was a marine reptile that roamed the prehistoric seas. These massive creatures ranged from seven to thirty feet, and used their massive dorsal fin and powerful flippers to navigate. To introduce the concept of friction and its relationship to speed in the water, we swam with our very own flippers! We initiated this activity by placing our hands into some water to make waves. We then placed Ziploc bags onto our hands, and did the same thing. We followed this with a discussion of the differences between the two. Our conversation consisted of questions such as “What made bigger waves, when we had bags on our hands or when we didn’t?” and “Why do you think the bags made bigger waves?”. This activity facilitated several developmental areas, including deduction, cause and effect, and cooperative learning.ImageImageImageImageImageImage
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Why are ancient monuments so deep underground?
This post is also available in: Polish (polski)
In 2020, an exceptionally well-preserved Roman mosaic was discovered under a vineyard near the city of Negrar (northern Italy)
In 2020, an exceptionally well-preserved Roman mosaic was discovered under a vineyard near the city of Negrar (northern Italy). You can clearly see the difference in levels. | Photo: Sap Archeologia srl and Comune di Negrar di Valpolicella
Regularly, from time to time, we receive information about the discovery of ancient monuments, including those that date back to Roman times. We can see photos showing mosaics hidden a few meters below the road, pavement or the present ground level. How is this possible?
The main point that should be noted is the fact that there is dust in the air, which is formed from powdered sand, earth and all other elements. The wind regularly blows this material away as part of the erosion process. Interestingly, it happens that sand from North Africa can even be found in Europe.
Throughout history, for example, Rome, the capital of the former Roman Empire and now Italy has been subject to a process of constant reconstruction. The buildings were demolished, the material was used for other structures, and the foundations were either used for further construction or not. The left lower fragments were lost under the piling sand, earth and dust, and then were built up by other objects. Therefore, at present in Rome, at via Urbana, there is the Basilica of St. Pudenziana, under which the walls of Roman houses from the end of the Republic were discovered.
Basilica of St. Pudenzany in Via Urbana. The photo Mr Michał Kubicz shows the difference between the level of the basilica and the modern ground level. It is hard to believe that the difference is actually even greater. The sanctuary is on a level that was actually a tall first floor in the 1st century CE. The former high ground floor is even lower – under the church and the square in front of it.
Michał Kubicz - sekrety Rzymu
It should be mentioned that instead of stone foundations, there are often holes in the posts or slots in the beams, which prove the existence of the building in the past. The wood itself decomposed in most cases and only under conditions of full vacuum could it survive to this day.
It is similar with ancient objects – those abandoned or hidden are found at great depth. For centuries, successive portions of dust are covered with artefacts that, for unsuspecting pedestrians, are deep under their feet. The awareness of how many monuments the earth still hides is beyond comprehension.
The famous square Largo di Torre Argentina located in the center of Rome. There are remains of Roman buildings from the period of the Republic on its territory. You can clearly see the difference in levels compared to modern streets. The square was established at the beginning of the 20th century after the medieval buildings in this area were demolished and Roman monuments were discovered.
Floods also had a large impact on the disappearance of ancient monuments underground. Rising river levels, such as the Tiber, flooded lower Rome, and the applied material was often not removed by returning residents. It got to the point that the ground floors and first floors of tenement houses actually became basements.
In addition, the gradual decline of the Empire of the Western, the transfer of the capital from Rome and winning it twice (410 and 455 CE), resulted in getting the “Eternal City” empty. By the 5th century CE, Rome had only 100,000 inhabitants; the city was only a shadow of the once majestic capital of a mighty Empire, which at the height of its glory had a million inhabitants. After the Gothic wars (535–554 CE), the population dropped to 30,0001.
Abandoned and damaged public buildings were turned into multi-family houses; the famous Via Sacra has been transformed into a pasture for cows; the monuments were covered with dirt. The people who remained in the city used the open spaces and, once full of people, forums for grazing animals or farming. Animals and people applied the new material, and farmers additionally poured better soil so that the plants were better accepted.
Visualization showing the Nerve Forum in the 9th century
Pompeii and Herculaneum – cities underground
A great example of ancient ruins preserved deep underground are Pompeii or Herculaneum – cities that in 79 CE were destroyed and buried by the eruption of Vesuvius. The explosion threw up (estimated at 15-30 km) a huge amount of volcanic material (pumice, ashes), which after some time began to fall. Pompeii was buried with numerous chunks of stone and subsequent dust.
Herculaneum, in turn, did not suffer from the “bombing” with stones. On the second day after the explosion, a pyroclastic avalanche (a mixture of hot gases around 500 degrees Celsius, ashes and rock crumbs) ran down the slope of Vesuvius, which mainly hit Herculaneum. Later, repeated “liquid” avalanches took place, which covered the city with a layer of volcanic mud, even 25 m thick. It was this large amount of material that allowed Herculaneum to remain in a very good condition and hide the city, among others. against thieves.
Excavations in Pompeii at the end of the 19th century.
Many people also ask themselves – why are other ancient treasures still being discovered in Pompeii? How is it possible that in over 270 years, since the discovery of Pompeii, something new is still being found? Pompeii was a wealthy city with numerous public buildings, sports arenas, theatres and temples. The city, with its 64 hectares and nearly 20,000 population, was quite the average social centre of the Roman Empire in the 1st century CE. However, now imagine that one modern city of similar size is buried underground as a result of a single cataclysm. How many everyday objects, buildings, structures and bodies would we be able to find? A lot!
What’s more, so far Pompeii has been discovered only in 2/3 (approx. 44 ha). The remaining part (22 ha) is still waiting to be excavated, but we will not explore some places at all, because modern structures have been created above the buried city, excluding excavations.
Finance is also a problem in the conservation of finds and in conducting further archaeological works. Researchers face this repeatedly, occasionally receiving public support or financial assistance from private sponsors.
Ancient Pompeii areas still waiting to be discovered: regions I-III-IV -V-IX.
Baiae – the city under the water
Another interesting phenomenon is, for example, Baiae – an ancient, fashionable spa with wonderful villas, incl. Caesar and Nero, near what is now Naples. The region is very seismically active, and most of the ancient city ended up as a result of volcanic activity under the waters of the Gulf of Naples.
Roman mosaic located under the water in Baiae.
There have been earthquakes there for millennia. The area is also known for a phenomenon is known as bradisismo – the regular lowering or raising of the ground as a result of filling or emptying of the underground volcanic chambers. It is because of the so-called negative bradisismo of collapsing terrain, much of Baiae is underwater today.
Some of the ruins lie just a few meters deep – here, a tube and a mask are enough to “explore”. Other sunken locations can be seen by scuba diving or taking a boat trip with a specially adapted hull, allowing you to observe the bottom.
1. Bernard Lancon, Rome in Late Antiquity
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In Uncategorized on November 17, 2016 at 2:24 pm
US History A
• Identify Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
• Analyze the Bus Boycott and explain the tentative nature of the event on society and politics.
• Compare and contrast the motivations and actions taken during the Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Identify the obstacles faced by African-American protestors
• Make distinctions between forms of protests
• Analyze the role civil rights leaders played during this era
Bell Ringer:
Complete Malcolm X Reading
1. Malcolm X Questions
2. Guide Students through T-Chart/Outline
3. MLK vs Malcolm X Essay Guidelines
IB 20th Century World p. 4
• Identify major ideas, people and events which played a role in the origins of independence in Vietnam in the mid 20th century.
• Analyze the visual imagery of the Buddhist monks self-immolation for its values and limitations as a historical source.
Bell Ringer:
Review VOC #2
1. Complete VOC #2
2. Submit by end of class
3. Complete Buddhist Monk What’s Up Doc?
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The Collapse of the Rebellion
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Meanwhile, the Dutch Governor, Van Hoogenheim and other whites at Fort Nassau, were undecided on what they should do. The Governor wanted to defend the colony, but the Court of Policy voted for abandonment. Morale was indeed very low. Finally on the 8 March 1763 Fort Nassau was abandoned after the buildings were burned and the cannons spiked. The Whites travelled by boats to Fort St. Andries which Van Hoogenhiem quickly found to be inadequate, both for housing and for defence, since there were no provision grounds and running fresh water. He had preferred to stop at Dageraad, a plantation about 10 miles down the river from Fort Nassau, but the others did not agree.
At Fort St. Andries, Van Hoogenheim had just agreed to allow the Whites to abandon Berbice, when an English ship with 100 soldiers arrived from Suriname. Van Hoogenheim immediately withdrew his decision to abandon the colony and began to re-organise its defence. He dispatched 25 soldiers to Plantation Fredricksburg up the Canje and left a small group with two ships to guard the mouth of the Berbice River. With the remaining larger group, he along with volunteers among the Whites sailed up with three armed ships to Dageraad.
There Van Hoogenheim fortified the previously abandoned buildings and arranged the three ships so that their guns would defend this new defence position. The rebels, led by Akara, immediately launched three successive attacks on the Whites but they were driven back.
Coffy, who did not approve these attacks, immediately after, on the 2 April 1763, wrote to Van Hoogenheim saying that he did not want a war with the Whites. He also proposed the partition of Berbice between the Whites and Blacks with the Whites occupying the coastal area, and the Blacks the interior.
In the meantime, the Governor sent a group of two loyal slaves and two Amerindians to Suriname for assistance. Help was also sought from Essequibo-Demerara. Stalling for time and hoping for reinforcements to arrive from the other Dutch colonies, he wrote back to Coffy saying that he had sent the partition proposal to Holland and was waiting for a response. Thereupon began an exchange of letters between Coffy and Van Hoogenheim in which the former insisted that he held the latter in great respect and meant him no harm. However, he did list the names of the planters who were excessively cruel to their slaves, saying that their cruelty caused them to rebel. He was probably using this tactic to divide the Whites and hoping that the Governor would surrender them to the rebels. Coffy also proposed a face-to-face meeting between the two of them, but Van Hoogenheim ignored this suggestion.
Coffy's letter stated:
"Coffy, Governor of the Negroes of Berbice, and Captain Akara send greetings and inform Your Excellency that they seek no war; but if Your Excellency wants war, the Negroes are likewise ready. Barkey and his servant, De Graff, Schook, Dell, Van Lentzing and Frederick Betgen, but more especially Mr. Barkey and his servant and De Graff, are the principal originators of the riot which has occurred in Berbice.
"The Governor (Coffy) was present when it commenced, and was very angry at it. The Governor of Berbice asks Your Excellency that Your Excellency will come and speak with him; don't be afraid but if you won't come, we will fight as long as one Christian remains in Berbice.
"The Governor will give Your Excellency one half of Berbice, and all the Negroes will go high up the river, but don't think they will remain slaves. Those Negroes that Your Excellency has on the ships - they can remain slaves.
"The Governor greets Your Excellency."
Maintaining his delaying tactics, the Governor continued to insist in his correspondence to Coffy that he was still awaiting a response to partition proposal from Holland.
Meanwhile, by the end of March, the Director General of Essequibo-Demerara, Laurens Storm van Gravesande had received information about the rebellion and he instructed the Commander of Demerara to seek assistance from the Caribs, Arawaks and Akawaios to mount an attack on the Berbice rebels from the south. Gravesande also wrote to the Zeeland Chamber and the Directors of the Berbice Association in Holland, and the Governor of St. Eustatius seeking military assistance for the Whites in Berbice. Eventually, two well-armed ships with 158 soldiers arrived in Berbice.
By this time, Coffy lost his patience with Van Hoggenhiem, and on the 13 May 1763 he agreed to an attack on Dageraad. His forces numbered about 2,000 while the Whites had about 150 armed men. The three ships in the river maintained a steady firing of their heavy guns on the attackers and by mid- afternoon, they were forced to withdraw after suffering a loss of 58 dead. Eight Whites died during this battle.
But the defeat of the Blacks helped to open up divisions in their ranks. Those who had been field-slaves began to express disapproval of Coffy, who was a house-slave. Atta was the leader of this "field-slave" faction. Tribal jealousies also emerged and fights broke out between members of different tribes. Creole Blacks also at times attacked those who recently arrived from Africa. These divisions seriously undermined the military strength of the rebels and helped to encourage the Whites to regroup their forces.
Interestingly, soon after their arrival, a group of Dutch soldiers, including Jene Renaud and Sergeant de Niesse who had mutinied and deserted the post on the Corentyne, were captured and employed by the rebels to train the troops and make weapons. Coffy used them for training his forces, and some even led small bands of the rebels in guerrilla attacks on plantations controlled by the Whites. (Initially, due to distrust, some of these Dutch deserters were killed by the Africans).
Meanwhile the differences between Coffy and Atta continued to grow and eventually Atta challenged him for the leadership. The opposing supporters fought each other and after Atta's faction won, Coffy killed his own close supporters before shooting himself.
The Berbice Slave Rebellion, which lasted for 10 months, marked the first serious attempt by a large group of enslaved people to win their freedom in Guyana. Significantly, it was also the first organised attempt to win freedom in the entire American continent. Despite the division in the ranks and the eventual failure of the rebellion, from it emerged the first group of Guyanese revolutionary heroes who initiated the struggle against colonial oppression.
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In the April edition of Science magazine, which bills itself as a leading journal publishing original scientific research, global news and commentary, the evolutionary psychologist Atkinson and his team reported on the origin of language. The main message of the article is that linguistic and genetic diversity are shaped by a parallel mechanism which supports the theory that modern human languages originate in Africa. Atkinson et al are postulating that the evolution of language builds on similar components as the theory that explains the propagation of human genetic material throughout the world.
Let’s start with some of the basics on language to get our bearings. Statistics on the number of world languages vary, some researchers say there are in total 6000, others claim that this number should be 7000. Atkinson’s theory is constructed from the view and analysis of phonemes. A phoneme is the smallest speech sound, or an indivisible unit of sound, that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language. An example in English are the sounds for p, b, t and p in the words pad, bad, pat, and bat.
Roughly outlined, the theory states that language expansion is implicated by the travelled distance and the subsequently territorialised region from the African point of origin. That is the number of phonemes used in a particular language decline the further away the splinter group settled from their point of origin. The reasoning goes that when splinter groups took off and settled away from the population, they only carried a subset of linguistic information with them. This transit phase, experienced by splinter groups, created a bottleneck, or the so called founder effect, until the group settled again and grew in size. Then, the phonemic range expanded relative to the growth of the now settled group.
Keeping in mind that other important details have been eschewed from this brief outline, it still seems a viable explanation of how the effects of time (travelled distance) and space (location from the point of origin and group size) at first imply constraints and then create opportunity in shaping our linguistic abilities and diversity. In lay terms, it may be comparable to a ripple effect on the surface of water when throwing stones in a pond and watching the ripples expand. Near the point of origin, where the stone hit the water surface, we expect to see a much tighter ripple pattern than in some other spot located away from the stone. In other words, the tighter ripples carry more information.
The reality of language, however, has little to do with comparable physical effects. Languages in the world are handled like a currency, where the value of the language is tied to the political influence of a nation. This is immediately evident when looking at these figures: The governing body of the EU, which claims 27 member countries and approximately half a billion people, has stipulated three official working languages, English, French and German. NATO, a political and military alliance of 28 member countries, hyped as transatlantic link between Europe and North America, goes even a step further with only English and French as official languages.
Here we can simply infer that behind these two languages, English and French, operate the most powerful nations. In support of the language as currency paradigm, another point can be made. The value of a particular language, as yielding political power, has been ‘saved up’ over the centuries in form of territorial expansion by colonising countries and imposing an official language other than that of the native speakers. Hence accumulated linguistic territory aids political agendas by creating advantage in controlled information flow. Interesting to notice here is that if we turn to the African continent where according to Atkinson et al language originates, we find the largest group of countries implicated in colonising the continent.
Maintaining a nation’s linguistic stance in the world goes hand in hand with the upkeep of political power on the global scene as recently illustrated by French president Sarkozy. In struggling to keep the French language strong as player on the political stage, he appointed Jean-Pierre Raffarin to head a special mission of “francophonie”, which lobbies UN and EU institutions reminding their work force to speak, document and disseminate information in French. This approach may counteract what Louis Michel, a member of the European Parliament, calls an anglophone strategy, or linguistic terrorism, to impose English as the only language all over the world.
So where does this leave us, regarding the role of language on the world stage? Obviously, language is a currency in support of the political world system. A political system that schemes through power and influence to control the way we use money. A system that selectively distributes money to those with money, whereby this selection depends on location, nation, and family one is born into on this planet. Those who are unselected in this system, the vast majority of humans in this world, are suffering and starving without access to satisfy their basic needs.
Language, we believe, is meant to communicate, and if we were to go by Atkinson’s theory, diversification of language is just a matter of human cognition acting in space-time. Then what is more significant, the information that is being communicated or the language – the wrapper – used to communicate the message? From the perspective previously outlined the answer implies that if you are born into an English speaking country you automatically have the best possible prerequisite to wrap up your message. Evidently, the value of communication has been displaced, it serves to build up a nation’s ego, while keeping through hierarchy those who have and those who have not, separated from each other.
Speaking of hierarchy, we must briefly venture into multilingual education. The distinction of a first and second language is a peculiar one, and a way to reinforce the political and monetary system. You may be fluent and more up-to-date in your second language but only in your native language you get a free ticket in having an authority on the proper use of the language. For example, you might speak Bengali as your ‘mother’ tongue but you have lived and worked in English speaking environments for a many years. Yet you are still tagged as native Bengali speaker and not as native English speaker. This becomes particularly apparent when applying for positions in translation and/or teaching occupations.
The hierarchical division of first, second or even third languages is further perpetuated in language education. Linguistic cognition studies have shown that developmental stages of children can easily encompass the learning of more than one language. Hence, we are not limited in learning multiple languages and creating a rich communication base. The limitation comes from the language education which does not foster ‘deep’ communication, where children learn to speak and write without fear, and learn to communicate in languages which may be of lesser political importance.
As we have seen ‘language as currency’ speaks of the limitations that we experience throughout this entire world. Those who live and speak languages of nations with political power are living privileged lives and have access to knowledge and information that those who live in nations without political power and money can only dream of. However, language as currency is only a symptom in the overall political scheme. The root is the monetary system from which all limitations flow including our ability to communicate with each other.
It is therefore common sense to address the main issue, money, by changing our monetary system from one of inequality to one of equality. With an equal money approach to the world, the use of language will change and we will be able to unify the language diversity. Children in an Equal Money System are learning languages from the point that language is used to communicate with one another, to enhance understanding and learn to make decisions that are best for all. An Equal Money System supports every language equally and because learning will no longer be based on ‘performance’, to survive in a competitive system, multilingual humans will be the norm.
For more information on an Equal Money system:
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Battle of Jüterbog
While engaged in operations there, an Imperial army under the command of Count Matthias Gallas ventured north towards Jutland to trap the Swedish army there and destroy it. However, Torstensson turned his army around and headed south towards Gallas' approaching host.
Christian IV of Denmark had been drawing closer to his former Habsburg foes. He was entertaining the idea of entering the war on the Imperial side, which would have placed the Swedes in a perilous position. Oxenstierna determined to strike first.
The main Swedish field army under Torstensson was besieging Brünn (Brno) in Moravia. On 2 September, 1643, at Oxenstierna’s command, they suddenly retreated across the breadth of Germany. On 22 December, 1643 they began to advance up the Jutland peninsula. Christian was no more able to stop the Swedish veterans than he had been able to stop Tilly’s forces nearly a decade before.
The Emperor called Gallas to bring the Imperial forces in Bohemia westward to aid Christian. Gallas did not march west until the autumn of 1644 and, upon his juncture with the Danes at Kiel, lay utterly inert.
The loss of Jutland, combined with attacks against the areas of Denmark bordering Sweden and naval attacks by a powerful fleet the Dutch were persuaded to provide, proved too much for the Danes. In November, 1644, an armistice was signed with the Swedes.
Gallas' army had initially been sent to Jutland by Emperor Ferdinand III to aid Denmark in combating the Swedish invasion. When Rákóczy's army, in alliance with Sweden, had begun an offensive on Habsburg Hungary in February 1644, Ferdinand III felt it necessary to recall Gallas to Hugary's aid. The battle of Juterbog occured within this context.
Torstensson took advantage of the Imperial retreat by routing Gallas' forces through the most devastated possible areas, causing the vast majority of his men to die of starvation.
This episode was a key event not only in Denmark's exit from the Thirty Years' War, but also its decline in the face of a rising Sweden.
Gallas was dismissed shortly thereafter.
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AbstractsBiology & Animal Science
Decision Making in Changing Sensory Landscapes
by Ana M Jurcak
Institution: Bowling Green State University
Department: Biological Sciences
Degree: MS
Year: 2014
Keywords: Biology; Ecology; Sensory landscapes; crayfish; alarm odor
Record ID: 2029735
Full text PDF: http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1399367642
Animals make many ecological decisions such as foraging, mating and predator avoidance based on the information they extract from the sensory signals in their environment. Environmental stimuli which include the information animals' use for decision making can be called a sensory landscape. To investigate ecological decision making in complex sensory landscapes, we presented a crayfish with a choice of resource rich and resource poor habitats under different predatory conditions within a y-maze setting. A simulated predatory event (alarm odor) was alternately placed in either the resource rich or poor habitat to observe the impact of the predation event on the habitat choice and use. Habitats consisted of multiple food resources, multiple shelter resources or combined food and shelter resources. Trials were videotaped and crayfish behavior was analyzed for time spent in each habitat under different predatory and resource conditions. Results show that crayfish avoided the location of alarm odors, regardless of resource presence. Resource preference of crayfish differed among resources depending on the alarm odor location. Female and male crayfish made different decisions based on resource type and alarm odor location. Information from an animal's sensory landscape drives the decision making of an animal. Researchers need to understand the sensory environment of an animal in order to make the most accurate prediction on an animal's decision making and behavior. We suggest using a sensory landscape model, instead of a landscape of fear model, because organisms use the entire umwelt of stimuli to guide their decision on habitat and resource use
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11 January 2010
Birds a Prominent Feature of Pre-Columbian Literature of Mexico
For the ancient people of Mexico, birds were a prominent feature of their culture, and this is vividly conveyed in the following pieces of literature from the mid-1500s that were thankfully preserved in the original chronicles that survived the Spanish invasion.
"The delicate sensitivity of the Mayas shows from the very beginning in their poems and legends. Reading their myths today evokes an image of an old Maya inscription on a stele or in the interior of one of their palaces which still remain from this ancient culture."
The first literary bit given is a legendary story about Prince Quetzalcóatl, a Toltec culture hero, and a priest named for the god. This epic poem tells about the deeds and accomplishments of Quetzalcóatl, the spiritual leader of the Toltecs.
The Toltecs, the people of Quetzalcóatl,
were very skillful.
Nothing was difficult for them to do.
They cut precious stones,
wrought gold,
and made many works of art
and marvelous ornaments of feathers.
Truly they were skillful.
All the arts of the Toltecs,
their knowledge, everything came from Quetzalcóatl.
The Toltecs were very wealthy,
their foodstuffs, their sustenance, cost nothing.
They say that the squash
were big and heavy.
That the ears of corn
were big and heavy as the pestle of a metate [grinding stone].
And the blades of amaranth, like palm leaves,
you could step on them,
climb on them.
Also they grew cotton of many colors:
red, yellow, pink,
purple, green, bluish green, blue, light green,
orange, brown, and dark gold.
These were the colors of the cotton itself.
It grew that way from the earth, no one colored it.
And also they raised there fowl of rare plumage:
small birds the color of turquoise,
some with green feathers,
with yellow, with flame-colored breasts.
Every kind of fowl
that sang beautifully,
like those that warble in the mountains... .
And those Toltecs were very rich,
they were very happy;
there was no poverty or sadness.
Nothing was lacking in their houses,
there was no hunger among them....
They say that when Quetzalcóatl lived there,
often the wizards tried to trick him
into offering human sacrifices,
into sacrificing men.
But he never did, because he loved his people
who were the Toltecs.
And they say, they relate,
that this angered the magicians
so that they began to scoff at him,
to make fun of him.
The magicians and wizards said
they wanted to torment him
so that finally he would go away,
as it really happened.
In the year I-Reed, Quetzalcóatl died,
truly they say
that he went to die there,
in the Land of the Black and Red Color.
They say that in the year I-Reed
he set himself on fire and burned himself;
they call it the burning place,
where Quetzalcóatl sacrificed himself.
And they say that when he was burned,
immediately his ashes rose up,
and all the exquisite birds came to see:
those which flew about in the heavens,
the macaw, the blue bird,
the sunflower bird, the red and blue bird,
the golden yellow one, and other birds of fine plumage.
When the pyre had ceased to burn,
Quetzalcóatl's heart came forth,
went up to heaven, and entered there.
And the ancient ones say
it was converted into the morning star... .
This is a Mayan account of the history of the earth.
"Although similar to Nahuatl poems of the ages or cosmological suns, the myth has its own distinctive flavor which might be described as a mystical approach to the realm of the gods and ultimate reality.
It was in the 11-Ahau Katún,
[during the eleventh period of twenty years]
when there appeared those who had great power
to hoodwink the thirteen gods of the heavens.
Their names were not known.
It was the time
when the earth had just awakened.
They did not know what would happen.
The thirteen gods of the heavens were seized
by the nine gods of the underworld.
It rained fire, it rained ashes;
trees and stones fell over.
The trees struck against each other
and the stones against other stones.
Seized were the thirteen gods,
with their heads battered,
faces bashed in,
and skin broken out;
they were bent over at the shoulders.
They were deprived of their great serpent,
with the bells on its tail,
also the plumage of quetzal was taken away.
They partook of ground beans,
together with the seed of the serpent,
together with its heart,
ground seeds of squash,
big ground seeds of squash
and ground kidney beans.
He who has no limit, nor end,
wrapped up everything and tied it together
and went to the thirteenth heavenly plane.
Then the skin of the serpent fell off
and pieces of its bones
fell here on the earth.
Then its heart escaped;
the thirteen gods did not want
their heart and their seed to escape.
The orphans, the forsaken ones and the widows,
those not strong enough to live,
were killed with arrows.
They were buried in the sand at the shore
of the sea, in the waves.
Then in a great sheet of water the waves came.
When the great serpent was taken away,
the heavens fell
and the earth was submerged.
Then the four gods,
the four Bacabs destroyed everything.
And when the destruction was finished,
they remained firmly in their
places, to ordain the dark-reddish men.
Then rose up the first white tree in the north.
Rose up the arch of the heavens,
symbol of destruction beneath.
After the first white tree was set up,
then rose up the first black tree,
on it perched the bird with the black breast.
Then rose up the first yellow tree,
and as symbol of destruction beneath
was perched the bird with the yellow breast.
The steps of the dark-reddish men were heard,
those of the dark-reddish countenance.
And then rose up the green tree of abundance,
in the center of the world,
in memory of the earth's destruction....
At that time Uuc Cheknal,
he who fertilizes the maize seven times,
came down from the seventh plane of the heavens.
Coming down, he stepped on the shoulders of Itzama,
he came while the earth and the heavens were being cleansed.
He walked along the fourth canopy of stars.
The earth was not yet lighted.
There was no sun,
there was no night, there was no moon.
They would awaken
when the earth awakened.
Then the earth awoke.
Many eons of time
after the earth awoke,
finally it dawned for them.
The kingdom of the second term was declared
the kingdom of the third term.
Then the thirteen gods began to weep.
In this age they wept.
All became red....
Then the foundation of the red age was established....
The following hymn "declares that death is transformation. Men are changed into flame-colored pheasants and women into owls. They are defied in the beyond, in the paradise of the rain god." These are the only lines which remain from the ancient poem which "invokes the coming of dawn as the beginning of a new life, while birds of many colors fly about in a heaven suffused with light."
Thus the dead were addressed,
when they died.
If it was a man, they spoke to him,
invoked him as a divine being,
in the name of pheasant;
if it was a woman, in the name of owl;
and they said to them:
"Awaken, already the sky is tinged with red,
already the dawn has come,
already the flame-colored pheasants are singing,
the fire-colored swallows,
already butterflies are on the wing."
For this reason the ancient ones said,
he who has died, he becomes a god.
They said: "He became a god there,"
which means that he died.
The following is another poem which conveys another view of death.
Truly I say:
certainly it is not the place of happiness
here on earth.
Certainly one must look somewhere else,
where indeed happiness will exist.
Or only in vain have we come to the earth?
Somewhere else is the place of life.
There I want to go,
there surely I will sing
with the most beautiful birds.
There I will have
genuine flowers,
the flowers that delight,
that bring peace to the heart,
the only ones that give peace to man,
that intoxicate him with joy....
This next example, proclaims the glory and power of the Aztecs in an "almost mystical exaltation."
From where the eagles are resting,
from where the tigers are exalted,
the Sun is invoked.
Like a shield that descends,
so does the Sun set.
In Mexico night is falling,
war rages on all sides.
Oh Giver of Life!
war comes near....
Proud of itself
is the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan.
Here no one fears to die in war.
This is our glory.
This is Your Command,
oh Giver of Life!
Have this in mind, oh princes,
do not forget it.
Who could conquer Tenochtitlan?
Who could shake the foundation of heaven?
With our arrows,
with our shields,
the city exists.
Mexico-Tenochtitlan remains.
Another lyric poem also refers to the bird with the golden feathers, indicating its prominence in the literature of the culture.
"Nezahualcóyotl sought in his heart songs and flowers that would endure forever. Aware of death, he hoped that at least these might be carried to the intermost house of the Lord of the Close and Near, where dwell the birds with golden feathers:"
They shall not wither, my flowers,
they shall not cease, my songs.
I, the singer, lift them up.
They are scattered, they spread about.
Even though on earth my flowers
may wither and yellow,
they will be carried there,
to the innermost house
of the bird with the golden feathers.
Like several other Náhuatl wise men and poets, Nezahualcóyotl succeeded in expressing himself by means of flower-and-song. The part of his work that has come down to us gives his ideas and sentiments about man's existence on earth, about death and the beyond, and about the mysteries that surround the supreme Giver of Life, the Lord of the Close and Near. Many rewarding discoveries await whoever explores in depth this form of more personal lyric poetry among the Nahuas."
This next example is "a declaration of the joy which can be found everywhere on earth:"
You are singing, little dove,
on the branches of the silk-cotton tree.
And there also is the cuckoo,
and many other little birds.
All are rejoicing,
the songbirds of our god, our Lord.
And our goddess
has her little birds,
the turtledove, the redbird,
the black and yellow songbirds, and the hummingbird.
These are the birds of the beautiful goddess, our Lady.
If there is such happiness
among the creatures,
why do our hearts not also rejoice?
At daybreak all is jubilant.
Let only joy, only songs,
enter our thoughts!
The following is basically a "farce," or a dramatic play about a buffoon arriving in the market plaza.
The main character "acts in different costumes, rapidly and skillfully putting on different masks. First he is a human being, then a deer, a rabbit, a thrush with a red breast, a quetzal bird, a parrot, and finally the same funny man again. What he says is amusing, but it also contains something to think about. The people watch and are entertained by the buffoon, who says:"
"My fine master, I have come; I am here to laugh.
I'm a rascal. My singing is a flower;
it gets mixed up, then it gets untangled.
Oh, I'm a master in the house.
Now let us begin. Already there has come
the sweet-smelling flower; may it please you.
It is going to rain flowers;
may they please you!
I am scattering many different flowers.
I come to offer songs, intoxicating flowers.
Oh, I'm a rascal, who comes from there,
where the water flows.
I come to offer songs, intoxicating flowers.
"Next, using a rabbit's head, he appears as a god of pulque (a native wine) and again mentions the flowers and songs. Always acting like the animal he represents, he dances in front of the people.
I who come am the Deer-Two-Rabbit,
the Rabbit which bleeds,
the Deer with big horns....
My fine master, my friends, we open
his book of flowers, his book of songs.
Erect is the Flowery Tree,
it has many branches,
it has grown large; now it is scattering flowers.
We have come to listen at your threshold,
on the branches you are walking, Precious Pheasant.
You are singing....
"The buffoon then changes his costume and becomes a thrush with a red breast. He dances and sings, telling of poetry, laughter, and suffering:
I'm a rascal.
I am the thrush with a red breast,
now I shrill my song: jojojojon.
I come to make paintings
where the courtyard spreads out;
I am the thrush with a red breast;
shrill, shrill, my song: jojojojon.
I wink my eyes,
as I go laughing;
from within the court I come,
into a flower I am changing myself,
I am the Rabbit who suffers....
"Finally he becomes a chattering parrot, a wise parrot from the interior of Tula, who invites everyone to listen to his song. While speaking the last lines, the buffoon takes off his mask and sings an exquisite song in honor of poetry.
I am the chattering Parrot,
I go to catch it, I throw it....
Now I begin, now I can sing.
From there I come, from the interior of Tula;
now can I sing; my voice bursts forth,
the flower has opened.
Listen to my song:
"Stealer of songs, oh my heart,
where can you find them?
You are in need. But like a painting
grasp firmly the black and red ink,
then perhaps you will no longer be a beggar."
What a delight this presentation would be to the crowd watching the performance.
If there is one question which arises from these texts, it is the mention of the pheasant, which is mentioned as the "flame-colored pheasant" and the "precious pheasant" as well as just the pheasant.
There is no pheasant which is a native species of Mexico, and would have been present in the 1500s when these text were recorded. So what might be a more suitable species?
There are no clues provided by the known examples of terms for birds for this region during this particular period of time, i.e., 1571 for the Nahua of Mesoamerica and 1585 for the Mayans at Tenochtitlan. Neither lexicon includes a listing for a pheasant. There is also no mention of a bird with "flame-colored" plumage.
Two species that are referenced in the Nahua dictionary as birds with red plumage are the flamingo and roseate spoonbill. There were undoubtedly other species with the dramatic colors that can be considered as being a bright coloration resembling a flame. Yet there isn't a source which can provide a definitive answer ... so the mention of a pheasant is an enigma that cannot be resolved with the information available.
It is obvious that there were no "pheasants" so this attribution must have meant something else, probably some type of bird such as a quail or other prominent species.
Nonetheless, the chronicles of this era 500 hundred years ago convey a distinctive and especially important aspect of the historic ornithology of Northern America. If only there was a series of original sources from the era to read and study that could provide further clues and hep to understand the birds known to the people of the time, and how they knew and understood the variety of wild birds where they lived.
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Historic Markers Across Georgia
Bird's Mill and Worthen's Gap
Marker ID: CHT 24
Location: on Baker and Helm Cir, north of Brock Rd., Chickamauga, GA.
County: Walker
Coordinates: N 34° 49.332 W 085° 18.957
34.8222 -85.31595
Style: Interpretative Sign **
Waymark: WMARHE
Bird's Mill and Worthen's Gap Marker
Bird's Mill was built on West Chickamauga Creek during the l840's by Philemon Bird, a member of a prominent and wealthy Georgia family. The mill was constructed well away from the creek on a long mill race that was dug by hand to bring the water to it Bird owned a large number of slaves, and extensive property. He built Glass's Mill in Walker County, and subsequently purchased and rebuilt the old Brainerd Mission Mill and a 1,000 acre farm in Hamilton County, Tennessee that was also called Bird's Mill. His wife was a free Negro woman, said to be part Cherokee, who was named Wicker. They raised a family consisting of several daughters and a son named Sam. Wicker Bird died a few years before the war. In 1860, Philemon Bird purchased a young enslaved African girl named Mary in Tennessee and she became his second wife. They had one son. When the war started, Bird grew concerned for the safety of his new wife and family. To avoid the passing armies and the potential for battles, he left his mills in the care of resident millers and took his family to a safe area further south.
Located nearby, Worthens' Gap was a major passage way through Pigeon Mountain. This gap was also used for troop movements during the Chickamauga Campaign. On the night of September 9, 1863, General Hindman led his men through Worthens' Gap to his staging area in preparation for the battle at Davis Crossroads.
During the Chickamauga Campaign, Bird's Mill became a focal point for Federal troop movements. There was significant skirmishing around the mill from September 16 to 18. "The morning of the 18th ¨. ," wrote T. J. Wright, 8th Kentucky Infantry Regiment [Federal], "we hastily formed and took position behind a slight eminence just in the rear of our bivouac fires. The pickets kept up a lively skirmish for several hours, the artillery from both sides throwing shells lively, theirs principally passing harmlessly. over our line."
On September 18, Captain Alfred L. Hough, a Pennsylvania soldier serving on General Negley's staff, was camped at Bird's Mill, and wrote a letter to his wife. "There has been skirmishing along our whole line during our movements to get into position, and even yet they are feeling of us at all points, and as I write at this moment, the firing of artillery is quite sharp towards our left, which may possibly be the beginning of a battle."
The fighting moved further to the north, and there was no further action in the Bird's Mill area. After the war, Philemon Bird brought his wife Mary and children back to the area. After his death, the mill ceased to be used and it fell into disrepair. A county road and bridge were built directly over the mill site. Retaining walls were built with stones taken from the old mill house. The mill race is so large that most local residents think it a natural stream.
Chickamauga Campaign Heritage Trail - Bird's Mill and Worthen's Gap #24
Bird's Mill and Worthen's Gap
This marker is part of the Chickamauga Campaign Heritage Trail, Army of the Cumberland #24 - Bird's Mill and Worthen's Gap
For more information on the Battle of Chickamauga:
Civil War Historic Markers Across Georgia - Battle of Chickamauga
Wikipedia - Battle of Chickamauga
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Crispus Attucks role in the Boston Massacre
As a fugitive slave working as a sailor Crispus Attucks was always in danger on getting caught. For over twenty years he sailed out on a whaler from Boston Harbor and during his time off he worked as a rope maker near the wharf. In early 1770 competition for work and wages became stiffer as British soldiers were contending for the same unskilled positions as locals. This situation created tension which slowly escalated to violent confrontations. On Friday March 2nd a group of redcoats and rope makers collided in a bar in Boston. By this time tensions were high and on the following Monday March 5th on Murray’s barracks, a group of rope makers and sailors, lead by Crispus Attucks, confronted a group of soldiers looking for work.
The events of the Boston Massacre started when a young man named Edward Garrick who had been at King Street insulting the soldier on duty and who had been hit in the ear with a bayonet encountered Attucks and his group. In no time they gathered twenty to thirty sailors and armed themselves with sticks from the butchers’ stalls and cord wood piles and marched up Cornhill. They made their way to King Street whistling and carrying their sticks upright over their heads.
According to witnesses’ depositions during the Boston Massacre Trial, Crispus Attucks, described as a stout mulatto whose very looks was enough to terrify any person, was at the head of twenty or thirty sailors. Attucks was leading the angry group, he was handling a large cordwood stick and the rest had clubs as weapons. As the soldiers pushed people off they were verbally provoked and struck with clubs, snowballs as big as a fist and sticks of any kind. Attucks with one hand held the bayonet of Montgomery and with the other knocked him down. Montgomery immediately fired and killed Attucks. Eight seconds later a second shot was heard. There were a total of 7 or 8 shots.
Crispus Attucks was the only victim who became known after dying at the massacre. He became the first martyr of the American Revolution. The death of the five citizens was used as propaganda by separatists.
Back to Crispus Attucks Homepage
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Home > Preview
The flashcards below were created by user sbkenbs on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
1. Superficial lipid layer is how thick?
Aqueous layer?
• Lipid ~0.1 microns
• Aqueous ~10 microns
• Microvilli ~0.5 microns into tears
• Mucus ~0.01-0.1 microns
2. Main optical role of Tear film?
Make the optical rough surface of from the microvilli to a smooth optical surface.
3. Which layer in the eye has the worst relfectance, 100x more than any other layer.
• Tear film ~2.3%
• the rest ~0.03%
4. Name 7 common subj symptoms of dry eye
• Burning
• sandy/gritty sensation
• FB sensation
• injection
• dryness
• stinging
• excess tearing
• red, irritated eyes
• blurred vision
• photophobia
• ocular fatigue
5. Name 3 things why the K epithelium is transparent.
1) cells have homogeneous refractive index.
2) Cells are void of opacities and pigments that absorb light.
3) Cells are packed tightly together w/ no extracellular fluid in b/w.
6. Fibrils act like a grating. What's the equation for grating?
• sin (0) = (m*lambda)/ d
• if d<lambda, 0 = 90deg
• ie no diffraction/scattering
7. K scars are made of what?
How much thicker than regular k fibrils?
• Collagen fibrils
• 5x thicker.
8. Define Rayleigh scatter. Example too.
When short wL light is scatttered more than long wL light. As seen in scleral thinning.
9. Equivalent Power equation
• Ftot= F1 + F2 - (d/n)*F1*F2
• d=diameter of lens
• F1 = (n2-n1)/r1
• r os +/- depending on radius direction.
10. Transfer Rule define + equation
Lx = La/[ 1 - La (d/n) ]
• It means if you move from point A to a closer spot point X, there is a change in vergence power L.
• As one goes closer then L increases.
11. Refract Rule. Equation please.
L' = L + F
Shows change of vergence @ reflective surface when changing from one medium to another.
12. Back Vertex Power Equation.
Fv = F2 + F1 / [ 1 - (d/n) F1 ]
13. Pachometer define
Measures K thickness by seeing the image of the posterior K surface.
14. K thickness is about ___ larger than what appears when viewed through a pachometer.
1/3rd larger. The image lies w/i the K.
15. K thickness measurement requires knowledge of 2 things in pachometry.
• 1) K refractive index
• 2) radius of the anterior K surface.
16. Objects behind the K are closer/farther than they appear.
farther b/c the K acts like a magnifier.
17. What is avg K thickness and A/C thickness?
Perceived and acutal.
• K: 0.37mm perc / 0.5mm actual
• A/C: 0.3 perc / 0.35 actual
18. How does Ultrasonic Pachometer work?
Sends high freq pulses of 1/10th of a microsecond -5 to 25MHz. Echos are recorded and thickness is found by (velocity * time)/2.
19. Ultrasonic Pachometer measures what 4 objects.
• K, ant/post lens & retina. Measures thickness as well as distance.
20. Adv and dAdv of ultrasonic pachometry.
4 total & compare results to optical pachometry.
Adv: provides more accurate thickness than optical pachometers
• dAdv: 1) separate instrument is required unlike optical pach which only needs an attachment on the SL
• 2) Invasive
• 3) accurate thickness measurement requires knowing the velocity of sound waves in ocular tissue. (in optical we need to know refractive index)
21. define OCT (optical coherence tomography).
Measures coherence properties of light via optical interferometer to determine the thickness/distances of the eye.
22. OCT has a resolution of less than __.
• 10 microns
23. How can one measure the ant chamber angle w/o physical contact.
• OCT
24. Q1.The image of the back surface of a patient's cornea is located 0.5 mm behind the front surface. Assuming the refractive index of the cornea to be 1.376, and radius of curvature of front surface to be 7.8 mm, what is the actual thickness of the patient's cornea? Express the difference between measured and actual thickness as a percentage of the measured thickness. Sketch the problem before solving.
25. Q2. The image of the front surface of a patient's crystalline lens is located 3.05 mm behind the front surface of the cornea. Treating the cornea as a single refracting surface of radius 7.8 mm that separates air (n = 1) from aqueous humor (n = 1.336), what is the actual depth of the anterior chamber of the patient's eye? Express the difference between measured and actual depth as a percentage of the measured depth. Sketch the problem before solving.
26. Q3. The image of the same patient's iris indicates a 4 mm pupil diameter. What is the actual diameter of the patient's pupil? Express the difference between measured and actual diameter as a percentage of the measured diameter.
Card Set Information
2013-01-17 23:08:52
Characteristics Ocular Structures tear cornea
Characteristics of Ocular Structures tear cornea
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Honors College
Document Type
Honors Thesis
Publication Date
Marsupials are a group of mammals that give birth to young that are not fully developed. These offspring must complete the remainder of their development outside of the womb attached to their mother’s teat. Marsupials only occur in South America and Australasia, with one species extending into North America. The marsupial known as the monito del monte, which is Spanish for ‘little monkey of the mountain,’ (Dromiciops gliroides) is a South American marsupial; however, it shares a key morphological feature of ankle bone morphology with Australasian marsupials. This shared, derived trait is what defines the cohort Australidelphia, to which the four Australasian orders of marsupials and the monito del monte belong. Because of this placement, the monito del monte appears to be a link between the South American and Australasian marsupials. By reviewing phylogenetic studies on marsupials, fossil evidence, biogeography, and extinct and extant marsupial and placental mammals of Australasia and South America, it is anticipated that the evolutionary history of marsupials will be better understood. The role of the monito del monte is pivotal in this story. The close relationship between the monito del monte and the Australasian marsupials was strongly supported by molecular, biogeographic, and fossil evidence, in addition to morphology. This thesis hypothesized that an ancient American marsupial dispersed across the supercontinent Gondwana and gave rise to the Australidelphians. Subsequently, dispersal is what brought the monito del monte to South America. Therefore, the Australidelphians, including the monito del monte, originated in Australasia.
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How Blacks Traveled During Jim Crow - EBONY
How Blacks Traveled During Jim Crow
How Blacks Traveled During Jim Crow
The Root's Dr. Nsenga K. Burton examines how Blacks in America traveled during segregation using The Negro Motorist Green Book
by #teamEBONY, July 9, 2012
How Blacks Traveled During Jim Crow
In 1936 a Harlem postal worker and activist named Victor H. Green decided to develop a guide that would help African Americans travel throughout the country in a safe and comfortable manner. For three decades, "The Negro Motorist Green Book" (also called "The Negro Travelers' Green Book"), often simply known as "The Green Book," identified places that welcomed black people during an era when Jim Crow laws and de facto segregation made it difficult for them to travel domestically without fear of racial backlash.
"The Green Book" has recently been rediscovered in popular culture. Atlanta playwright Calvin Alexander Ramsey wrote a play entitled The Green Book, in which a Black military officer and his wife stay in a "tourist home" (private homes identified as safe places for travel) with a Holocaust survivor on the eve of a speech being given by W.E.B. Du Bois in Jefferson City, Mo. Ramsey also published a children's book, "Ruth and the Green Book," illustrated by legendary artist Floyd Cooper that follows a young girl's journey with her family in an expensive car from Chicago to Alabama.
Some of the names of the places, like the Casbah restaurant found in the 1956 guide for Washington, D.C., still exist. But this Casbah Café has a different address and has been in existence only for about eight years, so we know it isn't the Casbah of "The Green Book."
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National Library of Australia
Teachers notes: William Bligh’s notebook
Earth and Beyond
A student:
• locates and describes features of our universe, e.g. stars, planets, comets, meteors, galaxies and constellations.
Life and Living
A student:
• explains the major systems of living things and the ways that they function, e.g. describes the way blood flows in animals and water moves in plants.
Natural and Processed Material
A student:
• identifies the factors that influence the choice of certain materials for particular purposes, e.g. explores the special qualities of plastics and discusses why they have so many uses.
• recognises and describes conditions that influence reactions and changes in materials, e.g. what causes rusting, discolouration of cut fruits, and the rising of bread dough.
Breadfruit was a staple food in many tropical regions.
• Describe the many uses breadfruit has.
• Describe the origin and distribution of breadfruit.
• What climate and soil does it need?
• How it is propagated?
• What are its medicinal uses?
• What does breadfruit taste like?
• How can it be prepared?
• In what parts of the world is it found?
• The Polynesians were also skilled navigators. How did they navigate the open sea? What do sailors use today to navigate?
• Bligh was a skilled navigator. What did he use to locate his position and to chart the Fiji islands during the day and at night?
• Watch one of the many films of the Mutiny on the Bounty. List all the scientific innovations available today that could have assisted Bligh in his plight.
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Why do pigeons bob their heads?
The pigeon has side-mounted eyes, unlike humans and owls which have forward facing eyes. As pigeons have monocular vision rather than binocular vision they bob their heads for depth of perception. The pigeon’s eyes function much better with stationary images and therefore as the pigeon takes a step forward the head is temporarily left behind. The next step jerks the head forward again and so on. This allows the bird to correctly orient itself.
Source: http://www.pigeoncontrolresourcecentre.org
Posted on: August 11, 2017 9:06 pm
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.9277307987213135,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9161165356636047,
"url": "http://leelavadee.org/pigeons-bob-heads/"
}
|
Physics: Principles with Applications (7th Edition)
Published by Pearson
ISBN 10: 0-32162-592-7
ISBN 13: 978-0-32162-592-2
Chapter 14 - Heat - Misconceptual Questions: 9
Choice C. We need to know the initial temperatures of the ice and of the liquid water.
Work Step by Step
If the ice and water were both initially at $0^{\circ}C$, the ice wouldn’t melt, because the system would be in thermal equilibrium and no heat would transfer. On the other hand, if the ice were at $0^{\circ}C$ but the water started out hot, at $100^{\circ}C$, the ice would all melt. More information is needed to answer the original question.
Update this answer!
Update this answer
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<urn:uuid:e1dab983-da65-44cc-98dc-d3086b60bbdf>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.3924221396446228,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9063652753829956,
"url": "http://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/science/physics/physics-principles-with-applications-7th-edition/chapter-14-heat-misconceptual-questions-page-408/9"
}
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Bird Species of the World's Boreal Forests
Pinguinus impennis
Great Auk
Great The Great Auk became extinct in 1844.
Distinguishing Features - Length: 71 - 75 cm. Colouration: upper parts, black, becoming dark brown on sides of head, throat and neck; chest and underparts, white; large white patch in front of eye; bill, black with whitish grooves.
This large, flightless bird is thought to have once bred on rocky islands and coasts of the North Atlantic in Canada, Greenland, Iceland, the British Isles and Scandanavia. A strong swimmer, the Great Auk migrated to winter as far south as Florida and southern Spain.
Its extermination began with a slaughter for food, bait and oil, and eggs by local inhabitants. Finally, on June 4, 1844, three fishermen made a trip to the Icelandic island of Eldey to collect auk specimens. Unwittingly, they killed the auk they found, thus completing the extinction of the species.
Home | Forest Capital of Canada | About Our Website |
What's Happening | Contacts | Site Map |
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<urn:uuid:913af8c7-8c46-4b0a-ab36-7d6828dff6b4>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.2427809238433838,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8665673136711121,
"url": "http://www.borealforest.org/world/birds/great_auk.htm"
}
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Boiling is the third step in the process of brewing ale. The wort that is collected after lautering is transferred to a kettle that is usually made of copper. Heat is then applied to cause the wort to come to a rolling boil. This is different from other types of boiling such as simmering in that the bubbles are large and numerous at the bottom of the kettle. However, it is also important to make sure that even though it is a violent boiling, it should not be strong enough to evaporate about 5% of the liquid within one hour. A rolling boil results in the development of a stable beer.
Another reason why the boiling has to be rolling is the driving out of the oxygen from the wort. Oxygen has to be liberated because it causes much darker coloration that what may be desired and it also promotes infection. A third reason for a rolling boil is the breakdown of proteins.
Boiling causes many important biochemical processes to occur in the kettle. First, it offers sterilization. Second, it kills off the enzymes, which should not be there once fermentation begins. Others include:
* Protein precipitation- boiling helps coagulate unstable proteins. * Development of color * Concentration * Oxidation
By the application of heat, the wort is stabilized. This causes a decrease in the wort pH thus providing a suitable environment for hops processing. Hops are the flower of the Humulus lupulus plant and are used in beer preparation because they bring flavor and stability to the wort. Hops bring a dash of bitterness to balance out the sweetness of the wort. They produce the flowery and fruity aromas of the ale. Lastly, hops have an antibiotic effect that selectively ensures the activity of the yeast that is added later over other less desirable organisms. The addition of hops to the wort should follow a strict schedule conscientiously.
Furthermore, boiling also volatilizes any harsh unpleasant odors from the malt. It also produces color and flavor from the wart sugars themselves.
Boiliing typically lasts for 90 minutes. The first five minutes are required to accomplish sterilization, while an additional ten minutes allows for enzyme destruction. An additional fifteen minutes is required to eliminate tannins from the grain husks, which would otherwise produce an astringent taste in the wort. With the first 30 minutes over, the rest of the time is devoted to the strict hop schedule.
Once this is done, the wort is now ready for the next step which is fermentation.
Welcome to the first visitors! This site officially opened on the 11th of february 2007, so well done on finding it! As a new site, it will hopefully be growing and changing quite quickly. If you have any ideas, or would like to contribute anything (or if you find any mistakes), please email comments @ beer - recipe . org. Thanks!
Useful Links
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<urn:uuid:b441b1fc-8cd0-4813-b602-1465be46c80b>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.08962631225585938,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9452628493309021,
"url": "http://beer-recipe.org/Boiling.html"
}
|
More History of Maths
Professor A.W.F. Edwards: Venn diagrams
As with most capitalized innovations, diagrams with overlapping areas did not originate with the person they’re named after; Venn was adapting diagrams made by Euler, who was likely adapting his from elsewhere. The BSHM bulletin even posted an 11th century overlapping music diagram deriving from someone named John of Afflighem. Euler (and likely John) were depicting the results of a logical structure already known. Venn, instead, used the diagrams to help discover what the structure is.
But the talk focused on Venn diagrams and how many overlapping areas they can have. The more areas you have, the more their shape has to change. Four areas become elliptical, and more tend to become sausage-shaped and curved.
At that point, it seemed to me that the actual information was being lost in complexity. But Professor Edwards’ field is genetics, and he showed how mapping the genetic code for amino acids could lead to new discoveries. Even understanding nothing about Mendelian biology or genetics, I was able to see the usefulness of the creation of adjoining areas on the resulting Venn diagram, which suggested overlaps and duplications in the code. It was clear that new and important scientific discoveries could be made just by changing the visualization of data.
Professor June Barrow-Green: Olaus Henrici
Henrici was supposed to become an engineer, but went into maths instead. Ferdinand Redtenbacher, one of his professors in Mechanical Engineering at Karlruhe Polytechnium, had created over 100 models for teaching engineering (again, we have innovation as a result of teaching students).
Although Barrow-Green emphasized Henrici’s move to pure mathematics, he never went far from what I would call applied maths. She discovered a patent of his for an improvement in the construction of bridges, arches, and roofs, and he published a book called Skeleton Structures, which, although it made him no money, became foundational reading for the building of skyscrapers in the United States.
As with the story of H.G. Wells (sorry), Henrici’s problem was figuring out how to make a living from his varied talents. And, like H.G., he became a tutor to make ends meet. His opportunity came at Central Technical College (now part of Imperial College, so part of the South Kensington mode in which H.G. trained). There he was able to create a Mechanics Laboratory in 1884 (I really have to wonder whether he and Wells ever ran into each other).
His central interest since working with Clebsch as a young man, however, had been pure maths, and in particular geometry (not surprising given his interest in construction). He began to develop his own system for teaching a “modern” geometry, finding the emphasis on Euclid to be underwhelming in preparing students. Teachers, apparently, knew this, and yet the university curriculum, even at Cambridge, was still teaching Euclid almost exclusively. Henrici created cardboard and stick models to teach his modern geometry, and wrote a textbook (as I’m starting to think all good teachers do).
Apparently Charles Dodgson (his pen name was never mentioned or implied) wrote a thesis on “Euclid and His Modern Rivals” discussing the new methods. I need to explore which kind of geometry Wells was exposed to for his exams.
Although Henrici didn’t publish many research papers (teaching, remember?), he joined the Royal Society and became famous for the mathematical models, which influenced others.
Professor Sarah Hart: Symmetry, Pattern and Groups
Perhaps symmetry makes me sleepy, or maybe it was because the session was after lunch, but my notes say, “your major should be the topic wherein you wouldn’t fall asleep at a good lecture, even if you were tired”.
Image result for repeating pattern ancient griffin friezeWhile starting with images, this talk spent much time on formulas for what I would call repetitive elements of design, and I’m afraid I never understood the difference between a reflection and other ways that elements repeat. We began with Platonic solids and ended with Coxeter graphs, and the only part that made sense to me actually came from a question from another mathematician. Symmetry, among other things, makes it possible to reduce the number of instructions, because elements repeat. I see the connection here to understanding the natural world, which has many symmetries (a word which more me means many examples of symmetry, but for Professor Hart means something else entirely). I understand the desire to reduce the set of instructions so as to make more complex findings. This gelled with my understanding of the purpose of mathematics: to reduce the set of instructions to its simplist forms.
Kenneth Falconer: Fractals – Simple or Complex?
Not even sure what a fractal is, I paid close attention. Apparently calculus in the 18th and 19th century was applicable only to smooth curves, which could have a tangent. But something called the von Koch curve is so irregular that you cannot draw a tangent anywhere. (This made me thing of student complaints that professors’ lectures “go off on a tangent” – perhaps if our lecture is super-irregular there would be not tangents!).
However, somewhere the curve is “self-similar”, which seems to mean repeating in some way, so I had trouble meshing this with my understanding of “irregular”, which to me means without regularities. Image:Sierpinski clear.gifExamples like the Sierpinski triangle looked regular to me (and symmetrical).
Benoit Mandelbrot claimed that irregular shapes are the norm (examples today might be fluid dynamics, the branching of airways in the lungs, the stock market patterns), which meant that fractals are the norm, which meant that mathematics to study them needed to be developed. Here we got into a competition to do this after the First World War, and the necessary win by Gston Julia because he was a war hero, even though Pierre Fatou (the only other competitor) submitted work that was as good.
Image result for julia fractals
If a Mandelbrot set starts at 0,0 and uses the formula, it will create a cohesive shape (that looks like a strange, but symmetrical, sea creature), but if it starts in some other places, the coordinates become “dust-like” rather than connected. With the advent of computer modeling beginning in the 70s, it became possible to calculate these out to the points where further miniature Mandelbrot sets could be seen in the connected portions.
I was unable to determine the significance of all this, and it still looked fairly regular to me, and seemed rather self-referential. But, as my son has told me, mathematics is circular anyway.
Ian Stewart: Picturing Chaos
The thesis here was that it was pictures that drove the research of chaos, rather than the mathematics leading to the pictures, and here we really did get into irregularities. I knew nothing about chaos theory going in (it always seemed to me like the word “anarchy” – something that has a specific definition to scholars, but that lay people interpret wrongly).
Newton’s physics could explain the interaction of two heavenly bodies, but once you added a third the mathematics fell apart. Image result for poincare homoclinic tangleHenri Poincare tried it with two bodies with much mass and one with little mass, and it created such complexity that he said he could not draw the result. He concluded that Newton’s method simply wouldn’t work to picture the impact of three bodies upon each other – the curves fold back on each other, and make what’s called a Homoclinic Tangle.
Enter Edward Lorenze, who in 1961 was using a room-sized computer to do calculations, and turned it off in the middle of a process because he didn’t want to leave it running while he was gone. When he returned, he reset the machine back a few calculations, to make sure he’d re-entered everything correctly, and he noted the next several calculations were correct and matched. So he let it run, but after awhile he noted the results were not the same at all.
Technicians told him this was because the computer stored the numbers to many more decimal points than could be entered on the keys, but that it was a very tiny change. With ongoing calculations, however, the change got bigger and bigger. Although it may have been a computer bug (or feature!) to begin with, the implications were bigger. It mean that one tiny, inperceptible change someone could change the entire outcome. More, the results will ultimately diverge until they are on entirely different, unrelated trajectories. He published his paper on this (Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow), but it was ignored by his intended audience of meteorologists and by mathematicians. When he would later present on it, but hadn’t given the talk a title, the conference organizer called it “The Butterfly Effect”.
The theory was proven in 2002 with computers, and is now regularly used to predict weather. This was Lorenze’s original research, to determine how to better predict the weather. By showing the unexpected results of even a tiny change, he changed meteorology into something that requires far more predictive models, not to create certainty but to provide a range of possible scenarios which can then be combined into the most likely one. The implications, of course, are much larger – one question got into catastrophic theory, and how the issuing of multiple possible results could create better systems for monitoring bodily processes like organ function.
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<urn:uuid:131e7f0f-ae77-468e-b446-3f6ce58243f1>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.06525468826293945,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9769127368927002,
"url": "https://lisahistoryblog.wordpress.com/2017/06/25/more-history-of-maths/"
}
|
!Qué globos bonitos! What pretty balloons! Use this simple activity to practice colors in Spanish with the photo of balloons below. For children who do not read in Spanish, you can make the path with crayons or markers so they can see and talk about what color is next. Say the Spanish colors as you follow the path through the balloons.
Follow the color paths from the top of the picture to the bottom. Move from one color to the next. The balloons are next to each other. For some of the colors you will just see part of the balloons.
When you get to the bottom, try again from the top with the next path. The first balloons in the paths move from left to right.
1. rojo, naranja, verde, verde, blanco, negro, negro, blanco
2. amarillo, azul, naranja, rojo, blanco, amarillo, blanco, azul
3. azul, amarillo, rojo, blanco, amarillo, rojo, blanco, verde, blanco
4. amarillo, rojo, blanco, amarillo, blanco, azul, amarillo
5. naranja, azul, verde, rojo, blanco, amarillo, blanco, azul, amarillo
You can open the color paths as a PDF to put beside the picture: Follow the colors through the balloons
Help kids make a path for a friend to follow. Trying going from bottom to top or left to right.
CC Image courtesy of Crystl
Songs for children learning Spanish - Juanita Ulloa
Printable Bingo for Kids Learning Spanish
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<urn:uuid:bca16aa7-ad2d-4af3-aae8-e43ba2a9a2ff>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.09375,
"fasttext_score": 0.026316165924072266,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8088430166244507,
"url": "http://www.spanishplayground.net/colors-spanish-follow-colors-balloons/"
}
|
Petrolacosaurus was a primitive diapsid reptile featured in
Walking with Monsters.
Petrolacosaurus was one of the first reptiles to evolve. It was small and looked similar to modern lizards. It lived during the Carboniferous era, a time when there was around 50% more oxygen in the atmosphere than today. This allowed for insects to dramatically grow in size, placing Petrolacosaurus fairly low on the food chain. Although it was shown to evolve into Edaphosaurus in Walking with Monsters, this was impossible, whereas Petrolacosaurus was a diapsid, while Edaphosaurus was a synapsid and a pelycosaur.
Petrolacosaurus often hunted on the forest floors of the Carboniferous. Unlike amphibians, Petrolacosaurus, like all reptiles, had tough, scaly skin which trapped moisture inside their bodies, vital for all land dwellers. Because they didn’t dry out in the sun, they could venture away from water. They also had evolved a complex heart, which was much more efficient than their enemies. It’s a powerful pump that pushed blood and oxygen around their bodies to their muscles so they could run at high speeds without stopping for a rest. They didn’t need burrows to avoid danger, they had speed and stamina on their side.
In the seriesEdit
Walking with MonstersEdit
Water DwellersEdit
A nest of Petrolacosaurus eggs were hatching. Some hatched and escaped but most of them were killed by a Mesothelae.
Reptile's BeginningsEdit
One was seen crawling towards a Mesothelae's burrow and was chased by the Mesothelae. The Petrolacosaurus hid in a tree trunk but the Mesothelae broke in from the top and killed it. The Mesothelae dragged it away but a Meganeura stole it. Another was seen scurrying past the same Mesothelae. After a massive storm and forest fire during the night, another Petrolacosaurus finds a fried Mesothelae and proceeds to eat it. The show's narrator says that 'the era of giant insects and spiders is coming to an end and Petrolacosaurus begins to evolve into Edaphosaurus, while the scene shifts from Carboniferous to early Permian.
Ad blocker interference detected!
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<urn:uuid:b133d5d3-dc64-4ac5-a1a1-7bca16316eda>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.9610543251037598,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9664145708084106,
"url": "http://walkingwith.wikia.com/wiki/Petrolacosaurus"
}
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Two definitions :
As a adjective, sooner means the opposite of later. In other words, to get around to something at an earlier time.
As a noun, a Sooner was someone who staked a land claim before the official date of the 1893 Oklahoma Land Run. The interesting thing here is that the University of Oklahoma names their sports teams, the Sooners, after criminals...
Soon"er (?), n.
In the western United States, one who settles on government land before it is legally open to settlement in order to gain the prior claim that the law gives to the first settler when the land is opened to settlement; hence, any one who does a thing prematurely or anticipates another in acting in order to gain an unfair advantage.
© Webster 1913.
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<urn:uuid:5bc15dba-fd74-4d93-bde0-fe716d1a02e4>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.0846705436706543,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9470759034156799,
"url": "https://everything2.com/title/Sooner"
}
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Programming Geek
Rated 4.1/5 based on 446 reviews
TCS CodeVita 2015 Round 2 : Romeo and Juliet
Problem : Romeo and Juliet
Romeo and Juliet stay in Rectanglevilla. As the name suggests, Rectanglevilla is indeed a rectangle in shape. Romeo's current location is marked by 's'. Juliet's current location is marked by 'd'. In a difficult hour, Romeo has to ensure that he reaches Juliet via the shortest path and hence in shortest time.
There are many in Rectanglevilla who are enemies of Romeo and hence will not allow Romeo to pass through their areas. Romeo must avoid these areas while reaching out for Juliet. These areas are marked by 'w' character. Areas that Romeo can freely access is marked by '-' character.
Today Romeo needs your help to reach Juliet via shortest path. Help him.
The input and output specification sections describe how inputs will be provided on console and how output is expected back on console.
Input Format:
1. First line of input contains grid dimensions delimited by space character
2. Next rows number of lines contain column number of characters
3. Valid characters are {s, d, w, -}, where
1. s represents the location of the Romeo
2. d represents the location of the Juliet
3. w represents inaccessible region
4. - represents accessible region
4. End of input is marked by -1 character
Output Format:
1. Output grid should be of the same dimension as the input grid
2. Output grid should contain path from Romeo's location s to Juliet's location d
3. The 's' character in the grid must be replaced by character 'a' to denote that Romeo is actively heading towards Juliet.
4. See example section for better understanding
1. It is guaranteed that there will always be exactly one shortest path for Romeo to reach Juliet
Sample Input and Output
4 4
w - d -
w - w -
w - w w
s - - -
w - d -
w a w -
w a w w
a - - -
6 6
s - - - - w
- - - - w -
- - - w - -
- - w - - -
- w - - - -
w - - - - d
a - - - - w
- a - - w -
- - a w - -
- - w a - -
- w - - a -
w - - - - d
Explanation for sample input and output 1:
Figure 1.
Note: - The output format shown above is for understanding purpose such that it highlights the shortest path between Romeo and Juliet. The example in above table depicts output in text format as you will be required to provide.
Please do not use package and namespace in your code. For object oriented languages your code should be written in one class.
Participants submitting solutions in C language should not use functions from / as these files do not exist in gcc
For C and C++, return type of main() function should be int.
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<urn:uuid:fb437207-08f7-404b-ac81-5bd6aed099af>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.5083922147750854,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8403638601303101,
"url": "http://www.programminggeek.in/2015/08/tcs-codevita-2015-round-2-romeo-and-juliet.html"
}
|
Apr 132011
There is a need in many countries for an effective, inexpensive means for drying grain. Grain drying is a critical step in preparing grain for storage. Drying grain prevents germination of seeds, inhibits bacterial growth, and reduces insect damage. The drying process also drives off insects, while killing larvae and eggs. Since grain kernels become harder during the drying process, they are less susceptible to insect attack. Dried grain can also be stored in air-tight containers, protecting it from rodent and insect damage.
Currently, the most common method of grain drying is to spread the grain on slabs of concrete or on the ground to dry. This method, however, simply increases the chances of insect or weather damage. More modern grain-drying methods often consist of using equipment requiring some form of forced ventilation and/or fuel-burning heating systems. This causes a problem in many parts of the world because of the high cost and scarcity of fuels.
* Drums, petroleum, 55-gallon (7)
* Lumber, 61cm X 122cm (34 meters)
* Lumber, 30.48cm X 61cm (20 meters)
* Plywood, .95cm thick (12 square meters)
* Particle board (27 square meters)
* Aluminum, corrugated (72 square meters)
* Plastic film, 4 mil thick (72 square meters)
* Netting, mosquito (244 square cm)
* Nails
* Tacks
* Saw
* Hacksaw
* Hammer
The Primary Collector Cut a 244cm X 6.7 meter piece of particle board to form the base of the collector.
Using 5.08cm X 10.16cm lumber, frame the particle board. Nail corrugated aluminum to the collector base to form the absorber plate.
The surface of the collector is covered with a sheet of plastic film.
The air passages at the foot and head of the collector should be 30.48cm long X 9.20cm high.
If plate glass is available, it can be used in place of the plastic film. The Drying Bin The base is made of plywood, 122cm long X 244cm wide X .95cm thick. It is framed with 5.08cm X 10cm lumber. The bin is 2.4 meters square and should be approximately 61cm high.
The drying bin is large enough to hold four drying trays. Each tray should be made from 2.54cm wooden framing, supporting nylon mosquito netting. The outside dimensions of each frame
should be 122cm X 122cm. The trays slide into the bin area on wooden guides. The roof of the bin is also made of plywood.
The Secondary Collector The secondary collector is built the same way as the primary collector. It should be 244cm wide x 4.8 meters long.
The Chimney The chimney is made from 55-gallon drums that are welded together, with the tops and bottoms removed from the five used or the chimney. Each of the drums should be painted black. The secondary collector is attached to the bottom of the
chimney where an inlet hole has been cut.
Two additional drums can be used to form the base of the chimney below the collector. The chimney extends 4.5 meters above the top of the
The completed dryer is shown on the following page.
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<urn:uuid:92cfc8ed-69af-46e7-a2d2-cd85ce26a107>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.15479421615600586,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9124310612678528,
"url": "http://www.altoidssurvivalkit.com/solar-convection-grain-dryer/"
}
|
Sun outages or solar interference occurs every February/March and September/October of each year.
What is a Sun Outage?
A sun outage is an interruption in or distortion of satellite signals caused by interference from solar radiation. As the sun's path across the sky gets lower each day, there are times when it's in a direct line behind a communication satellite that is sending programming signals to a receiving satellite dish on Earth. The effects are seen on most channels and occur during various times of the day, lasting up to 15 minutes.
Impacts to Service
You may experience short service interruptions this fall, including:
• Blocks or freeze frames in the picture before and after peak times.
Soccer players on tv screen with sparklesSoccer players on tv screen with missing blocks of pictures
Unfortunately, there is technically nothing that can be done to prevent sun outage effects. Please note that sun outages are not TV outages.
If any group of channels is affected for more than 15 minutes, or if all channels are affected at one time, there may be a problem that is unrelated to sun outages. If you need assistance, please contact us.
Note: Sun outages don't affect Internet, Voice, or Video On Demand services.
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<urn:uuid:d92905d8-d6ff-45b6-ae87-048fc6dd5dbe>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.2755926847457886,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9358161687850952,
"url": "http://www.spectrum.net/support/tv/sun-outage/"
}
|
Project Wellspring
Di Luo's Teaching Portfolio
Asian Art 13a. Chinese Painting II
Answer ANY TWO of the following questions:
1. What are some typical pictorial elements in a Chinese landscape painting?
2. What is the viewing experience of these paintings and what religious significance might that imply?
3. What commonalities and/or differences can you tell between the Chinese landscape paintings and the Descent of Ganges in India?
Reading Assignment
• Lee, pp. 361-373
Key Works
Travelers Among Mountains and Streams
Fan Kuan (c. 960-1030)
Hanging scroll, ink and color on silk; 6′ 7 1/4″ x 40 1/4″ (2.06 m x 103.3 cm)
Northern Song dynasty
National Palace Museum, Taipei
A Solitary Temple amid Clearing Peaks
Attrib. Li Cheng
Hanging scroll, ink and slight color on silk; h. 3’6″ (1.07m)
Northern Song dynasty, c. 950
Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City
Early Spring
Guo Xi (c. 1020-1090)
Hanging scroll; ink and slight color on silk; h. 62 1/4″ (158.1 cm)
Northern Song dynasty, 1072
National Palace Museum, Taipei
This entry was posted on April 3, 2017 by in session and tagged , , , , , , .
%d bloggers like this:
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<urn:uuid:d70bbbb5-f5da-49c6-849f-247933095665>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.03589719533920288,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7847272753715515,
"url": "https://projectwellspring.wordpress.com/2017/04/03/asian-art-13a-chinese-painting-ii/"
}
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2015年10月25日 星期日
Peter Binoit, “Still Life with Tulips,” 1623. Vanitas, the Latin word for vanity,
“V” is for #Vanitas! Join us for the next two weeks as we explore this topic in art history. When you hear the word “vanitas,” does anything in particular come to mind?
Vanitas, the Latin word for vanity, refers to works of art that portray the transience of life. The term itself comes from the Bible, referring to the line: "Vanity of vanities! All is vanity." (Book of Ecclesiastes 1:2) Most often seen in still lifes from the 16th and 17th centuries, artists sought to depict the brevity of earthly life in contrast to the importance of the afterlife. An artist might have used symbols referring to the ephemeral quality of youth, beauty, fame, and fortune in comparison to the transcendent significance of eternal life. In vanitas paintings, look for the human skull, burned out candles, peeled or rotting fruit, a broken glass, an empty chair, soap bubbles or cut flowers; these all may suggest the fragility of our daily lives. These reminders of death serve to underscore the “vanity” of life and the need to be morally prepared for final judgment in the afterlife.
Take a close look at this still life painting of cut flowers by 17th-century artist Peter Binoit. What do you notice? How might this be considered a “vanitas” picture? What can you spot that might indicate the transience of life? #ArtAtoZ
Peter Binoit, “Still Life with Tulips,” 1623, oil on copper, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Gift of Robert H. and Clarice Smith, 2012.99.2
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: break through
Alternative forms[edit]
From break + through. Compare German Durchbruch and Dutch doorbraak (breakthrough, literally through-break).
breakthrough (not comparable)
1. Characterized by major progress or overcoming some obstacle.
a breakthrough technological advance
breakthrough (plural breakthroughs)
1. (military) An advance through and past enemy lines.
2. Any major progress; such as a great innovation or discovery that overcomes a significant obstacle.
Albert Einstein is credited with making some of the greatest breakthroughs in modern physics.
3. (sports) The penetration of the opposition defence
• 2011 September 29, Jon Smith, “Tottenham 3 - 1 Shamrock Rovers”, in BBC Sport[1]:
But with the lively Dos Santos pulling the strings behind strikers Pavlyuchenko and Defoe, Spurs controlled the first half without finding the breakthrough their dominance deserved.
4. (construction) The penetration of a separating wall or the remaining distance to an adjacent hollow (a crosscut in mining) or between two parts of a tunnel build from both ends; knockthrough.
Derived terms[edit]
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Monday, 3 August 2009
What is it? When does it happen? Why does it happen? These are frequent questions.
Dr. Jane Cook states that devitrification is not a category (noun), but a verb that describes a process. Glass wants to go toward devitrification; a movement toward crystallisation.*
Mild devitrification is the beginning of crystallisation on the surface of the glass. It can look like a dirty film over the whole piece or dirty patches. At its worst, the corners begin to turn up or a crackling can appear on the granular surface.
Differences in the surface of glass promotes precipitation of the crystal formation of silica molecules. This fact means that two defences against the formation of crystals are smooth and clean surfaces.
Devitrification occurs in the range of approximately 700°C –760°C. This means that you need to cool the project as quickly as possible from the working (or top) temperature to the annealing point, which is, of course significantly below this range.
There is evidence to show that devitrification can occur on the heat up and that it will be retained in the cooling. Normally this is not a problem as the advance on the heat up is relatively quick through this range. The quick advance does not (and should not for a variety of reasons) be as fast as possible. A rate of 300°C per hour will be sufficient, as time is required for devitrification to occur.
The devitrification seen in typical studio practice results more often from inadequately cleaned glass than from excessive time at a particular temperature, up or down through the devitrification range.
It is often seen as a result of grinding to fit shapes. Even though the ground surface is cleaned, it may still be so rough as to promote devitrification. The surface must be prepared for fusing by grinding to at least 400 grit (600 is better). Alternatively, use fine frit of the same colour as the darkest glass to fill the gaps. This normally is applied in the kiln, so the pieces are not disturbed.
Dr. Cook suggests three approaches to devitrification:*
Resistance through:
- Schedules
- Flux
Dealing with it:
- Cold work
- Acids
Embrace it:
- Allow it
- Use it
Temperature range for devitrification
Homemade devitrification solution
Frit to fill gaps
* From a lecture given by Dr. Jane Cook at the 2017 BECON
[entry revised 26.7.17]
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Convergence of the Twain
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AP Literature and Comp
The Convergence of the Twain
The Convergence of the Twain, describes the event of the Titanic through the words of Thomas Hardy. He discusses the ship, and its history in detail. He uses strong diction, imagery, and his rhyme scheme in order to express the idea that fate is fixed, and the Titanic’s fate was sinking. He begins by using his title to start the idea off. The word Twain, stands for two; The Convergence of the Two. Right from the start, a reader gets that idea that coming together is the topic of the poem. The strong diction builds a reader’s understanding of just how great the ship was represented. When one reads the poem he or she gets the impression that the ship was extravagant, and very large. Hardy uses words like vainglorious, stature, sensuous and grace to characterize the ship’s details. Deep in the sea, the remnants of the Titanic are covered by sea worms and, “all their sparkles (are) bleared black and white.” No longer is the beauty shining to the human eye, the ship is at the bottom of the sea, where it is only visible to the fish. But before it got there, it had extreme beauty. Hardy then goes on to discuss the creation of the ship, “as the smart ship grew, in stature, grace, and hue.” The ship is detailed as large, and graceful. In stanza nine, Hardy addresses the fact that no person knew the collision was coming, “Alien they seemed to be: no mortal eye could see the intimate welding of their later history.” He suggests that there is a greater being that knows what is going on, but no person knows. Hardy’s use of strong diction creates imagery that allows a reader to understand the two different worlds of the iceberg and the ship. In stanza five Hardy introduces the greatness and glory of the ship through the personification of the fish, “dim moon-eyed fishes near gaze at the gilded gear and query: what does this vaingloriousness down here?” In stanza eight, Hardy addresses the greatness of the ship,...
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What Have The Romans Ever Done For Us?
It is widely known that without the Romans we wouldn't have coins, aqueducts or roads. But what are the lesser known contributions the ancient Romans donated to Britain?
What Have The Romans Ever Done For Us?
The unassuming carrot was first introduced to ancient Britain during the Roman occupation. In ancient Rome carrots didn't just come orange; they were red, black, yellow, and white. Also the ones grown by the Romans were very thin and tough, and were not originally used for domestic cuisine, rather they were ground down and applied for medicinal purposes only. Peas, meanwhile, were introduced to Romans by the Aryans from the Middle East, who, in turn, introduced them to our diet.
The Romans brought us apples and pears.
The Romans brought us apples and pears.
There is nothing more quintessentially English than these two fruit - so much so that they form one of the most well-known phrases from cockney rhyming slang. However, again we have to look east and thank the Romans for introducing them to our country. As the Romans had no sugar, sweet fruits such as these became widespread as the juice was often used in other recipes.
The Romans pioneered basic civic charity for the less fortunate in the form of free food. From 122 BC onward a grain ration was available to the Roman poor at half price, subsidized by the state. In 58 BC it became completely free. Then in AD 274 the emperor added small rations of pork, oil and salt to the dole.
While it has been widely established that cats were highly revered in ancient Egypt, the Romans admired them almost as much. Romans considered the cat to be the God of Liberty and they were the only animal allowed in Roman temples. They were often kept as mascots by the Roman army. As a result when the Romans arrived in Britain, they introduced the domestic cat into our lives.
Romans used stinging nettles to stimulate blood circulation.
Romans used stinging nettles to stimulate blood circulation.
Nettles have a long history as a treatment for rheumatism and muscle pain like sciatica. The Romans are credited with bringing seeds of this plant with them into Britain; by flogging themselves with the plants, they apparently kept warm in the colder northern climate. They would tie bunches of fresh nettles together and the afflicted area of the body was thrashed repeatedly to create heat in the limbs and to stimulate blood circulation.
Many people think of the modern toilet as a Victorian invention, pioneered by Thomas Crapper. However the first toilet with flushing capabilities was built thousands of years before. Roman Bathhouses had large public latrines, often with marble seats over channels whose continuous flow of water made them the first 'flush toilets'. A shallow water channel in front of the seats was furnished with sponges attached to sticks for patrons to wipe themselves. How civilized!
>MORE: The Curious Modern History Of Stonehenge
The Roman baths at Bath are an architectural wonder.
The Roman baths at Bath are an architectural wonder.
Law and order was very important to such a complicated hierarchy as Roman society. Because of this, the Romans were arguably the first ancient civilization to put in place a regular police force, hundreds of years before Robert Peel did so in this country. Rome appointed seven cohorts of police and firemen, each 1,000 men strong and commanded by a tribune, responsible for the fourteen regions into which the city of Rome was divided. The whole force was headed by a Prefect of the Watch.
The Romans certainly were an ordered lot, developing town planning using a grid pattern and intricate plumbing mechanisms, such as drains, bath houses, aqueducts and public lavatories. And don't forget Hadrian's Wall!
In his series What the Romans Did for Us, Adam Hart-Davis discovered a massive water wheel the Romans used to prevent flooding while they were mining for gold in Wales.
These water wheels were like treadmills, 12 feet in diameter, and they could pump 80 litres of water a minute about three metres upwards.
Hadrian's Wall was built to keep out invading Caledonian Picts.
Hadrian's Wall was built to keep out invading Caledonian Picts.
Today we are surrounded by advertisements in one form or another and while advertising in its modern form began in the 1900s, this practice was used to great effect by the ancient Romans. Various posters, graffiti and announcements were used to express social and political agendas to the public, as well as news of various sporting events.
Having only become legally recognised in Britain within the last year or so, same sex unions were celebrated in Ancient Rome. Emperors Nero and Diocletian are reported to have married two other men on different occasions, setting an example to the rest of society of just how acceptable it was!
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Frog Glossary E
Ecosystem: The complex of a community of organisms and its environment functioning as an ecological unit.
'Ecto-': "ecto" is a greek prefix that translates into English meaning "Outer" or "outside". Example would be "ectodermis". This would be the outer-most layer of your skin. "Ex-" also means "outer". Example: Exdoskeleton, as an insects' skeleton is the hard shell, no interior bones.
Eft: The juvenile, terrestrial phase of newts.
'Endo-': "endo" is a latin prefix translated into English meaning "Inside" or "Inner". Example would be "endoskeleton". Frogs have endoskeletons, as their bones are contained underneath their skins.
Emerging infectious disease: An infectious disease that has newly appeared and/or is increasing in occurrence and geographical range.
Endemic: Refers to a region where an animal is found in; confined to, or native of.
Epiphytic: To grow on another plant, usually for support and sometimes to derive nutrients from air and water at higher altitudes.
Explosive breeder: A species in which the breeding season is very short, usually at the time of the very first heavy rains. This type of breeding results in large numbers of the same species meeting and mass breeding at that time.
Telmatobufo bullocki juvenile, also known as Bullocks False toad, is a highly endangered species
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Leratiomyces ceres is a common and easily recognised fungus which can be found throughout the Botanics from summer to late autumn. It grows mainly on woodchip mulches but can occasionally be found growing on grass or bare soil.
Though now quite common within the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, L.ceres was once considered rare in the UK and is in fact an introduced species. It was first recorded in the UK at a site in Somerset by Orton in 1957, and has since spread throughout southern Britain. L.ceres is thought to be native to Australia.
The fungus was not formally recorded in Edinburgh until 2014, though the mushroom has been appearing at the Botanics for at least a couple of years.
L.ceres was formerly known as Stropharia aurantiaca and older references to the species use that name. Name changes like this are not uncommon in mycology, due to developments in DNA science which help us better understand the relationships between species.
L.ceres remains in the Strophariaceae family, which includes wood rotting mushrooms such as those in the Pholiota and Hypholoma genera. Strophariaceae also includes the hallucinogenic Psilocybe mushrooms and the popular edible Stropharia rugosoannulata.
IMG_4152 IMG_5222 IMG_5223
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Aircraft Transponders: What They Are and How They Work.
• Post author:
• Post category:Technical
• Post last modified:November 26, 2020
An aircraft’s transponder (short for “transmitter-responder”) is an electronic device on aircraft that transmits a four digit code (called a “squawk code”) which allows the aircraft to be identified by Air Traffic Control.
In the cockpit pilots enter the four digit code assigned to them by ATC into the transponder (also referred to as “TXPDR” or “XPDR”) which identifies the aircraft on the Air Traffic Control radar screen.
How transponders work
There are two basic type of Air Traffic Control (ATC) radar: primary and secondary radar.
Primary radar will show a return on the controllers screen when the radar signal is reflected back to the radar i.e. by an aircraft. Primary radar does not provide any other information to the controller apart from the distance and bearing of the aircraft.
Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) transmits an “interrogation” (a request for information) on 1030 MHz that is received by the transponder which in turn replies on 1090 MHz. This reply includes the aircrafts 4-digit squawk code which allows the aircraft callsign or registration to be displayed and can also include the aircraft’s pressure altitude.
How do squawk codes work?
Normally air traffic control will assign a squawk code with the first clearance the flight receives (either on the ground or in the air).
If the flight will be a VFR flight then the pilot will either set a squawk of 1200 in the U.S. or 7000 in most of the rest of the world.
Squawk codes issued to aircraft are unique to that aircraft and will show the aircraft’s flight number or registration on the controllers screen.
Air Traffic Control “primary radars” show the bearing and distance from the radar to the aircraft. Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) will show controllers additional information derived from the squawk code.
Why do squawk codes range from 0 to 7?
Historically, transponders were designed to used “octal numbers” i.e. from 0 to 7. Squawk codes are 4-digit octal numbers from 0 to 7, resulting in 4096 possible codes.
More information about the advantages of octal numbers in computer programming can be found here.
What happens when ATC tell an aircraft to “squawk ident”
Its common to hear air traffic controller telling a pilot to “squawk ident”. On all transponders (mode A, C and S) there is an ident button and telling a pilot “squawk ident” is an instruction for the pilot to press that button.
When ATC radar picks up the “ident” signal it causes that aircraft to stand out, or “blossom”, on their screens. They use this as another means to positively identify an aircraft – i.e. to make sure they are giving instructions to the correct aircraft.
Air traffic control - controller in control tower
What is the difference between Mode A and Mode C transponders?
Modern transponders can operate in certain “modes” – this may be because of their limit (some light aircraft may have transponders limited to Mode A or C), or because of pilot selection (e.g. following a malfunction).
Generally there are 3 types of transponder modes: A, C and S.
Mode A Transponder
Mode A (“mode alpha”) is the most basic mode. Operating a transponder in Mode A will only show the selected squawk code on the controllers screen.
Mode C Transponder
Mode C (“mode charlie”) combines the basic details of Mode A with pressure altitude giving ATC controllers a read-out of an aircrafts altitude on their screen.
Mode S Transponder
Mode S (“mode Sierra”) is the most advanced mode of the three, and the most common on modern commercial aircraft.
The added benefit of Mode S is that it allows ACAS/TCAS and ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast).
Collision Avoidance: ACAS and TCAS
ACAS (Airborne Collision and Avoidance System) and TCAS (Traffic Collision and Avoidance System) are systems onboard aircraft that receive transponder signals from nearby aircraft through a series of antennas on the aircraft.
This allows the system to calculate the bearing and distance of other nearby aircraft. If ACAS/TCAS projects the aircraft will fly too close to another traffic it will sound an alarm in the cockpit and provide avoiding action instructions to the pilots.
Learn more about ACAS and TCAS here.
ADS-B, or Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast, is a system where an aircraft derives its position by satellite navigation and broadcasts its position to ground stations. ADS-B can be used in place of normal Air Traffic Control radar surveillance in places where there are no radars. Additionally, it also allows other aircraft to receive its position in order to provide separation.
Automatic – no pilot input.
Dependent – it depends on data from the aircraft’s navigation systems.
Surveillance – it transmits the aircraft’s position.
Broadcast – it periodically broadcasts the aircraft’s position to ground stations and other aircraft.
Learn about the differences between ADS-B and ADS-C here.
When are transponders used?
Usually we request our departure clearance via datalink about 30 minutes prior to expected push back time. With the clearance ATC will assign us a squawk code and its at this point that we enter it into the transponder.
Normally we leave the transponder on standby until we’re ready to push. Once we have the doors closed and the pushback truck waiting we select the transponder on. The transponder ground mode will allow the ATC ground controller to see us on his screen (this is achieved as part of the SMR – Surface Movement Radar).
More on surface movement radar here.
Airbus A330 transponder txpdr
Transponder panel
The transponder panel is normally located on the center console and contains a number of selectors and buttons. “ATC” on the left side signifies the transponder section, while “TCAS” on the right indicates the TCAS mode selectors, along with the “IDENT” button.
Transponder Mode Selector
Standby (STBY) mode – both transponders are powered but not transmitting.
On the ground the selected transponder operates in Mode S only (i.e. selective interrogation).
Transponder XPDR Selector
Selects either transponder 1 or transponder 2. This is used in the event of a failure of one transponder.
Altitude Reporting (ALT RPTG) is either selected on or off. If selected on the transponder transmits the aircrafts altitude based on standard barometric data.
ATC Fail Light
This illuminates in the event of a failure of the selected transponder.
IDENT Switch
If instructed by ATC the crew will press the IDENT switch which transmits the aircraft identification signal. This may also be used in the event of radio failure to indicate the crew are receiving ATC transmissions but cannot reply.
TCAS Traffic Selector
The Traffic Selector, as the name implies, allows us to filter out certain traffic depending on our requirements.
Proximate and other intruders are displayed only when a TA or RA is present and they are within 2700 ft of the aircraft.
All traffic within 2700 ft is displayed.
Above: Traffic 9900 ft above to 2700 ft below, is displayed.
Below: Traffic 9900 ft below is shown, as well as traffic uptown 2700 ft above. This is the normal selection in the cruise where we’re at high level – having a knowledge of aircraft below is important in the event of an emergency descent, for example.
TCAS mode selector
On the right of the transponder is the Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) mode selector. The TCAS system receives the broadcasts from other aircraft and if it predicts aircraft will come too close it will issue avoiding action instructions.
Traffic Alert/Resolution Advisory (TA/RA) is the normal position and we select this mode prior to lineup on the runway. During taxi out, and after landing, we select the mode to standby (STBY).
The TA/RA mode will display all Traffic Alerts and Resolution advisories provided 1. ALT RPTG (altitude reporting) is selected on and 2. the ATC transponder mode is selected to either “AUTO” or “ON”.
TA (Traffic Alert) mode is used in the case of aircraft degraded performance. (e.g. in the event of an engine failure, or inability to retract the landing gear). TA’s, proximate traffic and other intruders are displayed. All RA’s are converted to TA’s.
The TCAS part of the transponder is in “standby”. The transponder element still operates normally, but the TCAS is unavailable.
Emergency squawk codes
There are some squawk codes that are reserved for certain situations, usually emergencies. Setting these squawk codes will trigger an alarm in the ATC center monitoring the flight and will also alert nearby sectors of the emergency.
• 7500 – hijack. Widely publicised online – I won’t get into too many details about this one, but suffice to say keep an eye out for the fighter jets!
• 7600 – radio communication failure. This signals to Air Traffic Control that a pilot is experiencing radio communication failure. More on lost comms procedures here.
• 7700 – general emergency, or MAYDAY. This alerts the ATC unit in use (and other nearby units) that the aircraft is experiencing an emergency and may not be able to comply with ATC instructions.
Emergency code pneumonic: “75 taken alive, 76 in a fix, 77 on the way to heaven”.
Reserved squawk codes
Some specific transponder codes are reserved for special use:
SquawkReason for Reservation
1000A squawk of 1000 may be used where ATC can interrogate the Mode S transponder of the aircraft to receive the aircraft callsign/registration.
1200VFR Squawk – United States.
2000Used when entering airspace without an assigned code – e.g. crossing the ocean we squawk 2000 before reaching landfall.
7000VFR Squawk – Rest of World.
7500Unlawful interference/hijack.
7600Radio communications failure.
7777Used in the U.S. for military aircraft engaged in intercept operations without ATC clearance*
Reserved Squawk Codes
*Note, in the event of an interception the intercepted aircraft squawks 7700.
Learn about what happens when an aircraft squawks 7700.
Frequently Asked Questions about Aircraft Transponders
What is the difference between Primary and Secondary radar?
Primary radar relies on the principle of reflectivity and will show a return on the radar screen but without any information.
Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) returns include the aircraft’s squawk code which enables the aircraft to be identified and allows the aircraft’s callsign or registration to be displayed alongside the radar return.
What does “Squawk VFR” mean?
“Squawk VFR” is an instruction by Air Traffic Control when leaving controlled airspace to set the transponder code to the relevant VFR (Visual Flight Rules) code.
In the U.S. the VFR squawk code is 1200, whereas in the rest of the world 7000 is generally used.
This indicates to Air Traffic Control that the aircraft is proceeding via Visual Flight Rules and they are responsible for their own navigation and terrain clearance.
What does it mean when ATC says “Squawk Ident”?
The instruction by Air Traffic Control to “squawk ident” is an instruction for the pilot to press the “ident” button on his/her transponder which will illuminate the aircraft on the controllers screen.
Instructing an aircraft to “squawk ident” is another way for Air Traffic Control to positively identify the aircraft in question.
Additionally, in the event of a “lost comms” situation where an aircraft loses radio contact, ATC may request the aircraft to “squawk ident” which would signal that although the aircraft can’t reply on the radio, they are receiving the transmission from Air Traffic Control.
What is a squawk code?
A squawk code, or transponder code, is a 4-digit code entered into the aircraft’s transponder which identifies that aircraft on the Air Traffic Control radar.
What does Mode Charlie/Mode C mean in relation to transponders?
Transponders operating in mode C include the aircraft’s pressure altitude in addition to the aircraft’s transponder code (squawk code).
What are the emergency transponder codes?
7500 unlawful interference(hijack), 7600 radio failure and 7700 emergency/MAYDAY. “75 taken alive, 76 in a fix, 77 on the way to heaven”.
When is a squawk of 2000 used?
Squawking 2000 is used where the Air Traffic Control radars can interrogate the Mode S transponder of the aircraft to receive the aircraft callsign or registration.
What is TCAS?
Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) is a computer system that plots other aircraft and if it predicts aircraft will fly too close it can issue avoiding instructions to the crew.
What is TCAS “proximate traffic”?
Proximate traffic on TCAS is traffic within 6NM and 1200′ of the aircraft and its symbol is generally displayed as a solid diamond.
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In Chapter 1 of Lord of the Flies, why are some of the boys fully-clothed, while others are not?
Expert Answers
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In chapter one, a group of adolescent British schoolboys crash-lands on an uninhabited tropical island somewhere in the Pacific after their plane is shot out of the sky. It is extremely hot on the tropical island, which is why some of the boys choose to remove their clothes. Most notably, Ralph feels the weight of his sweat-soaked shirt and proceeds to disrobe towards the beginning of the chapter. Ralph is depicted as an athletic-looking, adolescent as he stands completely naked on top of the terrace. After blowing into the conch, the other boys on the island begin to assemble. Jack and his choir boys wear black caps and carry their clothes in their hands instead of wearing them. As the novel progresses, the lack of clothing parallels the boys' descent into savagery as they begin painting their faces and bodies. Overall, some of the boys decide to disrobe because of the extreme heat. They are not used to the unforgiving tropical climate and disrobe to make themselves more comfortable.
Approved by eNotes Editorial Team
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In Chapter One, some of the boys are fully-clothed while others are not, because of the intense heat of the South Pacific climate of the island where the boys are located. The boys had been traveling via plane from their home country of England, still clothed in their traditional school uniforms. After crash-landing on the island, the boys quickly realize that their uniforms are ill-suited to the oppressive heat of the jungle and begin to strip down to fewer articles of clothing. Ralph exemplifies this in the first opening lines of the novel:
"Though he had taken off his school sweater and trailed it now from one hand, [...] all around him the long scar smashed into the jungle was a bath of heat" (7).
As the other boys enter the scene, Golding portrays them in various states of undress as well to emphasize the immediate effects of the harsh, savage environment on the constructs of civilization such as school uniforms.
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Antisocial behaviour is defined as 'behaviour by a person which causes, or is likely to cause, harassment, alarm or distress to persons not of the same household as the person' (Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014).
But what does this mean? Find out more about how we classify antisocial behaviour and the many activities that it covers.
What constitutes antisocial behaviour?
There are three main categories for antisocial behaviour, depending on how many people are affected:
• Personal antisocial behaviour is when a person targets a specific individual or group.
• Nuisance antisocial behaviour is when a person causes trouble, annoyance or suffering to a community.
• Environmental antisocial behaviour is when a person’s actions affect the wider environment, such as public spaces or buildings.
Under these main headings antisocial behaviour falls into one of 13 different types:
1. Vehicle abandoned: This covers vehicles that appear to have been left by their owner, rather than stolen and abandoned. It includes scrap or ‘end of life’ vehicles and those damaged at the scene of a road traffic collision that have been abandoned and aren’t awaiting recovery.
2. Vehicle nuisance or inappropriate use: This relates to vehicles being used in acts such as street cruising (driving up and down the street causing annoyance and bothering other road users), vehicle convoys and riding or driving on land other than a road. It also covers the misuse of go-peds, motorised skateboards and electric-propelled cycles, and the unlicensed dealing of vehicles where a person has two or more vehicles on the same road within 500 metres of each other.
3. Rowdy or inconsiderate behaviour: This refers to general nuisance behaviour in a public place or a place to which the public have access, such as private clubs. It does not include domestic-related behaviour, harassment or public disorder which should be reported as crimes.
4. Rowdy or nuisance neighbours: This covers any rowdy behaviour or general nuisance caused by neighbours, including boundary and parking disputes. It also covers noise nuisance from parties or playing loud music.
5. Littering or drugs paraphernalia: This includes fly posting and discarding litter, rubbish or drugs paraphernalia in any public place.
6. Animal problems: This covers any situation where animals are creating a nuisance or people’s behaviour associated with the use of animals is deemed as antisocial. It includes uncontrolled animals, stray dogs, barking, fouling and intimidation by an animal.
7. Trespassing: This is any situation in which people have entered land, water or premises without lawful authority or permission. It ranges from taking an unauthorised shortcut through a garden to setting up unauthorised campsites.
8. Nuisance calls: This covers any type of communication by phone that causes anxiety and annoyance, including silent calls and intrusive ‘cold calling’ from businesses. It does not cover indecent, threatening or offensive behaviour which should be reported as crimes.
9. Street drinking: This relates to unlicensed drinking in public spaces, where the behaviour of the persons involved is deemed as antisocial. It also covers unplanned and spontaneous parties which encroach on the street.
10. Prostitution-related activity: This relates to any activity involving prostitution such as loitering, displaying cards or promoting prostitution. It may also refer to activities in and around a brothel that impact on local residents. It does not include ‘kerb-crawling’ which should be reported as a crime.
11. Nuisance noise: This relates to all incidents of noise nuisance that do not involve neighbours (see ‘Nuisance neighbours’ above).
12. Begging: This covers anyone begging or asking for charitable donations in a public place, or encouraging a child to do so, without a license. Unlicensed ticket sellers at or near public transport hubs may also fall into this category.
13. Misuse of fireworks: This will include the inappropriate use of fireworks, the unlawful sale or possession of fireworks and noise created by fireworks.
If you’re experiencing any of the above, we may be able to help.
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Khan Academy
Supporting grades: 8
Description: Ever wonder what your part of the national debt is? It might surprise you. What isn't surprising is that you can use scientific notation and division to figure out the answer. Created by Sal Khan and Monterey Institute for Technology and Education. On February 2, 2010 the U.S. Treasury estimated the national debt at 1.2278 times 10 to the 13th power. And then they say, using these estimates calculate the per-person share of the national debt. So essentially, we want to take the entire debt and divide by the number of people.
You must log inorsign upif you want to:*
*Teacher Advisor is 100% free.
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"fasttext_score": 0.5127397775650024,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9230442047119141,
"url": "https://teacheradvisor.org/strategies/resource_824"
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About Seesaw Sign Up
Teachers, save “Sharing” to assign it to your class.
Mrs Corry
Student Instructions
How many buttons are there? How many snowmen can you count? Move the buttons around and explore giving different numbers of buttons to each of the snowmen. Can you find different ways to give each of the snowmen a different number of buttons? Can you find a way to share the buttons fairly so that each snowman has the same number of buttons? Tell me what you found out.
Kindergarten, Pre-K, Math
253 teachers like this
Students will edit this template:
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"language_score": 0.8704026937484741,
"url": "https://app.seesaw.me/activities/dbsmhn/sharing"
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Image of a cell
Berta Scharrer
• National Medal of Science
• Biological Sciences
For her pioneering contributions to establishing the concept of neurosecretion and the demonstration of the central role of neurosecretion and neuropeptides in the integration of animal function and development.
In 1937, Berta Scharrer and her husband, Ernst, packed four suitcases and, with only four dollars in hand, fled Germany to the United States, leaving behind their family and their research. They were not Jewish, but the rise of Hitler had ostracized their Jewish colleagues and stunted their research. So the Scharrers tricked the Nazis into letting them leave by accepting a year-long fellowship at the University of Chicago.rnrnBerta faced lifelong discrimination as a female scientist, frequently denied title and salary, and once barred from attending seminars at Case Western University until she agreed to make tea for everyone. But she obtained a lab through Ernst, a biologist, and the couple worked in tandem to unravel the communications between the nervous and endocrine systems in animals. Now known as neuroendocrinology, Berta studied invertebrates, namely cockroaches, and demonstrated that the brain secretes blood-borne signals much in the way the endocrine system secretes hormones, debunking prevailing thought that the brain only communicated electrically. After Ernst’s death in 1965, Berta forged ahead on her own, and was one of the first to map out the insect nervous system. rnrnBy Lauren Clason
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"url": "https://nationalmedals.org/laureate/berta-scharrer/"
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Crow’s Fall by Ted Hughes
‘Crow’s Fall’ by Ted Hughes belongs to his famous poetry collection, “Crow: From the Life and Songs of the Crow”. Hughes uses the crow as a symbol to attack orthodox Christianity and the basic ideas of humanism. In the poem, the poet describes the character of a crow in a mythical manner and portrays the cause of its downfall.
Crow's Fall by Ted Hughes
Summary of Crow’s Fall
In ‘Crow’s Fall’, Ted Hughes presents the hamartia of the mythological crow for his act of presumption.
In ‘Crow’s Fall’, Ted Hughes illustrates the reason how the crow became black in color. The story of the crow also illustrates the effect of transgressing one’s limits. According to the poet, once the crow’s feathers were all white in color. One day he thought that the sun was shining brighter than him. He became envious of its radiance and decided to attack it. His ambition made him temporarily blind. Without thinking about the outcome he flew close to the sun to defeat it. This event led to the crow’s downfall. As he went near the sun, he “returned charred black” and lost his white feathers.
You can read the full poem here.
Structure of Crow’s Fall
Being a poem of the modern period, ‘Crow’s Fall’ hasn’t any specific structure. It is in free verse. It contains 17 lines with uneven line lengths. Some lines are extremely short having only two syllables in them while some lines are comparatively long. The poem has no rhyme scheme. Though there are some lines that rhyme together like line 5 and line 7. The metrical composition of the poem is also irregular which is one of the chief characteristics of modern poems. The majority of the lines are composed of trochaic feet with some spondees. Spondee is a foot having two stressed syllables. In a trochaic foot, the first syllable is stressed and the second one remains unstressed. The poet uses this meter to heighten the tension in the poem. This “falling rhythm” is also relevant to the overall theme of the poem.
Literary Devices in Crow’s Fall
‘Crow’s Fall’ by Ted Hughes is a plain and direct poem. It doesn’t have too many literary devices lingering here and there. Actually, the poet isn’t in a mood of convincing someone by using ornamental epithets. There are some devices that are used only to maintain the flow of the poem. Readers can find such a literary device called anaphora in lines 3–8. All these lines begin with the same word, “he”.
In this poem, the crow is personified from the beginning of the poem. It is an example of anthropomorphism. Readers come across another instance of personification in the line, “trees grew suddenly old.” The poet uses the color “white” as a metaphor. It is compared to the purity of the heart. In the last line, “Where white is black and black is white”, is an example of chiasmus.
Analysis of Crow’s Fall
Lines 1–4
When Crow was white he decided the sun was
He decided to attack it and defeat it.
In the first four lines of ‘Crow’s Fall’, Ted Hughes is referring not to any ordinary crow. This mythological crow is not black. It has white feathers. The metaphorical use of the word “white” hints to us that it was in a pure state. One day the crow thought that the sun was beaming brighter than its feathers. He became frustrated and decided to beat the sun in a battle. Thus he could prove that he was more powerful than it.
The thought of defeating the sun echoes the story of Satan. In this poem, Sun is a symbol of God. Like Satan, the crow defied the limits and tried to be as powerful as the sun. It gradually led to his downfall like the fate of fallen angels in the Bible.
Lines 5–11
He got his strength up flush and in full glitter.
Shadows flattened.
The crow was full of conviction that he could defeat the sun. He started to get himself ready for the battle. Ted Hughes writes this section in a manner that brings a sense of humor and irony in the poem. The crow’s activity primarily seems humorous. It also brings out his hollowness. His arrogance had made him ignorant of the fact that the sun couldn’t be defeated. In his frame of vision, the sun seemed smaller than him and it encouraged him to challenge the power of the sun. According to Hughes, “He laughed himself to the center of himself” as he wasn’t aware of what he was doing. He was under the spell of a temporary but powerful emotion called “overambition”.
The crow pointed his beak towards the sun and flew with full force to replace its position. He cawed his battle cry in the sky. As it flew closer to the sun, his body temporarily hid the sun. The trees looked old for the shadow around them. In ‘Crow’s Fall’ Hughes uses this imagery to intensify the tension of the poem.
Lines 12–17
But the sun brightened—
“Where white is black and black is white, I won.”
In the last few lines of ‘Crow’s Fall’ by Ted Hughes, the poet presents the effect of overambition. The crow had returned to its place. The sun was shining again in the sky but the crow lost his whiteness. His feathers were “charred black”. “He opened his mouth but what came out was charred black.” It means that his blind ambition had burnt his purity also.
At last, the crow said, “Where white is black and black is white, I won.” This line is significant enough with respect to the theme of the poem. Here Hughes illustrates that the crow’s mentality was not actually changed. Though his outer appearance had changed for his act of presumption, his basic thinking remained the same. He was still thinking that he had defeated the sun.
This statement is diabolic in meaning. The resonance of Satan’s argumentation is visible in this line. Satan also tried to convince the angels with such equivocal statements. In this way, Hughes not only depicts the physical change of the crow but also presents its inner transformation in his poem ‘Crow’s Fall‘.
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