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Literary Terms Only available on StudyMode • Download(s) : 61 • Published : March 12, 2013 Open Document Text Preview Agatha Christie writes her novels using many different literary terms. In doing so, her stories seem more complex and developed. She also uses multiple literary terms to entice the reader. Three of these are conflict, flashback, and setting. A setting is where a book takes place. Agatha Christie wrote And Then There Were None taking place on Turtle Island. Throughout the book it has different locations on the island, such as the beach or the house. In the book it also explains that the setting is very critical to the story. In the book it says how there are a lot of parties & happenings going on the island and it didn’t seem odd to the people when they said it was being occupied for an experiment. It makes the book more interesting because an island is a very private sort of space. It would make it seem easier for murder. Writers use conflict to outline a central problem. In “And Then There Were None” the conflict is an unknown mystery dealing with ten people stuck on an island with a sadistic murder. In the story there are many conflicts. They are unaware of who the murder is. In the past they have all dealt with unusual deaths. None of the guests know each other so it’s hard to trust each other. Agatha Christie creates a deeper conflict throughout the use of these unknowns. A flashback is a disruption from the current time in the book, a moment to look back or reflect on a situation that happened earlier in the story. Agatha Christie uses many flashbacks in her story. All of the characters have dealt with murder, as I said before. In the story they eventually go insane as people are being murdered. When they begin to think of the murders they have been involved in, they have memories. In the book it gives flashbacks and explains in detail what goes on at the time. An example of flashback in the book would be when Vera Claythorne was being accused of the murder for Cyril Hamilton’s drowning when she was watching him. These are three of... tracking img	<urn:uuid:721638fc-bc50-42d4-aead-a9db6563efed>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.08005738258361816, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9727274775505066, "url": "http://www.studymode.com/essays/Literary-Terms-1501931.html" }
Science & Conservation How are tagging programs used in conservation efforts? Tagging programs can provide us with information on movement patterns and growth, and are key to estimating population size. Movement Patterns Tagging fish at a recorded location and learning where and when they are later caught allows us to define large scale movement patterns. Of course, traditional tags (non-acoustic) can't tell us where fish are between the time of being tagged and being caught! However, when many tagged fish are caught and reported, it is possible to get a clear idea of how a species moves around a large area. By finding out how much a fish has grown between original tagging and recapture, important information can be gained about seasonal and yearly growth rates. Population Size Method 1 - "The Less Complicated, But Less Accurate Method": By using the ratio of tagged fish to those without tags, and some fairly simple math, population size can be determined. (Stay tuned, we'll be adding details about this math soon!) However, this only works based on identifiable 'sampling events', such as trawling for fish over a set period of time, or fishing using a weir. It is more difficult with recreational anglers to determine population sizes because anglers often don't report how many other fish they catch during a fishing event. Method 2 - "The More Complicated, But More Accurate Method": By using fairly complicated math and statistical analysis called a Capture-Mark-Recapture or CMR analysis, estimates of population size, probability of capture, and mortality may be possible. The emphasis is on may because many capture histories from many fish are required, as well as the number of fish that are not tagged during each sampling event. Capture histories are based on individual fish being recaptured - one recapture is good, but getting recaptured several times is much, much better! This is one more reason to make every effort to return tagged fish to the water after recording tag information.	<urn:uuid:e362d64d-15f5-4ce3-989e-3c2266b05994>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.03125, "fasttext_score": 0.2813097834587097, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9514110088348389, "url": "http://trackmyfish.ca/sbscience.html" }
Announcements‎ > ‎ Student's in Ms. Allen's class build bridges using toothpicks and gumdrops. posted Oct 7, 2015, 9:28 AM by [ updated Oct 7, 2015, 9:28 AM ] Ms. Allen’s Physics class built a bridge using nothing but toothpicks and gumdrops and their knowledge of forces. They had to plan their bridges using the engineering design project, construct them, test them, and in some cases re-design them. They were tested to see which group could build the strongest bridge as well as which group could build the most cost-effective bridge by seeing how much weight the center of the bridge was able to support with prizes for both teams.	<urn:uuid:e35e16c0-38b2-4007-86bd-0e3fecf79dd5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.04082024097442627, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9823310971260071, "url": "http://fhs.fusdaz.com/announcements/studentsinmsallensclassbuildbridgesusingtoothpicksandgumdrops" }
Academic Technology Center Teaching with Technology Collaboratory Tutorial: Using Layer Masks (Continuation from the "Cutting Out an Image" Tutorial) A layer mask is a powerful feature that allows you to show and hide specific parts of a layer in very detailed and flexible ways. By using a layer mask, your work remains flexible--a mask can be modified at any time.Finished Image So far, we have already selected the Sailor using the Quick Selection Tool quick selection tool Not using CS3 or later? Advanced Selection Techniques coming soon! Sailor selected Now, we need to make sure we can add a Layer Mask Before adding a mask to a layer, we have to make sure that the layer is capable of being masked. If your layer is a locked background layer, it needs to be converted into a regular layer before you can add a mask. Simply Double-Click on the layer and click Ok to convert it, and the lock icon will dissapear. Why is there a locked background layer? Unlocking a layer Finally, we can add a Layer Mask Two ways of adding a Layer mask (Click to expand) Both methods, side by side How Layer Masks work: A side note Ordinary Layers An ordinary document, with no layer masks added. Example: a circular cutout mask (Click to expand) Layer Mask Added Example: a gradient mask (Click to expand) Layer Mask with a gradient Take a look at the mask you've just created This section is complete! Maintained by Last modified: May 04, 2007, 08:28 EDT [WPI] [ATC] [Back] [Top]	<urn:uuid:be8b7205-17bc-4dea-98ce-99de473f2642>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.734375, "fasttext_score": 0.7882026433944702, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8389050364494324, "url": "http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/ATC/Collaboratory/HowTo/IG/layerMasking.html" }
Sound hole From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For parts of wind instruments, see Tone hole. A sound hole is an opening in the upper sound board of a stringed musical instrument. The sound holes can have different shapes: round in flat-top guitars; F-holes in instruments from the violin, mandolin or viol families and in arched-top guitars; and rosettes in lutes. Bowed Lyras have D-holes and mandolins may have F-holes, round or oval holes. A round or oval hole is usually a single one, under the strings. F-holes and D-holes are usually made in pairs placed symmetrically on both sides of the strings. Some electric guitars, such as Fender Telecaster Thinline and the majority of Gretsch guitars have one or two sound holes. Alternative sound hole designs[edit] External links[edit] • Stringworks U[dead link] - brief explanation of the effects of sound holes, with a closeup diagram of an f-shaped soundhole	<urn:uuid:17906838-2fc2-42e5-95cf-80683737b35f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.10552352666854858, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9331121444702148, "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_hole" }
"Long before it's in the papers" June 04, 2013 At 400, clam may be longest-lived animal known Oct. 30, 2007 Courtesy Bangor University and World Science staff Courtesy Bangor University Why do these clams live so long? The Bangor investigators believe the molluscs may have evolved exceptionally strong defences against destructive aging processes. “If, in Arctica islandica, evolution has created a model of successful resistance to the damage of aging, it is possible that an investigation of the tissues of these real life Methuselahs might help us to understand the processes of aging,” said Richardson. * * * Sign up for On Home Page • Meeting online may lead to happier marriages • Was blackmail essential for marriage to evolve? • Could simple anger have taught people to cooperate? • Different cultures’ music matches their speech styles, study finds • Frog said to describe its home through song • Even rats will lend a helping paw: study • Drug may undo aging-associated brain changes in animals Can you imagine living four centuries? Scientists say they’ve found an animal that has done just that: a quahog clam, Arctica islandica, that lived and grew in the cold waters off Iceland’s north coast for at least that long. When Shakespeare was writing his greatest plays, the researchers say—when Giordano Bruno was burnt at the stake in Rome for claiming infinite habitable worlds exist—this mollusc was but a tender youth oblivious to these developments. The Guinness Book of Records gives the current record for longest-lived animal to another Arctica clam, age 220, collected in 1982 from American waters. Unofficially, the record belongs to a 374-year-old Icelandic clam found in a museum. Both these records, the researchers said, seem to have been eclipsed by the latest specimen, whose age, 405 to 410 years, they assessed by counting the shell’s annual growth lines. The scientists, from Bangor University in the U.K., are sclerochronologists, who study clams’ growth and age using growth lines much as dendrochronologists study tree growth using tree-rings. Clam shell growth is related to environmental conditions such as sea temperature, salinity and food availability. The Bangor team analyse the shell growth histories to understand changes in the ocean linked to climate change. The clam was dredged up by Bangor researchers Paul Butler and James Scourse during a research cruise last year as part of an European Union investigation of historical climate changes. The discovery was made by Al Wanamaker, the newest member of the university’s “Arctica” team. “Al and Paul rushed up to my office to announce that they had found a record-breaker,” said team member Chris Richardson. Further examination, he said, confirmed the clam had beaten the previous record by 30 years. Why do these clams live so long? The Bangor investigators believe they may have evolved exceptionally strong defences against destructive aging processes. “If, in Arctica islandica, evolution has created a model of successful resistance to the damage of aging, it is possible that an investigation of the tissues of these real life Methuselahs might help us to understand the processes of aging,” said Richardson.	<urn:uuid:c2ee4deb-28cd-4825-b97d-84fcde5d26d1>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.02504444122314453, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9184619784355164, "url": "http://www.world-science.net/othernews/071030_old-clam.htm" }
Sunday, August 18, 2013 "Hot Idioms" from VOA Now, the VOA Special English program Words and Their Stories. “Hot” is a simple, easily understood word. So are most of the expressions made with the word hot -- but not always, as we shall see... The words hot potato, for example, give you no idea at all to the meaning of the expression “hot potato.” The potato is a popular vegetable in the United States. Many people like baked potatoes, cooked in an oven or fire. Imagine trying to carry a hot, baked potato in your hand. It would be difficult -- even painful -- to do so. Now we are getting close to the meaning of “hot potato.” Some publicly-disputed issues are highly emotional. The issues must be treated carefully, or they will be difficult and painful if an elected official has to deal with them -- as difficult and painful as holding a hot potato. One such hot potato is taxes... also can make a politician very unpopular. So the questions must be dealt with carefully -- the same way you would handle any other hot potato. Another expression is “not so hot.” If you ask someone how she feels, she may answer “not so hot.” What she means is she does not feel well. “Not so hot” also is a way of saying that you do not really like something. You may tell a friend that the new play you saw last night is “not so hot.” That means you did not consider it a success. A “hot shot” is a person -- often a young person -- who thinks he can do anything. At least he wants to try. He is very sure he can succeed. But often he fails. The expression was born in the military forces. A “hot shot” was a soldier who fired without aiming carefully. A person who becomes angry easily is called a “hothead.” An angry person's neck often becomes red. We say he is “hot under the collar.” You could say that your friend “is no hothead.” But he got “hot under the collar” when someone took his radio. In 1963, “hotline” appeared as a new expression. Photo: Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and President John F. Kennedy June 3, 1961 Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and President John F. Kennedy June 3, 1961 The hotline was a direct communications link between the leaders of the Soviet Union and the United States. The hotline had an important purpose: to prevent accidental war between the two competitors during the period known as the Cold War. The American president and the Soviet leader were able to communicate directly and immediately on the hotline. This helped prevent any conflict during an international crisis. Our program was written by Marilyn Rice Christiano. I’m Warren Scheer. 1. A person with a tendency to get mad is a "_____________________ ." a: hotshot b: hothead c: hot potato d: hot guy 2. A "hotline" ________________ . a: a special telephone connection that allows parties to reach each other quickly b: a dangerous, live wire from a fallen pole c: very fast inner city metro d: the line of a fisherman who has unusually good luck 3. The problem of gun control in the United States is a political ___________________. a: hothead b: hot potato c: hot under the collar d: hot explosion 4. Maria saw Juan from a distance and confided in her friend Sara, "He's a hot guy." By that, she meant __________________ . a: he loses his temper easily b: he eats too many potatoes c: he's a handsome man d: he's going to be a politician 5. Tom said that the movie he saw last night wasn't too hot. He meant that _____________________ . a: it wasn't very good b: there wasn't enough violence in it c: there wasn't enough sex in it d: it was just the right temperature 6. A "hot shot" is someone who ______________________________ . a: is not confident in himself b: is very skillful and knows it c: gets angry at the drop of a hat d: is an excellent marksman 7. A stockbroker who says "This company is really hot right now." _______________________ . a: is trying to get me to sell my stock in the company b: is trying to persuade me to buy stock in the company c: is discouraging me from investing in the company d: is saying that the company's current popularity is only temporary When Sam dated Norman's girlfriend, normally mild-mannered Norman suddenly ________________________. a: felt like a hot potato b: quickly reached for the lover's hotline c: wanted nothing more than to take hot shot at Sam d: got hot under the collar 9. David said, "I'm really hot for you, Jennifer." _______________________ . a: This meant that Jennifer really liked David b: This meant that David was crazy about Jennifer's baked potatoes c: This meant that David really liked Jennifer d: This was a request to Jennifer that she please lower the temperature in her apartment 10. If a person is full of "hot air", that means the person ______________________. a: talks too much and doesn't really say much b: has a digestive problem c: is just like a hot shot only more egotistic d: is always slightly off the ground No comments: Post a Comment	<urn:uuid:c329a338-1e1c-47d1-9aee-6c71e93de952>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.19053256511688232, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9685406684875488, "url": "http://vocabularyandidioms.blogspot.com/2013/08/hot-idioms-from-voa.html" }
Educational CyberPlayGround ®☰ Menu Learn the History of the Chant and early music Trace the thread from Neumes to Scottish Roots Lining out or "precenting the line" also known as Shape Note Singing, Sacred, Hymnody, Psalmody, Gospel The Ring Shout Grave side ritual with chants in the Congo Community. In this the people who linger circle the grave several times in an anti clockwise motion. Sometimes it is clockwise. Which is the right motion? It is said to be anti-clockwise to represent the ebbing of the tide of the present life. Hindus have a circling of the last resting place also. Their connections must be ancient. The African Americans have a name for it, the Ring Shout, according to Stuckey and others. They do not speak of it as a death ritual. Neumes are the basic elements of Western and Eastern systems of musical notation prior to the invention of five-line staff notation. The earliest neumes were inflective marks which indicated the general shape but not necessarily the exact notes or rhythms to be sung. Later developments included the use of heightened neumes which showed the relative pitches between neumes, and the creation of a four-line musical staff that identified particular pitches. Neumes do not generally indicate rhythm, but additional symbols were sometimes juxtaposed with neumes to indicate changes in articulation, duration, or tempo. Neumatic notation was later used in medieval music to indicate certain patterns of rhythm calledrhythmic modes, and eventually evolved into modern musical notation. Neumatic notation remains standard in modern editions of plainchant. A sample of the Kýrie Eléison (Orbis Factor) from the Liber Usualis. Early history Although chant was probably sung since the earliest days of the church, for centuries they were only transmitted orally. The earliest systems involving neumes are of origin and were used to notate inflections in the quasi-emmelic recitation of the Christian holy scriptures. As such they resemble functionally a similar system used for the notation of recitation of the Qur'an, the holy book of Islam. This early system was called ekphonetic notation, from the Greek ekphonesis meaning quasi-melodic recitation of text. Around the 9th century neumes began to become shorthand mnemonic aids for the melodic recitation of chant proper. A prevalent view is that neumatic notation was first developed in the Eastern Roman Empire (see "Byzantium and Byzantine music. This seems plausible given the well-documented peak of musical composition and cultural activity in major cities of the empire (now regions of southern Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Israel) at that time. The corpus of extant Byzantine music in manuscript and printed form is far larger than that of the Gregorian chant, due in part to the fact that neumes fell in disuse in the west after the rise of modern staff notation and with it the new techniques of polyphonic music, while the Eastern tradition of Greek Orthodox church music and the reformed neume notation remains alive until today. Slavic neume notations ("Znamennoe singing") are on the whole even more difficult to decipher and transcribe than Byzantine or Gregorian neume notations. Use in Western plainchant "Iubilate deo universa terra" shows psalm verses in unheightened cheironomic neumes. The earliest Western notation for chant appears in the 9th century. These early staffless neumes, called cheironomic or in campo aperto, appeared as freeform wavy lines above the text. Various scholars see these as deriving from cheironomic hand-gestures, from the ekphonetic notation of Byzantine chant, or from punctuation or accent marks. A single neume could represent a single pitch, or a series of pitches all sung on the same syllable. Cheironomic neumes indicated changes in pitch and duration within each syllable, but did not attempt to specify the pitches of individual notes, the intervals between pitches within a neume, nor the relative starting pitches of different syllables' neumes. Presumably these were intended only as mnemonics for melodies learned by ear. The earliest extant manuscripts (9th-10th centuries) of such neumes include: • the abbey of St. Gall, in modern-day Switzerland • Messine neumes (from the monastery of Metz in northeast France) • Aquitanian neumes (southern France, also used in Spain) • Laon, Chartres, Montpellier "Gaudeamus omnes," from the Graduale Aboense, was scripted using square notation. In the early 11th century, Beneventan neumes (from the churches of Benevento in southern Italy) were written at varying distances from the text to indicate the overall shape of the melody; such neumes are called heightened or diastematic neumes, which showed the relative pitches between neumes. Shortly after this, one to four staff lines clarified the exact relationship between pitches, an innovation traditionally ascribed to Guido d'Arezzo. One line was marked as representing a particular pitch, usually C or F. These neumes resembled the same thin, scripty style of the chironomic notation. In 13th-century England, Sarum chant was notated using square noteheads, a practice which subsequently spread throughout Europe; in Germany, a variant called Gothic neumes continued to be used until the 16th century. By the 13th century, the neumes of Gregorian chant were usually written in square notation on a staff with four lines and three spaces and a clef marker, as in the 14th-15th century Graduale Aboense shown here. In square notation, small groups of ascending notes on a syllable are shown as stacked squares, read from bottom to top, while descending notes are written with diamonds read from left to right. In melismatic chants, in which a syllable may be sung to a large number of notes, a series of smaller such groups of neumes are written in succession, read from left to right. A special symbol called the custos, placed at the end of a system, showed which pitch came next at the start of the following system. Special neumes such as the oriscus, quilisma, and liquescent neumes, indicate particular vocal treatments for these notes. This system of square notation is standard in modern chantbooks. Solesmes notation Various manuscripts and printed editions of Gregorian chant, using varying styles of square-note neumes, circulated throughout the Catholic church for centuries. Some editions added rhythmic patterns, or meter, to the chants. In the 19th century the monks of the Benedictine abbey of Solesmes, particularly Dom Joseph Pothier (1835-1923) and Dom André Mocquereau (1849-1930) collected facsimiles of the earliest manuscripts and published them in a book called Paléographie musicale. They also assembled definitive versions of many of the chants, and developed a standardized form of the square-note notation which was adopted by the Catholic church and is still in use in publications such as the Liber Usualis(although there are also published editions of this book in modern notation). As a general rule, the notes of a single neume are never sung to more than one syllable; all three pitches of a three-note neume, for example, must all be sung on the same syllable. (This is not universally accepted; Richard Crocker has argued that in the special case of the early Aquitanian polyphony of the St. Martial school, neumes must have been "broken" between syllables to facilitate the coordination of parts.) However, a single syllable may be sung to so many notes that several neumes in succession are used to notate it. The single-note neumes indicate that only a single note corresponds to that syllable. Chants which primarily use single-note neumes are called syllabic; chants with typically one multi-note neume per syllable are called neumatic, and those with many neumes per syllable are called melismatic. Rhythmic interpretation The Solesmes monks also determined, based on their research, performance practice for Gregorian chant. Because of the ambiguity of medieval musical notation, the question of rhythm in Gregorian chant is contested by scholars. Some neumes, such as the pressus, do indicate the lengthening of notes. Common modern practice, following the Solesmes interpretation, is to perform Gregorian chant with no beat or regular metric accent, in which time is free, allowing the text to determine the accent and the melodic contour to determine phrasing. By the 13th century, with the widespread use of square notation, it is believed that most chant was sung with each note getting approximately an equal value, although Jerome of Moravia cites exceptions in which certain notes, such as the final notes of a chant, are lengthened. The Solesmes school, represented by Pothier and Mocquereau, supports a rhythm of equal values per note, allowing for lengthening and shortening of note values for musical purposes. A second school of thought, including Wagner, Jammers, and Lipphardt, supports different rhythmic realizations of chant by imposing musical meter on the chant in various ways.Musicologist Gustave Reese said that the second group, called mensuralists, "have an impressive amount of historical evidence on their side," (Music in the Middle Ages, p. 146), but the equal-note Solesmes interpretation has permeated the musical world, apparently due to its ease of learning and resonance with modern musical taste. © Educational CyberPlayGround ® All rights reserved world wide.	<urn:uuid:254d2623-a165-43c9-a379-c632fc88d3f4>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.953125, "fasttext_score": 0.08201366662979126, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.946367084980011, "url": "http://www.edu-cyberpg.com/Music/chant_history.html" }
American English Definition of closed adjective from the Oxford Advanced American Dictionary jump to other results 1. 1[not before noun] shut Keep the door closed. 2. 2[not before noun] not open for business or public access The museum is closed on Mondays. This road is closed to traffic. 3. 3not willing to accept outside influences or new ideas a closed society He has a closed mind. 4. 4[usually before noun] limited to a particular group of people; not open to everyone a closed membership opposite open Which Word?close / shut You can close and shut doors, windows, your eyes, mouth, etc. Shut can suggest more noise and is often found in phrases such as slammed shut, banged shut, snapped shut. Shut is also usually used for containers such as boxes, suitcases, etc. To talk about the time when stores, offices, etc. are not open, use close:What time do the banks close? A strike has closed the factory.You can also use closed:The store is closed today. Closed is used in front of a noun, but shut is not:a closed window. We usually use closed about roads, airports, etc:The road is closed because of the snow. Close is also used in formal English to talk about ending a meeting or conversation:Let's close our discussion by reviewing the main points. 5. Idioms behind closed doors jump to other results without the public being allowed to attend or know what is happening; in private The meeting was held behind closed doors. a closed book (to somebody) jump to other results a subject or person that you know nothing about Nuclear physics is a closed book to most of us. See the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary entry: closed	<urn:uuid:29221e66-8770-44ad-930e-c30f2d6a87b5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.18388605117797852, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9731640219688416, "url": "http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/closed" }
Moore's law (/mɔərz.ˈlɔː/) is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years. The observation is named after Gordon Moore, the co-founder of Intel and Fairchild Semiconductor, whose 1965 paper described a doubling every year in the number of components per integrated circuit, and projected this rate of growth would continue for at least another decade. In 1975, looking forward to the next decade, he revised the forecast to doubling every two years. The period is often quoted as 18 months because of Intel executive David House, who predicted that chip performance would double every 18 months (being a combination of the effect of more transistors and the transistors being faster). Moore's prediction proved accurate for several decades, and has been used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set targets for research and development. Advancements in digital electronics are strongly linked to Moore's law: quality-adjusted microprocessor prices, memory capacity, sensors and even the number and size of pixels in digital cameras. Digital electronics has contributed to world economic growth in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Moore's law describes a driving force of technological and social change, productivity, and economic growth. Moore's law is an observation or projection and not a physical or natural law. Although the rate held steady from 1975 until around 2012, the rate was faster during the first decade. In general, it is not logically sound to extrapolate from the historical growth rate into the indefinite future. For example, the 2010 update to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, predicted that growth would slow around 2013, and Gordon Moore in 2015 foresaw that the rate of progress would reach saturation: "I see Moore’s law dying here in the next decade or so." Intel stated in 2015 that the pace of advancement has slowed, starting at the 22 nm feature width around 2012, and continuing at 14 nm. Brian Krzanich, CEO of Intel, announced that "our cadence today is closer to two and a half years than two.” This is scheduled to hold through the 10 nm width in late 2017. He cited Moore's 1975 revision as a precedent for the current deceleration, which results from technical challenges and is “a natural part of the history of Moore's law.” In 1959, Douglas Engelbart discussed the projected downscaling of integrated circuit size in the article "Microelectronics, and the Art of Similitude". Engelbart presented his ideas at the 1960 International Solid-State Circuits Conference, where Moore was present in the audience. For the thirty-fifth anniversary issue of Electronics magazine, which was published on April 19, 1965, Gordon E. Moore, who was working as the director of research and development at Fairchild Semiconductor at the time, was asked to predict what was going to happen in the semiconductor components industry over the next ten years. His response was a brief article entitled, "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits". Within his editorial, he speculated that by 1975 it would be possible to contain as many as 65,000 components on a single quarter-inch semiconductor. His reasoning was a log-linear relationship between device complexity (higher circuit density at reduced cost) and time. At the 1975 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, Moore revised the forecast rate. Semiconductor complexity would continue to double annually until about 1980 after which it would decrease to a rate of doubling approximately every two years. He outlined several contributing factors for this exponential behavior: • die sizes were increasing at an exponential rate and as defective densities decreased, chip manufacturers could work with larger areas without losing reduction yields; • simultaneous evolution to finer minimum dimensions; • and what Moore called "circuit and device cleverness". Shortly after 1975, Caltech professor Carver Mead popularized the term "Moore's law". Despite a popular misconception, Moore is adamant that he did not predict a doubling "every 18 months." Rather, David House, an Intel colleague, had factored in the increasing performance of transistors to conclude that integrated circuits would double in performance every 18 months. In April 2005, Intel offered US$10,000 to purchase a copy of the original Electronics issue in which Moore's article appeared. An engineer living in the United Kingdom was the first to find a copy and offer it to Intel. As an evolving target for industry Moore's law came to be widely accepted as a goal for the industry, and it was cited by competitive semiconductor manufacturers as they strove to increase processing power. Moore viewed his eponymous law as surprising and optimistic: "Moore's law is a violation of Murphy's law. Everything gets better and better." The observation was even seen as a self-fulfilling prophecy. However, the rate of improvement in physical dimensions known as Dennard scaling has slowed in recent years; and, formal revisions to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors were discontinued as of 2016. Moore's second law As the cost of computer power to the consumer falls, the cost for producers to fulfill Moore's law follows an opposite trend: R&D, manufacturing, and test costs have increased steadily with each new generation of chips. Rising manufacturing costs are an important consideration for the sustaining of Moore's law. This had led to the formulation of Moore's second law, also called Rock's law, which is that the capital cost of a semiconductor fab also increases exponentially over time. Enabling factors and future trends Enabling factors in the past Numerous innovations by scientists and engineers have sustained Moore's law since the beginning of the integrated circuit (IC) era. A few innovations are listed below, as examples of breakthroughs that have advanced integrated circuit technology by more than seven orders of magnitude in less than five decades: • The foremost contribution, which is the raison d’être for Moore's law, is the invention of the integrated circuit, credited contemporaneously to Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor. • The invention of the complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process by Frank Wanlass in 1963, and a number of advances in CMOS technology by many workers in the semiconductor field since the work of Wanlass have enabled the extremely dense and high-performance ICs that the industry makes today. • The invention of the dynamic random access memory (DRAM) technology by Robert Dennard at I.B.M. in 1967, made it possible to fabricate single-transistor memory cells, and the invention of flash memory by Fujio Masuoka at Toshiba in the 1980s, leading to low-cost, high-capacity memory in diverse electronic products. • The invention of chemically-amplified photoresist by C. Grant Willson, Hiroshi Ito and J.M.J. Fréchet at IBM c.1980, that was 10–100 times more sensitive to ultraviolet light. IBM introduced chemically amplified photoresist for DRAM production in the mid-1980s. • The invention of deep UV excimer laser photolithography by Kanti Jain at IBM c.1980, has enabled the smallest features in ICs to shrink from 800 nanometers in 1990 to as low as 22 nanometers in 2012. This built on the invention of the excimer laser in 1970, by Nikolai Basov, V. A. Danilychev and Yu. M. Popov, at the Lebedev Physical Institute. From a broader scientific perspective, the invention of excimer laser lithography has been highlighted as one of the major milestones in the 50-year history of the laser. • The interconnect innovations of the late 1990s include that IBM developed CMP or chemical mechanical planarization c.1980, based on the centuries-old polishing process for making telescope lenses. CMP smooths the chip surface. Intel used chemical-mechanical polishing to enable additional layers of metal wires in 1990; higher transistor density (tighter spacing) via trench isolation, local polysilicon (wires connecting nearby transistors), and improved wafer yield (all in 1995). Higher yield, the fraction of working chips on a wafer, reduces manufacturing cost. IBM with assistance from Motorola used CMP for lower electrical resistance copper interconnect instead of aluminum in 1997. Computer industry technology road maps predict (as of 2001) that Moore's law will continue for several generations of semiconductor chips. Depending on the doubling time used in the calculations, this could mean up to a hundredfold increase in transistor count per chip within a decade. The semiconductor industry technology roadmap uses a three-year doubling time for microprocessors, leading to a tenfold increase in the next decade. Intel was reported in 2005 as stating that the downsizing of silicon chips with good economics can continue during the next decade, and in 2008 as predicting the trend through 2029. Future trends Some of the new directions in research that may allow Moore's law to continue are: • In 2008, researchers at HP Labs announced a working memristor, a fourth basic passive circuit element whose existence only had been theorized previously. The memristor's unique properties permit the creation of smaller and better-performing electronic devices. One of the key challenges of engineering future nanoscale transistors is the design of gates. As device dimension shrinks, controlling the current flow in the thin channel becomes more difficult. Compared to FinFETs, which have gate dielectric on three sides of the channel, gate-all-around structure has ever better gate control(see right figure). • In 2010, researchers at the Tyndall National Institute in Cork, Ireland announced a junctionless transistor. A control gate wrapped around a silicon nanowire can control the passage of electrons without the use of junctions or doping. They claim these may be produced at 10-nanometer scale using existing fabrication techniques. • In 2011, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh announced the development of a single-electron transistor, 1.5 nanometers in diameter, made out of oxide based materials. Three "wires" converge on a central "island" that can house one or two electrons. Electrons tunnel from one wire to another through the island. Conditions on the third wire result in distinct conductive properties including the ability of the transistor to act as a solid state memory. Nanowire transistors could spur the creation of microscopic computers. • In 2012, a research team at the University of New South Wales announced the development of the first working transistor consisting of a single atom placed precisely in a silicon crystal (not just picked from a large sample of random transistors). Moore's law predicted this milestone to be reached for ICs in the lab by 2020. • In 2014, bioengineers at Stanford University developed a circuit modeled on the human brain. Sixteen "Neurocore" chips simulate one million neurons and billions of synaptic connections, claimed to be 9,000 times faster as well as more energy efficient than a typical PC. • In 2015, IBM demonstrated 7 nm node chips with silicon-germanium transistors produced using EUVL. The company believes this transistor density would be four times that of current 14 nm chips. • In 2015, Intel and Micron announced 3D XPoint, a non-volatile memory claimed to be up to 1,000 times faster, up to 1,000 times higher endurance and similar in density compared to NAND. Production is scheduled in 2016. Alternative materials research I’m certain our children or grandchildren will not be using silicon [...] The world is large; there must be a better material. — Chenming Hu, inventor of the FinFET The vast majority of current transistors on ICs are composed principally of doped silicon and its alloys. As silicon is fabricated into single nanometer transistors, short-channel effects adversely change desired material properties of silicon as a functional transistor. Below are several non-silicon substitutes in the fabrication of small nanometer transistors. One proposed material is indium gallium arsenide, or InGaAs. Compared to their silicon and germanium counterparts, InGaAs transistors are more promising for future high-speed, low-power logic applications. Because of intrinsic characteristics of III-V compound semiconductors, quantum well and tunnel effect transistors based on InGaAs have been proposed as alternatives to more traditional MOSFET designs. • In 2009, Intel announced the development of 80-nanometer InGaAs quantum well transistors. Quantum well devices contain a material sandwiched between two layers of material with a wider band gap. Despite being double the size of leading pure silicon transistors at the time, the company reported that they performed equally as well while consuming less power. • In 2011, researchers at Intel demonstrated 3-D tri-gate InGaAs transistors with improved leakage characteristics compared to traditional planar designs. The company claims that their design achieved the best electrostatics of any III-V compound semiconductor transistor. At the 2015 International Solid-State Circuits Conference, Intel mentioned the use of III-V compounds based on such an architecture for their 7 nanometer node. • In 2011, researchers at the University of Texas at Austin developed an InGaAs tunneling field-effect transistors capable of higher operating currents than previous designs. The first III-V TFET designs were demonstrated in 2009 by a joint team from Cornell University and Pennsylvania State University. • In 2012, a team in MIT’s Microsystems Technology Laboratories developed a 22 nm transistor based on InGaAs which, at the time, was the smallest non-silicon transistor ever built. The team used techniques currently used in silicon device fabrication and aims for better electrical performance and a reduction to 10-nanometer scale. Alternatively, carbon-based compounds like graphene have also been proposed. The discovery of graphene itself is a recent development, having only been discovered in 2004. Being a particular form of carbon, graphene typically exists in its stable form of graphite, a widely used material in many applications - the lead in a mechanical pencil being an example. When a single monolayer of carbon atoms is extracted from nonconductive bulk graphite, electrical properties are observed contributing to semiconductor behavior, making it a viable substitute for silicon. More research, will need to be performed, however, on sub 50 nm graphene layers, as it’s resistivity value increases and thus electron mobility decreases. Graphene nanoribbon transistors have shown great promise since its appearance in publications in 2008. Bulk graphene has a band gap of zero and thus cannot be used in transistors because of its constant conductivity, an inability to turn off. The zigzag edges of the nanoribbons introduce localized energy states in the conduction and valence bands and thus a bandgap that enables switching when fabricated as a transistor. As an example, a typical GNR of width of 10 nm has a desirable bandgap energy of 0.4eV. Near-term limits Most semiconductor industry forecasters, including Gordon Moore, expect Moore's law will end by around 2025. This ending will be determinate on whether the 7 nanometer node will function, or even less likely, a 5 nanometer node. Either will be less in performance compared to a 22/20 nanometer node with the width of an electron being 15 Si atom widths, and will need to be compensated for by adaptive software. In April 2005, Gordon Moore stated in an interview that the projection cannot be sustained indefinitely: "It can't continue forever. The nature of exponentials is that you push them out and eventually disaster happens". He also noted that transistors eventually would reach the limits of miniaturization at atomic levels: Though a few observers put the limits of Moore's law centuries (250–600 years) in the future, these suggestions are largely theoretical. Consequences and limitations Technological change is a combination of more and of better technology. A 2011 study in the journal Science, showed that the peak of the rate of change of the world's capacity to compute information was in the year 1998, when the world's technological capacity to compute information on general-purpose computers grew at 88% per year. Since then, technological change clearly has slowed. In recent times, every new year allowed humans to carry out roughly 160% of the computations that possibly could have been executed by all existing general-purpose computers in the year before. This still is exponential, but shows the varying nature of technological change. The primary driving force of economic growth is the growth of productivity, and Moore's law factors into productivity. Moore (1995) expected that "the rate of technological progress is going to be controlled from financial realities." The reverse could and did occur around the late-1990s, however, with economists reporting that "Productivity growth is the key economic indicator of innovation." An acceleration in the rate of semiconductor progress contributed to a surge in U.S. productivity growth, which reached 3.4% per year in 1997–2004, outpacing the 1.6% per year during both 1972–1996 and 2005–2013. As economist Richard G. Anderson notes, “Numerous studies have traced the cause of the productivity acceleration to technological innovations in the production of semiconductors that sharply reduced the prices of such components and of the products that contain them (as well as expanding the capabilities of such products).” While physical limits to transistor scaling such as source-to-drain leakage, limited gate metals, and limited options for channel material have been reached, new avenues for continued scaling are open. The most promising of these approaches rely on using the spin state of electron spintronics, tunnel junctions, and advanced confinement of channel materials via nano-wire geometry. A comprehensive list of available device choices shows that a wide range of device options is open for continuing Moore's law into the next few decades. Spin-based logic and memory options are being developed actively in industrial labs, as well as academic labs. Another source of improved performance is in microarchitecture techniques exploiting the growth of available transistor count. Out-of-order execution and on-chip caching and prefetching reduce the memory latency bottleneck at the expense of using more transistors and increasing the processor complexity. These increases are described empirically by Pollack's Rule, which states that performance increases due to microarchitecture techniques are square root of the number of transistors or the area of a processor. For years, processor makers delivered increases in clock rates and instruction-level parallelism, so that single-threaded code executed faster on newer processors with no modification. Now, to manage CPU power dissipation, processor makers favor multi-core chip designs, and software has to be written in a multi-threaded manner to take full advantage of the hardware. Many multi-threaded development paradigms introduce overhead, and will not see a linear increase in speed vs number of processors. This is particularly true while accessing shared or dependent resources, due to lock contention. This effect becomes more noticeable as the number of processors increases. There are cases where a roughly 45% increase in processor transistors has translated to roughly 10–20% increase in processing power. On the other hand, processor manufacturers are taking advantage of the 'extra space' that the transistor shrinkage provides to add specialized processing units to deal with features such as graphics, video, and cryptography. For one example, Intel's Parallel JavaScript extension not only adds support for multiple cores, but also for the other non-general processing features of their chips, as part of the migration in client side scripting toward HTML5. A negative implication of Moore's law is obsolescence, that is, as technologies continue to rapidly "improve", these improvements may be significant enough to render predecessor technologies obsolete rapidly. In situations in which security and survivability of hardware or data are paramount, or in which resources are limited, rapid obsolescence may pose obstacles to smooth or continued operations. Because of the toxic materials used in the production of modern computers, obsolescence if not properly managed, may lead to harmful environmental impacts. On the other hand, obsolescence may sometimes be desirable to a company which can profit immensely from the regular purchase of what is often expensive new equipment instead of retaining one device for a longer period of time. Those in the industry are well aware of this, and may utilize planned obsolescence as a method of increasing profits. Moore's law has affected the performance of other technologies significantly: Michael S. Malone wrote of a Moore's War following the apparent success of shock and awe in the early days of the Iraq War. Progress in the development of guided weapons depends on electronic technology. Improvements in circuit density and low-power operation associated with Moore's law, also have contributed to the development of technologies including mobile telephones and 3-D printing. Other formulations and similar observations Several measures of digital technology are improving at exponential rates related to Moore's law, including the size, cost, density, and speed of components. Moore wrote only about the density of components, "a component being a transistor, resistor, diode or capacitor," at minimum cost. Transistors per integrated circuit – The most popular formulation is of the doubling of the number of transistors on integrated circuits every two years. At the end of the 1970s, Moore's law became known as the limit for the number of transistors on the most complex chips. The graph at the top shows this trend holds true today. • As of 2016, the commercially available processor possessing the highest number of transistors is the 24 core Xeon Haswell-EX with over 5.7 billion transistors. Density at minimum cost per transistor – This is the formulation given in Moore's 1965 paper. It is not just about the density of transistors that can be achieved, but about the density of transistors at which the cost per transistor is the lowest. As more transistors are put on a chip, the cost to make each transistor decreases, but the chance that the chip will not work due to a defect increases. In 1965, Moore examined the density of transistors at which cost is minimized, and observed that, as transistors were made smaller through advances in photolithography, this number would increase at "a rate of roughly a factor of two per year". Dennard scaling – This suggests that power requirements are proportional to area (both voltage and current being proportional to length) for transistors. Combined with Moore's law, performance per watt would grow at roughly the same rate as transistor density, doubling every 1–2 years. According to Dennard scaling transistor dimensions are scaled by 30% (0.7x) every technology generation, thus reducing their area by 50%. This reduces the delay by 30% (0.7x) and therefore increases operating frequency by about 40% (1.4x). Finally, to keep electric field constant, voltage is reduced by 30%, reducing energy by 65% and power (at 1.4x frequency) by 50%. Therefore, in every technology generation transistor density doubles, circuit becomes 40% faster, while power consumption (with twice the number of transistors) stays the same. The exponential processor transistor growth predicted by Moore does not always translate into exponentially greater practical CPU performance. Since around 2005–2007, Dennard scaling appears to have broken down, so even though Moore's law continued for several years after that, it has not yielded dividends in improved performance. The primary reason cited for the breakdown is that at small sizes, current leakage poses greater challenges, and also causes the chip to heat up, which creates a threat of thermal runaway and therefore, further increases energy costs. The breakdown of Dennard scaling prompted a switch among some chip manufacturers to a greater focus on multicore processors, but the gains offered by switching to more cores are lower than the gains that would be achieved had Dennard scaling continued. In another departure from Dennard scaling, Intel microprocessors adopted a non-planar tri-gate FinFET at 22 nm in 2012 that is faster and consumes less power than a conventional planar transistor. Quality adjusted price of IT equipment – The price of information technology (IT), computers and peripheral equipment, adjusted for quality and inflation, declined 16% per year on average over the five decades from 1959 to 2009. The pace accelerated, however, to 23% per year in 1995–1999 triggered by faster IT innovation, and later, slowed to 2% per year in 2010–2013. The rate of quality-adjusted microprocessor price improvement likewise varies, and is not linear on a log scale. Microprocessor price improvement accelerated during the late 1990s, reaching 60% per year (halving every nine months) versus the typical 30% improvement rate (halving every two years) during the years earlier and later. Laptop microprocessors in particular improved 25–35% per year in 2004–2010, and slowed to 15–25% per year in 2010–2013. The number of transistors per chip cannot explain quality-adjusted microprocessor prices fully. Moore's 1995 paper does not limit Moore's law to strict linearity or to transistor count, “The definition of 'Moore's Law' has come to refer to almost anything related to the semiconductor industry that when plotted on semi-log paper approximates a straight line. I hesitate to review its origins and by doing so restrict its definition.” Moore (2003) credits chemical mechanical planarization (chip smoothing) with increasing the connectivity of microprocessors from two or three metal layers in the early 1990s to seven in 2003. This progressed to nine metal layers in 2007 and thirteen in 2014. Connectivity improves performance, and relieves network congestion. Just as additional floors may not enlarge a building's footprint, nor is connectivity tallied in transistor count. Microprocessors rely more on communications (interconnect) than do DRAM chips, which have three or four metal layers. Microprocessor prices in the late 1990s improved faster than DRAM prices. Hard disk drive areal density – A similar observation (sometimes called Kryder's law) was made in 2005 for hard disk driveareal density. Several decades of rapid progress resulted from the use of error correcting codes, the magnetoresistive effect, and the giant magnetoresistive effect. The Kryder rate of areal density advancement slowed significantly around 2010, because of noise related to smaller grain size of the disk media, thermal stability, and writability using available magnetic fields. Fiber-optic capacity – The number of bits per second that can be sent down an optical fiber increases exponentially, faster than Moore's law. Keck's law, in honor of Donald Keck. Network capacity – According to Gerry/Gerald Butters, the former head of Lucent's Optical Networking Group at Bell Labs, there is another version, called Butters' Law of Photonics, a formulation that deliberately parallels Moore's law. Butter's law says that the amount of data coming out of an optical fiber is doubling every nine months. Thus, the cost of transmitting a bit over an optical network decreases by half every nine months. The availability of wavelength-division multiplexing (sometimes called WDM) increased the capacity that could be placed on a single fiber by as much as a factor of 100. Optical networking and dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) is rapidly bringing down the cost of networking, and further progress seems assured. As a result, the wholesale price of data traffic collapsed in the dot-com bubble. Nielsen's Law says that the bandwidth available to users increases by 50% annually. Pixels per dollar – Similarly, Barry Hendy of Kodak Australia has plotted pixels per dollar as a basic measure of value for a digital camera, demonstrating the historical linearity (on a log scale) of this market and the opportunity to predict the future trend of digital camera price, LCD and LED screens, and resolution. The great Moore's law compensator (TGMLC), also known as Wirth's law – generally is referred to as bloat and is the principle that successive generations of computer software increase in size and complexity, thereby offsetting the performance gains predicted by Moore's law. In a 2008 article in InfoWorld, Randall C. Kennedy, formerly of Intel, introduces this term using successive versions of Microsoft Office between the year 2000 and 2007 as his premise. Despite the gains in computational performance during this time period according to Moore's law, Office 2007 performed the same task at half the speed on a prototypical year 2007 computer as compared to Office 2000 on a year 2000 computer. Library expansion – was calculated in 1945 by Fremont Rider to double in capacity every 16 years, if sufficient space were made available. He advocated replacing bulky, decaying printed works with miniaturized microform analog photographs, which could be duplicated on-demand for library patrons or other institutions. He did not foresee the digital technology that would follow decades later to replace analog microform with digital imaging, storage, and transmission media. Automated, potentially lossless digital technologies allowed vast increases in the rapidity of information growth in an era that now sometimes is called an Information Age. Carlson Curve – is a term coined by The Economist to describe the biotechnological equivalent of Moore's law, and is named after author Rob Carlson. Carlson accurately predicted that the doubling time of DNA sequencing technologies (measured by cost and performance) would be at least as fast as Moore's law. Carlson Curves illustrate the rapid (in some cases hyperexponential) decreases in cost, and increases in performance, of a variety of technologies, including DNA sequencing, DNA synthesis, and a range of physical and computational tools used in protein expression and in determining protein structures. Eroom's Law – is a pharmaceutical drug development observation which was deliberately written as Moore's Law spelled backwards in order to contrast it with the exponential advancements of other forms of technology (such as transistors) over time. It states that the cost of developing a new drug roughly doubles every nine years.	<urn:uuid:503887ee-c830-40a5-ba4d-0a276230e89c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.026124536991119385, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.947773814201355, "url": "https://www.everipedia.com/Moore%2527s_law/" }
Melting Styrofoam with Nail Polish Remover: the Separation of Polymers based on 28 ratings Author: Danielle Abadam Grade Level: 3rd to 8th; Type: Chemistry This experiment demonstrates the separation of polymers by melting Styrofoam cups with nail polish remover. Research Questions: • Why does acetone melt the cup, but water or soda does not? • What is this reaction called? • Acetone (nail polish remover) • Styrofoam cups • Metal bowl or pot Experimental Procedure: 1. WARNING: Please follow the manufacturer's warnings on the container of acetone. Only adults should use acetone. The solvent is very flammable and harmful if inhaled, so conduct this experiment outside! 2. Pour ½ cup of acetone into the bowl. 3. Slowly lower a Styrofoam cup into the acetone. Observe the reaction between the acetone and the Styrofoam. 4. See what happens when you put more than one cup into the acetone at the same time. Terms/Concepts: polymers, monomers, chemical reactions References: Polymers and Monomers: Add your own comment	<urn:uuid:39b450f3-3bb8-4645-80d0-d66583744394>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.9375, "fasttext_score": 0.3474270701408386, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8476881980895996, "url": "http://www.education.com/science-fair/article/styrofoam-nail-polish-remover-separation-polymers/?coliid=1136754" }
The definition of generosity is the quality of being willing to share. An example of generosity is always donating extra food and supplies to shelters. See generosity in Webster's New World College Dictionary 1. the quality of being generous; specif., 1. nobility of mind; magnanimity 2. willingness to give or share; unselfishness 2. pl. generosities a generous act Origin: ME generosite < L generositas < generosus See generosity in American Heritage Dictionary 4 noun pl. gen·er·os·i·ties 1. Liberality in giving or willingness to give: a scholarship funded by the generosity of anonymous donors. 2. Nobility of thought or behavior; magnanimity. 3. Amplitude; abundance. 4. A generous act. Origin: Middle English generosite Origin: , from Old French Origin: , from Latin generōsitās Origin: , from generōsus, generous; see generous Learn more about generosity link/cite print suggestion box	<urn:uuid:21aa22fb-9ee5-4fd4-8cd6-20f403bfd5bf>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.10491812229156494, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.730776309967041, "url": "http://www.yourdictionary.com/generosity" }
Main Page \| See live article \| Alphabetical index Commutative diagram In mathematics, especially the many applications of category theory, a commutative diagram is a diagram of objects and morphisms such that, when picking two objects, one can follow any path through the diagram and obtain the same result by composition. For example, the first isomorphism theorem is a commutative triangle as follows: Since f = h o φ, the left diagram is commutative; and since φ = k o f, so is the right diagram. Similarly, the square above is commutative if y o w = z o x.	<urn:uuid:84d0b01a-a55a-4d6a-b567-a01dcf5a5d99>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.07306540012359619, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8838093280792236, "url": "http://www.fact-index.com/c/co/commutative_diagram.html" }
biology daily - the biology and biochemistry encyclopedia Cable car (railway) A San Francisco cable car A San Francisco cable car A cable car or cable railway is a mass transit system using rail track mounted cars that are propelled by a continuously moving cable running at a constant speed. Individual cars stop and start by releasing and gripping this cable as required. Cable cars are sometimes confused with funiculars, where the cars are permanently attached to the cable. The cable is itself powered by a stationary motor or engine situated in a cable house or power house. The speed at which it moves is relatively constant, although somewhat influenced by the current load. The cable car begins moving when a clamping device, called a grip, is connected to the moving cable. Conversely the car is stopped by detaching it from the cable, and then applying brakes. This gripping and ungripping action may be manual, as was the case in all early cable car systems, or automatic, as is the case in some recent cable operated people mover type systems. Gripping must be an even and gradual process in order to avoid bringing the car to cable speed too quickly and unacceptably jarring the passengers. In the case of manual systems, the grip resembles a very large pair of pliers, and considerable strength and skill are required to operate the car. As many early cable car operators discovered the hard way, if the grip is not applied properly, it might damage the cable, or even worse, become entangled in the cable. In the latter case, the cable car may not be able to stop and can wreak havoc along its route until the cable house realizes what is going on and halts the movement of the cable. One claimed advantage of the cable car is its relative energy efficiency, because of the economy of centrally located power stations, and the ability for cars going down hill to transfer energy to cars going up. However this advantage is not unique to cable cars, as electric cars fitted with regenerative braking offer the same advantages, and in any case they must be offset against the cost of moving the cable. Though there may have been earlier attempts to pull cars by endless ropes, the first cable car installation in operation was the West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway in New York, which ran from July 1 1868 to 1870. The cable technology used in this elevated railway involved collar-equipped cables together with claw-equipped cars, and proved cumbersome. The line was closed, rebuilt and reopened with steam locomotives. Machinery driving the San Francisco Cable Car Machinery driving the San Francisco Cable Car The first cable cars to use grips were those of the Clay Street Hill Railroad which later became part of the San Francisco cable car system in San Francisco. This building of this line was promoted by Andrew Smith Hallidie with design work by William Eppelsheimer, and it was first tested in 1873. The success of these grips ensured that this line became the model for other cable car transit systems, and this model is often known as the Hallidie Cable Car. Cable cars rapidly spread to other cities, although the major attraction for most was the ability to displace horse-drawn (or other animal-drawn) systems rather than the ability to climb hills. Many people at the time viewed horse-drawn transit as unnecessarily cruel, and the fact that a typical horse could work only 4 or 5 hours per day necessitated the maintenance of large stables of draft animals that had to be fed (typically ~30 lbs. (~14 kg) of feed each day), housed, groomed, medicated and rested. Thus for a period economics worked in favour of cable cars even in relatively flat cities. In 1883 the New York and Brooklyn Bridge Railway was opened, which had a most curious feature: Though it was a cable car system, it used steam locomotives to get the cars into and out of the terminals. After 1896 the system changed to one where a motor car was added to each train to manoeuvre at the terminals, while on route the trains were still propelled by the cable. On September 25 1883 a test of a cable car system was held by Liverpool United in Kirkdale. This was the first cable car system in Europe, but Liverpool United decided against implementing it. Other cable car systems were implemented in Europe, though, among which was the Glasgow District Subway, the first underground cable car system in 1896. (London's first deep-level tube railway, the City & South London Railway, had earlier also been built for cable haulage but had been converted to electric traction before opening in 1890.) A few more cable car systems were built in the United Kingdom, Portugal and France, but European cities, having much more curves in their streets, were less suitable for cable cars than American cities. Though some new cable car systems were still being built, by 1890 the cheaper to construct and simpler to operate electrically-powered trolley started to become the norm, and eventually started to replace existing cable car systems. For a while hybrid cable/electric systems operated, for example in Chicago where electric cars had to be pulled by grip cars through the loop area, due to the lack of trolley wires there. Eventually, San Francisco would become the only street operating manually operated system to survive, whilst Dunedin, the second city with such cars, would also prove to be the second last city to operate them, closing down in 1957. In the last decades of the 20th century cable cars have known a limited revival as automatic People movers. They are completely computer controlled and can be switched easily from one continuous loop to another. They are normally used in resort areas, airports and huge hospital centers. The biggest manufacturer is Poma-Otis, a company formed by the merger of the cable car interests of the POMA ski lift company and the Otis elevator company. In a certain way, they can be considered as horizontal elevators. Most of these cable car systems operate above ground on supported guide ways, but some have sections that go underground. Relation to Funiculars A cable car is superficially very similar to a funicular but differs from such a system in that it cars are not permanently attached to the cable and can stop independently, whereas a funicular has cars that are permanently attached to the propulsion cable, which is itself stopped and started. A cable car can not climb as steep a grade as a funicular, but many more cars can be operated with a single cable, making it more flexible, and allowing a higher capacity. During the rush hour on San Francisco's Market Street Railway a car would leave the terminal every fifteen seconds. A hybrid cable car/funicular line once existed in the form of the Wellington Cable Car , situated in the New Zealand city of Wellington. This line had both a continuous loop haulage cable which the cars gripped using a cable car gripper, and a balance cable permanently attached to both cars over an undriven pulley at the top of the line. The descending car gripped the haulage cable and was pulled downhill, in turn pulling the ascending car (which remained ungripped) uphill by the balance cable. This line was rebuilt in 1979, and is now a standard funicular, although confusingly it retains its old cable car name. Cities currently operating cable cars • Laon, France has a completely automatic Poma-Otis cable car system, called Poma 2000 • San Francisco, California is well known for the San Francisco cable car system and is now the city which has the oldest and biggest cable car system in permanent operation. It uses a modified version of the Halladie system, with most later improvements added to it. Cities previously operating cable cars New Zealand United Kingdom United States Cable cars running on , , 1897 Cable cars running on Broadway, New York City, 1897 See also External links 07-14-2008 23:18:10	<urn:uuid:4fd69f25-5fd0-4871-9937-848b8280ccdc>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.3655533790588379, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9704126119613647, "url": "http://www.biologydaily.com/biology/Cable_car_(railway)" }
5th Grade, Research and Inquiry Activities 1. Connect to this link: http://www.npca.org/marine_and_coastal/marine_wildlife/. 2. Choose and click on one of the following in the left menu bar: Blue Whale, Humpback Whale, or Killer Whale. 3. Read the information and take notes. 4. With your group members, work together to draw a poster of the whale you chose that includes facts and information about the whale. Be sure to include some similarities and differences your whale has to the other two whales. 5. After you finish the poster, share it with the class and explain what you found out about whales. For more information about different kinds of whales, go to http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/index.html.	<urn:uuid:f7736d4b-1c95-4d4f-9b28-aa33f421d2b4>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.03125, "fasttext_score": 0.45367270708084106, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8780286312103271, "url": "http://treasures.macmillanmh.com/nationa/teachers/activities/grade5/book1/unit5/the-gri-gri-tree/whales" }
ILR 261127 Llamas are members of the camel (camelid) family , which includes llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicunas. Their scientific name is Lama glama (Linnaeus, 1758). They are descendants of the wild Andean guanaco, and were domesticated between 7,000 and 6,000 years ago. The name lama is a Quechua Indian word. When spelled with one L the term lama refers to all four South American camelids. Llamas live about 15-25 years and can weigh from 250-500 plus pounds. They stand from 40-48 inches at the withers, and 5 to over 6 feet at the head. Their fiber ranges in color from white to black, with shades of grey, beige, brown, and red in between, and they may be solid, spotted, or marked with various patterns. Llamas are generally described as short, medium, or heavy wool, depending on the amount of wool on the head, neck, and legs. Llamas have been used for centuries in South America for pack animals; as a source of wool for clothing, rugs, and blankets; and for meat. Their fiber is warm and soft and contains no lanolin. In North America they are used for breeding and show stock, pack animals, driving animals, wool production, therapy and companion animals, community animals, sheep guards and predator control, golf caddies, and pets. Their manure is also an excellent garden soil additive. Llamas are intelligent, extremely curious, and usually easy to train. They will quickly learn many behaviors, such as accepting a halter, being led, loading in and out of a vehicle, pulling a cart, or carrying a pack. They are very sure-footed, and make excellent pack animals; depending on training and condition, they can carry 50-100 pounds. They are not usually ridden, although children under 60 pounds have been known to ride a llama using a pony saddle. Instead of hooves, each llama foot has two curved nails and a leathery pad on the bottom. Llamas are a modified ruminant with a three-chambered stomach. They chew a cud like cattle and sheep. They have a relatively low protein requirement , and will both graze and browse. Three to five adults can be grazed on a good one acre pasture. Adults consume 2-4% of their body weight in dry matter per day. They should have access to good quality hay or fresh pasture, clean water, and a free feed mineral supplement or salt block (with extra selenium where needed) at all times. Llamas do not usually bloat, but overfeeding should be avoided. Llamas are among the easiest of large domesticated mammals to keep. Their pasture can be fenced with woven wire, wire cattle panels, wooden rails, or electric fencing. Barbed wire is not recommended. Fencing should be secure enough to keep out stray dogs or coyotes. Either a three-sided structure or an enclosed barn should be provided against wind, rain, and extreme heat or cold. In very hot or humid climates a sprinkler or wading pool may be necessary. Regular shearing will help to combat heat stress as well as providing a source of fiber for spinning and knitting. During periods of severe cold older or weaker animals and very young crias may benefit from a fitted blanket. The manure of llamas resembles deer pellets, and is usually deposited in one or more established communal dung heaps. Llamas are generally very clean; even large herds do not create appreciable odor problems. Llamas are generally hardy, healthy, and remarkably disease-free. They should be dewormed regularly and vaccinated annually against enterotoxemia, tetanus, leptospirosis, and various types of internal and external parasites. Their toenails will need to be trimmed at least once or twice a year. Males develop three pairs of sharp curved fighting teeth, which should be removed to prevent injury to other animals. Always consult a knowledgeable camelid veterinarian for treatment of any unique circumstances or conditions. Llamas are highly social animals, and need the companionship of others to feel comfortable. For this reason, they should always be kept in groups of two or more. Independent yet shy, llamas are gentle and curious, affectionate with their young and playful with each other. They are stoics, and do not display pain quickly. Llamas are generally very quiet, but communicate with a series of body, ear, and tail postures, a shrill alarm call, and a variety of humming noises. Llamas do spit, but usually only at each other. Spitting is normally used among llamas to establish pecking order at mealtimes, defend personal space, ward off an annoying threat, divert an unwelcome suitor, or discipline an unruly youngster. However, a llama that feels threatened by a specific human behavior may also spit at that particular behavior. Llamas are induced ovulators. They do not have a heat cycle, and can be bred at any time of the year. For this reason, males should be pastured separately from females to prevent unwanted breedings. Depending on size and development, llama females may be bred at 24-36 months. Males may be fertile at 9-12 months, but do not become dependable breeders until approximately three years of age. The average llama gestation period is 350-365 days. A single baby (cria) is normally delivered without assistance . First time mothers frequently give birth in the early evening, while more experienced mothers tend to deliver in the morning. Twinning rarely occurs. Newborn llamas generally weigh between 20 and 35 pounds. Unlike other mammals, llamas do not lick their newborn or eat the afterbirth. Crias are normally up and nursing within 90 minutes and are weaned at 6 months. Information adapted from ILR Educational Brochure #3, 2004 Site Map	<urn:uuid:fd8d5de4-e2fb-4895-bf88-bef32f17624d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.90625, "fasttext_score": 0.10930633544921875, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9153687953948975, "url": "http://peartreellamas.com/peartreellamas-llama_facts_4.html" }
Register New Player - Log In Fun Trivia: S : Specific Math Topics Special Sub-Topic: Similarity of Triangles All congruent triangles are similar, but all similar triangles are not congruent. True. To define similarity simply, it is a case in which all the corresponding angles of two or more triangles are equal, but their sides are not necessarily equal. Congruent triangles are triangles which are identical in every way. As such, all congruent triangles are similar, but all similar triangles are not congruent. In a triangle ABC, a line is drawn parallel to BC, which cuts AB at D and AC at E. The ratio of AD:AB is equal to 3:5. What is the ratio of DE:BC? 3:5. Triangle ADE was similar to triangle ABC. A striking property of similar triangles is that the ratio of all their corresponding sides are equal. For example, if triangle ABC is similar to triangle PQR, then:- AB:PQ = AC:PR = BC:QR What is the sign which denotes similarity? ~. ABC ~ PQR means that triangle ABC is similar to triangle PQR. In a triangle XYZ, a line 'PQ' is drawn parallel to YZ, cutting XY at P and XZ at Q. The ratio of XP:XY is 2:3. What is the ratio XQ:QZ? 2:1. In order to evaluate this answer, you had to use the Basic Proportionality Theorem, which states, "If a line is drawn parallel to a side of a triangle, it divides the other two sides in proportion." For example, in the above-mentioned case, XP:PY = XQ:QZ. Therefore, since the ratio XP:XY was given, you were required to find out the ratio of XP:PY. --------------------------------------------------------------------- XP:XY = 2:3 Let XP = 2x and XY be 3x. PY = XY - XP = 3x - 2x = x. Therefore, XP:PY = 2x:x = 2:1 But XP:PY = XQ:QZ Therefore, XQ:QZ = 2:1 --------------------------------------------------------------------- This was why I advised you to draw diagrams. If a line divides two sides of a triangle in proportion, then it is parallel to the third side. True. What I just stated is the converse of the Basic Proportionality Theorem. --------------------------------------------------------------------- In ABC, DE is a line which cuts AB at D and AC at E. AD:DB = AE:EC. Therefore, DE is parallel to the third side of ABC, namely BC. --------------------------------------------------------------------- The Midpoint Theorem states: "A line joining the midpoints of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and equal to half the length of the third side." So, riddle me this: What is the converse of the Midpoint Theorem? "If a line passes through the midpoint of one side of a triangle and is parallel to a second side, the given line bisects the third side.". Since I have given you the theorem and its converse, use it to solve any subsequent numerical based on them. Now, I know this is a quiz on Similarity, but I've included the Midpoint and Basic Proportionality Theorems because: 1) The Midpoint Theorem is a special case of similarity. If a line DE passes through the midpoints of the sides AB and AC of a triangle ABC, then triangle ADE automatically become similar to triangle ABC. 2) The Basic Proportionality Theorem is a consequence of similarity. It cannot be proven without similarity. Enough about sides. Let's talk areas. You have been given two similar triangles, MNO and DEF. You have to find out the ratios of their areas. Which of the following formulae can be used to find out the ratio of the areas of the given triangles. The ratio of the areas of the triangles is equal to the square of the corresponding sides. Let me explain a bit more illustratively. [Note: 'Ao' means 'Area of' and '^2' means 'squared'.) --------------------------------------------------------------------- In triangles MNO and DEF:- MN and DE are corresponding sides, MP and DG are corresponding altitudes, and MQ and DH are corresponding medians of triangles MNO and DEF respectively. Ao MNO: Ao DEF = (MN:DE)^2 = (MP:DG)^2 = (MQ:DH)^2 --------------------------------------------------------------------- I'd give you the proof which shows you how to arrive to this conclusion, but it's really long and tedious. All equilateral triangles are similar. True. Each angle of a an equilateral triangle is sixty degrees. Hence, the whole lot of them are similar. A given triangle ABC is isosceles. Angle B and angle C are the base angles. From B, a perpendicular 'BD' is drawn to cut AC at point D. From C, a perpendicular 'CE' is drawn to cut AB at point E. State which of the following pairs of triangles are similar. BDC ~ CEB. It becomes much simpler if you draw a diagram like I told you to. --------------------------------------------------------------------- In triangles BDC and CEB: Angle CEB = Angle BDC = 90 degrees Angle DCB = Angle EBC [As base angles of isosceles triangle ABC are equal] The third pair of angles are also equal, due to the hypothesis that the sum of all the angles of a triangle is equal to 180 degrees. ABC and PQR are two triangles. If the ratios of all the corresponding sides of the triangles are equal, then ABC ~ PQR. True. This is known as the S.S.S test of similarity. --------------------------------------------------------------------- AB:PQ = AC:PR = BC:QR Therefore, ABC ~ PQR. --------------------------------------------------------------------- • Send the author a thank you or compliment • Submit a correction	<urn:uuid:bb313624-3d7b-4e53-979e-f5a5de5c3d8c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.03125, "fasttext_score": 0.9873962998390198, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9019384980201721, "url": "http://www.funtrivia.com/en/subtopics/Similarity-of-Triangles-251808.html" }
Select Page Behind Schrödinger’s Cat Paradox Behind Schrödinger’s Cat Paradox “His cat paradox thought experiment has become a pop-culture staple, but it was Erwin Schrödinger’s work in quantum mechanics that cemented his status within the world of physics”. Description: 70284.ngsversion.1422284452191.adapt.1900.1.jpg What did Schrodinger’s Cat experiment prove? “Schrodinger’s Cat” was not a genuine investigation and thusly didn’t deductively demonstrate anything. Schrodinger’s Cat isn’t a piece of any logical hypothesis. Schrodinger’s Cat was just an instructing device that Schrodinger used to represent how a few people were confounding quantum hypothesis. Schrodinger built his nonexistent test with the feline to exhibit that basic misinterpretations of quantum hypothesis can prompt ludicrous outcomes which don’t coordinate this present reality. Tragically, numerous popularizers of science in our day have grasped the ludicrousness of Schrodinger’s Cat and guarantee this is the way the world truly works. In quantum hypothesis, quantum particles can exist in a superposition of states simultaneously and breakdown down to a solitary state upon collaboration with different particles. A few researchers at the time that quantum hypothesis was being created (1930’s) floated from science into the domain of reasoning and expressed that quantum particles possibly breakdown to a solitary state when seen by a cognizant eyewitness. Schrodinger discovered this idea crazy and contrived his psychological test to make plain the ludicrous yet consistent result of such cases. Description: schrodingers-cat.jpg A cat is put in a steel box alongside a Geiger counter, a vial of toxin, a hammer, and a radioactive substance. At the point when the radioactive substance decays, the Geiger recognizes it and triggers the hammer to discharge the toxin, which along these lines murders the cat. The radioactive decay is an irregular procedure, and it is highly unlikely to anticipate when it will occur. Physicists state the atom exists in a state known as a superposition—both decayed and not decayed simultaneously. Until the container is opened, an onlooker doesn’t know whether the cat is alive or dead—in light of the fact that the cat’s destiny is characteristically attached to whether the atom has decayed and the cat would, as Schrödinger put it, be “living and dead … in equivalent parts” until it is watched. (More material science: The Physics of Waterslides.) As it were until the case was opened, the cat’s state is totally obscure and thusly, the cat is viewed as both alive and dead simultaneously until it is watched. “In the event that you put the cat in the case, and if it is extremely unlikely of saying what the cat is doing, you need to regard it as though it’s doing the entirety of the potential things—being living and dead—simultaneously,” clarifies Eric Martell, a partner educator of material science and stargazing at Millikin University. “In the event that you attempt to cause forecasts and you to accept you know the status of the cat, you’re [probably] going to not be right. In the event that, then again, you accept that it’s in a blend of the entirety of the potential expresses that it tends to be, you’ll be right.” Promptly after taking a gander at the cat, an onlooker would quickly know whether the cat was alive or dead and the “superposition” of the cat—the possibility that it was in the two states—would crumple into either the information that “the cat is alive” or “the cat is dead,” yet not both. Schrödinger built up the paradox, says Martell, to delineate a point in quantum mechanics about the idea of wave particles. Einstein saw a similar issue with the onlooker driven thought and praised Schrodinger for his sharp representation, saying, “this translation is, in any case, disproved, most exquisitely by your arrangement of radioactive iota + Geiger counter + intensifier + charge of black powder + cat in a case, in which the psi-capacity of the framework contains the cat both alive and blown to pieces. Is the condition of the cat to be made just when a physicist researches the circumstance at some positive time?” In synopsis, quantum state breakdown isn’t driven just by cognizant eyewitnesses, and “Schrodinger’s Cat” was only an instructing apparatus developed to attempt to make this reality progressively clear by decreasing the onlooker driven thought to ludicrousness. Lamentably, numerous well-known science essayists in our day keep on spreading the confusion that a quantum state (and thusly reality itself) is dictated by cognizant onlookers. They utilize this wrong case as a springboard into unsubstantial and non-logical conversations about the idea of the real world, awareness, and even Eastern magic. To them, “Schrodinger’s Cat” isn’t a humiliating sign that their cases aren’t right, yet confirmed that the world is as ludicrous as they guarantee. Such writers either misconstrue Schrodinger’s Cat or intentionally bend it to sell books. Checkout more such content at: About The Author Gaurav Chauhan Leave a Reply Recent Comments error: Content is protected !! Subscribe To Our Newsletter You have Successfully Subscribed! Pin It on Pinterest Share This	<urn:uuid:4884c3aa-3783-49aa-b0f7-e03616b0e33e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.09353774785995483, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9295040965080261, "url": "https://gogomagazine.in/behind-schrodingers-cat-paradox/" }
What is Whiteface? This is an image on a t-shirt I purchased at a Walmart store. It is supposed to be a picture of Frida Kahlo. Born Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón in 1907 to a German Father and a Mexican mother, Kahlo was a Mexican painter known for her surreal and biographical self-portraits, her intense and tumultuous marriage to Mexican artist Diego Rivera, her contribution to the creation of a Mexicanidad nationalism, and her active role in the Mexican Communist Party. In 1954, on July 12th, ten days after she demonstrated in Mexico City against the U.S. invasion of Guatemala, Frida Kahlo died. Kahlo has attracted modern and popular interest to the extent that the term Fridamania has been coined to describe the phenomenon. She is considered one of the most instantly recognizable artists. Her face is re-created with the same regularity as the images of Che Guevara and Mona Lisa. Her life and art have inspired a variety of merchandise, and her distinctive look has been appropriated by the fashion world and Hollywood. What is most reprehensible about this t-shirt, is not the commercialization of her image.* Rather it is the gross negligence that is done to her — making her look white, or as I call it: Whiteface. Will the real Frida Kahlo please stand up? Why couldn’t they use a real or accurate image? Whiteface (my def): the process of removing innate or natural facial characteristics: skin color; nose, lip, and eye shape; and/or hair color and texture, to change the appearance of a person who is not-white to make that person look as if they have Western European ancestry. The purpose of Whiteface is to make that person more desirable and palatable to a white viewer or market. The value of Whiteface is being perceived as being white. Whiteface is not is opposition to Blackface. Whiteface is dependent upon Blackface. Blackface (def). is the displaying of a caricature of Blackness or of being Black using racial stereotypes that diminish, demean, and devalue their humanity for the enjoyment of white viewers. Historical Examples of Blackface: In 1926, the NAACP’s Crisis Magazine launched a symposium called “The Negro in Art: How Shall He Be Portrayed?” As editor of the magazine, W.E.B. DuBois’ primary concern was the representation of Black Americans. DuBois had reason to be concerned. Historical memory was being constructed, documented and preserved by images of enslavement and colonial conquest. These past constructions of racial identities continue to control modern constructions of racial identities. Modern Day Examples of Blackface: Whiteface is dependent on Blackface because whiteness does not exist without Blackness. White features and white bodies have been juxtaposed against Black features and Black bodies since the founding of this nation. Whether in the name of science via anthropological studies or the displaying of Black bodies in cages at world fairs. What has always been consistent is that because there is nothing biological about whiteness, it ends up being defined in contrast to Blackness. Whiteness and Blackness are defined and thus perceived as contrasts, and more importantly, as difference. Relationships of difference are dichotomous, either/or categorizations, in which terms gain meaning only in relation to one and at the exclusion of one another. Difference is often defined in uneven, hierarchical, and oppositional terms with the first being being seen as superior to the second: white/Black; male/female; culture/nature; fact/fiction. Race theorist bell hooks argues that such thinking is the “central ideological component of all systems of domination in Western society.” Historically, Whiteface can be understood as “racial passing”. Racial passing occurs when a person classified as a member of one racial group is accepted or “passes” as a member of another racial group. The purpose of racial passing is to gain access to that group’s political, social, religious, or economic power. During enslavement and Jim Crow, racial passing often occurred when a person of color presented themselves as white to escape the legal and social conventions of racial violence, segregation and discrimination. Passing in the 21st controversial. It is often seen as a rejection of one’s racial identity, culture, history, and/or family. However, modern-day Whiteface is a different animal. Whiteface is not about rejecting a racial identity. Whiteface is about erasing parts of a racial identity to be seen as more desirable, more attractive, and more accepting to a white viewer, audience, or market. Some famous examples include: Michael Jackson, Jennifer Lopez, Sammy Sosa, Lil Kim and Nicki Minaj. The desire to Whiteface is not just a phenomenon of Hollywood. The desire to be seen as white or close to being white is a way of being marketable and being desirable. Colonial history is present day experience. Dissociating, assimilating, etc., allow for Black and Brown people to enter into public and private spaces that are not welcoming. Social and economic mobility are dependent upon one’s appearance. What is considered professional dress, hair, and clothing are not impartial or natural. Professional dress, hair, and clothing are defined by corporate, capitalist, and white-Western European standards. “It’s all for African Americans to fit into the workplace. Today, an African American trying to get a job is faced with the dilemma of do I straighten my hair for the interview to get the job? Why is my natural hair not considered professional?” Wisconsin state Rep. LaKeshia Myers The desire to Whiteface created a market for products that erase one’s natural or biological physical characteristics. Products and procedures which are still popular in the 21st Century include hair straighteners, skin-bleaching creams, and cosmetic dentistry to “repair” the natural gap between two front teeth. The danger of Whiteface is that it is the mirrored and yet, oppositional reflection of Blackface. Blackface is Whiteface’s shadow. Blackface created the myth that Black bodies/African-Americans are not intelligent or civilized, and thus undesirable and even dangerous. It is a historical fiction that still carries weight. Whiteface sits on that history. Whiteface relies on that history. Whiteface duplicates that historically constructed message. The power of Whiteface is real. This is not just about an aesthetic. There are economic, political, social, and cultural benefits to looking white or close to white. Would Obama Barack have won the presidency had he been a dark-skinned Black man sporting an Afro and wearing a dashiki? That is not a statement that questions Obama’s Blackness. It is a statement of what kind of Blackness white-American’s accept. Which leads me back to the alleged Frida Kahlo t-shirt. Kahlo was a Mexican, a Marxist, a revolutionary, and an artist. To separate her image from her politics is what capitalist and corporate white-America does best: ignore history and reduce revolutionary images into products to sell. Ultimately, diminishing, and minimizing any revolution. What is most offensive about this t-shirt is that instead of celebrating Frida Kahlo’s signature looks: her fierce hair part; her uni-eyebrow, and her square jaw; they eliminated those exact same features. They made her look white. Whiteface. * I will leave it to Kahlo’s biographers to determine if her Marxist ideology would leave her disgusted by the creation of the Frida Kahlo Corporation which owns the trademark rights to her name to make profits or; if her desire for artistic and critical acclaim would leave her amused by all the attention. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s	<urn:uuid:cac75e05-2994-4401-9034-ed54bb33b909>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.75, "fasttext_score": 0.15125536918640137, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9267492294311523, "url": "https://iiswhite.com/2020/08/31/what-is-whiteface/" }
Na Pua Keiki After a two day delay on our learning voyage due to broken water pipes we began on our inquiry journey. We picked this particular topic because many of our students have shown an interest in map making. As with any inquiry project it is student centered and leads off with questions to see what they know about a particular topic. The following are questions and answers that we started with: Question 1: What is navigating? Answers: Going around, something you use, planet going around the sun, thinking, adventures, going on a rocket ship, asking questions, discovering something, sailing on a boat, when you go somewhere, and when you at one place and going to another. Question 2: What ways do we navigate? Answers: Walk, car, on water, on the grass or sand, moon, outer space, a canoe on the ocean, a truck on the road, airplanes roll a little bit and then go up in the sky, and wheels. Question 3: What tools do we need to navigate? Answers: Map, compass, steering wheel, water, telescope, sun, legs, a compass, binoculars, boats, your legs, your brains, and your eyes. We then spent some time looking at areas we navigate in such as air, space, water, and land while sorting the different transportation vehicles used for travel. As with all our inquiry projects, they take as long as we hold the students interest. Even though our voyage was delayed we anticipate this voyage to be extended for quite sometime. Stay tuned next week to see where we navigate next!	<urn:uuid:acdeebd6-a1a7-4b6a-950f-5b4696b4ce31>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.2995678782463074, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.940369725227356, "url": "https://www.ischool.org/news-detail?pk=1160236&fromId=230363" }
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 English Chapter 1 - A Letter to God Updated NCERT Textbook Solutions Coming Soon! Page / Exercise Chapter 1 - A Letter to God Exercise 5 Solution 1 Lencho hoped for rains as his field of ripe corn needed a shower in immediate effect for better growth. Solution 2 Lencho's crops were ready for harvest. All it needed was a good downpour before harvesting. These fully grown crops could be sold in the market for good money. That is why he compared the raindrops to 'new coins'. The big drops were as good as receiving ten cent pieces and the little ones five. Solution 3 The rain was pouring down and Lencho was satisfied. But suddenly, a strong wind began to blow and very large hailstones began to fall along with the rain. The hail rained on the valley for an hour, because of which Lencho's fields were destroyed. There was not a single leaf left on the trees and the flowers were gone from the plants. The corn was completely destroyed. Solution 4 When the hail stopped, Lencho's soul was filled with sadness. He looked around at his fields and said that even a plague of locusts would have left more than what was left after the hailstorm. He said that they would have no corn that year and they would go hungry. He was full of sorrow. Chapter 1 - A Letter to God Exercise 6 Solution 1 Lencho and his entire family had faith in God. His only hope was that God would help him. He had been instructed that God's eyes saw everything, even what is deep in one's conscience. Therefore, he wrote a letter to God expressing his need for a hundred pesos so that he could sow his field again and live until the crop grew again. He then put the letter in an envelope, addressed the envelope to God, placed a stamp on it and dropped it in the mail box. Solution 2 When the postman saw that the letter was addressed to God, he laughed and took the letter to the postmaster, who then read it. Solution 3 When the postmaster first saw the letter he broke out laughing but a few minutes later turned serious and admired the faith the man had in God. In order to keep the writer's faith in God alive, the postmaster decided to answer the letter. When he read that Lencho needed hundred pesos, he asked for money from his employees. He himself gave a part of his salary. He could not gather the entire amount, but managed to send Lencho a little more than half the amount. He put the money in an envelope addressed to Lencho and signed it 'God' Chapter 1 - A Letter to God Exercise 7 Solution 1. No, Lencho was not at all surprised to see the letter from God with money inside it. His confidence and faith in God was such that he had expected that reply from God. Solution 1 Lencho had complete faith in God. The sentences in the story that show this are as follows: (i) But in the hearts of all who lived in that solitary house in the middle of the valley, there was a single hope: help from God. (ii) All through the night, Lencho thought only of his one hope: the help of God, whose eyes, as he had been instructed, see everything, even what is deep in one's conscience. (iii) "God," he wrote, "if you don't help me, my family and I will go hungry this year". (iv) He wrote 'To God' on the envelope, put the letter inside and, still troubled, went to town. (v) God could not have made a mistake, nor could he have denied Lencho what he had requested. (vi) It said: "God: of the money that I asked for, only seventy pesos reached me. Send me the rest, since I need it very much". Solution 2. Lencho got angry when he counted the money. There were only seventy pesos in the envelope. He was confident that God could neither make a mistake nor deny him what he had requested. Therefore, he concluded that the post office employees must have taken the remaining thirty pesos. Solution 2 The postmaster sent money to Lencho in order to keep Lencho's faith in God alive. He turned serious when he read Lencho's letter and wished he had the same faith in God. Even after he saw that Lencho had requested for money, he stuck to his resolution of answering the letter. He gathered as much money as he could and sent it to Lencho. He signed it 'God' to ensure that Lencho's faith was not shaken. Solution 3 No, Lencho did not try to find out who had sent the money to him. This is because he had great confidence in God and never suspected that it could be someone else other than God who would send him the money. His faith in God was so strong that he believed that God had sent him the money. Solution 4 Lencho thought that the post office employees had taken the rest of the money. The irony of the situation was that the postmaster and the employees whom he called a "bunch of crooks" and suspected of taking some of the money were the same people who had contributed and sent him the money in the first place. Chapter 1 - A Letter to God Exercise 8 Solution I 1. Cyclone 2. Gale 3. Typhoon 4. Tornado 5. Hurricane 6. Whirlwind Solution 5 There might be a few people like Lencho in the real world. He is an unquestioning, naive kind of a person. Solution 6 The conflict between humans and nature is illustrated by the destruction of Lencho's crops by the hailstorm. Lencho had worked really hard on his fields and the harvest was really important for him. He required the money to feed his family.For this he required nature-in the form of the rain! However, nature turned violent. The rains arrived but were accompanied by a hailstorm, which destroyed the crops. The story also illustrates another conflict, between humans themselves. The postmaster, along with the help of the other post office employees, sent Lencho the money that they could manage to collect. They were not related to Lencho in any manner. It was an act of kindness and selflessness on their part. Even though they did a good deed, Lencho blamed them for taking away some amount of money. He called them "a bunch of crooks". This shows that man does not have faith in his fellow humans, thereby giving rise to this conflict. Chapter 1 - A Letter to God Exercise 9 Solution 2 Ncert Solutions Cbse Class 10 English Chapter - A Letter To God Solution 3 1. I often go to Mumbai, which is the commercial capital of India. 2. My mother, who cooks very well, is going to host a TV show on cooking. 3. These sportspersons, whose performance has been excellent, are going to meet the President 4. Lencho prayed to God, whose eyes see into our minds. 5. This man, whom I trusted, cheated me. Chapter 1 - A Letter to God Exercise 10 Solution 4 1. The trees lost all their leaves. Not a leaf remained on the trees. 2. The letter was addressed to God himself. It was nothing less than a letter to God. 3. The postman saw this address for the first time in his career. Never in his career as a postman had he known that address. Chapter 1 - A Letter to God Exercise 11 Solution 5 Quality or Feature Compared Huge mountains of The mass or `hugeness’ of mountains New coins. A curtain of rain The size and value of new coins-ten cent pieces and fives. The draping or covering of an area by a curtain The frozen pearls The resemblance in colour and hardness of a pearl A plague of locusts The consequences (destruction) caused by locusts A plague of locusts An epidemic (a disease) that spreads very rapidly and leaves many people dead An ox of a man The working of an ox in the fields (hard work)	<urn:uuid:1a2214d8-294c-4d59-b0cc-9274f883e7a1>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.0502549409866333, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9840334057807922, "url": "https://www.topperlearning.com/ncert-solutions/cbse-class-10-english/first-flight/a-letter-to-god" }
watercraft: buoyancy, why ships stay upright The weight of a ship acts through the ship's center of gravity (G). It is counteracted by buoyancy--the force of displaced water--which acts upward through a center of buoyancy (B). When a ship is upright (left), the forces are in direct opposition. When the ship heels (right), B shifts to the low side. Buoyancy then acts through the metacenter (M), a point on the ship's centerline above G. © Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.	<urn:uuid:335f1c83-30ca-4cdd-87ff-3d873b4c8c7b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.875, "fasttext_score": 0.703750491142273, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9016414880752563, "url": "https://kids.britannica.com/students/assembly/view/53972" }
iroquois achievements Since the times of the Spanish explorers, American Indian medicines have been used to cure colds with guiacum, heart ailments with dogbane, and employ foxglove and lady’s slipper as a sedative. It was their rivals, the Alogonquins, that dubbed them the Iroquois, or "rattlesnake" (McCall 5). In order to give some more credit where credit is due to our ancestral innovators, here are 10 Native inventions and innovations that changed the world. His debut self help book "Happiness Decoded" was released in early 2014. No thanks necessary, Ikea. The Inca road system is built across one of the most difficult terrains on earth which ranged from coastal desert to high plateau and mountain ranges to deep valleys. On a 1,000-year-old pottery vessel found in Guatemala, a Maya man is shown smoking a roll of tobacco leaves tied with string. Additionally, Indigenous healers also used larger and similar instruments for enemas. The Inca are considered to be the first people who developed the technique of freeze-drying. Like many historians, J.A. The roads were used to send out the resources to other parts of the empire that were in need of them. The Iroquois, known also as the Haudenosaunee (which means People Building a Long House ), were a powerful and important Native American confederacy located in the northeastern part of North America.During the colonial period, this confederacy was known to the French as the ‘Iroquois League’, and later as the ‘Iroquois Confederacy’. To fight other pests, pre-Columbian peoples built structures with cashew wood, while the Pima sprinkled ashes on their crops to thwart squash bugs. His maiden novella “Teicos” is a thoughtful depiction of the development of society and is awaiting publication. The Inca invented the rope suspension bridge independently from outside influence. Qullqas were built along roads and near the cities and political centers. In 1983, UNESCO declared Machu Picchu as a World Heritage Site and in 2007, it was voted as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in a poll which gathered more than 100 million votes. It contains many renowned monuments including the Intihuatana stone, which is constructed such that the sun stands almost above the pillar on November 11 and January 30, casting no shadow at all; the Temple of the Sun, whose windows, rock and the sun precisely align on the summer solstice; and the Room of the Three Windows, which looks at the sunrise and the main square of the fortress of Machu Picchu. The Inca used the freezing temperatures at night in the Andes to freeze frost-resistant varieties of potatoes and then exposed them to the intense sunlight of the day. Agriculture comprised a large part of the Iroquois economy, and wooden hoes facilitated crop production and harvesting. This civilization is included with all versions of Civilization V. Achievements Edit. To the Alogonquins the Iroquois were silent killers; like the rattlesnake, they slithered up without notice and by the time you heard them rattle, it was already too late. Recorded instances of American Indians taking such substances date back to the 1700s, more than 200 years before the creation of a man-made substance by western medicine. A creation of two beds built one on top of the … The Iroquois Achievements By: Courtney Scalzo 2nd Fact "The Five Iroquois Nations were the Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, and Seneca. Soon after the arrival of Columbus, detailed descriptions of the inventions of Indigenous Peoples began to make their way back to Europe. After the Tuscora joined in 1722 the confederacy became known to the English as the six nations." However, suspension bridges had been in use for long in mountainous regions in Asia. We use our own and third party cookies to improve your experience and our services; and to analyze your use of our website. Since there were no wheeled vehicles, the rope bridges worked beautifully for foot traffic. The recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award and three Golden Globe Awards, she has been named … Wood formed hand tools such as wooden hoes, which allowed for farming and harvesting. 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preproom.orgThe online science prep room You are here: Home > Equipment > Gas Syringe Gas Syringe A glass syringe used for gas collection. Gas syringes are commonly used for collecting gases, measuring the amount of gas produced in an experiment or for inserting a gas into a closed system. Typical gas syringes consist of two parts, an inner plunger and an outer sleeve. Where the two parts touch, the surface is usually ground so that the gap between them is as close as possible, creating a near gas tight seal. Glass syringes are easily damaged if dropped or used incorrectly which may affect their performance. Because the two parts of each syringe are created together, the parts should not be interchanged with others. Even if they appear to be the same size, tiny deviations could cause a gap where gas could escape or could result in a fit which is too tight, causing wear. Before use, make sure that the plunger can be inserted using as little force as possible. The plunger should move freely with little effort. If it appears to stick, try cleaning and polishing the parts. A sticky syringe could adversely affect experiments where gas is collected as the pressure created by a reaction may not be enough to move the plunger a relative distance, resulting in an incorrect reading. Syringes should be carefully cleaned after use with detergent to remove any particles. The ground surfaces should be dried with a lint-free cloth to ensure no debris if left which could end up scratching the glass. Gas syringes can be used for liquids, especially where their larger size allows a greater volume of liquid to be inserted or withdrawn. If liquids are to be used, thorough cleaning is essential after use, in fact it may be sensible to have separate "liquid only" and "gas only" syringes to make life easier. A length of string can be attached between the two parts which not only helps keep them together during storage but also means that the plunger cannot accidentally fall out of the sleeve.	<urn:uuid:5603dd37-c5cf-4522-8792-add12441657e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.23355787992477417, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9417457580566406, "url": "https://www.preproom.org/equipment/eq.aspx?eqID=5106" }
Sign In - Or use - Forgot Password Create Account Very attractively colored antique Jansson map of the Holy Land, showing the lands pertaining to the tribes of Dimidius as well as an inset map showing the travels of Abraham. This is the leftmost of the six panels which compose the Jansson map, showing the northernmost part of Palestine. The plate is arranged so that the western half of the image appears upside-down on the right. The map is intricately engraved to show topographical features, major roads, towns and villages. It is also richly embellished with illustrations, for example, Saul being thrown off his horse and blinded. Important holy sites are located. Jansson based this map on Christian van Adricham's “Situs Terrae Promissionis” of ca. 1590. This version is both expanded and carries additional vignettes and details. Georgius Hornius wrote the text that accompanied the map in volume six of Jansson’s Novus AtlasAccuratissimia Orbis Antiqui Delineatio. Maps of the Holy Land and the early history of Israel Maps of the Holy Land, a popular genre in the early modern period, allowed users to better understand events from religious traditions. For the mapmaker, the relationship between religion and geography acted as a powerful storytelling tool, allowing viewers to spatialize religious stories. The maps show the centrality of religion to early modern European culture, as well as an enduring interest in historical geography. According to the Hebrew Bible, the Twelve Tribes of Israel, partially shown here, descended from the twelve sons of Jacob. In the tenth century BCE, the Israelites made up approximately 300 highland villages with a population of approximately 40,000 people. These villages would begin to conglomerate in the ninth century BCE. The kingdom formed by their joining was referred to by its neighbors as the House of David. After the kingdoms of Samaria and Judah were destroyed, the resulting Babylonian captivity caused a merging of the south Levantine groups into a unified cultural identity. This unified kingdom would ultimately not last, however. Tensions between the tribes of Israel mounted over a disagreement as to the location of the mountain on which Moses attempted to sacrifice Isaac. Eventually, the tensions exploded when the Hasmonean King destroyed the temple of another tribe, which caused the lower Levant to devolve into chaos. This civil conflict would last until the Roman Empire invaded, with future emperor Vespasian leading an army into Israel under the pretense of restoring order. This resulted in Roman dominance over the lower Levant until the Muslim conquests of the seventh century CE. Georgius Hornius and universal history Although published by Jan Jansson, the wall map this composes was made in collaboration with Georgius Hornius (1620-1670) and is often called the “Hornius Map.” Hornius was a renowned cartographer and historian who published maps as well. His family was forced to flee to Nuremberg during the religious violence of the Thirty Years War. He would eventually attend the University of Altdorf, studying religion and medicine there. Hornius’s first notable work was a history of the English Civil War, which he witnessed firsthand as a traveler. In 1648 he completed his doctorate in Leiden; by this time, his historical works had drawn the attention of many universities which sought him as a professor. He eventually decided to accept a professorship at the University of Harderwijk where he quickly became rector in 1652, a position he would hold until his death in 1670. Hornius’s historical works were influential, propagating the idea of universal history, which was an understanding of history as a whole, concurrent unit. He also prepared the text for portions of Jansson’s Novus AtlasAccuratissimia Orbis Antiqui Delineatio, including the text that accompanied this map. Hornius’s works would continue to be relevant after his death, with many posthumous editions of his writings published. Jan Jansson Biography	<urn:uuid:88b6d57c-b4a5-4f6e-b3ed-24d4dd9b9002>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.0934867262840271, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9707943201065063, "url": "https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/76180/peregrinatio-abrahae-and-dimidia-tribus-jansson" }
What is Social Emotional Learning and Humane Education? Social emotional learning and humane education shares with students how to accept and fulfill their responsibilities to companion animals, such as cats and dogs and all forms of animal life. It explains the consequences of irresponsible behavior and encourages people to see the value of all living things. Over the past few decades, our society has become increasingly aware of the connections between animal abuse and violence against people. Therefore, the need to promote kindness and empathy through effective humane education in our communities is greater than ever. Furthermore, encouraging a deeper consideration of the humane choices available to us in our daily lives will lessen animal suffering and create a more peaceful world. With the right knowledge and resources, anyone can become a (SEL) and humane educator. Many community education facilitators work on a volunteer basis, often in partership with a local animal shelter. Other educators represent animal welfare charities, school teachers, camp counselors, scout leaders, even parents can include (SEL) and humane learning in their own home. An effective program encompasses: • Sound educational methods • Clear goals and objectives • Accurate information • An atmosphere of openness and acceptance • Opportunities for critical thinking Fourteen states in the U.S. have laws that address humane education and/or treatment of animals in varying forms in public schools. 1. California 51540 SEC 233-233.5 2. Florida 233.09 3. Illinois (105 ILCS 5/27-13.1-14-15-18) 4. Louisiana 17:266 5. Maine Chapter 111-20 1221 6. Massachusetts Chapter 272 SEC 80G 7. New Hampshire 644:8-C 8. New Jersey Title 18A 18A:35-4.1 9. New York 809 S 810 10. North Dakota 11. Oregon15-38-11 12. Pennsylvania 15-1514 13. Washington RCW 28A.230.020 14. Wisconsin 14.16.1 Dog with earth in mouth.jpeg	<urn:uuid:d052f078-22dc-41aa-92c4-f1cf3f119f72>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.765625, "fasttext_score": 0.03759974241256714, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8284127116203308, "url": "https://www.animalkindnessfoundation.org/humane-education-defined" }
Columbus the Discoveror - Frederick Ober Expeditions in Search of Gold Isabella was an unfortunate settlement from the start, situated as it was between deep forests and the sea, with no means of access or egress save by the boats, which Columbus controlled. Unused as they were to the severe labor imposed by him, and attacked by the diseases so prevalent in a newly opened region in the tropics, the cavaliers, who had come out with great hopes and high expectations, soon became disheartened, then rebellious. A sedition was started which became very serious. It was promoted by the Pope's apostolic vicar, Father Boyle, who was at the head of the first religious establishment in the New World, and who felt the exactions imposed upon one of his importance by the Admiral. In fact, almost the entire company was disposed to murmur, even rebel, against this "upstart of a foreigner," Columbus, who had drawn them into the wilderness by his exaggerated stories of wealth untold within the secret recesses of the interior. They had expected to 'find the precious metal lying about on the ground, and with their little stores of trinkets had hoped to barter with the natives so profitably to themselves that they should be able to return to Spain in a few months with wealth to suffice them a lifetime. Instead, they were compelled to toil at menial tasks, to build forts and dwellings, even to cook their own food, while the elusive gold still remained in possession of Mother Nature. As the city had been planted by Columbus solely with a view to its nearness to the gold region, and as his enemies would prove to the crown that he had committed a blunder at the outset unless he could produce vast quantities of the precious metal, he sent expeditions in search of it as soon as circumstances would warrant him in doing so. Behold, then, the first of the gold-hunting parties that ever penetrated the interior of Hispaniola and found the grains and nuggets in their beds of sand and gravel. It was commanded by a reckless and daring adventurer, Alonzo de Ojeda, who made a name for himself in the annals of early America, and who was the first to come into personal contact with that valiant cacique who had massacred the garrison at Navidad, Caonabo the Carib. He lived in the mountains of the Cibao (which Columbus still believed might be the veritable Cipango), and his title, by which the Indians knew him, of "Lord of the Golden House," indicated the opulence of his kingdom. Behold Ojeda and his little band of daring cavaliers as they sallied forth from Isabella, forded the river, and sped across the fruitful plains that extended from the sea-coast to the mountains. Mounted on neighing steeds, like themselves eager for a dash into the country; clad in corselets of steel, with helmets on their heads and swords on their hips, they presented a terrible spectacle to the innocent Indians, whose peaceful villages were scattered over the plain, and who fled in wild terror before them. These primitive people had never seen white men before, they had never seen horses before, and they mistook beast and rider for a terrible monster which had come up from its lair in the ocean to ravage and destroy. The rugged mountains were crossed, the valley of the Yaqui was reached, and in the sands of its headwaters Ojeda and his comrades found nuggets and grains of gold, with which they returned to Columbus, and which he sent back to Spain in the seven ships that sailed on February 2, 1494. With them went a promise that the next shipment should be at least a ton, for the riches of the country seemed inexhaustible. But the sovereigns would not always content themselves with promises; the enemies of the Admiral were already at work undermining his reputation at home. The gold could only be obtained by toilsome marches into a hostile country; but there was a source of profit ready at hand, in the natives of the islands, some of whom he sent back in the returning ships to be sold as slaves. There were more Caribs (whom he conveniently branded as " cannibals") than was good for the peace of the country; but if they could be exchanged for cattle and horses, of which the settlement was greatly in need, a double purpose might be achieved. "The royal treasury would be greatly enriched, and a vast number of souls would be snatched from perdition, and carried, as it were, by main force to heaven!" The Queen did not approve of this means of reimbursing the crown for its outlay; but it was a long time before Columbus learned of her decision, and meanwhile he went forth on another expedition, ostensibly for gold, but with the intention of making captives of Caonabo and his ferocious subjects. The many vexations attendant upon the founding of the settlement and the pacification of the malcontents had caused Columbus to fall seriously ill; but on his recovery he organized the second expedition, consisting of all the soldiers and cavaliers who could bear arms and endure the rigors of a march into and through the rugged mountain country. The total population of Isabella at this time was about one thousand men, and, leaving behind the sick and the laborers, Columbus selected about five hundred of the choicest spirits for this expedition, which he was to command in person. They marched across the plain, rejoicing to escape their irksome confinement amid the forests and mangrove swamps, and, with banners flying, drums beating, and trumpets sending forth their inspiring sounds, penetrated the obscurity of the forests, which glittered with helm and corselet, lance and sword and arquebuse. That was the first day's march; the second took them through the Yaqui mountain range, where the enthusiastic cavaliers opened a road which to this day bears the name they gave it of el Puerto de los Hidalgos, or the Gentlemen's Pass. The Spaniards who marched through the defile cleared by the cavaliers then saw before them the magnificent valley of the Yaqui, where verdant plain and sombre forest alternated, strung upon a noble river's silver chain. They did not know it, they were not then aware of it, but this was the same river seen by Columbus in January, the year before, and named by him the Rio del Oro, because of the golden flakes which clung to his water-casks, and which gave promise of a rich country to be found at or near its source. Two days longer they continued their march, meeting everywhere with hospitality from the natives, who lived here in peace and contentment. They were at first afraid of the terrible horses, and of the men in shining armor; but when once their confidence was won they were only too glad to serve the invading strangers and place before them all the wealth of their homes and their mines. On the evening of the second day the Spaniards had reached the confines of the Cibao, a stony and mountainous region, the crystal streams of which ran over sands glistening with gold. Convinced that he was now at the portal of the Golden House—though he had seen no evidences of its lord's existence—Columbus concluded to penetrate the interior no farther, but to erect here a fort to serve as an outpost on the frontier. He chose a headland half surrounded by a river, in the bed of which he found jasper, porphyry, and grains of gold. Here he raised a wooden tower, which was protected in front by the curving stream, and in rear by a moat. This, the second fort erected in the wilds, was called Santo Tomas de Yanico, or St. Thomas of the River Yanique. While the fort was in process of construction an active exploration of the surrounding region went on, and glowing reports of its richness were brought in daily. When the Indians learned the desire of the white strangers to obtain gold, they ran to the rivers, and, sifting the sands, brought in a large supply. One nugget was discovered nine ounces in weight, and for another weighing an ounce the Indian who found it considered himself richly rewarded by receiving a hawk's-bell in exchange. When completed, the fort was placed in charge of Pedro Margarite, a knight of the noble order of Santiago, and under him were left fifty-six men of mettle. Then Columbus leisurely returned to Isabella, lingering by the way to cultivate friendly relations with the natives; but hardly had he reached the coast than a messenger from Margarite was at his heels, with the startling tidings that the Indians of the mountains had suddenly become unfriendly and were withdrawing from the vicinity of the fort. The fate of Navidad's devoted garrison, it would seem, must have been forgotten by the soldiers of St. Thomas, for no sooner had the Admiral left them than they gave themselves up to the same passions that had wrought the destruction of their compatriots under Diego de Arana. Columbus sent them a reinforcement of fifty men, and this served temporarily to deter the hostiles; but the fire kindled by Spanish atrocities was smouldering, and the fierce Caonabo was already massing his warriors for a descent upon the fort. He had kept ominously silent since the massacre at Navidad, even holding aloof when his territory was invaded by the Spaniards; but they were soon to hear from him, soon to learn that not all the caciques were like the timid Guacanagari. In order to relieve the congested condition of the city at the coast, and to give scope for the enterprise of his chafing cavaliers, Columbus decided to dispose the bulk of his troops in the interior, where he could not only be supported by the natives, but conduct a protracted search for gold. So he sent the first detachment, a little army of about four hundred men, under Alonzo de Ojeda, to relieve Margarite, who was instructed to make a military tour of the island. Ojeda was a gallant but headstrong soldier, and learning, while on the way, that some Spaniards had been robbed by Indians at a ford of the Yaqui, he seized the thieves, cut off their ears, and sent them, together with their cacique, who had shielded them, to Columbus for further punishment. The Admiral had them conducted in chains to the public square of Isabella, where, after making a pretence of preparing for their execution, he released them, with an admonition to behave better in the future. This act of Ojeda's was perhaps the first recorded one of deliberate cruelty towards the Indians by the Spaniards; but it was to be followed by innumerable others. Having in mind his obligations to the crown relating to the discovery of new lands, as well as the founding of settlements, Columbus set sail, on the last week of April, 1494, for the purpose of finishing his exploration of Cuba's southern coast. He left the settlement in charge of his brother, Diego, and, with three caravels, departed in search of new adventures and new lands. During this voyage he suffered many hardships and made many interesting discoveries; but we will not immediately follow him, for occurrences in Hispaniola more urgently claim our attention. Captain Margarite, to whom Columbus had sent a letter of advice, cautioning him to deal gently with the Indians, and by no means to mistreat them, from the very first departed from the course recommended by his superior, and committed arbitrary acts that caused a rebellion which became almost universal. We have thus far dealt with only two of the five caciques, or great chiefs, who ruled the natives of Hispaniola at the coming of Columbus; but there were several others in that island, which was called by them Babeque or Qisqueya. They held their office by hereditary rights, and each was absolute within his own territory, except that Caonabo frequently invaded the districts of the coast. The first cacique to be encountered by the Spaniards—as we have already noticed—was the unfortunate Guacanagari, who held sway over the northwestern part of the island, or in what is now known as Haiti, and near whose town of Guarico the Santa Maria was wrecked. At the Yaqui River began the possessions of another cacique, Guarionex, extending eastward probably as far as the Bay of Samana. The third caciquedom was ruled by the savage Caonabo, whose capital was at Managua, on the southern slopes of the Cibao Mountains. The fourth province belonged to Cotubanama, and was called Higuey or Ciguey. It was with warriors from this province, probably, that the Spaniards had their first skirmish, at the Bay of Arrows, in the month of January, 1493, when on their homeward voyage. The fifth and last province to be mentioned was known as Xaragua, comprising all the western and southwestern portions of the island. It was very populous, and under the sway of Cacique Behechio, whose sister was Caonabo's wife, and celebrated for her beauty. In all, it was estimated, more than a million Indians occupied this great and beautiful island, where they lived in comparative peace and content, until so rudely disturbed by the Spaniards. Although Columbus himself was indirectly responsible for the atrocities which ended only in the complete extinction of these people, yet it was Margarite who commenced the course of action which really brought about their rebellious conduct and eventual enslavement. Instead of making a well-regulated tour of military exploration, he conducted his soldiers to the most populous and agreeable villages of the interior, where he quartered them upon the people, whom he plundered without mercy. When their complaints reached Don Diego Columbus, he sent a remonstrance, which was unheeded by Margarite, who at last became wearied of dwelling in the wilderness and departed for Isabella. There he found powerful partisans among the cavaliers, who also induced the head ecclesiastic, Father Boyle, to take sides with them. The upshot of the matter was that Margarite, Boyle, and others of the disaffected, seized some ships in the harbor and departed in them for Spain, to lay their grievances before the Crown. Left without a commander, the soldiers formerly under Margarite split up into roving bands of robbers, wandering over the country in search of plunder, and committing such terrible excesses that even the mild and patient Indians were provoked to retaliation. Finding the Spaniards in small parties, scattered here and there, they fell upon them with overwhelming numbers and put many to death. Chief Guatiguana, a sub-cacique within the territory of Guarionex, was the first to show the natives their strength, by killing ten licentious soldiers who had forced themselves upon his people, and then setting fire to a hut containing forty-six more. The Indians flocked to his standard and invested the little fort of Magdalena, which had been built in the neighborhood of what is now Santiago. But the most formidable enemy of the Spaniards who then took the field was the redoubtable Caonabo, from whom alone they had expected trouble, and who secretly and suddenly descended upon the fort of St. Thomas. He and ten thousand of his warriors, armed with bows and arrows, stone-headed lances and war-clubs, surrounded the fort and attempted to carry it by storm. But they had in Ojeda a wary as well as courageous foe to deal with, one who had received his war-training in conflict with the Moors. He and his men were alert, and, intrenched within their moat-surrounded tower, well provisioned and armed, they bade the Carib chief defiance. Finding it impossible to take the fort by assault, Caonabo finally settled down to a siege, and for thirty days maintained so close an investment of this isolated tower in the wilderness with his savage warriors, that its occupants were reduced to the verge of famine. During this investment, many were the forays the daring Ojeda led from the fort, in which he defeated every art and stratagem of the savage, and, amid flights of darts and arrows, bore himself so bravely that he won the rude chief's admiration. Neither prevailed in open combat, however, and at last the Carib wearied of the siege and drew off his forces to the mountains. The sequel to this strange encounter followed after the return of the Admiral from Cuba, several months later; but we cannot do better than refer to it here, on account of the bearing it has upon the chivalrous daring of Ojeda and the innate nobility of Caonabo. The latter retired from the fort, but after a brief rest at his capital returned to ravage the territory adjacent to Isabella. Accompanied by his brother-in-law, Behechio, cacique of Xaragua, he successively visited all the caciques of the island, and organized an offensive league against the Spaniards. All except Guacanagari joined the league; but he, recreant to fraternal obligations and ties of blood, not only refused to assist, but informed Columbus of the conspiracy. But for him it might have succeeded, for it was wide-spread, and the movements of its organizers were veiled in secrecy. When they learned of his betrayal, Caonabo and Behechio made a descent upon his capital, killed some of his wives and relatives, and carried away others into captivity; but the misguided chieftain still remained devoted to the Spaniards, and thereby hastened his end. Captain Ojeda was in Isabella at the time Caonabo was ravaging the country, and, being appealed to by Columbus, he offered to deliver the Carib into his hands, dead or alive. Taking with him ten companions, as rash and daring as himself, he plunged into the trackless forests beyond St. Thomas, and finally reached the stronghold of his foe, by whom he was warmly received, without a thought of treachery. This stronghold was at Maguana, on the southern slopes of the Cibao Mountains. Caonabo was promised, if he would return with his visitors, the bell that hung in the church-tower at Isabella. As he had heard its clear, mellow tones ringing through the forest when prowling about the settlement, he greatly desired to possess it, and consented to accompany Ojeda to the coast. But his warriors were also to go, he said; and several thousand assembled for the purpose. Ojeda was puzzled, but he met the situation, and soon found means for accomplishing his purpose by stratagem. As they were encamped on the bank of the river Yegua one day, he exhibited to Caonabo a pair of handcuffs, made of steel, but bright as silver, which, he told the chief, were royal ornaments sent him by the King. To obtain them properly, he must first slip them on his wrists, then mount behind the Spaniard on his horse. The unsuspicious Indian complied, and, having thus rendered his foe defenceless, the artful Ojeda clapped spurs to his steed, and away they went, on a mad race through the forest. The warriors raced after them, but Ojeda's comrades beat them back with their swords, then closed about their leader, and swept down towards the coast. The journey was long and dangerous, but that strange cavalcade accomplished it in safety, and at its ending Ojeda delivered his captive to Columbus, by whom he was placed in a dungeon. He was kept there many months, and throughout his captivity invariably greeted his captor with deference, but treated the Admiral with contempt, saying one was a brave warrior, the other a coward.	<urn:uuid:4a03b6a1-fcac-4dd9-99d4-bdf0a27c6750>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.030040740966796875, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9880925416946411, "url": "https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=read&author=ober&book=columbus&story=gold" }
Skip to main content Today's animal might just be the oldest creature I've ever talked about. It lived in the early Cambrian period around 525 million years ago! Helicoplacus is the genus name for two species of absolutely ancient Echinoderm. They are the earliest Echinoderm fossils that have ever been studied, and the specimens are pretty well preserved for being half a billion years old! Helicoplacus species had skinny pine-cone shaped bodies that were vertically oriented and attached to the sea floor. They had very primitive respiratory systems, and there is dispute about where the mouth actually was. It is believed that the grooves that circled the bodies actually helped move food into a mouth, wherever it was placed. Members of the genus lived for around 15 million years before going extinct. Status : Extinct for over 500 million years Location : Fossils found in North America Size : Length up to 2.8in (7cm) Classification : Phylum : Echinodermata -- Class : †Helicoplacoidea -- Genus : Helicoplacus Popular posts from this blog Bornean Orangutan 10 Years?!	<urn:uuid:f2b8aa39-1b5a-4ca3-b7ca-1074caaa254f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.78125, "fasttext_score": 0.10249572992324829, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9599864482879639, "url": "https://animaladay.blogspot.com/2012/03/helicoplacus.html" }
The Broken Column was painted shortly after Frida had undergone surgery on her spinal column. The operation left her bedridden and “enclosed” in a metallic corset, which helped to alleviate the intense, and constant pain she was in. In the painting she is depicted standing in the middle of a completely arid, cracked landscape. Her torso is encased in metal belts lined with fabric that provide pressure and support for her back. They help to prevent her body from collapsing, a possibility which is announced by the image running down the middle of her torso. There a completely fractured Ionic column on the point of collapse has replaced her spinal column. Frida’s head rests on the capital. Although her face is bathed in tears, it doesn’t reflect a sign of pain. The attitude she presents is the one she always showed to life itself: strong and defiant to the viewer. The nails piercing her body are a symbol of the constant pain she faced. The largest ones, along the column, mark the damage caused by the accident in 1925, while those adhering to her left breast refer rather to an emotional pain, to her feeling of solitude. When asked once why she so often portrayed herself in her works, Frida replied that it was because she was always alone and because she herself was what she knew best. Get the app Google apps	<urn:uuid:0b0734b4-8815-4f3a-a51c-91ab56609239>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.298469603061676, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9791532754898071, "url": "https://artsandculture.google.com/culturalinstitute/beta/asset/the-broken-column-frida-kahlo/EgGMbMFBQrAe3Q" }
Varroa mites Varroa mites are parasitic mites, which require a honey bee host to survive and reproduce. The Varroa mite is only able to reproduce on honey bee brood, while only adult female Varroa mites are able to feed on adult honey bees. Therefore, the entire life cycle of Varroa mite occurs within the honey bee colony. Female Varroa mites are more likely to lay eggs on drone brood than on worker brood (10–12 times more frequently). This is due to the drone’s longer brood cycle. For this reason inspection of drone brood provides the best chance of detecting Varroa mite infections, however, worker brood also provides an effective means of detection. Varroa mite life cycle Varroa mite life cycle The Varroa mite life cycle consists of the following stages: • Adult female Varroa mites enter honey bee brood cells (especially drone brood) at the pre-capping stage and lay two to five eggs after the brood cell is capped. • 0.5 mm long eggs are laid on the bottom of the cells, on the walls, and sometimes directly on the larvae. • The first egg laid is a male, and subsequent eggs are female. • After hatching Varroa mites pass through two larval stages (called a ‘protonymph’ and a ‘deutonymph’) before developing into an adult. It takes about 5–6 days for male Varroa mites to develop and 7–8 days for female mites to develop. • Mating occurs in the brood cell. The male Varroa mite dies inside the cell shortly afterwards. • Young female Varroa mites and the mother Varroa mites emerge from the brood cell with the emerging honey bee. • The daughter Varroa mites will lay eggs in other brood cells after 2 weeks. Adult female Varroa mites usually live for 2 months, but can overwinter between the sclerites (the hardened plates of the exoskeleton) of adult honey bees. Varroa mite numbers increase slowly at first (population growth is exponential), and it may not be until the third year of infection that Varroa mite numbers are sufficiently high for the pest to be readily detected. Close inspection of brood, especially drone brood, will provide the greatest chance of detecting Varroa mite infections early. Once on a honey bee the female mites crawl between the sclerites of the honey bees’ abdomen where it feeds on the bee’s haemolymph (the bee’s equivalent to blood). By riding on adult honey bees Varroa mites can be rapidly spread to new areas due to the swarming, robbing and drifting habits of honey bees.Only adult female Varroa mites will parasitise adult honey bees. Adult males only feed on larvae and pupae and do not leave the brood cell once they have hatched. In contrast adult female mites are very mobile and move over the combs or between adult honey bees. This behaviour means that the Varroa mite can also act as an effective virus vector allowing the transfer of viruses between individual bees. The spread of viruses is a significant impact of Varroa mites. The life-span of Varroa mites depends on the presence of brood, and can vary from between 25 days, to around 5 months. During the summer, Varroa mites may live for 2–3 months, and if brood is present they can complete 3–4 breeding cycles. In winter, when brood is either not present or is limited, the Varroa mites over-winter on the bodies of adult bees through their phoretic life phase. An adult Varroa mite may live and feed on an adult bee for up to around 3 months. Adult female Varroa mites can live for up to 5 days without food. Varroa mite destructor on the head of bee nymph hive from Varroa Mite infestions Effect on Honey bees Individual bees infested with Varroa during their development usually survive to emergence but may show signs of physical or physiological damage as adults. Some brood infested by Varroa may die, usually at the pupal stage of development and remain in the cell until removed by adult bees. Varroa mites feeding and reproducing on developing larvae and pupae (worker and drone brood), has a major effect on individual honey bees, as they are affecting the most sensitive life stages of the honey bee. Firstly, the process of Varroa feeding causes the loss of haemolymph during brood development, which significantly decreases the weight of the hatching bee. The weight loss depends on the number of Varroa mites in the cell and the level of reproduction taking place, but even a single female Varroa mite in a brood cell can result in an average loss of body weight of 7 per cent for hatching worker bees, and between 11–19 per cent for hatching drone bees. This subsequently leads to an impaired flight performance. This feeding behaviour also causes reduced hypopharyngeal glands (the glands that secrete royal jelly) which affect the honey bees’ ability to feed developing brood in the hive. Secondly, worker bees which were parasitised during their development begin their foraging life stage earlier, but also have a significantly reduced lifespan. Infected worker bees and drones also display a decreased capability of non-associated learning, prolonged absences from the colony and lower rate of return to the colony, which may be due to a reduced ability to navigate. Lastly, a significant impact of adult Varroa mites feeding on developing brood, as well as adult honey bees is through the transmission of viruses. Varroa mites feed on the honey bee’s haemolymph during brood development, as well as on adult bees. This results in Varroa mites acting as an effective vector for numerous viruses. There is also some evidence that Varroa feeding can reduce the effectiveness of the bee’s immune system, so they are more affected by viruses in the presence of Varroa, as well as other pests such as Tracheal mite or Nosema sp. This can cause common symptoms in the honey bee population, such as deformed and shrivelled wings, legs or abdomens, as well as symptoms specific to these other pests.	<urn:uuid:0aa752cb-2005-4b5b-bc7c-bae8627f2e12>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.09360671043395996, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9335263967514038, "url": "http://nstooba.com/en/varroa-mites/" }
Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects Difference Between Amine and Amide Secondary_amineAmine vs. Amide If ever you have paid close attention to your Chemistry teacher, then you may have heard of the terms, amides and amines. Because of their shear similarity in spelling, just a letter different from the other, both terms have been subject to much confusion. Here are the differences between the two terms to help you clear things up. As mentioned, amide is a term that you often hear in your Chemistry lectures. It is basically a compound, organic in nature, whose group is bonded as R-C=O, and connected to an atom of Nitrogen (N). When you deprotonate NH3, commonly known as ammonia, you also get an amide. The deprotonation of ammonia results in the removal of one Hydrogen (H) ion, with the resultant chemical NH2 being bonded to an acyl group, which is the R-C=O bond mentioned above. Amides can also be derived from acids, such as carboxylic, where the hydroxyl group of the acid has been swapped with ammonia. Another example can be shown in acetic acid, where the resultant product is acetamide. The reaction and separation of ions turned the acid into an amide. Hence, in naming these compounds, you are just going to add amide as a suffix to the parent acid. Acetic plus amide gives you acetamide; not to mention, you need to drop off some letters from the parent acid to make it sound more formal. The chemical property of amides is also key to its characteristic. It is actually a weak base. On the other side of the coin, amines are still organic compounds. Like amides, they can also come from ammonia, but are bonded with either an alkyl or an aryl group. This is different from amides, where the connecting bond must be an acyl. Similarly, the alkyl and aryl bond is the remnant of ammonia, after one hydrogen ion has been chemically removed. Examples of amines are amino acids (the building blocks of proteins), and aniline. In naming amines, you can actually place the prefix ‘amino’ at the beginning of the chemical or compound, or the suffix ‘amine’ after the name of the parent term. Examples of which are diamine and 2-aminopentane. Moreover, amines are the same as amides in terms of their chemical properties. Both compounds are actually weak bases. Although amides and amines are both weak base organic compounds, they still differ in the following aspects: 1. Amides are the fusion of an acyl group, and the remnant of deprotonation of NH3, whereas amines are the fusion of an alkyl or aryl group to the same chemical. Search DifferenceBetween.net : Custom Search • Difference Between Benzyl and Phenyl • Difference Between Ammonia and Ammonium Hydroxide • Difference Between Electrophile and Nucleophile • Difference Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds • Difference Between Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes • So Many Books, So Little Time. • 1 Comment 1. You sir, have just made my life a lot simpler. Thank you! Leave a Response See more about : , , Protected by Copyscape Plagiarism Finder	<urn:uuid:33348224-fab4-4062-830b-00c558330e3b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.796875, "fasttext_score": 0.11972808837890625, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9325670599937439, "url": "http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-amine-and-amide/" }
Geography, 08.11.2019 12:31 122333444469 How can i get better grades in 9th grade? ? Answers: 3 Another question on Geography Geography, 22.06.2019 22:00 Which statement explains what upwelling causes? a. upwelling causes tides to rise and fall. b. upwelling causes changes in the direction of currents. c. upwelling causes nutrients, minerals, and tiny organisms to rise. d. upwelling causes currents in the pacific ocean to change direction. i think the answer is c. Answers: 1 Geography, 22.06.2019 23:30 On nights when we see the new moon phase, what side of the moon are we seeing? Answers: 2 Geography, 23.06.2019 08:00 Which part of a mountain receives the majority of moisture due to the rain shadow effect? a. the leeward side b. the windward side c. the bottom of the mountain d. all parts of the mountain receive equal amounts of moisture. Answers: 1 Geography, 24.06.2019 07:00 Find the volume of 3, 8 and one third and 10 and 2 over 5 Answers: 1 You know the right answer? How can i get better grades in 9th grade? ?... Questions on the website: 13582563	<urn:uuid:9125c48a-7c06-4196-b01a-2ade9b7a1c9f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.9856360554695129, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7965126037597656, "url": "https://edu-answer.com/geography/question3399481" }
Battle of Los Angeles Ironic name given a false alarm in Los Angeles in the early morning of February 25, 1942. A warning by the army that enemy planes had been seen approaching and the sighting of what was later thought to be a weather balloon sent Los Angeles into a panic at 2:25 am, with anti-aircraft guns firing into the night, searchlights sweeping the skies, and a massive traffic jam forming. No enemy attackers ever materialized. Though a false alarm, the "Battle of Los Angeles"—and the broad press it received—contributed to the fear and hysteria that led to widespread public support for the mass forced removal of Japanese Americans from the area. The incident was dramatized in the popular 1979 film 1941 , directed by Steven Spielberg. Authored by Brian Niiya , Densho For More Information Girdner, Audrie, and Anne Loftis. The Great Betrayal: The Evacuation of the Japanese-Americans during World War II . Toronto: Macmillan, 1969. Verge, Arthur C. "The Impact of the Second World War on Los Angeles." Pacific Historical Review 63.3 (Aug. 1994): 289–314. Last updated June 9, 2020, 6:02 p.m..	<urn:uuid:34dc1a9d-f5fb-4290-9648-3da92bd68b1f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.046393752098083496, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9317429065704346, "url": "https://encyclopedia.densho.org/Battle%20of%20Los%20Angeles" }
TurtleDiary Games and Flash 3.MD.B.4 Common Core Games Generate measurement data by measuring lengths using rulers marked with halves and fourths of an inch. Show the data by making a line plot, where the horizontal scale is marked off in appropriate units-whole numbers, halves, or quarters. Showing 1-3 of 3 results Sort By:	<urn:uuid:16663c62-776b-4879-95b8-4e4000fe8d22>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.03990370035171509, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8069553375244141, "url": "https://www.turtlediary.com/common-core/CCSS.Math.Content.3.MD.B.4/games.html" }
Sharecropping Agreement 1870 Sharecropping has a long history and there is a wide range of situations and types of chords that have used a form of system. Some are subject to tradition, others to the law. The Italian Mezzadria, the French Metayage, the Spanish Mediero, the Slavic Poowcy and the Islamic muzara`a system are examples of legal systems that supported the sharing of actions. As a general rule, a sharing agreement would indicate which portion should cover certain expenses such as seeds, fertilizers, weeding, irrigation district assessments and fuel. Sometimes the sharecropper covered these costs, but they expected a larger share of the crop in return. The agreement would also indicate whether the sharecropper would use its own equipment to grow crops or use the renter`s equipment. The agreement would also indicate whether the owner would recover his share of the crop in the fields or whether the sharecropper would deliver it and where it would be delivered. The freedmen, who wanted autonomy and independence, refused to sign contracts that required the work of gangs, and sharecropping was born as a compromise. Landowners have divided plantations into plots of 20 to 50 hectares suitable for the agriculture of a single family. In exchange for the use of land, a shack and provisions, the sharecroppers agreed to obtain a cash crop and give a share, usually 50 per cent, to the harvest to their owner. Landowners have extended credits to “sharecroppers” to buy property, demanding high interest rates, sometimes up to 70 per cent per year, creating a system of economic dependency and poverty. After the Civil War, former slaves sought work, and planters sought workers. The lack of cash or an independent credit system has led to the creation of a sharing system. Instead of working in gangs, as they had in antebellum plantations, the freed people became tenants. The planter or landowner provided each family with a small piece of land, providing food, shelter, clothing and seeds and necessary agricultural equipment. When the harvest was harvested, the planter or landowner put the cotton on the market and, after deducting for “installation” (the cost of property made available to the tenant during the year) transferred half of the proceeds to the tenant. About Sky Administrador apaixonado por marketing e viciado em games. View all posts by Sky →	<urn:uuid:7ddc31d5-dba0-49aa-b636-c758ab9a919a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.765625, "fasttext_score": 0.16042083501815796, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9613634943962097, "url": "https://www.choranoplay.com.br/site/sharecropping-agreement-1870/" }
What Leading Enlightenment Ideals And What Was America's Role In The Movement? 632 Words 3 Pages Question 2: What accounts for the growth and power of the lower house of the assembly as one of the most powerful institutions in America? Governors, though displeased, were dependent on the colonial assembly due to the control of their salaries, weakening “thier positions” (pg. 71). The governors were touchy with the colonists and avoided angering them to make sure their paycheck was still in their pockets every payday. Since the colonist had so much control, “colonial assemblies came to act like and think of themselves as mini-parliaments, with full legislative power over local matters” (pg. 71). However colonial assemblies could be uncouth and if the colonists didn’t want a governor in office, then they could find a way to get him out. The colonists knew what they wanted and knew how to get it, that was a key reason that they grew and obtained power. Question 3: What were the leading Enlightenment ideals, and what was the significance of America’s role in the movement? In what ways did colony of Georgia strive to embody Enlightenment ideals? The Enlightenment provided a new focus to the Americans— reason and science. The colonists departed from whole-hearted beliefs and studies in God, …show more content… The Boston Massacre only created more strain in the unstable relationship between the two; Paul Revere did not aid in the attempt to strengthen the relations, much rather the opposite. Revere had a heavy influence in the colony— taking use of that, Revere published an engraving known as the Boston Massacre. Revere made the incident appear worse than reality. “The orderly arrangement of the troops and the stance of the officer at their side suggests that they acted under orders” (pg. 101) and Revere even renamed the store in the background as “Butcher’s Hall” (pg. 101). Even though the incident was resolved, the event still darkened the colonists’ views on the Related Documents	<urn:uuid:29d96c4a-c2c8-4229-b5b7-94b26f4d9092>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.17328310012817383, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9755332469940186, "url": "https://www.cram.com/essay/What-Leading-Enlightenment-Ideals-And-What-Was/FJXXGDQQT" }
Music History- Baroque Era first and second practice Why is Palestrinas music representative of the first practice, and most of Monteverdis music representative of the second practice? Things to cover: Describe Palestrinas style using the motet Dum complerentur. Discuss the debate between Artusi (works for the church) over the madrigal, “Cruda Amarilli by Monteverdi. Consider Artusis background; why is he missing the point? Why does Gesualdos madrigal Beltà, poi che tassenti fall between the two practices? Why does Lassus motet Timor et tremor fall between the two practices? How did later composers like Gabrieli and Schutz combine the two practices in their sacred music, and why? N.B. Make sure that you address the issue of sacred vs. secular music. Use 7 to 8 sources Don't hesitate - Save time and Excel Post Homework	<urn:uuid:2e34a11b-a1c0-4b1f-8ead-67add26fb455>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 1.0000100135803223, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9012479782104492, "url": "https://assignmentsden.com/music-history-baroque-era-first-and-second-practice/" }
Why Kjeldahl Nitrogen Analyzer Also Called Protein Analyzer? Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer is an instrument that calculates the protein content by measuring the nitrogen content in the sample based on the principle of constant nitrogen content in protein. Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer uses the Kjeldahl method to detect the content of ammonia, protein nitrogen, phenol, volatile fatty acid, cyanide, sulfur dioxide, ethanol, etc. in grains, food, feed, water, soil, sludge, sediment and chemicals. It is widely used in the analysis of nitrogen or protein content in food, crops, seeds, soil, fertilizers and other samples. The industry insiders are all very familiar with Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer. The equipment belongs to the basic equipment, and is commonly used in many manufacturing industries. But Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer also has another name, protein analyzer. The two names are quite different. So why is Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer also called protein analyzer? Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer is named according to its basic principle of measurement. Because its protein content measurement and calculation method is the classic Kjeldahl method, it is called Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer. The Kjeldahl method was established in 1833 by the American chemist Kedal, and it is a way to measure the total nitrogen content in chemical substances or compounds, and the protein moisture content can be calculated based on the measured nitrogen content. It is often called protein analyzer, because the measurement target of Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer is mostly to calculate the protein moisture content in the sample based on the measured nitrogen content, so the name is based on the main purpose. That is why Kjeldahl nitrogen analyzer is also called protein analyzer. Although their names are different, the two are actually the same instrument and equipment.The protein analyzer is an important instrument for measuring the protein in the sample, and is widely used in the measurement of protein moisture content in grains and soil layers, and also often commonly used in many manufacturing industries. The universal applicability, accuracy and repeatability of the Kjeldahl method have been broadly recognized internationally.	<urn:uuid:e5e114d4-37ce-4e82-995a-1a32262a7e0b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.6119080185890198, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9209188222885132, "url": "http://nbnfa.com/view-3050.html" }
NORTH OMAHA Education in Omaha What were the different ways in which African Americans worked to improve education in Omaha? "Work Hard and Do the Best You Can Do" Research Compiled by: Shayla S., LaShaye BC, and Moises D. Education in Omaha African Americans have faced numerous obstacles over the years including several within the field of education. From segregation, to unfair hiring practices, to outdated textbooks, to dilapidated buildings, African Americans are still persevering. African American parents realized that their children were not receiving an equal education and decided to take legal action against the Omaha Public Schools district in the hopes of having a more integrated educational system. The courts intervened to assist in the desegregation of OPS. Eventually mandatory busing was put into place essentially integrating the district in the 1970's. In 1999 the Omaha Public School district ended mandatory busing. Students could then choose to go to any school they wanted, but most chose their neighborhood schools. Due to the issues surrounding redlining, the practice of steering members of certain racial groups to live in certain areas of the city, race based neighborhoods are causing the classroom images of segregation from the past to slowly creep back into some schools. Lucinda Gamble (Mrs. John Williams) and Dr. Eugene Skinner In 1895 Lucinda Gamble (later Mrs. John Williams) was hired as the first African American teacher in the Omaha Public Schools. The hiring of African American teachers continued to be a rare occurrence over the next 50 years. In the 1960s, Omaha’s school district reached a turning point, and the hiring of African American teachers started to become more fair and frequent, although, improvements in hiring practices can still be made today. There have been many African American teachers in Omaha schools that have made a significant impact on the community. One of these educators who paved the way for future African American educators was Dr. Eugene Skinner. Dr. Skinner was first hired as a full time teacher in the Omaha school district in 1940. He was the first African American: named principal of an Omaha school in 1947; named principal of an Omaha Jr. High school in 1965; administrator in the Omaha school district in 1968; and assistant superintendent in 1969. Busing Changes The Omaha Public Schools While laws did not mandate segregated education in the North as they had in the South, housing patterns and numerous decisions by policy-makers nonetheless resulted in the de facto segregation of Omaha schools. In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that federal courts could order busing to integrate public schools and in 1976 a federal court order mandated busing in the Omaha Public School system. The decision increased racial tension in the city causing some white Omaha residents, who wanted to block the new busing policy, to raise money and distribute "no busing" bumper stickers in protest. During this period, white student enrollment in OPS decreased dramatically, placing the majority of the busing burden on African-American students who were encouraged to travel, often long distances, to predominantly white schools. Mandatory busing in Omaha ended in 1999 when the district adopted an open enrollment policy based on income instead of race. Yet, evidence of re-segregation in the early 2000s prompted a controversial new plan creating three distinct learning communities controlled by Omaha neighborhoods organized largely around patterns of race and ethnicity. Race and education policy continues to be hotly debated in Omaha to this day. Pamphlet Describing Desegregation Plan 1977-1978 On January 1 1976, the OPS Board of Education presented a plan to the Federal District Court for student desegregation to that was scheduled to begin in the fall of the 1976 school year. Prior to making this court-ordered presentation, members of the Omaha community were given an opportunity to express their views through several town meetings. Suggestions had been received and studied by the Board and the school-appointed Integration task force. In an attempt to answer the many questions that were posed, pamphlets and material such as “The Plan” (pictured left) and other brochures were made available to explain the major change in educational policy. Formulated in response to a report from the Omaha Community Committee, "The Plan" specified how the OPS could begin to take steps to integrate its public schools. Evidence of re-segregation began to emerge in some Omaha schools the early 2000s prompted a controversial new plan creating three distinct learning communities. The communities would be controlled by Omaha neighborhoods organized largely around patterns of race and ethnicity. Race and education policy continues to be hotly debated in Omaha to this day. (Photo courtesy of Omaha Public Schools). This page gives an overview of some struggles African Americans faced in the area of education. The 9th grade students who worked on this page decided that the primary issues in education impacting the lives of African Americans in Omaha were desegregation, busing, and the hiring practices of African American teachers. Through this experience students were able to gain a better understanding the history behind their school system. Students also came away with a greater appreciation for the significance of history and how the actions of the past can impact their lives. The interview students conducted with Thomas Harvey, featured in the video posted above, gave students a first hand account of how African-American teachers and students in North Omaha struggled for equality. Mr. Harvey also explained how he worked to increase enrollment of schools in the Black community by creating magnet programs in areas like technology, math, science, and engineering. To further expand on how African-Americans impacted education in Omaha, students visited the University of Nebraska at Omaha. There they met with Felicia Dailey, an administrative assistant in the Black Studies Department. Ms. Dailey shared how the department was started through the actions of African-American students who felt that there was a need for a Black Studies department in 1971. UNO is currently one of a limited number of universities in the country that offers a Bachelors of Arts in Black Studies. Ms. Dailey also stressed the power of students’ voices and participation in the efforts to change things for the better. Omaha Public Schools 3215 Cuming Street Omaha, NE 68131 Phone: (402)557-2520 Douglas County Historical Society 5730 North 30th Street Omaha, NE 68111-1600 (402) 455-9990 Lesson Plan Education in Omaha Download Lesson Plan Student Reflections What I learned about the education project is how segregation was a big problem and how Omaha public schools treated teachers by the way they looked. My brain is stuffed with fascinating information. This camp has taught me to fight for what I believe in, and to stand up for my rights. I learned a lot of interesting information about Omaha’s African American history, especially in the area of education. I found the story that explained how schools were segregated and eventually integrated the most interesting.	<urn:uuid:1ae3c3bd-3f9b-4f0c-9f0d-b99866c3eba8>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.024292171001434326, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9720844030380249, "url": "https://invisiblehistory.ops.org/Student-Projects/2010-Student-Projects/Education-in-Omaha" }
Archive for the ‘1300s’ Category Kilwa (900s to 1700s), also called Quiloa or Kilwa Kisiwani, was the richest city in eastern Africa from 1000 to 1500. Today no one lives there. It is just some broken down buildings in a nearly forgotten corner of Africa. Kilwa stood on an island on the coast of what is now south-eastern Tanzania. Then it was in the land of the Zanj. Only the old buildings remain. Even the book that once told its story, the Kilwa Chronicle, is lost (though parts of it appear elsewhere). But the society of Kilwa has lived on, becoming the pattern for Swahili-speaking Africa. Kilwa was the first city in eastern Africa to have a domed building, the city’s great mosque. It also had its largest stone building, the palace of Husuni Kubwa with a hundred rooms. Kilwa grew rich by trading the gold, iron and men of Africa for the riches of the east: the cloth and jewels of India, the porcelain of China and the spices of the Indies. It was a beautiful city built of stone and coral. Ibn Battuta, the Marco Polo of the Arab world, arrived there in 1331. He was amazed by its beauty. The people were black Muslims who spoke Swahili. But by the time the Portuguese arrived in 1500 half the people were Christians from India and Abyssinia. The city was founded by Ali bin al Hasan. He came in the 900s on a ship from Shiraz (south-western Persia). Kilwa was as far south as Arab traders would go. Like Timbuktu, Kilwa got rich by controlling the trade between the Arabs and its part of Africa. Its glory days came to an end in 1500 when the Portuguese arrived. It was Cabral who first came, on the same voyage in which he discovered Brazil. Two years later Vasco da Gama arrived and asked for tribute. In 1505 Francisco de Almeida came and destroyed the city, taking it outright. He built Gereza, a fort that later became a prison. Some years later the Portuguese lost Kilwa to the Arabs. Later it was ruled by Zanzibar. But the city never recovered: the Portuguese had taken control of trade with the east. In the 1700s Kilwa did see something of its old wealth return by selling slaves to Brazil. But then in the early 1800s the British brought an end to even that. Kilwa died. There was no reason to go there any more. You can still see the remains of the mosque, the Kubwa palace, the old Portuguese fort and some other buildings. They are falling apart with the wind and the rain and the years. It is not a tourist attraction, though the curious do show up from time to time. In 1981 UNESCO made it a World Heritage Site, one of the several hundred places in the world worth preserving – not that UNESCO has any money to save what is left of Kilwa. See also: Read Full Post » Byzantine empire The Byzantine Empire (476-1453) never called itself that. That is a name made up by the French 400 years later. The Byzantines called themselves Romans: when Rome fell, in 476, the richer, eastern, Greek part of the Roman empire still stood. It did not fall for good till nearly a thousand years later in 1453. Its glory days were from 500 to 1000. There is no real break between the Roman and Byzantine empires – they are just names. But because the Byzantine empire was Greek and Christian it is hard to see it as the same empire that Augustus had founded. And yet even Justinian, its most famous ruler, spoke mostly Latin and, unlike us, considered the loss of the west as only a passing thing. At the heart of the empire stood the city of Constantinople. It was one of the largest cities in the world at the time. Constantine I had founded it in 330 as the “New Rome”. It became the seat of Roman power in the east. Just as the law, religion and ways of Rome form the foundation of the West, so the Byzantine empire forms the foundation of eastern Europe and especially Russia. Russia is the daughter of the Byzantine empire and Moscow the third Rome. The Western system of laws (except for the English-speaking world, which follows common law) is Byzantine. Justinian made Roman law into something that can apply to Christian society in his Corpus juris civilis. The Byzantine empire was the universal state of the Christian world until two things happened: 1. Charlemagne was made the ruler of the west in 800 by the pope. 2. The Christian church broke in two in 1054 into Catholic and Orthodox churches. From this point on the Byzantine empire was simply a Greek empire. Even its religion was no longer a universal faith. In the 500s Justinian sent Belasarius to take back the west. He conquered quite a bit of it, but he left the cities of Italy in ruins. Most of what he conquered was soon lost. The First Crusade was called in 1095 to save the empire: Romanus IV lost the battle of Manzikert to the Turks and was in danger of losing all of Anatolia and Constantinople itself. The Crusaders drove back the Turks before going on to the Holy Land to conquer kingdoms of their own. The Fourth Crusade broke the empire’s back. The Crusaders took over Constantinople in 1204 and set up the Latin empire. It was short-lived – the Byzantines took back Constantinople in 1261. But from 1261 till 1453, when Constantinople fell to the Turks, the empire was no longer an empire – just a kingdom centred on Constantinople. The Fourth Crusade also destroyed a great deal of Greek learning and literature. Better dates for the Byzantine Empire would be from 395 to 1204. That is when it was an empire and when it had its own emperors. As late as 395 the western and eastern Roman Empire still had a common emperor. See also: Read Full Post » Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) was the famous poet of Florence, Italy who wrote the “Divine Comedy”. It tells of a journey through the worlds of the afterlife: hell, purgatory and heaven. He is the greatest Italian poet of all time. So far. Dante wrote works in both Latin and Italian, showing that Italian and not just Latin could be a language of high art. The Divine Comedy, in fact, is the first great work of art in the West that was written in neither Latin nor Greek. His use of Italian helped to shape the language. Dante is led through hell and purgatory by Virgil and through heaven by Beatrice, the love of his life who died young. There Dante meets many famous people, all put in their proper places in the afterlife according to their sins or saintliness: • hell: devils, unbelievers, sinners, Homer, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Euclid, Virgil, Ovid, Horace, Cicero, Caesar, Ptolemy, Galen, Averroes, Cleopatra, Alexander, Nicholaus III, Odysseus, Muhammad, Brutus, Judas, Satan • purgatory: the repentant, Cato, Dante, Cain, Adrian V, Statius • heaven: angels, saints, Aquinas, Augustine, Francis, Dominic, Peter, James, John, Beatrice, Bernard, Mary, Christ The sin which will put Dante in purgatory is his desire to be famous. Note that Statius, the Latin poet of the first century, worshipped the Roman gods as far as we know, but Dante supposes that he converted to the Christian faith sometime before his death. Although it is a work of fiction it is based on the best knowledge of his day. In fact, it beautifully presents in verse the same view of the world that Aquinas wrote about in his long books of philosophy. According to Dante, hell is under the earth, purgatory is a great mountain in what we call the South Pacific, on the opposite side of the earth from Jerusalem, and heaven is the heavens from the Moon up to God Himself, who is beyond the stars, outside the universe, outside of space and time. As Dante confesses, much of heaven is beyond the power of language. The southern island of Marotiri in French Polynesis - the closest thing to Dante's Mount Purgatory. The southern island of Marotiri in French Polynesia – the closest thing to Dante’s Mount Purgatory. At age 37 Dante lost everything: he was out of town when the party of the Black Guelphs took over Florence. As a White Guelph he could never return to Florence and spent the rest of life in Ravenna where he wrote the “Divine Comedy”. Dante greatly admired Virgil, of whom he said, “Honour and light of the other poets, you are my master and my author, you are alone the one from whom I draw the beautiful style for which I am honoured.” His house still stands in Florence. Dante influenced the English poet Blake, among others. Dante assumed that his readers knew about the history of Italy during the 1200s (especially the history of Florence) and about ancient writers, especially Aristotle, Virgil, Ovid and the Bible (as did most writers in the West from 1250 to 1650). If you have not read these, then read Dante with footnotes if you can. If you cannot, still read him! See also: Read Full Post » %d bloggers like this:	<urn:uuid:f4d0d17a-5f31-454e-8367-171965d3232c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.03035789728164673, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.969074547290802, "url": "https://abagond.wordpress.com/category/1300s/" }
The Medieval & Renaissance (476-1600) • 476 The Fall of Rome The Fall of Rome The fall of the Western Roman Empire was the loss of central political control in its Western Empire, which ended in the divide of the Empire • Period: 480 to 524 Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius Boethuis was a Roman writer and statesman, but he was also an important music theorist during the Early Medieval Period. He is credited with writing "De institutione musica" (The Fundamentals of Music), in the 500s. • 900 Organum is the first known for of polyphony and was first decribed in c.900, but we beleive it to extend back til the 800s. This all started when Plainchant melody added another melody, and it resulted in a musical sung piece of parallel 4ths and 5ths (3rds were dissonant and should not be used. • Period: 1071 to 1126 William IX William IX was the Duke of Aquitine and the earliest of the troubadours whose works have survived throughout the years (11 poems nd 1 melody). He was a respected nobleman, but he is remembered for his womanizing. • Period: 1098 to 1179 Hildegard von Bingen Hildegard von Bingen was a German composer and the first female composer in Europe during the Medieval Era of Music. Her music shows the earliest signs of polyphony and is one of the most influential composers of her time. • Period: 1150 to 1201 Leonin was the first well known composer of polyphonic organum during his time. The details of Leonin's life are not known, only knowing his only from his collection of two voiced organum settings. In the "Mangus liber Organi" (c.1170), he combined rhythmic modes of triples with the "discantus" styles. • Period: 1160 to 1213 Gace Brule Gace Brule was one of the earliest trouberes and was heavily influenced by Gregorian Chant in her melodies. She was a famous poet at her time, Most of her songs can be streamed online. 69 poems and 57 melodies have survived. • Period: 1175 to 1225 Perotin was a French composer who flourished during c.1200 who was associated with the Notre Dame school of polyphony. Born into a noble family, she given to the convent at age 8 for a better shot at surviving given the circumstances of her time. She is believed to have introduced the composition in four parts into Western Music. • 1200 Genres Generally Composed Genres generally composed during this time period consists of the following: - Sacred Music: music written for purposes of worship - Secular Music: music that is not intended for religious use - Gregorian chant: monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song - German Lied: "songs" - Italian frottola: A four voice part harmony with the melody on top - French chanson: Lyric-driven French song, polyphonic. • Period: 1245 to 1288 Adam de la Halle Adam de la Halle was one of he last trouveres and wrote polyphony during the Medieval Era. He studies in Paris and wrote chansons, musical plays, rondeaux, and 7 motets. • 1250 Anonymous IV Anonymous IV Anonymous IV was one of the most influential composers of the Medieval Era of music. Nothing is known about his life, not even his name, but he was probably an English Student working at Notre Dame de Paris. He gives us information about Leonin and Perotin, who would have been anonymous otherwise. • Period: 1291 to 1361 Philippe de Vitry Philippe de Vitry was the first composer of the Ars Nova or "New art", which dealt with the theoretical aspects of French music in the first half of the 14th century. He was also well known as "the unparalleled poet of France." • Period: 1300 to 1377 Guillaume de Machaut Guillaume de Machaut was considered the most famous composers of his time and of the first to use polyphony in mass cycles. He is a part of the musical movement known as the ars nova and was a central figure. Machaut wrote many poems like "Puis quen oubli" (Since I am forgotten). • Period: 1325 to 1397 Francesco Landini Francesco Landini was an Italian during the the late Medieval period and was a central figure of the Trecento style. Landini's surviving music is almost entirely in the ballata form he apparently created. "Ecco la primavera", is a two part ballata in which he composed. • Period: 1340 to 1386 Jacopo da Bologna Jacopo da Bologna was an Italian composer, theorist, harpist, and a teacher of Landini. He was a part of the period known as the Ars Nova, and was one of the first members of the group. • 1346 The Black Death The Black Death The Black Death was a bubonic plaque pandemic that occurred throughout the Afro-Eurasia continents from 1346-1353. It is regarded as the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, claiming 75 million - 200 million lives in those years. • Period: 1390 to 1453 John Dunstable John Dunstaple was an English composer who influenced the transition between late medieval and Early Renaissance music. He pioneered the use of thirds and sixths in harmonies, otherwise known as the contenance angloise style. • Period: 1397 to 1474 Guillaume Du Fay Guillaume Du Fay was a French composer and music theorist of the early Renaissance Era. While he was alive, he was regarded as the leading composer in Europe, with his music widely performed and copied. He is also of the first to employ the more mellifluous harmonies and melodies of the early Renaissance Era. • 1400 The Crumhorn was invented The Crumhorn was invented The Crumhorn was a double-reed wind instrument that thrived between the 15th century and about 1650. It is made up of a small boxwood pipe of cylindrical bore, curved upward and the lower end and had finger holes like a recorder. • Period: 1420 to 1497 Johannes Ockeghem Johannes Ockeghem is regarded as the most famous composer of the Franco-Flemish School during the last half of the 15th century. He usually used four independent voices of similar character, and by extending his bass range, he had a darker and fuller sound than that of Du Fay • Period: 1435 to 1511 Johannes Tinctores Johannes Tinctoris was a Renaissances composer and musical theorist and was employed from the 1470s-1490s at the Aragonese royal court in Naples. He is credited for writing the first dictionary of musical terms, another book on the characteristics or musical modes, and a treatise on proportions. Though most of music did not survive, there is strong evidence suggesting his love for complex, smooth polyphony. • 1440 The Printing Press was Invented The Printing Press was Invented The printing press was a revolutionary invention in which it allowed people to share large amounts of information quickly though paper. Books could be printed in mass amounts that look exactly the same, so there were no longer need for scribes with possible errors. • Period: 1450 to 1517 Heinrich Isaac Heinrich Isaac was a Franco-Flemish composer who influenced German music during his time. He was a composer to the Holy Roman Emperor: Maximilian I, in Vienna. He was also a significant contemporary of Josquin des Prez. • Period: 1452 to 1519 Leonardo Da Vinci Although Leonardo Da Vinci was best known for being a painter, engineer or scientist, he was also a musician. We have found many musical sketches in his notebooks, along with musical inventions. Though he did compose, he didn't leave behind any musical scores, and most of his themes were improvise during his actual performances. • Period: 1452 to 1518 Pierre de la Rue Pierre de la Rue is a leading composer at the Burgundian court and was very famous in his day. Frequent use of canon and ostinato are used within his compositions, though he preferred low sonorities. He never worked in Italy. (31 Masses, 25 Motets, 7 Mass sections, Requiem, 30 chansons) • Period: 1486 to 1542 Ludwig Senfl Ludwig Senfl was a Swiss-German composer and singer during the Renaissance Era. He wrote many mass, Magnificat, German songs, and Lutheran chorale elaborations. Although he was Catholic, he respected Martin Luther. • Period: 1490 to 1545 John Taverner John Taverner was an English organist and choirmaster who was influenced by the Lutheran faith. Although he was influenced by Lutheran faith, he wrote for the Catholic Liturgy, and is regarded as an important English composer in the first half of the 16th centruy. • Period: 1510 to 1556 Jacobus Clemens Jacobus Clemens was a Dutch composer who worked in Spain for Charles V. He was known as a prolific composer, and composed many things throughout his active life • Oct 31, 1517 Martin Luther posts the 95 These Martin Luther posts the 95 These Legend has it that the priest and scholar Martin Luther approached the door of the Castle church in Germany, and nails a piece of paper that contains his 95 opinions that would later begin the Protestant Reformation	<urn:uuid:34ad877f-e254-4e69-a10c-9e0cc9c58431>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.06611424684524536, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9791461229324341, "url": "https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/the-medieval-renaissance-476-1600" }
Quick Answer: What Causes The Primacy Effect? Why does primacy effect occur? Why do the primacy and recency effects occur? What causes recency effect? Recency effects are attributed to the readout of the last few items in a list from short-term memory (STM), and primacy effects are reflected in the long-term memory (LTM) advantage for the first few items in a list due to the greater rehearsal devoted to those items. What is the primacy effect in memory? What is an example of recency effect? The recency effect is the tendency to remember the most recently presented information best. For example, if you are trying to memorize a list of items, the recency effect means you are more likely to recall the items from the list that you studied last. What is an example of primacy effect? What is the primacy effect in psychology? What did Ebbinghaus conclude about memory? What is primacy theory? The law of primacy in persuasion, otherwise known as a primacy effect, as postulated by Frederick Hansen Lund in 1925 holds that the side of an issue presented first will have greater effectiveness in persuasion than the side presented subsequently. What causes the primacy effect quizlet? When a sparkler is twirled rapidly? When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because: the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second. What are the three reasons for forgetting? How can the recency effect be avoided? How to avoid the recency effect? A simple way of overcoming the recency effect is to keep a record in order to keep the big picture in mind. Whether it is stocks, mutual funds or employee evaluation, a log on the long-term performance is a practical approach. What is the difference between primacy effect and recency effect? How can primacy and recency effects be overcome? Tips to get the most from recency and primacy:Teach and/or learn new material first.New information and closure are best presented during the prime-time periods.Practice (labs/activity) is appropriate for the down-time segment.Lessons divided into 20 minute segments are more productive than one continuous lesson (6)More items…•	<urn:uuid:ae75a432-3595-4e11-86ee-a955c864b819>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.890625, "fasttext_score": 0.9999207258224487, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9373125433921814, "url": "https://alimaysports.com/qa/quick-answer-what-causes-the-primacy-effect.html" }
Contrails Change Temperatures on the Ground Beneath Them Save ArticleSave Article Failed to save article Please try again Multiple contrails crisscross the sky near London's Heathrow Airport. Collectively, contrail "outbreaks" have a measurable effect on local climate. (Roo Reynolds/Flickr) Contrails—those cloudy tracks laid across the sky by jet planes—have a noteworthy effect on the local climate below, new research shows. A study recently published in the International Journal of Climatology suggests that in places where jets and their contrails are common, meteorologists could routinely add their effects to weather forecasts. Contrails form wherever jets fly through the right atmospheric conditions. Water vapor in a jet's exhaust condenses into water droplets or ice crystals, aided by microscopic seed particles from smoke, dust or pollen. The result is an instant cloud tracing the jet's route through the air. A contrail may evaporate quickly or persist for hours, depending on temperature and humidity conditions. Winds may smear it out. If enough contrails are present, they may combine into a thin carpet of high cloud. Contrails are more than just a pretty sky feature or aerial annoyance. Scientists saw a dramatic example of their importance in September 2001, when the U.S. government grounded commercial airlines for three days in the wake of the 9-11 terrorist attack. During that time, areas that were prone to contrails, like the Midwest, had significantly warmer days and cooler nights. The study's authors, Jase Bernhardt and Andrew Carleton, are two atmospheric researchers at Penn State University who made a more systematic effort to study the effects of contrails on daily temperatures. They learned that contrail "outbreaks" have definite effects on ground temperatures, and those effects may be predictable. The researchers looked for contrails in satellite images, examining regions of the U.S. where contrails are common. To avoid the effects of snow and other influences, they picked the South in January 2008 and 2009, and the Midwest in April 2008 and 2009. Contrails in a satellite image Contrails, like these over the English Channel in 2003, are easily visible in satellite images. (Marshall Space Flight Center) They found satellite images from clear days in which multiple contrails appeared, selecting outbreaks that lasted more than four hours. For each outbreak, they looked at the records from a weather station beneath the contrails and another station less than 100 miles away without contrails. For instance, they paired weather records on April 2, 2009 from Erie, Pennsylvania (contrails) and Buffalo, New York (no contrails). The results were clear. By warming the nights and cooling the days, contrails reduced the daily temperature range, on average, by 6.4 degrees Fahrenheit in the South in January, and 5.3 degrees in the Midwest in April. Individual cases varied, though, from no effect to as much as 27 degrees. The effect on daytime highs was greater than the effect on nighttime lows. To make sure of their findings, Bernhardt and Carleton also compared the same pairs of weather stations on the day before and the day after the contrail outbreaks, and found the temperature effect disappeared without the presence of contrails. Professor Carleton explains the research in this video from Penn State University. In causing warmer nights and cooler days, contrails act like ordinary clouds. We see the same effect in the Bay Area whenever a blanket of "marine layer" clouds covers the countryside. If these results hold up in further studies and in other regions, they may lead to more accurate predictions of daytime highs and nighttime lows in areas of high jet traffic. High-precision weather services—or "nowcasters"—can make use of this new advance with their customers. Fruit growers, for instance, keep close track of the expected nighttime "chilling hours" their orchards require during winter dormancy. Electricity providers need precise forecasts when high daytime temperatures could threaten to overload the power supply. As the globe continues to warm, our ability to model the new climates in every locality will grow with each scrap of atmospheric knowledge we can win from nature. Even small changes in the daily temperature range can ripple through the master equations of climate models. As air travel increases in coming decades, this new finding can help us better predict and manage the side effects of this crucial tool of civilization.	<urn:uuid:2031b777-0f4c-4450-95e8-baa8e55fb809>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.984375, "fasttext_score": 0.023761749267578125, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9329822659492493, "url": "https://www.kqed.org/science/88844/contrails-change-temperatures-on-the-ground-beneath-them" }
Why don’t penguins need goggles to see when they swim? Penguins are easily recognizable by their many adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle, including wings that have modified into paddles and feathers that have been modified to retain body heat when exposed to wet and cold conditions. One important feature that may not immediately jump to mind is vision. In order to hunt for food, penguins must have sufficient underwater vision. Many anatomical structures in the eye contribute to vision, but the function of accessory eye structures is often less clear. One example of such an accessory structure is the nictitating membrane. Often called a “third eyelid”, the nictitating membrane is a thin film that can be closed and opened to cover the eye. While humans don’t have a nictitating membrane, many reptiles, birds, amphibians, and mammals do, and it helps keeps the eye lubricated, clear away debris, and provide physical protection. In penguins, the nictitating membrane may play another role. A recent study by Shaun Collin and Barry Collin (2020) published in Integrative Organismal Biology examined the morphology of the nictitating membrane in the little penguin, Eudyptula minor, and found several structures that suggest the membrane may be modified to play a role in underwater vision. The nictitating membrane consists of three layers: two sheets of tissue, an outer (conjunctival) epithelium and an inner (bulbar) epithelium, and a connective tissue matrix (stroma) that holds them together. The little penguin has modifications to all three layers of the nictitating membrane. Figure 1 from Collins and Collins (2020). A) An adult little penguin, B) The little penguin eye (beak is to the right), C) A cross section through the nictitating membrane, c= outer (conjunctival) membrane and b=inner (bulbar) membrane, D) A close-up of the rectangle in C, cep= outer membrane, st=connective tissue stroma, bep=inner (bulbar) membrane. Scale bars: (A) 25 micrometers; (B) 40 micrometers; (C) 50 micrometers; and (D) 50 micrometers. The first noteworthy structure on the little penguin nictitating membrane is found on the outer surface. The peripheral edge of the outer surface is covered in small finger-like projections and ridges, which have not been found in other aquatic birds. Many marine animals have similar ridges covering the cornea, and so the authors hypothesize that the ridges on the nictitating membrane of the little penguin may indicate that the membrane covers the eye when feeding at sea. Figure 2 from Collins and Collins (2020). Surface of the outer (conjunctival) surface of the nictitating membrane. A-D move from the leading edge of the membrane to the periphery. A) Microvilli, B) Microplicae, C) and D) Microridges. The second interesting find is on the inner tissue layer of the nictitating membrane. The inner layer lacks a feathered surface, which has been found in other birds. The feathered surface is caused by the cells in the inner tissue layer producing small finger-like extensions of their cytoplasm (the fluid inside cells). This feathered surface is thought to be useful in distributing lubricating fluid across the eye when the nictitating membrane is closing and opening. This function may not be necessary in an aquatic bird, as the eyes are regularly submerged in water. Supporting this idea is the fact that other aquatic birds, namely the rockhopper penguin and mallard duck, also lack this feathering on the inner membrane. The final finding is in the structure of the connective tissue matrix (stroma) that holds the inner and outer epithelium of the nictitating membrane together. At the leading edge of the membrane the collagen fibrils of the stroma are randomly arranged, but in the region of the membrane that covers the pupil when the membrane is closed, the fibrils are aligned parallel to the leading edge. The importance of the collagen fibril arrangement stems from a theory called the lattice theory of transparency for the cornea. Under this theory, in order for tissue to be transparent the internal collagen fibrils must all be parallel. The organization of collagen fibrils over the pupillary region of the nictitating membrane thus suggests that there is increased transparency and improved visibility in this region, creating a “transparent window”. A similar window has been found in several other aquatic birds (e.g., hooded merganser, rock hopper penguin, mallard duck). This window would allow for improved visibility while the nictitating membrane is closed over the eye, which could occur during important underwater activities like hunting. Figure 4 from Collins and Collins (2020). Cross sections through the stroma of the nictitating membrane. A) Stroma at the leading edge where collagen fibrils are randomly arranged. B) Stroma away from the leading edge where collagen fibrils are arranged parallel to each other. In A and B, cf=collagen fibril. By Amanda Hewes Amanda Hewes is a PhD student in the Department of Biology at the University of Washington, Seattle. Her interests include the evolution of form-function relationships and functional morphology, focusing on avian pollinators and bird-plant coevolution. Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Google photo Twitter picture Facebook photo Connecting to %s	<urn:uuid:26a5052c-a052-4007-ac31-4af5dd374109>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.21875, "fasttext_score": 0.08004164695739746, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8918673992156982, "url": "https://iobopen.com/2021/06/17/why-dont-penguins-need-goggles-to-see-when-they-swim/" }
Who Invented the Stethoscope Probably the one diagnostic instrument that is used by almost every health care professional around the world is the stethoscope. It was invented by a French physician, Rene Laennec, in 1816. The idea came to him one day when he noticed two young boys sending signals to one another across a long piece of solid wood and making scratching sounds with a pin. Dr. Laennec experimented with different types of materials until he finally decided upon a hollow tube of wood, 3.5 cm in diameter and 25 cm long. The stethoscope has evolved over the years as new materials were introduced but the basic concept of being able to listen to sounds from within the chest cavity remain the same.stethoscope	<urn:uuid:f9d27650-ebfd-4ba0-a74c-8f9349a8b53e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.07652550935745239, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9337131977081299, "url": "https://jamaicahospital.org/newsletter/who-invented-the-stethoscope/" }
Omoi: Cultural Experiences Culture is a complicated word. The Nikkei National Museum knows many Japanese Canadians. We see a lot of different ways that different people think about being Japanese. We also see a lot of different ways that different people think about being Canadian. We have come to believe that: Culture is anything that connects us to other people. Every individual person has their own unique culture. We created the Omoi: Cultural Experiences videos to talk to some people in our community. We asked them about Japanese culture. We also asked them about their experiences as Nikkei (people of Japanese ancestry). When watching these videos, consider the following: • How has their relationship to their Japanese heritage changed throughout their life? • What things have helped or hurt their connection to a Nikkei identity? • What things help YOU feel connected to your ancestral culture? Yoko Matsuno Nikkei Centre auxiliary Try the Nikkei Centre auxiliary's recipe for manju! NNMCC Yaki Manju recipe John Endo Greenaway Maiko Behr Choose two videos and compare and contrast what is said in each about culture and identity. You may want to use a Venn diagram (see above for an example). Next, compare and contrast the people in one or more videos with yourself and/or your family. Finally, use this worksheet to draw a symbol or a few symbols about your own culture. What connects you to your family and friends? What traditions and activities are meaningful to you?	<urn:uuid:c651dd4a-1cfd-4afd-9fb3-a4fec86161c6>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.05704665184020996, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.970317542552948, "url": "https://centre.nikkeiplace.org/omoi-cultural-experiences/" }
How Much Straw Does a Pig Need for Exploration? 1 November 2013, at 12:00am Around 400g of straw satisfies the behavioural needs of a finishing pig each day, according to a new study at Aarhus University in Denmark, but their study also revealed that the straw boosts growth rate and lowers the risk of stomach ulcers. Finishing pigs need up to 400g of straw per pig per day to meet their behavioural needs for manipulation and rooting, according to a study at Aarhus University. But satisfaction of behavioural needs is not the only benefit of straw – pigs also have a higher growth rate and the risk of gastric ulcers is reduced. "Danish and EU legislation stipulates that pigs must have permanent access to a sufficient quantity of straw or other manipulable material to enable proper investigative and manipulative behaviour – but there are no specific figures for how much straw is needed," explained the main author of the report, senior scientist Lene Juul Pedersen from Aarhus University. Pigs Need Activity and Novel Stimuli Pigs use much of their active time investigating their surroundings. The behaviour may be motivated by hunger but finishing pigs, which typically have free access to feed, are primarily motivated by information-seeking and curiosity. Pigs examine a substrate or an environment by behavioural patterns such as sniffing, rooting, pushing, chewing or biting. With this behaviour, the pigs glean information about their surroundings, such as potential food sources, nesting materials or suitable resting places. Pigs are focusing their investigative behaviour on materials that are novel, changeable and/or malleable. In Nature, this new information will be stored and used later, for example if food resources become scarce, and such behaviour therefore increases the pig's chances of survival and reproduction. The investigative behaviour is governed by an instinctive motivation to seek, find and explore stimuli that potentially contain information. Therefore, the pigs in an intensive production situation with free access to feed still need access to manipulable materials (rooting and enrichment materials) that can fulfil this motivation. If the animals are short of stimuli, they can redirect their normal exploratory behaviour towards the other pigs in the pen, and especially against their ears and tails. The recipient of such attention may be injured by, for example, tail-biting. The degree of exploratory behaviour re-directed at pen mates can be used as a measure of how well the environment satisfies the pigs' requirements for rooting and enrichment materials. • injuries to the tail • daily weight gain • targets for indoor climate, and • gastric health. Finishers should be given straw in amounts up to 400g per pig per day to satisfy their needs for exploration and occupation, according to a report from DCA. Pigs Need up to 400g of Whole Straw to Meet Their Needs In the first phase, the scientists examined pig behaviour when they received 10, 500 or 1,000g straw per pig per day. This showed that there was no difference in the exploratory behaviour re-directed at other pigs for pigs given 500g and 1,000g straw, but for pigs receiving only 10g there was more exploratory behaviour re-directed at pen mates. In the second phase, the scientists gave daily allocations of straw per pig of 10, 80, 150, 220, 290, 360, 430 or 500g. The results showed a significant linear correlation between the amount of straw given and the amount of time the pigs spent on investigative behaviour re-directed at pen mates, since a daily allocation of 500g per pig reduced the active time spent on this behaviour from 10.5 per cent to 8.1 per cent compared to the 10-g allocation. In the attempt to set a lower limit for what constitutes a biologically relevant difference, scientists concluded that under the given experimental conditions, the pigs must be allocated at least 400g of whole straw per pig per day to meet their needs. • A significant linear decrease in the percentage of animals with injuries to the tail when allocating increasing amounts of straw (5.9 per cent and 2.8 per cent, respectively, for 10g and 500g straw) • A significant increase in growth rate with increasing straw allocation (1,012g and 1,060g per day at 10g and 500 g straw, respectively) • Significantly fewer pigs with gastric ulcers when allocating 500 or 1,000g straw per pig per day compared to 10g per pig (seven per cent compared to 33 per cent). Measuring the amounts of clean straw remaining in the pens showed that under the given conditions, minimum allocation per pig is approximately 80g of straw until they weight about 50kg, around 150g until 70 kg and thereafter, they need more than 290g straw per pig to ensure permanent access to straw. "Now we have factual knowledge of how much straw is needed to meet pig requirements. Allocation of straw can apparently also improve growth and help solve problems with gastric ulcers," explained Dr Pederson. "Where results are implemented in practice, it will be necessary to design new housing and manure systems that can handle larger amounts of straw," she added. The report (in Danish) 'Hvor meget hel halm udgør tilstrækkeligt beskæftigelses- og rodemateriale til svin”, DCA report no. 30, September 2013 can be found by clicking here. October 2013 Sponsor message Ensure continuous feed flow and keep your animals fed.	<urn:uuid:950c1f40-8431-47fc-9cf0-2a3d3cfde6e8>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.578125, "fasttext_score": 0.02381312847137451, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.939092755317688, "url": "https://www.thepigsite.com/articles/how-much-straw-does-a-pig-need-for-exploration" }
"The Black Cat" Study Guide "The Black Cat" Study Guide "The Black Cat," one of Edgar Allan Poe's most memorable stories, is a classic example of the gothic literature genre that debuted in the Saturday Evening Post on August 19, 1843. Written in the form of a first-person narrative, Poe employed multiple themes of insanity, superstition, and alcoholism to impart a palpable sense of horror and foreboding to this tale, while at the same time, deftly advancing his plot and building his characters. It's no surprise that "The Black Cat" is often linked with "The Tell-Tale Heart," since both of Poe's stories share several disturbing plot devices including murder and damning messages from the grave-real or imagined. Plot Summary The nameless protagonist/narrator begins his story by letting the readers know that he was once a nice, average man. He had a pleasant home, was married to a pleasant wife, and had an abiding love for animals. All that was to change, however, when he fell under the influence of demon alcohol. The first symptom of his descent into addiction and eventual madness manifests with his escalating maltreatment of the family pets. The only creature to escape the man's initial wrath is a beloved black cat named Pluto, but one night after a serious bout of heavy drinking, Pluto angers him for some minor infraction, and in a drunken fury, the man seizes the cat, which promptly bites him. The narrator retaliates by cutting out one of the Pluto's eyes. While the cat's wound eventually heals, the relationship between the man and his pet has been destroyed. Eventually, the narrator, filled with self-loathing, comes to detest the cat as a symbol of his own weakness, and in a moment of further insanity, hangs the poor creature by the neck from a tree beside the house where it's left to perish. Shortly thereafter, the house burns down. While the narrator, his wife, and a servant escape, the only thing left standing is a single blackened interior wall-on which, to his horror, the man sees the image of a cat hanging by a noose around its neck. Thinking to assuage his guilt, the protagonist begins searching out a second black cat to replace Pluto. One night, in a tavern, he eventually finds just such a cat, which accompanies him to the house he now shares with his wife, albeit under greatly reduced circumstances. Soon enough, the madness-abetted by gin-returns. The narrator begins not only to detest the new cat-which is always underfoot-but to fear it. What remains of his reason keeps him from harming the animal, until the day the man's wife asks him to accompany her on an errand to the cellar. The cat runs ahead, nearly tripping his master on the stairs. The man becomes enraged. He picks up an ax, meaning to murder the animal, but when his wife grabs the handle to stop him, he pivots, killing her with a blow to the head. Rather than break down with remorse, the man hastily hides his wife's body by walling it up with bricks behind a false facade in the cellar. The cat that's been tormenting him seems to have disappeared. Relieved, he begins to think he's gotten away with his crime and all will finally be well-until the police eventually show up to search the house. They find nothing but as they're headed up the cellar stairs preparing to leave, the narrator stops them, and with false bravado, he boasts how well the house is built, tapping on the wall that's hiding the body of his dead wife. From within comes a sound of unmistakable anguish. Upon hearing the cries, the authorities demolish the false wall, only to find the wife's corpse, and on top of it, the missing cat. "I had walled the monster up within the tomb!" he wails-not realizing that in fact, he and not the cat, is the actual villain of the story. Symbols are a key component of Poe's dark tale, particularly the following ones. • The black cat: More than just the title character, the black cat is also an important symbol. Like the bad omen of legend, the narrator believes Pluto and his successor have led him down the path toward insanity and immorality. • Alcohol: While the narrator begins to view the black cat as an outward manifestation of everything the narrator views as evil and unholy, blaming the animal for all his woes, it is his addiction to drinking, more than anything else, that seems to be the true reason for the narrator's mental decline. • House and home: "Home sweet home" is supposed to be a place of safety and security, however, in this story, it becomes a dark and tragic place of madness and murder. The narrator kills his favorite pet, tries to kill its replacement, and goes on to kill his own wife. Even the relationships that should have been the central focus of his healthy and happy home fall victim to his deteriorating mental state. • Prison: When the story opens, the narrator is physically in prison, however, his mind was already imprisoned by the shackles of madness, paranoia, and alcohol-induced delusions long before he was apprehended for his crimes. • The wife: The wife could have been a grounding force in the narrator's life. He describes her as having "that humanity of feeling." Rather than saving him, or at least escaping with her own life, she becomes a horrible example of innocence betrayed. Loyal, faithful, and kind, she never leaves her husband no matter how low he sinks into the depths of depravity. Instead, it is he who is in a sense unfaithful to his marriage vows. His mistress, however, is not another woman, but rather his obsession with drinking and the inner demons his drinking unleashes as symbolically personified by the black cat. He forsakes the woman he loves-and eventually kills her because he can't break the hold of his destructive obsession. Major Themes Love and hate are two key themes in the story. The narrator at first loves his pets and his wife, but as madness takes hold of him, he comes to loathe or dismiss everything that should be of the utmost importance to him. Other major themes include: • Justice and truth: The narrator tries to hide the truth by walling up his wife's body but the voice of the black cat helps bring him to justice. • Superstition: The black cat is an omen of bad luck, a theme that runs throughout literature. • Murder and death: Death is the central focus of the entire story. The question is what causes the narrator to become a killer. • Illusion versus reality: Does the alcohol release the narrator's inner demons, or is it merely an excuse for his horrendous acts of violence? Is the black cat merely a cat, or something embued with a greater power to bring about justice or exact revenge? • Loyalty perverted: A pet is often seen as a loyal and faithful partner in life but the escalating hallucinations the narrator experiences propel him into murderous rages, first with Pluto and then with the cat the replaces him. The pets he once held in highest affection become the thing he most loathes. As the man's sanity unravels, his wife, whom he also purports to love, becomes someone who merely inhabits his home rather than shares his life. She ceases to be a real person, and when she does, she is expendable. When she dies, rather than feel the horror of killing someone he cares for, the man's first response is to hide the evidence of his crime. Key Quotes Poe's use of language enhance the story's chilling impact. His stark prose is the reason this and other of his tales have endured. Key quotes from Poe's work echo its themes. On reality vs. illusion: On loyalty: On superstition: On alcoholism: On transformation and descent into insanity: On murder: On evil: "Beneath the pressure of torments such as these, the feeble remnant of the good within me succumbed. Evil thoughts became my sole intimates-the darkest and most evil of thoughts." Questions for Study and Discussion Once students have read "The Black Cat," teachers can use the following questions to spark discussion or as the basis for an exam or written assignment: • Why do you think Poe chose "The Black Cat" as the title for this story? • What are the major conflicts? What types of conflict (physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional) do you see in this story? • What does Poe do to reveal character in the story? • What are some themes in the story? • How does Poe employ symbolism? • Is the narrator consistent in his actions? Is he a fully developed character? • Do you find the narrator likable? Would you want to meet him? • Do you find the narrator reliable? Do you trust what he says to be true? • How would you describe the narrator's relationship with animals? How does it differ from his relationships with people? • Does the story end the way you expected it to? • What is the central purpose of the story? Why is this purpose important or meaningful? • Why is the story usually considered a work of horror literature? • Would you consider this appropriate reading for Halloween? • How essential is setting to the story? Could the story have taken place anywhere else? • What are some of the controversial elements of the story? Were they necessary? • What is the role of women in the text? • Would you recommend this story to a friend? • If Poe had not ended the story as he did, what do you think might have happened next? • How have views on alcoholism, superstition, and insanity changed since this story was written? • How might a modern writer approach a similar story?	<urn:uuid:ecf41f5a-775e-419c-b21c-fd25d797d55e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.22471195459365845, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9771712422370911, "url": "https://au.historynuances.com/141-the-black-cat-study-guide.html" }
Researching Colonial War Ancestors In New England Improve listing Presented by In the 17th and 18th centuries, conflicts between European superpowers often played out in their fledgling North American colonies. The seizure of land from and hostilities with Indigenous Peoples often turned violent. Many of our colonist ancestors in New England participated in these bloody wars. This three-part online course will provide you with the historical context of these conflicts, point you to essential published resources and original documents, and demonstrate strategies for proving your descent from a colonial war veteran. This course includes three 90-minute classes; exclusive access to handouts and recordings of each presentation; and in-depth Q&A sessions with the instructors.	<urn:uuid:b60ccf80-75ea-494b-a515-e986341c1936>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.03513979911804199, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9291075468063354, "url": "https://www.thehistorylist.com/events/researching-colonial-war-ancestors-in-new-england-online-american-ancestors-and-new-england-historic-genealogical-society" }
Skip to main content Tomb with a View: Ancient Burial Sites Served as 'Telescopes' Dolmen da Orca, one of a cluster of stone tombs in Carregal do Sal, Portugal, may have helped people track star movements thousands of years ago. (Image credit: F. Silva ) Thousands of years ago, stone constructions built as tombs may have served another purpose — one with an unexpected celestial connection. Astronomers suggest these ancient structures may have been used for observing the night sky and tracking the movements of the stars. Researchers are investigating whether so-called "megalithic" tombs — tombs hewn from ancient stone — provided optical opportunities for humanity's earliest astronomers, acting as "telescopes" without lenses. And the scientists are looking especially closely at passage graves, a type of tomb with a large chamber accessed through a long and narrow entry tunnel. This type of structure could have greatly enhanced views of faint stars as they rose on the dawn horizon. [Image Gallery: World's Oldest Astrologer's Board] The findings were presented June 29 at the Royal Astronomical Society's (RAS) National Astronomy Meeting 2016 in Nottingham, in the United Kingdom. They were presented in a special session addressing how cultures and societies have been shaped by studying the sky, and vice versa. The orientation of some passage graves is known to align with the positions of certain stars, according to study presenter Fabio Silva, a lecturer in cultural astronomy at the University of Wales Trinity Saint David in the United Kingdom. The view towards the east from the Carregal do Sal megalithic cluster, at dawn at the end of April around 4000 B.C., as reconstructed using a Digital Elevation Model and Stellarium. (Image credit: F. Silva) Silva said in a statement that the Seven-Stone Antas, a 6,000-year-old monolithic cluster in central Portugal, was constructed so that the entrance might align with the star Aldebaran, "the brightest star in the constellation of Taurus." He added that ancient societies would have found it vital to detect stars during twilight hours in order to accurately time the objects' first appearances at specific times of the year. This may have informed people's decisions about seasonal migrations to summer hunting grounds, Silva said. Light at the end of the tunnel Passage graves are thought to be sacred spaces in ancient societies, said Daniel Brown, a senior lecturer in astronomy at Nottingham Trent University in the United Kingdom and organizer of the RAS session. Brown told Live Science in an email that most passage graves in Western Europe date from 6000 B.C. to 2000 B.C. and they were widespread along the Atlantic coast of Europe. "Different regions had their own traditions and architectural styles, but they are all variations on a theme," Brown said. "In most circumstances, the evidence suggests the inner megalithic chamber(s) were used for burials or bone deposition, whereas outer courts might have been used for more communal practices — possibly related to the funerary rites." In addition to housing the deceased, the tombs' inner chambers would sometimes host living individuals, who would spend the night inside the structures' walls as part of a rite of passage, the study presenters said. The only natural light would filter from the opening at the far end of the tomb's entry tunnel, and the researchers suggested that this setup would have allowed a person within the chamber to observe faint stars in the night sky that might not be visible to someone standing outside. Tombs thus enabled stargazing thousands of years before the first telescopes were invented. "Enhanced observing" "The entrance creates an aperture as large as 10 degrees through which your naked-eye view is restricted," Brown explained. "This would allow enhanced observing, especially in the twilight hours of dusk and dawn." View of the Dolmen da Orca passage and entrance while standing within the tomb's chamber, looking toward the "window of visibility." (Image credit: F. Silva) According to Brown, the long and narrow entryway focused the viewers on a narrow strip of the horizon, in which faint stars could be rising at the same time that the sun rose or set. A restricted field of view would also limit the amount of light that could wash out the sky and make faint stars hard to see. And after spending the night inside the tomb, a person's eyes would become used to lower light levels, and therefore better able to glimpse a dimmer star, Brown added. Investigating the ways that early cultures used cosmology offers insights into how they understood the world around them, "as well as their place in it," Brown told Live Science. "It also gives us an insight that astronomy as such did not exist as a discipline or secret caste. Astronomy was part of a holistic experience of life and environment and sky," he added. "And it also was shaping their societies." Original article on Live Science. Mindy Weisberger	<urn:uuid:fa9c5d95-f0f0-44e7-8726-4e896e85edf9>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.023611783981323242, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9499548673629761, "url": "https://www.livescience.com/55248-prehistoric-tombs-were-first-telescopes.html" }
4 Kids’ Books that Inspire Civic Engagement and Voting It’s up to us all to show kids that in a democracy, citizens can use their voices to make a difference in our communities. Here are a few stories to share with kids to inspire them to get involved with their communities and (when they’re old enough) to vote! Grace for President by Kelly S. DiPucchio When Grace’s teacher reveals that the United States has never had a female president, Grace decides to be the first. Recommended for ages 4-9. Does My Voice Count?: A Book About Citizenship by Sandy Donovan How can you make your voice heard when you’re not old enough to vote? How can you set a good example when someone is picking on you? What can you do to make a difference in your community and in the world? Recommended for ages 7-9. President of the Whole Fifth Grade by Sherri Winston Start counting your votes . . . and your friends. When Brianna Justice’s hero, the famous celebrity chef Miss Delicious, speaks at her school and traces her own success back to being president of her fifth grade class, Brianna determines she must do the same. She just knows that becoming president of her class is the first step toward her own cupcake-baking empire! Recommended for ages 7-12. You Want Women to Vote, Lizzie Stanton? by Jean Fritz Who says women shouldn’t speak in public? And why can’t they vote? These are questions Elizabeth Cady Stanton grew up asking herself. Recommended for ages 7-12. Find more titles to inspire young readers to become leaders in the Activism & Civic Engagement section of the First Book Marketplace!	<urn:uuid:76b314ad-134c-4722-aa63-36ced7702aee>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.08643859624862671, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9240476489067078, "url": "https://firstbook.org/blog/2018/11/06/kids-books-that-inspire-civic-engagement-voting/" }
Skip to main content Learn English: Prepositions of location Prepositions describe the relationship of words in a sentence. We use prepositions of location such as 'in', 'at' and 'on' to show the position of objects in the sentence. We use 'at' for specific addresses or a specific place. 'He was at the department store last night so that he could buy shoes.' 'I wanted for my friend at the entrance of the supermarket.' We use 'in' for the names of areas such as suburbs, states and countries. 'Look at the happy couple in Spain! They are certainly enjoying themselves.' 'Some of Australia's best chocolate shops are in Melbourne.' We use 'on' to refer to names of streets. 'The old couple went to the nearby park on Albert street.' 'The market on Burke Road is very popular with young people.'	<urn:uuid:52c435f3-945b-4de5-a4ea-ffb9a2aea5c3>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.026147067546844482, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.928091287612915, "url": "https://www.abc.net.au/education/learn-english/learn-english-prepositions-of-location/7386920" }
Deep Look: What Actually Makes Water Roll Off a Duck's Back? Ducks and geese spend a lot of time preening their all-weather feathers. This obsessive grooming – and a little styling wax from a hidden spot on their back side – maintains the microscopic feather structure that keeps them warm and dry in frigid waters. Choose an animal that lives in a "harsh" environment. Describe one of the features that protects them from this environment. How does the structure of this feature affect the function? Make & Share Find (or take!) a photo that demonstrates your animal's unique feature.	<urn:uuid:2ecce891-57e9-412f-a3d9-53c1ccf00747>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.14352059364318848, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9008255004882812, "url": "https://learn.kqed.org/discussions/91" }
Zika Mosquito Genome Put on the Map Written by Danielle Gerhard, PhD Finally, a revolutionary technique allows researchers to finish piecing together the genome of the Zika virus vector. Read more… Aedes aegypti in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Credit: Wikipedia. As the Zika virus raced around the equator, researchers scrambled to sequence the entire genome of Aedes aegypti, the main mosquito responsible for spreading the virus. Despite years of research, the genome remained incomplete due to technical limitations, slowing down research progress. Why was it so difficult to generate a high-quality genome sequence for Aedes aegypti? “It’s not just a challenge specifically for the mosquito; it is a more general challenge,” said Olga Dudchenko, lead author of a new paper published in Science that presents a novel genome assembly procedure that is fast, cheap, and more accurate than previously used methods (1). Dudchenko compares genome assembly to a jigsaw puzzle where the puzzle pieces are fragments of base pairs along a chromosome. As with a jigsaw puzzle, some pieces such as those with edges or a detailed flower, are easier to piece together than others where the pictures is more uniform. “It’s the same story with genome assembly. You have highly repetitive sequences where everything looks incredibly similar to each other so it’s very difficult to assemble, and often just impossible,” said Dudchenko. Currently, researchers assemble genomes using next generation sequencing, which slices DNA into small pieces that can be read and then re-assembled based on overlapping regions. This technique is great until you come across long fragments of repetitive DNA, like an expansive blue sky in a jigsaw puzzle. “Mosquitoes are notorious for expanses of these blue, blue skies that prevented things from being put together in any reasonable way,” said Dudchenko. To complete the Zika genome, Dudchenko and colleagues refined a method called Hi-C that they first published on in 2009 (2). Hi-C probes the 3D structure of whole genomes to create maps that show how often during chromosome folding certain parts of the genome come into contact with one another. These Hi-C maps can then be used to determine how close genome fragments are to one another, or which pieces that comprise the blue sky are close in proximity. In the present study, the researchers combined Hi-C with a draft of the A. aegypti genome published in 2007 (3) and assembled the genome using even smaller fragments than previously required for the technique. In addition to the A. aegypti genome, the researchers validated the method by assembling the genome of the mosquito that transmits West Nile virus, Culex quinquefasciatus. Not only is this modified Hi-C method more accurate, it’s also faster and cheaper than currently available genome sequencing techniques. “The Zika outbreak highlighted that we don’t necessarily always know which particular organism will come to the spotlight with respect to a particular urgent health issue,” said Dudchenko. “The hope is that the methods we describe will give means to respond within weeks and hopefully days rather than years.”	<urn:uuid:5b748e87-aaa8-4165-9523-ddd6ada1e685>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.828125, "fasttext_score": 0.05295133590698242, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9214174151420593, "url": "https://www.biotechniques.com/microbiology/zika-mosquito-genome-put-on-the-map/" }
What is a Curlew? The Eurasian Curlew, Numenius arquata, is Britain’s largest wading bird. It has a distinctive long curved bill, mottled brown feathers and long legs. Once common throughout the UK, recent trends show a decline in their numbers, and it is considered the bird of highest conservation priority. The UK hosts around 25% of the international population, making it of great importance for the survival of the species. In the UK alone curlew population numbers have declined by about 50%, but rapid declines across Europe have led the International Union for the Conservation of Nature to classify the Eurasian Curlew as ‘vulnerable’ on the European Red List, meaning that the species is at risk of extinction. Eurasian curlew were once widespread, breeding on farmland and adjacent wet areas as well as moorland. Locally, the curlew population has declined by over 30% in 11 years. The Curlew Country study area is central in the investigation into what can be done to reverse the decline in the UK and wider European Curlew populations. The area is located on the Powys Shropshire border and is home to both lowland and upland species. This ecological hinterland between upland and lowland, north and south, is the breeding ground for a small population of about 40 pairs of breeding Curlew. This regional stronghold is one of only a handful of known population groups of this size, outside managed moors and reserves in the north. Bubbling song often used in breeding display: Recording by Krzysztof Deoniziak, XC247697. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/247697 The ‘Curlee’ cautionary alarm call: Recording by Peter Boesman, XC513903. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/513903/ Agitated, angry alarm call, often heard when nest or chicks are threatened: Olivier SWIFT, XC468817. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/468817/ Curlew Country works thanks to its close collaboration with farmers and land managers who describe the first evocative bubbling of returning curlew to be a herald of spring. Farmers describe memories of hay meadows from which ‘curlew and peewits1 rose in clouds’. Curlew Country has been trying to establish why these long lived birds (they can exceptionally live for 20 or 30 years) are now failing to breed successfully on the farmland habitat they nest in outside moorland and upland areas. A Nest Monitoring Project in the local study area has deployed cameras, used thermal data loggers and close observation techniques. During the years 2015 and 2016 no chicks were successfully reared from the nests monitored. Based on our findings we are now acting fast to intervene to try and save the population of about 40 breeding pairs within the local trial area, and gaining valuable information to help other similar curlew projects. I fret ..about the curlew, as though it is their migratory wingbeats that turn the earth, and should they fail to appear we will have entered some ecological end time. But they are home, home to breed’ John Lewis-Stempel, Meadowland	<urn:uuid:355b9b64-4554-4ae5-88f1-1e1453e7eea1>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.21875, "fasttext_score": 0.1851685643196106, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9275916218757629, "url": "https://curlewcountry.org/what-is-a-curlew-2/" }
Year 4 Science Topic Water transportation in plants Method 1: ‘Walking water’ activity to show how water from one container can be transported into another to show ‘capillary action’. What is ‘capillary action? Where water uses fibres (in teh case of plants, stem fibres) to transport itself upward. Method 2: Cut flowers were used and left in coloured water so children could observe and record the process of ‘capillary action’, whereby the water used the plant fibres to move up and do it’s magic. Note: in one picture you can see a white flower which has changed colour! This slideshow requires JavaScript. colour. Also In cut stem you can see plant’s fibres	<urn:uuid:ad63c029-df3c-49a3-89aa-08c4b9210584>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.06444346904754639, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8552581071853638, "url": "https://keirhardie.newham.sch.uk/year-4-science-topic/" }
Why did the Manila Galleon trade end? When did the galleon trade between the Philippines and Mexico ended? What was the effect of galleon trade in the Philippines Why did it decline despite its prosperous start? The galleon trade had a negative effect on economic development in the Philippines, since virtually all Spanish capital was devoted to speculation in Chinese goods. The importance of the trade declined in the late 18th century as other powers began to trade directly with China. How did the galleon trade affect Philippine culture? How did galleon trade affect globalization? THIS IS AMAZING: How much is ultrasound for pregnancy in the Philippines? What is galleon trade known for? What triggered the Filipino to start being nationalistic? The sense of national consciousness came from the Creoles, who now regard themselves as “Filipino”. It was brought to its advent by three major factors: 1) economy, 2) education and 3) secularization of parishes. These factors contributed to the birth of the Filipino Nationalism. How many years did Spain colonize the Philippines? How many Chinese are in the Philippines? How does Philippines make money? The Philippines is primarily considered a newly industrialized country, which has an economy in transition from one based on agriculture to one based more on services and manufacturing. As of 2021, GDP by purchasing power parity was estimated to be at $1.47 trillion, the 18th in the world. THIS IS AMAZING: Are Pad Thai noodles high in calories? How did the galleon trade work? The Galleon Trade was a government monopoly. Only two galleons were used: One sailed from Acapulco to Manila with some 500,000 pesos worth of goods, spending 120 days at sea; the other sailed from Manila to Acapulco with some 250,000 pesos worth of goods spending 90 days at sea. What is galleon trade system? The Manila Galleon Trade Route was an economically powerful system of linking Spain with the commodities of Asia via Mexico. It consisted of two separate routes – westward from Acapulco to Manila and eastward on the return, following two separate belts of trade winds across the Pacific.	<urn:uuid:b4b74df9-64e2-45b1-9be1-fc3ecdac555e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.9995460510253906, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9635661244392395, "url": "https://walkingstreetpattaya.net/useful-articles/why-did-the-manila-galleon-trade-end.html" }
The Stirling Cycle The history of the Stirling Cycle The Stirling cycle is a thermodynamic closed cycle that was invented in 1816 (!) by a Scottish minister, Robert Stirling. It was used in the so-called hot air engine, which was considered at the time to be capable of replacing the steam engine. This was partly because the boilers used in early steam engines were prone to explosion. The counterpart of the hot air motor, the refrigerator, was first recognized in 1832. Both machines experienced high and low points during the nineteenth century. Scottish minister, Robert Stirling The principle behind the machines was almost condemned to obscurity after the invention of the internal combustion engine (gas-, petrol-, and diesel motors) and compressor refrigerators with external evaporation. In 1938 Philips Research Laboratories was looking for a means of generating electricity to power radios in remote areas where there was no electricity supply. The practically-forgotten hot air motor attracted attention. In 1946 Philips started studying the cooling techniques used in the Stirling cycle. The result was the development of the cold gasrefrigerator. This machine, the cryogenerator, marked the start of significant cryogenic activities at Philips. So even though the Stirling hot air motor never became a commercial success, the Stirling cryogenerator is incorporated in equipment used from Antarctica to the North Pole. In 1990, Philips’ cooling-related activities became independent and eventually continued under the name of Stirling Cryogenics BV. Thanks to continual innovation and considerable investment in R&D, the Stirling cryogenerator is now used in advanced technological machinery for cooling gases and liquids to extremely low temperatures (200 K to 20 K). Applications with Stirling cryogenerators are used in a wide range of applications, including the production of liquid gases, cooling gases and liquids, and cooling during (industrial) processes. The Stirling Cryogenerator Download the Stirling Cycle brochure Stirling Cryogenerator Stirling cycleThe central element in all equipment made by Stirling Cryogenics is the Stirling cryogenerator, operating according to the principles of the Stirling cycle. This cycle is remarkable because it enables the cryogenerator to produce extremely low temperatures (less than 20 K), and allows virtually all gases and liquids to be cooled. The Stirling cycle is a closed cycle, which means that the cryogenerator working gas (which is Helium gas) never comes into contact with the substance (gas or liquid) being cooled. This also eliminates contamination of the working gas, which results in greater operational safety. The closed Stirling cycle also brings more advantages: The Stirling cryogenerator is extremely environmentally friendly: it does not cause ozone layer depletion in any way, does not contribute to the greenhouse effect, and does not discharge any harmful or toxic gases. The Stirling cryogenerator is extremely efficient, especially when compared to other cryogenic processes. Stirling is the only company in the world that success -fully produces Stirling cycle- based cryogenerators with cooling power of 1,000-4,000 watt (at 77 K). The Stirling cycle involves alternately compressing and expanding a fixed quantity of a nearly perfect gas (also known as ideal gas) in a closed cycle. Helium is being used for this. The compression takes place at room temperature to facilitate the discharge of heat caused by compression, whereas the expansion is performed at the required low temperature. Ins and Outs The Stirling cycle alternately compresses andWorking stirling cryogenerators expands a fixed quantity of a nearly perfect gas (also know as an ideal gas) in a closed cycle (Helium). The compression takes place at room temperature to facilitate the discharge of heat, caused by compression, whereas the expansion is performed at the required low temperature. The annular channel F connects spaces D and E, and contains three heat exchangers: the regenerator G, the cooler H and the freezer J. In position 1 most of the gas is in space D and at room temperature. Phase 1: The gas is compressed by piston B.Stirling cycle: From ambient to 20K Phase 2: The gas is displaced by means of the displacer from space D to space E, which is already at a lowtemperature. During this displacement the gas passes through the heat exchangers. The cooler dissipates the heat caused by compression through cooling water. The regenerator cools the gas almost to the temperature prevailing in space E. Phase 3: In this phase the actual cold production takes place, namely by expanding the gas through movement ofthe displacer and piston together. Phase 4: The gas is returned to space D. While passing the freezer its cold is dissipated to the ambient environment, and in the regenerator it is now a bit colder and the cycle can start over again. It is clear that a large temperature The two stage stirling cycle stirling cryogeneratordifference will occur between the compression space and the expansion space. The way in which this temperature difference is established, and what influence the regenerator has in this, is shown in Figure d. The working gas in both the compression and expansion space is initially at ambient temperature. During the first working cycle the gas is successively cooled by the cooler and by the expansion to temperature T1. When the expanded gas returns to the compression space, a temperature gradient is established in the regenerator. This means that, after the second compression stroke, theworking gas is slightly pre-cooled in the regenerator before it is expanded in the expansion spaces to reach temperature T2. After a significant number of strokes the temperature gradient in the regenerator reaches equilibrium, which meansthat the working gas reaches its lowest temperature, T3, after expansion. It is obvious that the regenerator is the most important component in this cooling process. Two-stage Stirling cycle The principles of the two-stage Stirling cycle are the same as for the one-stage cycle. The difference is that the working gas after being cooled in cooler H, now passes two regenerators (G1 and G2) and two freezers (J1 and J2) and is expanded twice (first in expansion space E1, second inE2). As the gas expands it cools to 80 K at the first stage and to 20 K at the second stage there are two temperature gradients between the compression space and the two expansion spaces. The influence of the two regenerators in this two-stage expansion Stirling cycle can be clearly seen. Download the Stirling Cycle brochure Video Philips Cryogenics: The Stirling cycle part 1 And old, but very interesting, movie from our predecessor Philips Cryogenics about the development and technology of the Stirling engine / cryogenerator. Website by Sprite IT	<urn:uuid:9cecb004-9231-4eb7-9977-cc2e44707fd4>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.11100906133651733, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9285419583320618, "url": "https://www.stirlingcryogenics.eu/en/the-stirling-cycle" }
Chinese era The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years. The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui. The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi, chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai. After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always waxes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days. So the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn. In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle. The Chinese ear chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now. According to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems”, 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”. Hot Search Tags Service team Service team	<urn:uuid:7e8925d0-6cd4-42c0-a27d-7fcf319974e6>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.17020833492279053, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9139672517776489, "url": "https://www.holoong.com/blog/chinese-era_b2019.html" }
Building a corn cob; cell by cell, gene by gene “Ten thousand years ago, corn did not exist, right? There was a wild plant called teosinte. Teosinte itself only makes about 10 seeds. It makes these really tiny ears that don't give much nutrition. In fact, the seeds they make are so tough that they would break your teeth if you try to eat them anyway.” The secret to more and bigger kernels is found by looking at baby ears of corn 1-10 mm long. The scientists used a technique that allowed them to track every cell. They gave each cell a genetic ID tag, called a barcode. Xiaosa Xu, the lead author of the study, compares it to building a building. Xu says: The scientists took corn plants at early stages of development, broke them into individual cells, barcoded them, and then saw what genes were turned on in each one. Jackson notes, “in the past we haven't been able to separate the cells and figure out the genetic information that's specific to each cell. So that's really, what's new and exciting.” They could then reconstruct an anatomical map to pinpoint where genes important for corn development were used. Story Source: Materials provided by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Original written by Luis Sandoval. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.	<urn:uuid:6ceacdf4-f840-45f9-bf07-94baa0e8a4a1>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.78125, "fasttext_score": 0.5401239395141602, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9685705304145813, "url": "http://home.savesome.green/building-a-corn-cob-cell-by-cell-gene-by-gene/" }
Биография Клеопатры на английском языке. Biography of Cleopatra Cleopatra was born in 69 B. C. in Alexandria, Egypt. When her father Ptolemy XII died she became ruler together with her elder brother. Some of her brother’s friends, however, drove her out of Egypt. When Julius Caesar came to the country he helped her regain the throne. She ruled again, this time with her younger brother. Caesar and Cleopatra fell in love and they had a son together, Caesarion. Cleopatra went with Caesar to Rome and lived in his villa for some time. When Caesar was murdered in 44 B. C. Cleopatra returned to Egypt. Historians believe that she killed her younger brother in order to be the only ruler of Egypt. Octavian went to war against Antony, who united his navy with Cleopatra’s. After they had been defeated at the Battle of Actium in 31 B. C. the couple fled to Alexandria. Cleopatra’s life and her love affairs have been shown in many works of literature. The most famous is Shakespeare’s drama “Antony and Cleopatra”. Биография Клеопатры на английском языке. Biography of Cleopatra	<urn:uuid:7f988c08-0991-43ca-ac99-1ebd59013909>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.46597355604171753, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.974831223487854, "url": "https://englishtopic.ru/biografiya-kleopatry-na-anglijskom-yazyke-biography-of-cleopatra/" }
Desert Animals Class 6 Summary Adaptations how plants survive 2. Examples of animals that live in hot deserts are lizards, small rodents, snakes, and camels. Pin on Giraffes,Camels,Alpacas and Llamas True deserts have very few plants. Desert animals class 6 summary. Fat stored in a camel’s hump acts as a food reserve. Download revision notes for cbse class 6 english.short notes, brief explanation, chapter summary, quick revision notes, mind maps and formulas made for all important topics in english in class 6 available for free download in pdf, click on the below links to access topic wise chapter notes based on 2020 2021 syllabus and guidelines issued for grade 6. For a better understanding of this chapter, you should. The poem describes a story about how the camel got his hump. Visitors can download these test papers and course material for free of cost. Chapter 9 of class 6th english honeysuckle book is titled ‘desert animals.’ and as that title indicates, this chapter talks about animals that live in the desert. Here on aglasem schools, you can access to ncert book solutions in free pdf for english 1 for class 6 so that you can refer them as and when required. The plants comprise well over 90 percent of the biomass. An overview of class 6 english honeysuckle chapter 9. The lesson ‘desert animals’ tells us about the animals who live in the desert. Features of byju’s ncert class 6 solutions. True, that it does not always have a cover of grass. How do the smaller desert animals fulfil their need for water? Deserts are hot, warm, or cold, but all of them have less than 20 inches of rain or snow each year. Also, the explanation is followed by a summary of the lesson. A camel’s hump stores fat; The animals, the focus of this article, comprise only a small percentage of the biomass, but they account for the majority of species. It will have the facility of online learning, question bank, online grammar practice & home work submission to be evaluated and supported with feed back by the master web designer who manages the website. The story is about a camel who lived in the middle of a howling desert. Desert animals have adapted themselves to live in their habitat in the following ways. The animals had just started to work for human beings. All the exercises and question and answers given at the back of the lesson has been covered. Extreme desert is without any vegetation and rainfall. Ncert class 6 english chapter 9 pdf from honeysuckle book. True (ii) deserts are endless sand dunes. Lesson summary a desert is any location on earth that receives less than ten inches of rain per year. There are not many animals in the desert, but some animals are able to survive. False (iii) most snakes are harmless. Deserts (especially true deserts) are not. Plants and animals in hot deserts must live with very little water. (i) no animal can survive without water. It throws light on the ways the animals in the desert adapt themselves to the weather of the desert and the different methods they use to adjust with its harsh life. An interactive website for each class from vi to x for english language. A desert may be too hot or too cold but plants and animals there have learned to survive in hot and dry and cold condition. In accordance with the linnaeus method, scientists classify the animals, as they do the plants, on the basis of shared physical characteristics. The poet says that at the beginning of the world, everything was new. Survival without water deserts do not get rainfall regularly and so the weather is very hot and dry in a desert. Deserts also have a different kind of vegetation. Here are some of the most intriguing qualities that make the ncert class 6 english solutions of byju’s different from others: That it is dry, hot, waterless and without shelter. Its long legs keep its body away from hot sand. Ncert solutions for class 6. It includes who did patricks homework, how the dog found himself a master, taros rewar…etc. Ncert solutions for class 6 english. Deserts are the driest places on the earth.the animals that live in deserts have developed their ability to require less water. How the camel got his hump summary in english. The attached concepts made as per ncert and cbse It tells us how they have adapted themselves according to the weather of desert and how they cope up with the harsh atmosphere of desert. The ncert solutions for class 7 are designed meticulously, as per the standard of the cbse board. True deserts get less than 6 inches of rain per year. Camel’s long eyelashes and ear hairs protect the eyes and ears from sand. However, some deserts receive less than 5 cm of rain per year. Talk to your partner and say whether the following statements are true or false. They have different ways to survive the intense conditions of the desert. The ncert solutions to the questions after every unit of ncert textbooks aimed at helping students solving difficult questions. This chapter is important as it teaches students about the wonderful world that they live in. Ncert solutions class 6 english 1 chapter 9 desert animals. The animals that live in deserts are naturally capable of coping with such harsh environment. Every unit, including the story and the poem of the respective units of the ncert class 6 english textbooks has been covered. Ncert solutions for class 6 english honeysuckle chapter 9 desert animals and the poem 9 whatif is given below to download in pdf free. Here, we are providing you with ncert solutions for class 7 english chapter 3 the desert, covering all the questions of the english supplementary reader the alien hand. The specialists, however, see the desert as a beautiful place. Most people believe that the desert is an endless stretch of land. Surviving without water is difficult for animals, but nature has its own ways. For them a desert is the home of a variety of people, animals and plants. Summary of desert animals class 6 desert is a place with no water means the driest place on earth and the lesson ‘desert animals’ is all about the animals who live in the desert. Some of them eat other animals and get the water they need from the moisture from the meat. The smaller desert animals spend the day in the underground burrows to escape the heat. Some of them eat other animals and get the water they need. Deserts are extremely dry and may be either very hot or very cold. Desert animal adaptations allow them to live in harsh temperatures with little. Others eat plants and get the water they need from plant juices. Test papers and course material for cbse, class 06, english are placed here. Thus, adaptations of desert animals are actually the adjustments to protect themselves against high temperatures, to live without water, and to conserve water as far as possible. There are also semideserts, which are desert like, but get more rain (up to 16 inches per year). Camels can go for weeks without water, and their nostrils and eyelashes can form a barrier against sand.many desert. The concepts should be clear which will help in faster learning. Semidesert habitats have enough rainfall to support more plant and animal life. The desert summary in english. Desert animals have evolved ways to help them keep cool and use less water. The smaller desert animals spend the day in the underground burrows to escape the heat. Food Chains Animal habitats, Grassland biome, Habitats Deserts Lapbook Summer school themes, Toddler arts Desert bulletin board to learn about animals Classroom Desert Diorama Desert diorama, Habitats projects, Biomes Desert habitat diorama. I made it for my son's 1st grade Desert diorama Desert diorama, Ecosystems projects ecosystem desert project shoebox Google Search Animal Classification & Habitat Unit With Student Addition "Habitat Math" Differentiated Interactive Word Desert biome Habitats projects, Biomes project, Desert Desert Animal Diet Activities and Story Sequencing Based Desert Habitat Mural Animal mural, Desert animals Kids School Project Ideas.Types of animals.Wild animals Pin by Tracy Adomnik on Elementary science Teaching Desert Animal Adaptations Interactive Digital Notebook for Desert Animal Printables Desert animals, Desert animals Canyonlands desert diorama school project For The Kids desert animals coloring pages Desert Animals Coloring From padded split hooves made to scale rocky terrain to 0 / 5 Your page rank:	<urn:uuid:a0acc524-3df8-4601-b8c2-94c10a9bbf8e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.22684240341186523, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9244124293327332, "url": "https://idaliassalon.com/desert-animals-class-6-summary/" }
Skip to main content Section 10.5 Escape Tone An escape tone is approached by step and left by leap in the opposite direction. An easy example to remember is the end of the “Star-Spangled Banner.” The word “of” in “home of the brave” is an escape tone. Figure 10.5.1. Francis Scott Key and John Smith, “Star-Spangled Banner” (1814) Here is another example, with escape tones used in a melodic sequence. Figure 10.5.2. Joseph Haydn, Piano Sonata in C Major, Hob. XVI:35, III (1780) Here is an example of an escape tone in popular music. Figure 10.5.3. Paul McCartney and Linda McCartney, “Silly Love Songs” (1976)	<urn:uuid:e93575a9-2734-4d46-be31-6498980515b2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.05805516242980957, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8268678188323975, "url": "https://musictheory.pugetsound.edu/mt21c/EscapeTone.html" }
By Katherine Altman - Storytelling in Judaism has always been a common pastime as well as a cultural and religious practice, from rabbis’ delivery of sermons to Bible stories told in the home. As with many other cultures, Jewish religious ritual frequently intersects with performativity, such as in bar and bat mitzvah ceremonies. Jewish jesters and clowns (often seen as precursors to modern standup comedians) traveled and performed customary roles at weddings, Purim festivals, and other special occasions. Slapstick, music, rhyming, word play, and comedy, as well as instruction and learning, all served important roles in the varied styles of performance. - The primary source of Yiddish theatre performance is the Purimshpilm, the plays put on during the annual spring festival of Purim where Jews commemorate Esther and Mordecai saving the Jewish people from Haman, who planned to kill all the Jews in the Persian Empire. They typically included some reenactment of the story from the Book of Esther, along with other Bible stories, monologues, skits, pantomime, parody, at times even burlesque, and of course, music, both sung and instrumental. Like many spring holidays, Purim is a celebration associated with joy and revelry, featuring parades, public celebrations, costumes, and masks (and it was also traditionally the only time Jewish men were allowed to dress up as women). The Purimshpilm developed in the 15th century and peaked in popularity in the 17th and 18th centuries but continue as a pastime in Jewish communities even today. They were hosted by a master of ceremonies, much like Lemml’s character in Indecent, who would bless the public, instigate and summarize the stage action to guide the audience through the performance, and introduce the performers. Purimshpilm were held at the festival meal and, particularly before the 1700s, traveled throughout a community and most commonly performed in rooms in yeshivas (Jewish schools) or living rooms of larger, more prominent households, with actors and musicians waiting outside until their cue because so many audience members and performers would be crammed into such a tiny space. Purimshpilm were in many respects similar to the tradition of commedia dell’arte: They were a little naughty and irreverent at times; they were very presentational, with only indications of character or space and more symbolic stage action than realistic; and they acknowledged and made use of their found performance spaces and adapted and improvised based on their surroundings and audiences. They had stock characters as well, often inspired by commedia characters directly (for example, Goliath as performed like the commedia Capitano role). - Due to many factors, including spatial limitations (temples in shtetls and ghettos were often prohibited from expanding their spaces, so performances were limited to living rooms, courtyards, schools, and narrow streets), to the risk of retaliation from authorities and the need to maintain a low profile within the towns and communities in which Jews dwelled, to the negative view of performance and imitation in Jewish law and among religious leaders, to the lack of ability for Jews to truly have a stable and prosperous community within which to develop and grow a new art form, Yiddish theatre did not actually flourish, and was not performed on a stage, until the 19th century. Yiddish Theatre 19th Century and Beyond - The European Enlightenment of the 18th century spread to Jewish communities, first to German speaking countries in the late 18th century, and then to Eastern Europe in the 19th. The Jewish Enlightenment, known as the Haskalah, and championed by individuals known as the Maskilim, was a movement which sought to modernize the Jewish people and to bring elements of secular culture and education to Jewish culture in order to achieve social and political emancipation. Haskalah opened the door to Jewish theatre not only by introducing world literature, including drama, but also because a secularizing movement meant that performance could be removed from religious context. At first, the Haskalah movement embraced Hebrew, the sacred language of Jewish scholars and of the Torah and Talmud, as the language of Jewish literature and enlightenment, and rejected Yiddish, calling it “profanes,” and a “jargon” instead of a language. It was believed that Yiddish was low brow, a language of the uneducated masses, and a language which cut the Jewish people off from larger European culture. Though this negative legacy for Yiddish continues in many ways today, ultimately most of the Maskilim came around to embracing Yiddish as the best way to reach the Jewish people and to communicate the knowledge and ideas they wished to impart from the secular world. ⁃ The first two known Yiddish plays were written at the end of the 18th century, by two Maskilim in Germany: Yitskok Euchel wrote Reb Hennoch in 1793 and Aaron Wolfsohn wrote Frivolity and Religiosity in 1796. In 1830, Shloyme Etinger, a Maskil, wrote Serkele, which, though it was only passed around for private reading in salons and not even published until 1861 due to censorship for Jewish writers, was the first Yiddish play to contain real stage directions, included new Yiddish words for “act” and “scene,” and had distinct diction for different characters. By the 1860s, Jewish writers had by and large begun to embrace the stigmatized Yiddish as the new preferred literary language to reach their communities, and not only were more writing plays in Yiddish (at this time more academic than stage-focused), but there were also many more pieces of secular literature and drama translated into Yiddish, and Jews had begun to develop a modern literary language – just in time for Avrom (Abraham) Goldfaden to come onto the scene. ⁃ Yiddish theatre began with Goldfaden and the performers known as broder singers. Broder singers, popular in the 19th century, were the first true professional, secular performers in Yiddish communities; their emergence created not only a social role for the performer in Jewish cultural life, but also the role for an audience for professional performance. Broder singers often performed in cafes and had one-man routines consisting of songs (usually somber), poems or monologues, and character routines. Goldfaden, born in 1840 in what is today Ukraine, was already known as a poet and lyricist when he moved to Jassy (Iaşi), Romania in 1876. Though his initial dream was to run a Yiddish language newspaper, he began to work with broder singer Israel Grodner and crafted what are widely accepted to be some of the first true Yiddish theatre plays. He ultimately started his own traveling Yiddish theatre troupe, the first of its kind in the world. While the first performances from Goldfaden and Grodner (aided by a musician) were little more than Goldfaden songs loosely strung together with small scenes of largely improvised dialogue and flimsy plots, over time his work expanded in complexity into fully staged and scripted operettas (his most popular and best known creations), plays, operas, and melodramas (but always with music). He grew from a company of two men, to two men plus a chorus, to a full troupe. Actors began with no experience, learning and honing their craft on the road with him and the troupe as they toured medium sized towns across Eastern Europe. Goldfaden served as producer, director, manager, writer, publicist – whatever was needed to get the job done – and many of the most significant performers of the first generation of Yiddish stage performers can trace their roots back to him. Jacob Adler got his start in Goldfaden’s troupe. Within a year of the troupe’s formation, many more had cropped up all across Eastern Europe and a new tradition had begun. ⁃ In 1882, when Alexander III took the czarship in Russia, a wave of new laws and restrictions against Jews swept Russia and pogroms broke out in Eastern Europe. Jews were no longer allowed to practice their professions and were forced out of the countryside into crowded slums. Facing economic persecutions across all of Eastern Europe, Jews began to emigrate west, often to Paris or London and then on to New York. This wave of emigration, along with an 1883 ban from the czar on Yiddish language theatre (which didn’t mean that Yiddish theatre ceased in Russia, rather that it had to be done in secret and was often camouflaged with a bastardized German-Yiddish), further increased the number of Jewish theatremakers, and audiences, flocking to the United States. Yiddish language theatre still continued to flourish in Europe through the 1930s, even in the most difficult of circumstances, with theatre troupes and informal bands of artists performing even in the ghettos and camps of World War II. ⁃ Yiddish theatre in the United States accessed many performance genres in serving its important cultural role reflecting to a new generation of Americans both their shared past and experiences from the homeland and their new lives as immigrants and citizens in a new country. In the 1880s and 1890s, the most popular performances were melodrama operettas, featuring high romance and spectacle, along with domestic dramas (in the vein of Scribe’s well-made-plays). These plays were largely agreed to be poorly written; they were churned out as fast as possible to meet audience demands and often made with recycled or borrowed material. This type of highly commercial, purely entertainment-based work was known as shund (trash). The “Golden Era” of Yiddish theatre came out of the shund movement, with Jacob Gordin spearheading a more realistic, more thoughtfully crafted movement of refined domestic dramas, inspired by Ibsen, Strindberg, Gorki, Tolstoy, etc. Along with these new works were many adaptations and translations of works by the aforementioned playwrights, and of course, by Shakespeare, Moliere, and other classic Western playwrights. The anti-commercial Yiddish art theatre movement gained strength in pre-World War I years, with smaller companies putting on more literary-driven works and intellectual dramas and incorporating many different styles from Europe and Russia in particular, including symbolism, expressionism, and naturalism. ⁃ In 1882, the United States had its first Yiddish stage production, Goldfaden’s operetta The Witch, in New York City. As more Jewish immigrants arrived in the city, the Yiddish theatre scene rapidly expanded. By 1900 New York City had the second largest Yiddish speaking community in the world and a Jewish population of almost 600,000; in that year, the three existing Yiddish theatre playhouses put on 1,100 performances and sold approximately 2 million tickets. For the Yiddish speaking communities of New York, the theatre replaced the synagogue was the new cultural hub and community gathering site. Even though a huge percentage of the audiences were poor sweatshop workers and menial laborers, they saved to be able to spend a night a week at the theatre – a means of comfort and escape from such difficult living and working conditions. Intermissions were said to have taken as long as the acts, and audiences were very involved throughout the show – eating, drinking, and talking back to the stage to share their approval or disapproval. Audiences were also incredibly loyal and devoted fans to the stars of the Yiddish stage, reading about them in the Yiddish language newspapers, carrying them through the streets, and taking great interest in their personal lives, often to the extent of confusing their personal histories with their stage personas. Very few repertory companies existed and most theatre was run by a star actor/manager; most performers spent the majority of the year in New York and toured to regional theatres and resorts, like the Catskills, during the summer months. The Yiddish theatre district was centered around the Bowery neighborhood on the Lower East Side, but with the economic decline of that area and the migration of Jews to uptown, the theatre community shifted to a small strip of Second Avenue from the 1910s until the ultimate decline of the Yiddish theatre scene in the 1940s. This strip was the hub for the entire Jewish entertainment industry, including cafes, restaurants, cabarets, vaudeville and cinema houses, and many other related businesses. Grand playhouses constructed specifically for Yiddish theatre performances went up alongside small rooftop theatres or basement spaces. ⁃ By the 1920s and 1930s, many factors were beginning to lead to the decline of Yiddish theatre in the United States. A 1924 law placing restrictions on Jewish immigration, a more decentralized Yiddish speaking community as more Jews assimilated and/or left Manhattan or immigrant neighborhoods across the United States, fewer Yiddish speakers, and the Great Depression all took their toll on the audiences for Yiddish theatre. The actors, who had frequently crossed back and forth between the Yiddish and English language stages since their arrival in the United States, followed the work and increasingly worked in English instead, which fragmented the star power formerly associated with the Yiddish stage. World War II and the Holocaust further diminished the theatre community and its audiences, and by the mid 1950s Yiddish theatre was largely finished in the United States. However, there are still theatre companies performing in Yiddish sporadically across the country, and across the world, keeping Yiddish language theatre alive. Nahshon, Edna. New York's Yiddish Theater: From the Bowery to Broadway, 2016. Oh Mama, I'm in Love! The Story of the Yiddish Stage. Course 103, Shine Online Educational Series, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, https://learnonline.yivo.org/courses/course-v1:YIVO+YIVO103+2017/info Sandrow, Nahma. Vagabond Stars: A World History of Yiddish Theater. Syracuse: Syracuse Univ. Press, 1996.	<urn:uuid:4b76edad-4e6e-405e-be71-0169250538b5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.09328311681747437, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9762405157089233, "url": "https://www.openhomeperformance.org/yiddish-theatre" }
After testing participants’ recall of scenes where people pass around balls of different colors, researchers suggest attention is not enough to remember the features of events accurately; expectation also plays a role. Blue image of a brain lit upShare on Pinterest The researchers suggest attention is not enough to ensure accurate memory; expectation about how the information might be useful in the future is also required. The psychologists, from Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), report their findings in the journal Cognition. Conventional theories about memory suggest attention is the main decider of what is held in working memory. For example, the object-encoding theory says we store all the information we observe about the object we pay attention to, and the feature-encoding theory says we are more selective. The Penn State researchers decided to test these theories by running experiments where they invited 60 participants to watch repeated scenes of a group of people playing basketball involving balls of different colors. Object-encoding theory says the participants should remember all the information about the scene they have just witnessed – including the color of any balls. Feature-encoding theory says it is only necessary to remember the color of a specific ball if it is important to the task at hand. The researchers invited the participants to watch videos – lasting 5-59 seconds – of scenes where actors played basketball and passed around two different colored balls. The participants were asked to count the number of times a specific ball – the target ball – was passed between players. In each scene, after the actors began passing the target ball around, another ball of a different color was introduced and was also passed around. This was the “distractor” ball. Each participant watched 36 scenes, recording, after each scene, their count of the number of times the target ball was passed in that scene. The target ball color was not the same in every scene and was always different to the distractor ball. The ball colors used were red, green, blue and purple. For the first 31 scenes, the participants were only required to record the number of times the target ball was passed. But after they were shown scene 32, an unexpected instruction appeared on the screen asking them also to record the color of the target ball in the scene they had just observed. The results showed that 37% of the participants (22 of the 60) chose an incorrect color for the target ball, and most of these – 16 of the 22 responses – indicated the color of the distractor ball. The team says these results show participants have memories of the color of both balls, but the memories are not attached specifically to the target ball or the distractor ball. The researchers then ran further experiments where the participants were instructed at the outset that they had to record both the color of the target ball and the number of times it was passed in each scene. In these experiments, only 14% of the participants got the color of the target ball wrong, compared with 37% in the experiment where they were not told in advance to record the ball color. One of the researchers, Brad Wyble, assistant professor of psychology, says that even if you pay attention to an object for an extended period of time it does not guarantee that you will correctly bind all the features of that object in memory. In other words, much of what we remember is also based on our expectation of how that information might be useful in the future. Once the participants realized it was important to remember the color of the ball, their recall accuracy improved. The researchers repeated the entire set of experiments with a different group of participants and got the same results – a finding they conclude robustly supports the idea of an expectation theory of memory, as Prof. Wyble notes: What we’re showing is that attention is not enough to ensure accurate memory. You need some kind of expectation that attributing certain features to the object is important.” In December 2015, Medical News Today learned about a mouse study that showed how the activity of specific genes alters when new memories form, supporting the theory that the molecular basis of long-term memory relies on chemical tagging of DNA.	<urn:uuid:b5299825-ae3f-4301-8ccb-392c16514388>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.90625, "fasttext_score": 0.019377052783966064, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9601015448570251, "url": "https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/308434" }
Rambler's Top100 Heinrich Rudolph HERTZ 1857 - 1894 As the 19th century drew to a close, a number of important discoveries in the field of physics were made. One of them - the discovery of electromagnetic radiation - was the achievement of Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist. Hertz's research paved the way for the development of radio, television, and radar. In recognition of his work, the unit of frequency of a radio wave, one cycle per second, is named the hertz. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz was born in Hamburg, Germany, on Feb. 22, 1857. His father was a prominent lawyer and legislator. In his youth Heinrich enjoyed building instruments in the family workshop. Hertz began his college studies at the University of Munich. After a short time he transferred to the University of Berlin, where he received his Doctor of Philosophy degree magna cum laude in 1880, where he studied under Hermann von Helmholtz. And after that he was an assistant to Hermann von Helmholtz, one of the foremost physicists of the time. In 1883 he began his studies of the electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell. In 1883 Hertz became a lecturer in theoretical physics at the University of Kiel. Two years later he was appointed professor of physics at Karlsruhe Polytechnic. In 1886 Hertz married Elizabeth Doll, daughter of a Karlsruhe professor; they had two daughters. In the 1880s physicists were trying to obtain experimental evidence of electromagnetic waves. Their existence had been predicted in 1873 by the mathematical equations of James Clerk Maxwell, a British scientist. In 1887 Hertz tested Maxwell's hypothesis. He used an oscillator made of polished brass knobs, each connected to an induction coil and separated by a tiny gap over which sparks could leap. Hertz reasoned that, if Maxwell's predictions were correct, electromagnetic waves would be transmitted during each series of sparks. To confirm this, Hertz made a simple receiver of looped wire. At the ends of the loop were small knobs separated by a tiny gap. The receiver was placed several yards from the oscillator. In 1888, in a corner of his physics classroom at the Karlsruhe Polytechnic in Berlin, Hertz generated electric waves by means of the oscillatory discharge of a condenser through a loop provided with a spark gap, and then detecting them with a similar type of circuit. Hertz's condenser was a pair of metal rods, placed end to end with a small gap for a spark between them. When these rods were given charges of opposite signs, strong enough to spark, the current would oscillate back and forth across the gap and along the rods. With this oscillator, Hertz solved two problems: (1) Timing Maxwell's waves (he had conclusively demonstrated, what Maxwell had only theorized: that the velocity of radio waves was equal to the velocity of light), and (2) How to make the electric and magnetic fields detach themselves from wires and go free as "Maxwell's waves". Hertz's students were impressed, and wondered what use might be made of this marvelous phenomenon. But Hertz thought his discoveries were no more practical than Maxwell's. "It's of no use whatsoever," he replied. "This is just an experiment that proves Maestro Maxwell was right, we just have these mysterious electromagnetic waves that we cannot see with the naked eye. But they are there." "So, what next?" asked one of his students at the University of Bonn. Hertz shrugged. He was a modest man, of no pretensions and, apparently, little ambition. "Nothing, I guess." But, even at a theoretical level, Hertz's accomplishments were quickly seen by others as the beginning of a new "electric age." The English mathematical physicist, Sir. Oliver Heaviside, said in 1891, "Three years ago, electromagnetic waves were nowhere. Shortly afterward, they were everywhere." Summing up Hertz's importance: his experiments dealing with the reflection, refraction, polarization, interference and velocity of electric waves would trigger the invention, soon after, of the wireless telegraph and of radio. It happened this way: in 1888, Hertz described in an electrical journal how he was able to trigger his electromagnetic waves with his oscillator. A young man in his teens happened to read the article while he was vacationing in the Alps. For him, Hertz's discovery gave him an idea: why not use the waves set off by Hertz's spark oscillator for signaling? Guglielmo Marconi was that young man. He rushed back home to Italy to give the idea a try. Another of his discoveries was the photoelectric effect. In 1889 Hertz was appointed professor of physics at the University of Bonn. When Hertz died in Bonn, Germany, on Jan. 1, 1894, Sir Oliver Lodge gave Hertz credit for accomplishing what the great English physicists of the time were unable to do. It was not hard to give Hertz credit. Not only had he established the validity of Maxwell's theorems, he had done so with a winning modesty. "He was a noble man," said one eulogist in 1894, "who had the singular good fortune to find many admirers, but none to hate or envy him; those who came into personal contact with him were struck by his modesty and charmed by his amiability. He was a true friend to his friends, a respected teacher to his students, who had begun to gather around him in large numbers, some of the coming from great distances; and to his family a loving husband and father." According to theory, if electromagnetic waves were spreading from the oscillator sparks, they would induce a current in the loop that would send sparks across the gap. This occurred when Hertz turned on the oscillator, producing the first transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves. Hertz also noted that electrical conductors reflect the waves and that they can be focused by concave reflectors. He found that nonconductors allow most of the waves to pass through. His scientific papers were translated into English and published in three volumes: Electric Waves (1893), Miscellaneous Papers (1896), and Principles of Mechanics (1899). Хостинг от uCoz	<urn:uuid:3a2ef42f-1c71-40f5-8e6b-d57e60921afa>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.984375, "fasttext_score": 0.15301859378814697, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9829265475273132, "url": "http://bourabai.narod.ru/hertz/index.html" }
Here is a picture of the words used most often in your document. Words used more often are bigger, and ones used less often are smaller. This picture, called a "word cloud", is helpful to get a sense of the most used words in a document. These results will expire in -157 days. Top Words Word Frequency graham 8 white 7 oceola 6 upon 6 yet 6 beauty 6 young 5 indians 5 seminole 5 many 5 warrior 4 whose 4 would 4 form 4 charms 4 eyes 4 perfect 4 work 3 wild 3 indian 3 bigram Frequency of the 27 in the 8 of a 7 to the 6 of his 5 of her 5 from the 4 as the 4 the seminole 4 all the 4 at the 4 the white 3 the young 3 the indians 3 according to 3 in a 3 with his 3 to be 3 by the 3 inkle and 2 trigram Frequency inkle and yarico 2 of the white 2 laid down their 2 down their rifles 2 and as the 2 the heart of 2 those of the 2 the hearts of 2 feathers of the 2 a face of 2 of her form 2 according to the 2 with all the 2 a modern inkle 1 modern inkle and 1 and yarico from 1 yarico from the 1 from the history 1 the history of 1 history of oceola 1 What do I do next? Examining text data in this quantitative way can help you find stories to tell in your data. The fact that "white" is a popular word is good to know, but combine that with the 2 uses in the top 40 bigrams, and the 1 use in the top 40 trigrams, to understand the context of how it is used. With that richer understanding of the context, you can sketch out a picture of why "white" is so important in your text. So grab some paper and some crayons and start drawing what you see! Check out our activity guide for more help on sketching out a story. Want to dig into the data more? Download all the word counts, bigrams, or trigrams and investigate why "perfect" is used 4 times! Try these other tools to do more full-fledged analysis:	<urn:uuid:e9145ce6-d3c5-4212-96d9-e796deefa784>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.765625, "fasttext_score": 0.034457623958587646, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9113290905952454, "url": "https://www.databasic.io/en/wordcounter/results/60529ee64ddc1900badf7e0d" }
메뉴 건너뛰기 Korea Oracle User Group Guru's Articles Explain the Explain Plan: Join Methods 명품관 2021.02.10 19:34 조회 수 : 367 원본 : https://sqlmaria.com/2021/02/02/explain-the-explain-plan-join-methods/ Explain the Explain Plan: Join Methods Continuing my blog series on reading and interpreting Oracle execution plans, this week’s post covers the different Join Methods and types available to the Optimizer. What is an Oracle Join Method? Join Methods are the techniques used by the Oracle Optimizer to join data coming from two data producing operators in an execution plan. You can find the individual Join Methods chosen by the Optimizer in the Operations column of an Execution table. How many Join Methods does the Optimizer have to choose from? The Oracles Optimizer supports three join methods; Nested Loops, Hash Join and Sort Merge Join. Nested Loops Join Nested loops joins are useful when small subsets of data are being joined and if there is an efficient way of accessing the second table (for example an index lookup). For every row in the first table (the outer table), Oracle accesses all the rows in the second table (the inner table) looking for a match. You can think of it as a set of embedded FOR loops. NOTE: In Oracle Database 11g the internal implementation for nested loop joins changed to reduce overall latency for physical I/O. You may see two NESTED LOOPS operators in the plan’s operations column, where you previously only saw one on earlier versions of Oracle. You can find more details on why there are two operators in the video below. Hash Joins Hash joins are used for joining large data sets. The Optimizer uses the smaller of the two tables or data sources to build a hash table, based on the join key, in memory. It then scans the larger table and performs the same hashing algorithm on the join column(s). It then probes the previously built hash table for each value and if they match, it returns a row. Sort Merge Joins Sort Merge joins are useful when the join condition between two tables is an in-equality condition such as, <, <=, >, or >=. Sort merge joins can perform better than nested loop joins for large data sets. The join consists of two steps: 1. Sort join operation: Both the inputs are sorted on the join key. 2. Merge join operation: The sorted lists are merged together. A Sort Merge join is more likely to be chosen if there is an index on one of the tables that will eliminate one of the sorts. When will the Optimizer choose each of these methods, and what can I do to influence that decision? To clearly explain how each of the Join Methods works and when they will be chosen, I’ve created the short video below. What if I don’t get the Join Method I want? The leading cause of getting the wrong Join Method is typically a cardinality misestimate on the table on the left-hand side of the join. That’s why Oracle introduced Adaptive Plans and more specifically Adaptive Join Methods in Oracle Database 12c to help automatically correct itself if the wrong Join Method is chosen. How Adaptive Joins work During the initial execution of a plan, if Oracle detects that the Optimizer’s cardinality estimates were wrong, the join method can be changed “on the fly” to a better option. It’s possible to change an adaptive plan “on the fly” because it consists of a default plan, which is the plan that the Optimizer picks based on the current statistics and an alternative method for various portions of the plan. For example, the default plan could be a Nested Loops plan, and the alternative(subplan) would be a Hash join. A new operated called a Statistics Collector is inserted into the plan, right above the table on the left-hand side of the join, which will buffer the rows coming out of the table until we can get a sense of how many rows will be returned. Once we know the number of rows returned or the number is above a certain threshold, the Optimizer will choose the final join method. After the initial execution, the Statistics Collector and the subplan components not chosen become no-ops, and the impact on execution plan performance is nill. Don’t forget this post is part of a series of posts on interpreting execution plans, which also covers, how to generate planscardinality estimates, and access methods. The next instalment will be all about join orders. 번호 제목 글쓴이 날짜 조회 수 공지 Guru's Article 게시판 용도 ecrossoug 2015.11.18 256 » Explain the Explain Plan: Join Methods 명품관 2021.02.10 367 43 Explain the Explain Plan: Access Methods 명품관 2021.02.10 293 42 Explain the Explain Plan: Cardinality Estimates 명품관 2021.02.09 274 41 Explaining the Explain Plan – How to Read and Interpret Execution Plans 명품관 2021.02.09 88 40 SQL Window Functions Cheat Sheet 명품관 2020.05.26 264 39 SQL Tuning Workshop 명품관 2020.02.20 2658 38 New initialization parameters, data dictionary views & dynamic performance views in Oracle Database 19c 명품관 2019.02.08 1592 37 More New Features in Oracle Database 19c 명품관 2019.02.08 1081 36 New Features of Performance Tuning in Oracle Database 19c 명품관 2019.02.08 682 35 New Features of RAC & ASM in Oracle 19c 명품관 2019.02.08 762 34 New Features of Data Guard in Oracle Database 19c 명품관 2019.02.08 592 33 New Features of Security in Oracle Database 19c 명품관 2019.02.08 3411 32 Patch conflicts 명품관 2019.02.07 737 31 New Features in Oracle Multitenant 19c 명품관 2019.02.07 645 30 New Features of Backup & Recovery in Oracle Database 19c 명품관 2019.02.07 238 29 New Features in Oracle Database 19c 명품관 2019.02.02 430 28 Different MOS Notes for xTTS PERL scripts – Use V4 scripts 명품관 2019.01.29 230 27 V$EVENT_NAME 뷰의 Name 컬럼에 정의된 event name에서 오는 오해 명품관 2017.03.08 238 25 How to change the database name in 12c 명품관 2016.05.31 569	<urn:uuid:80db4e5e-d2a3-4388-91d1-0534ad961632>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.9375, "fasttext_score": 0.03413599729537964, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7944844961166382, "url": "http://www.koreaoug.org/guru_articles/10337" }
Assyrians are the indigenous Nestorian Christians in northern Iraq, who read and write Aramaic, a Semitic language, which is used in their religious observances. The Assyrians claim descent from the Assyrian nation that conquered ancient Syria, Israel and Mesopotamia in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE. In Iraq, a few churches dating back to the fifth century still dot the northern countryside. In 1915 the Assyrian Christians tried to throw off Ottoman Turkish rule but were butchered, along with another Christian tribe, the Armenians. Thousands fled into exile. The Assyrian diaspora includes a community in Chicago that numbers as much as 80,000, more than in any other American city. In 1918. Britain resettled 20,000 more Assyrians in northern Iraq around Zakhu and Dahuk, after Turkey violently quelled a British-inspired Assyrian rebellion. As a result, approximately three-fourths of the Assyrians who had sided with the British during World War I found themselves living in Kurdish areas of Iraq, a dangerous situation. Thousands of Assyrian men had seen service in the 'Iraqi Levies', a force under British officers separate from the regular Iraqi army. Pro-British, they had been apprehensive of Iraqi independence. Unlike the Kurds, the Assyrians scarcely expected a nation-state of their own after World war I, but their pressure for some temporal authority in the north of Iraq for the Assyrian patriarch, the Mar Shamun, was flatly refused by British and Iraqis alike. The Assyrians refuse to recognize the legitimacy of the Baghdad government under the British mandate. In 1933, the Iraqi government held the patriarch under house arrest. During July about 800 armed Assyrians headed for the Syrian border, where they were turned back. King Faisal was briefly outside the country for reasons of health. In his absence, the Minister of Interior, Hikmat Sulayman, adopted a policy aimed at a final solution of the Assyrian 'problem'. This policy was implemented by a Kurd, General Bakr Sidqi, who, after engaging in several clashes with the Assyrians, permitted his men to kill about 300 Assyrians, including women and children, at the Assyrian village of Simel (Sumayyil). The Assyrian clash marked the entrance into Iraqi politics of the military, offered an excuse for enlarging conscription, and the hugely popular Assyrian massacre also set the stage for the increased prominence of Bakr Sidqi.In October 1936 Bakr Sidqi staged the first military coup in the modern Arab world In modern times, the group, which today numbers about 1.25 to 1.5 million, has been doubly mistreated; first by by their Kurdish landlords, then by Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist regime, which forbade them to teach Aramaic. Assyrians were deprived of their cultural and national rights. There were only two nationalities in Saddam Hussein's Iraq: Arab and Kurdish.The Assyrians were not identified in Iraqi censuses. After Saddam's fall, the Assyrian Democratic Party was one of the smaller emergent political parties in the social chaos of the occupation. Though members of ADM, its officials make pains to note, also took part in the liberation of the key oil cities of Kirkuk and Mosul in the north, the Assyrians were not invited to join the steering committee that was charged with defining Iraq's future. Assyrians are not Arabs racially, ethnically, or culturally. Historically, they have contributed to the rise of the Arabic civilization during the Abbasid period and many scientists and scholars were in fact Assyrian (or Syriac). They have their own rich history which is distinct from the Arabs (in fact, the Assyrians were the first manufactureres of a sophisticated civilization in ancient times and prior to the Islamic expansion they made several breakthroughs in the fields of astronomy, philosophy and medicine) and were builders of the first known world-empire in antiquity under Sargon I that encompassed the western borders of modern-day Iran, all of Syria and Mesopotamia (Iraq), Palestine, southeast Anatolia, the Armenian highlands, Egypt and Sudan. External links	<urn:uuid:f37635f6-ad4a-4591-abbd-1053c54fe74c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.828125, "fasttext_score": 0.12870138883590698, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9752170443534851, "url": "https://www.infomutt.com/a/as/assyrian.html" }
Musical Propaganda In Japada Research Paper 1338 Words6 Pages Many endeavors had been made by every nation participated in the war to encourage people to contribute to the war effort. One prominent example is the musical propaganda in wartime Japan. In particular, the Japanese government used gunka (military song) for the purpose of encouraging values that convince people to contribute to the Japanese war effort. It is significant to examine the values that were encouraged by the Japanese musical propaganda and their effects on Japanese people between 1937 and 1945 because this investigation can reveal the contemporary policy and strategy of the Japanese government and the sentiments of the Japanese people who were going to the Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War. This essay begins by discussing the importance of the use of musical propaganda to encourage the value of the…show more content… Lastly, it studies the value of honorable death in the gunka and its contribution to the Japanese war effort. This essay concludes that the Japanese musical propaganda between 1937 and 1945 affected the sentiments and actions of Japanese people by encouraging the values of the glory of war, nationalism and the Emperor, and honorable death through the lyrics. Encouraging the value of the glory of war was crucial for the Japanese government to justify their actions of entering the war. For example, the lyrics of a gunka Teki wa Ikuman glorify the actions of the Japanese military: “Choku wa kyoku ni zo kachiguri” (“Justice must defeat the evil”) (slhs0083, “Teki wa Ikuman”). In these lyrics, the Japanese army is called “justice”, the Western powers are called “evil”, and the act of the Japanese army entering the war is called “justice defeating the evil”. Through the lyrics, the government aimed to show the Japanese people that Japan was fighting against the Western imperialism in order to liberate East Asian countries from colonization (Sandler 859). At More about Musical Propaganda In Japada Research Paper Get Access	<urn:uuid:7d69343e-e621-4a8c-92fa-3b9bc24d6726>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.4564886689186096, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9436120390892029, "url": "https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Musical-Propaganda-In-Japada-Research-Paper-PJTCVT87AJG" }
Carrion subsidies derived from wild ungulates affect the viability of the capercaillie The increase in carrion availability for predatory species owing to the increase in ungulate populations may have negative effects on the Pyrenean population of the western capercaillie Carrion is an important alternative trophic resource for generalist predators, which can behave as facultative scavengers depending on their availability. It can, therefore, be an especially significant food resource for these predators in habitats and at times of the year in which the availability of prey or other food resources is low, such as in temperate and alpine ecosystems and in cold climates. Carrion from natural death (by disease and/or starvation) and by predation of wild ungulates is produced at a relatively stable level throughout the year. On the contrary, carrion derived from human-related ungulate mortality, mainly owing to hunting (in form of discarded hunting remains and/or supplementary feeding stations), generally occurs in late fall and winter. Wild ungulates, such as the red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa), have expanded their distribution ranges and increased in numbers in Europe in recent decades, leading to an increase in hunting bags. Thus, the carrion resulting from hunting supposes an annual temporary pulse of thousands of tons of complementary food resources that are available to generalist scavengers during the winter shortage of prey, which can affect their survival, diets and feeding behavior and have a positive influence on its density, distribution and diversity. On the other hand, this fact can have a considerable impact on the populations of its alternative preys when the availability of carrion is scarce, especially when these preys are threatened. An example of this situation can be found in mountainous areas of the north of the Iberian Peninsula in the case of facultative scavenger predators such as the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the marten (Tuesday spp.), which could take advantage of carrion during the harsh winter, increasing their population density, and having greater subsequent impacts on alternative prey species, such as the threatened capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), when the carrion disappears as a complementary trophic resource. Capercaillie populations have been declining progressively throughout Europe, especially in the fragmented and threatened populations of the Iberian Peninsula. This decrease has been attributed, among other causes, to the impact of generalist predators such as foxes and marten, whose populations have benefited from the increased availability of carrion from wild ungulates. Scientists from the Research Group in Game Resources and Wildlife Management of the Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC – CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), in collaboration with researchers from the Universidad de Lleida and technicians from TRAGSATEC, the General Council of Arán, the Fauna and Flora Service of Catalonia and the Ministry for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, have studied the scavenger community in temperate forests inhabited by fragmented relict populations of capercaillie in the Lleida Pyrenees (northern Spain), and have evaluated species that act as predators of capercaillie nests and adults. Finally, they have analyzed whether the increase in the availability of carrion due to the increase in the abundance of wild ungulates and hunting bags in recent decades could have subsidized the generalist predator community during periods of food scarcity. The data from hunting bags show a significant increase in the number of wild ungulates hunted during the period of sharp decline in the capercaillie population (last 3 decades). On the other hand, they indicate that the season (cold or warm), the characteristics of the landscape and the carcasses of wild ungulates (carrion) are related to the composition of the scavenger community and its scavenging efficiency. In addition to capturing adult birds, foxes and martens are known as nest and chick predators of capercaillie and have been linked to negative impacts on the reproductive success of the tetraonid (Photo: Toni Batet). According to the records obtained from a total of 37 camera traps located for the monitoring of carrion, it was consumed mainly by the fox, followed by the wild boar and the species of marten. The scavenging activity was determined mainly by the season, so that it was higher during the period in which the hunting season develops. On the other hand, thanks to radio-tagged capercaillies and the placement of camera traps in nests, the martens and the fox were identified as the main predators of the nests and adults of capercaillie, whereas predation by the wild boar was not observed. The results of this study also show that the main predators of the capercaillie are the same species that consume carrion, especially in winter, and that the abundant resources of carrion could maintain higher populations of these species, potentially increasing the predatory pressure on the capercaillie population. The authors of the work conclude that the management of carrion derived from hunting activity in capercaillie distribution areas is a necessary management action to reduce the available carrion biomass and thus reduce the impact of mesocarnivores on capercaillie conservation. The scientific publication of this research is available at:	<urn:uuid:32e6585e-7502-400c-8e70-cb31286792f6>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.02208101749420166, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9407579898834229, "url": "https://www.irec.es/en/publicaciones-destacadas/subsidios-carrona-ungulados-silvestres-viabilidad-urogallo/" }
< > The Black Panther lives in the understory of the rainforest in Southeast Asia. The Black Panther can weigh up to 250 pounds. They are black so that they can blend in at night which is when they hunt for food. Climate change will cause black panthers to run out of food. Small animals in the rainforest will become extinct. It will also cause the rainforest to turn into a desert. The black panthers will adapt to life in the desert. The desert panther will start to eat rabbits and small mammals. In addition, it will have longer legs so it can run faster. It needs to run faster because there will be less food available in the ecosystem. The desert panther will have sharper teeth so that it can eat things that are tough. It will have longer legs to run faster to catch food.	<urn:uuid:79e1e7f8-c2ce-4fe0-8e44-933c983f2eea>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.578125, "fasttext_score": 0.639951229095459, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9510565996170044, "url": "https://www.futureengineers.org/futurecreatures2021-22/gallery/50348" }
What You Should Know About Diverticulosis What is a Diverticulosis? Diverticulosis is the formation of Diverticulum, or ‘pouches’ on the bowel. They grow as we age. Almost all Americans 80 years old will have formed them. Why do Diverticulum Develop? They develop over years of ‘increased pressure’ within our large intestine. This pressure weakens the wall of the bowel, gradually pushing out ‘diverticulum’, or pouches. The overwhelming majority of us have no problems with diverticulosis. It is mild and causes no symptoms. There are however, 3 problems that can develop: • Perforation: The spillage of stool and bacteria into surrounding tissues creating infection. This is called Diverticulitis. • Bleeding • Chronic abdominal pain and irregularity For Complete Information About Diverticulosis:	<urn:uuid:407cf63c-9d00-462b-9822-39e7f38628a0>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.1005316972732544, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8569368124008179, "url": "http://www.providencecolorectal.com/diverticulosis.html" }
What Are the Basics of Scleroderma? What is the definition of scleroderma? Scleroderma refers to the hardening and tightening of the skin and the connective tissues, it is a group of autoimmune diseases. In some cases, scleroderma affects only the skin. But in some other cases, scleroderma also affects the digestive tract, blood vessels. It should be noticed that scleroderma most commonly occurs between the ages of 30 and 50, and it is more common in women. What are the signs or symptoms of scleroderma? The possible signs or symptoms of scleroderma include: • A hardening and tightening of patches of skin. • Puffy skin. • Areas of small dilated blood vessels. • Numbness, pain or color changes in the fingers or toes. • Poor blood flow to the fingers or toes with cold exposure. • Swelling or pain in the toes, hands, fingers, feet, or face. • Red spots on the palms, face, fingers, lips, or tongue. • Ulcers or sores on elbows, fingertips. • Acid reflux. • Tiredness. What are the causes of scleroderma? Causes of scleroderma include: • Genetic mutations. • Immune system problems. • Environmental factors. Keywords: definition scleroderma; scleroderma definition; disease scleroderma; scleroderma; scleroderma; scleroderma disease; scleroderma it; scleroderma+; cause scleroderma; causes scleroderma; causes scleroderma disease; scleroderma causes; scleroderma signs; signs scleroderma; are symptoms scleroderma; scleroderma causes symptoms; scleroderma death symptoms; scleroderma disease symptoms; scleroderma signs symptoms; scleroderma symptoms; symptoms scleroderma; symptoms scleroderma disease	<urn:uuid:638bf513-e65c-4f65-a67a-9d6258d6a78d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.03518986701965332, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8463524580001831, "url": "https://healthtopquestions.com/what-are-the-basics-of-scleroderma/" }
The trouble with grevilleas Sometimes in taxonomy there are good solutions and not-so-good solutions to taxonomic conundrums. And sometimes it just takes a while to reach a good solution. One such conundrum arose when careful molecular phylogenetic studies showed that the well-known and diverse Australian genus Hakea is nested inside the even better-known and even more diverse genus Grevillea. With this result, the trouble with grevilleas began. The spectacular Western Australian Hakea laurina. Source: https://www.needpix.com/photo/download/1117638/hakea-laurina-flora-nature-free-pictures-free-photos-free-images-royalty-free Hakea and Grevillea were both named and described around the turn of the 19th Century, the former by the German botanists Heinrich Schrader and Johann Wendland in 1797, the latter by English botanists Joseph Knight, Richard Salisbury and Robert Brown in 1809. (In a curious case of history repeating itself, the publication of Grevillea was highly controversial at the time; we'll return to this later.) Since that time, many species have been discovered and named in both genera, so that today there are nearly 150 species in Hakea and more than 350 in Grevillea. Grevillea is the third largest genus in Australia, after Acacia and Eucalyptus. New species are regularly discovered, especially in Grevillea. The equally spectacular Grevillea 'Robyn Gordon', a favourite in cultivation. Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/nhq9801/9207617544 CC-BY Throughout their history, the differences between species of Hakea and those of Grevillea have been pretty clear. Hakea species all have thick, woody follicles (fruits) that persist on the plant for some time, protecting the seeds until a fire pops them open, while almost all species of Grevillea have thin-valved, leathery follicles that open without fire and are then shed after the seeds fall. While this difference worked well for botanists for centuries, modern taxonomy has a more rigorous standard for recognising and naming genera and other taxa. More emphasis is now placed on evolutionary history and the evolutionary structure of life rather than on simple similarities and differences. In this modern view, a genus should comprise all and only the descendants of an original species. This makes sense - most people would expect that all species in Grevillea should be evolutionarily more closely related to each other than they are to species in Hakea. Another way to say this is that genera in modern taxonomy should be whole branches of the tree of life, not partial branches that include some descendants but not others. With the powerful insights offered by DNA sequencing and phylogenetics, Hakea and Grevillea have become problematic as genera. It turns out that Grevillea is a large branch on the tree of life, and Hakea is a sub-branch within it. That is, hakeas are simply grevilleas that have developed thicker follicles. (One other genus, the small New Guinea rainforest genus Finschia, is also a sub-branch of Grevillea.) When this result was first confirmed in 2015, a number of possible taxonomic solutions were available to fix the problem. One solution would be to simply merge Hakea (and Finschia) into Grevillea, so that only the whole branch containing all species in all three genera is recognised as a genus. If this were the case, the name Hakea would have priority (since it was published some 12 years before Grevillea, and a century before Finschia), so all Grevillea and Finschia species would need to be given new names in Hakea. An alternative solution would be to prune new genera out of Grevillea, ensuring that each genus comprises a whole sub-branch of the Hakea+Grevillea+Finschia branch. This would allow Hakea and Finschia to be retained, but would dismember the larger genus Grevillea.	<urn:uuid:a9ab6739-9895-4e8c-9571-7ac301acff2d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.09687399864196777, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9398406147956848, "url": "https://www.taxonomyaustralia.org.au/post/the-trouble-with-grevilleas" }
CPM Homework Banner Home > PC3 > Chapter 2 > Lesson 2.2.2 > Problem 2-67 Roger is in an Algebra 2 class and has discovered the radian setting on his calculator. He has not learned about radians but would like to know what they are. 1. Explain to Roger how a radian is defined. 1 radian is the angle measure found by wrapping one radius around a circle. 2. What are the steps Roger needs to do to covert to radians? Us a Giante One of . 3. Show him how to change radians to degrees.	<urn:uuid:de7bcdb7-61e1-410e-8a21-ecf5e26dfe15>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.03125, "fasttext_score": 0.050576865673065186, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9612894654273987, "url": "https://homework.cpm.org/category/CCI_CT/textbook/pc3/chapter/2/lesson/2.2.2/problem/2-67" }
Quick Answer: What Do Boundary Spanners Do? Boundary spanners are institutions, groups, or individuals that straddle the divide between information producers and users (eg scientists and non-scientists, respectively), produce boundary products or tools (“boundary objects”) that enable communication between these two groups, and are accountable in some fashion to What is an example of a boundary spanner? For example, boundary spanners may operate at the intersection between organizations or individuals at organizations that generate new knowledge (e.g., academics at a university) and end-users who apply the knowledge to make decisions (e.g., policymakers or practitioners). What is a boundary spanner in communication? Boundary-spanning interaction involves scheduling informal interactions and written communication meetings with other departments. In boundary spanning, not only is management involved but all employees can obtain information from one or more companies and bring information back to their business to help innovate. Who is boundary spanner in service industry? 2.1 Boundary spanning theory and research gaps. Boundary spanners are firm members who serve as interfaces between a unit and its environment (Cross and Parker, 2004). The term boundary spanner is a general term, and many conceptualisations co-exist. What is a boundary spanner in social work? In healthcare settings, social workers function as ”boundary spanners” (Oliver, 2013), individuals who bring new information into and take information out to other systems. Why are employees known as boundary spanners? Boundary spanning roles interact with individuals and groups outside the organization to obtain valuable information to help the innovation process. Boundary spanning roles allow a company to gain more innovation information from other businesses. Why are salesmen considered boundary spanners? Salespeople are considered boundary spanners because they work in the “boundary” between customers and the organization. As such, they perform actions that link the customer to the firm. You might be interested: Often asked: Does Pineapple Juice Tenderize Chicken? What is boundary spanning process? Boundary spanning is the process of search for knowledge beyond existing boundaries such as organizational, technological, temporal or geographic. This article summarizes the theories of search in strategy and the knowledge recombination processes. What personal skills do you think a boundary spanner requires? Boundary spanners are often working to bring unlikely partners together to find new solutions to old problems. This requires open-mindedness, creativity, opportunism and innovation. Boundary spanners need to be diplomats; a significant part of their role is mediating between parties. Which theory relates to the role of public relations practitioners as boundary spanners? The monitoring of relationships is a major one for public relations people. Through systems theory, we think of public relations people as boundary spanners, straddling the edge of an organization—looking inside and outside of an organization. How do you become a boundary spanner? For a boundary spanner, individual credibility is necessary but insufficient. To achieve legitimacy and salience, boundary spanners must also be client-driven; innovative, creative, and collaborative; inclusive and tolerant of different ideas and perspectives; and excellent communicators (Kocher et al. 2012). What is a boundary spanner in terms of sales? Boundary spanners have the judgment borne of experience to know when to support IT instincts and when to support sales/marketing instincts. For example, a boundary spanner will: Support IT by helping business stakeholders see the timeline, quality, and budget risks of adding new features too late in the process. What is boundary spanning in PR? Boundary spanning is a largely academic term for developing external relationships in order to accomplish your business objectives. This can be accomplished in business by such acts as joining an industry association to help lobby for legislative changes or partnering with another small business to increase sales.	<urn:uuid:b4d5fda9-2e8e-4ba9-814f-8a7a985ce8d7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.84375, "fasttext_score": 0.8965566158294678, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9251610040664673, "url": "https://lastfiascorun.com/faq/quick-answer-what-do-boundary-spanners-do.html" }
Oliver Goldsmith 1. Biography 2. Why Should We Read and Study Goldsmith? 3. Literature • from The Rising Village 4. Questions and Considerations for Reflection 5. Strategies for Teachers 6. Further Reading 7. Copyright Oliver Goldsmith was a Loyalist poet and civil servant born in St. Andrews, NB on 6 July 1794. His great-uncle was the well-known Irish poet of the same name who wrote The Deserted Village (1770). That long poem would be significant in the younger Goldsmith’s life, for his most important work, the long narrative poem The Rising Village (1825, 1834), was a response to his great uncle’s poem. Whereas Goldsmith Sr.’s poem is of a crumbling society – it concerns itself with rural depopulation and ends with dispirited Britons leaving for the New World – Goldsmith Jr.’s maps the fortunes of settlers newly arrived. As a result, the older Goldsmith is rather pessimistic in tone and outlook, while the younger poet is guardedly optimistic, even utopian at times. Both share the message that disorder and avarice are the great social ills, and that success in the New World must follow the Loyalist ethos (Tory, land-based, and communal) that Old World citizens forgot. Central to that ethos in Goldsmith Jr.’s work is a plea to citizens to uphold Imperial attitudes and practices, lest they fall. For a much more detailed biography of Goldsmith, see his New Brunswick Literary Encyclopedia entry. Why Should We Read and Study Goldsmith? • Goldsmith was a witness to and a shaper of an emergent Maritime society. He shared with other Loyalist poets a strong sense of community as unified, literate and spiritual, gentlemanly, conservative, sustained by tradition, built on imperial loyalties, and close to the materiality of land, water, and surrounding landscape. Many of those values inhere in provincial and regional society today. • The Rising Village was the first book-length poem published by a native-born English Canadian. • To understand ourselves in the present we must examine ourselves in the past. Narratives such as The Rising Village enable us to do so, and call on us to filter biases as we extract the essence of early society. from The Rising Village What noble courage must their hearts have fired, How great the ardour which their souls inspired, Who, leaving far behind their native plain, Have sought a home beyond the western main; And braved the terrors of the stormy seas, In search of wealth, of freedom, and of ease! Oh! none can tell but they who sadly share The bosom’s anguish, and its wild despair, What dire distress awaits the hardy bands That venture first on bleak and desert lands; How great the pain, the danger, and the toil Which mark the first rude culture of the soil. When, looking round, the lonely settler sees His home amid a wilderness of trees: How sinks his heart in those deep solitudes, Where not a voice upon his ear intrudes; Where solemn silence all the waste pervades, Heightening the horror of its gloomy shades . . . While now the Rising Village claims a name, Its limits still increase and still its fame, The wand’ring pedlar, who undaunted traced His lonely footsteps o’er the silent waste; Who traversed once the cold and snow-clad plain, Reckless of danger, trouble or of pain, To find a market for his little wares, The source of all his hopes and all his cares, Establish’d here, his settled home maintains, And soon a merchant’s higher title gains. Around his store, on spacious shelves array’d, Behold his great and various stock in trade. Here nails and blankets, side by side, are seen, There, horses’ collars and a large tureen; Buttons and tumblers, codhooks, spoons and knives, Shawls for young damsels, flannels for old wives; Woolcards and stockings, hats for men and boys, Mill-saws and fenders, silks, and infants’ toys; All useful things and joined with many more, Compose the well assorted country store . . . The half-bred Doctor next here settles down, And hopes the village soon will prove a town. No rival here disputes his doubtful skill, He cures, by chance, or ends each human ill: By turns he physics, or his patient bleeds, Uncertain in what case each best succeeds. And if, from friends untimely snatch’d away, Some beauty fall a victim to decay; If some fine youth, his parents’ fond delight, Be early hurried to the shades of night; Death bears the blame, ‘tis his envenom’d dart That strikes the suff’ring mortal to the heart . . . Questions and Considerations for Reflection ► Readers will note the inflated rhetoric at the start of the poem (“noble courage,” “great ardour,” “braved the terrors”). Such inflated language, often invoking muses and singing of gods and deeds, is a feature of classical epic poetry, and is intended to alert readers to the heroic exploits of great individuals or groups. Many of the world’s finest epic poems begin this way, including the Babylonian Gilgamesh, the Sanskrit Mahâbhârata, and Virgil’s Aeneid. That Goldsmith’s poem begins in this manner suggests that he had certain intentions in mind, the foremost being quest, tests of virtue, achievement, and historical rendering (the definition of the epic is a poem containing history). We should read the poem in that way, imagining Goldsmith’s unheralded immigrants as coming through great trials with great fortitude and virtue. ► The achievement of Goldsmith’s settlers will become clear when readers compare his early stewards of the land (“How great the pain, the danger, and the toil / Which mark the first rude culture of the soil”) with Charles G.D. Roberts’ farmer in “The Sower” (see Confederation Poets). Roberts’ sower is “Godlike” and “grows great in his employ.” Settlement, in other words, has taken root, and success has graced the settlers. (What is left out of the triumph of civilizing the wilderness, however, is Goldsmith’s celebration of banishment, which dispels Indigenous elements just as surely as the gentry dispelled villagers in Goldsmith Sr.’s The Deserted Village. The parallels are lost on Goldsmith Jr.) ► Goldsmith’s general optimism and his images of merchants and professionals building community are in stark contrast to the work of later New Brunswick writers such as Elizabeth Brewster (see Confessional Humanism). In “Atlantic Development,” for example, Brewster describes a village where industry has crumbled (the mineshaft is “deserted”) and the only young men to be seen are the ones carved in the war memorial. Strategies for Teachers Strategy 1: Character Tropes (“The Rising Village”) This Goldsmith excerpt includes characters familiar to Westerns: the pedlar, the shopkeeper, and the “frontier” doctor, each the only one of his profession in the emerging town. Ask students if they recognize such characters from other literature, films, or television. In which genre of literature or film do these stock types typically appear? And what do the characters represent in those settings? Is Goldsmith describing people he knows and has met, or describing people he imagines? What effect or attitude is Goldsmith trying to create in the reader? Key Stage Curriculum Outcomes: • Reading and Viewing: Make informed personal responses to increasingly challenging print and media texts and reflect on their responses Strategy 2: Form and Intent (“The Rising Village”) Like The Deserted Village by Goldsmith’s great-uncle, this poem is written in heroic couplets, rhyming pairs of lines in regular “iambic” metre of unstressed and stressed syllables. Dominant in eighteenth and nineteenth century British poetry and verse drama, this form is associated with narrative poems that tell of great or scandalous deeds. After explaining to students what a heroic couplet is and what purpose it serves (perhaps using an example from Alexander Pope), ask them why the younger Goldsmith might have chosen to adopt this form for his poem. Was his choice a nod to the earlier poem he is referencing? Or does the “heroic” form suggest something about how he views or wants us to view the settlers and settlement he is writing about? This is an opportunity for teachers to explain how form or structure shape content. Students will have heard Marshall McLuhan’s famous aphorism, “The medium is the message,” which means that the medium or form of a message is as integral to meaning as the message itself. Just as modern readers recognize particular forms and can anticipate outcomes based on those forms (think of what we expect from a romance or a spaghetti western or a vigilante story) so did Goldsmith’s readers expect particular outcomes from “heroic” and epic forms. Challenge students to rewrite a portion of this narrative using different short poetic forms (for example, haiku, limerick, or free verse). How does the new form change the content, the tone, and the message of the poem? Key Stage Curriculum Outcomes: • Writing and Representing: Demonstrate an understanding of the ways in which the construction of texts can create, enhance, and control meaning Further Reading Goldsmith, Oliver. The Rising Village. 1834. Ed. Gerald Lynch. London, ON: Canadian Poetry Press, 1989. Jackel, David. “Goldsmith’s Rising Village and the Colonial State of Mind.” Studies in Canadian Literature 5.1 (1980): 152-166. Lynch, Gerald. “Oliver Goldsmith’s The Rising Village.” Canadian Poetry 6 (Spring/Summer 1980): 35-49. Myatt, Rev. W.E., ed. The Autobiography of Oliver Goldsmith. Toronto, ON: Ryerson, 1943. Pacey, Desmond. “The Goldsmiths and Their Villages.” University of Toronto Quarterly 21 (October 1951): 27-38. For much more detailed primary and secondary source bibliographies of Goldsmith, see his New Brunswick Literary Encyclopedia entry. The work above has been in the Canadian public domain for 50 years after publication and 50 years after the author’s death. As such, it is no longer protected by copyright in Canada. However, it may still be under copyright in some countries. Readers outside Canada must comply with the respective copyright laws of the country in which they live. The fragments of The Rising Village above were taken from the Canadian Poetry Press. A link to that poem can be found on the previous page. All contents except for poetry and fiction copyright © Tony Tremblay, James W. Johnson, and Alexandra Cogswell.	<urn:uuid:6aa86188-89a8-4694-9d94-b1936ecdd95a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.046141743659973145, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9254540801048279, "url": "https://nblce.lib.unb.ca/resources/authors/oliver-goldsmith" }
Khomovoe Penie Khomovoe Penie (“khomovoe singing”; also khomoniia, razdel’norechie, literally “divided speech”), a system of pronouncing the texts of Russian church songs; it arose in the 15th century. The practice consisted in pronouncing missing vowels between consonants and after a final consonant; for example, videvoshe instead of videvshe and grekhomo instead of grekhom (hence the name). Introduction of the practice was linked with the change in Slavic phonetics that occurred when semivowels became vowels. However, the principal reason was an attempt to lend a special character to texts of religious songs to differentiate them from secular speech. Khomovoe penie was sharply criticized in the 17th century as new, enlightened ideas spread in Moscow society. The Council of Moscow of 1666–67 resolved to replace khomovoe penie with singing in which the words were pronounced as in ordinary speech. A special commission was charged with correcting hymnals to make singing conform to the new norm, and the pronunciation of words as in ordinary speech became established. Khomovoe penie continued in practice only among the Old Believers.	<urn:uuid:45ab08d2-685f-4e95-8d2b-c89958ba9585>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.78125, "fasttext_score": 0.19167596101760864, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9610576033592224, "url": "https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Khomovoe+Penie" }
Eastern Long-Tailed Salamander Photo of a long-tailed salamander on a rotten log. Scientific Name Eurycea longicauda longicauda Plethodontidae (lungless salamanders) in the order Caudata (salamanders) A medium-sized salamander with a long tail. It is usually yellow but may vary from greenish yellow to orange yellow. The belly is plain yellow. There are dark brown or black markings and spots along the back and sides. Prominent vertical bars are present on the tail. There are 13 or 14 costal grooves (vertical grooves on the sides of the body). Similar species: The dark-sided salamander subspecies (Eurycea longicauda melanopleura) has large amounts of dark pigment along the sides, from the head onto the tail, and has larger and more numerous dark spots on the back. The sides are often spotted with white flecks. The vertical bars on the tail may have irregular fine or wavy lines. Ground color varies from yellowish green to yellowish brown. The belly is dull yellow with numerous dark flecks. Adult length: 4–6¼ inches. Where To Find Long-Tailed Salamander Distribution Map The eastern long-tailed salamander subspecies is restricted to southeastern Missouri but not in the Mississippi Lowlands of the Bootheel. The dark-sided salamander subspecies occurs throughout most of southern and eastern Missouri. This species usually lives under rocks near streams, springs, and seepages in forested areas. It also occurs in caves. These salamanders are quite agile and can escape predators by using their tails for quick jumps. They also wave their tails to draw a predator’s attention away from the head. The tails easily twist off, allowing the salamander to escape. This species is primarily nocturnal but is sometimes seen on days following heavy rains. Various small arthropods (insects, spiders, and similar invertebrate animals). Life Cycle Courtship occurs in or near springs or cool, rocky creeks between November and early March. Fertilization is internal, and each female may produce up to 60 eggs. These are laid in small clumps or in a single row beneath rocks along the edge of springs or creeks, or in shallow water. The larvae are dark and aquatic and may require more than two months to transform. Then, it may take up to 2 years to reach adulthood. Because of an ancient, mythical, erroneous belief that associated salamanders with fire, the word “salamander” has became the term for a specialized broiler, something like a huge toaster oven, used for grilling foods in restaurant kitchens. These and other lungless salamanders are integral parts of the forested streams, springs, and seeps they occupy. As predators, they help control the numbers of the insects and other creatures they eat. As prey, the adults, eggs, and young help feed larger predators. Media Gallery Similar Species About Reptiles and Amphibians in Missouri	<urn:uuid:d1aa10f7-778d-4045-8f07-72b9489342ad>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.890625, "fasttext_score": 0.029427647590637207, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9220719337463379, "url": "https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/eastern-long-tailed-salamander" }
Blooms Taxonomy Learning Environment App Get Started. It's Free or sign up with your email address Blooms Taxonomy Learning Environment App by Mind Map: Blooms Taxonomy Learning Environment App 1. Tools for Creating 1.1. Youtube Capture: Students can create videos and directly upload them to youtube. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/youtube-capture/id576941441?mt=8 1.2. Google Docs: Create text documents to be shared and collaborated on or simply share them with the world through posting a link. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/google-docs/id842842640?mt=8 2. Tools For Evaluating 2.1. Quizlett: create flash animation games, quizzes, or flash cards to help evaluate progress on a particular subject. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/quizlet-study-flashcards-languages-vocabulary/id546473125?mt=8 2.2. Quizizz: Students can compete with each other answering teacher made questions and self evaluating their knowledge anonymously by comparing their scores with those of their peers. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/quizizz-student/id1160249042?mt=8 3. Tools for Analyzing 3.1. Google Sheets- Can be used to collect data and for the formation of graphs that can be easily used to analyze data. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/google-sheets/id842849113?mt=8 3.2. Video Science- A collection of science experiments that can be used to analyze possible solutions to questions through the formation of hypothesis. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/videoscience/id333284085?mt=8 4. Tools For Applying 4.1. islice: Students can use this app to apply geometrical concepts learned in math and science. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/islice-be-the-islash-master/id715330884?mt=8 4.2. Animation Desk: Students can create cartoons animating ideas or concepts learned in class. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/animation-desk-cloud-animate-your-world/id946346179?mt=8 5. Tools for Understanding 5.1. Nearpod: Teachers can use this to create an interactive whiteboard lesson that can include many different tools to increase understanding of concepts such as video, polls, quizzes, drawings, and many more expanding tools. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/nearpod/id523540409?mt=8 5.2. Annotate is a quick way to capture video or pictures and annotate them. Student could capture a video or picture and use them to explain a concept learned in class. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/annotate-text-emoji-stickers/id994933038?mt=8 6. Tools for Remembering 6.1. Pinterest: Students can create a board to pin pictures of concepts learned in class for future review lessons. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/pinterest/id429047995?mt=8 6.2. Evernote: students can create a notes, save pictures, create voice notes and they call can be electronically searched through. https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/evernote-stay-organized/id281796108?mt=8	<urn:uuid:2e8aba8a-0099-417f-95b3-215932d54dd5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.734375, "fasttext_score": 0.5464348793029785, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8248080611228943, "url": "https://www.mindmeister.com/910319488/blooms-taxonomy-learning-environment-app" }
Nominal Fallacy 🧠 Psych - 118 / 200 How are you doing? Today, We will be learning about Nominal Fallacy. What is it? Also known as the Naming-explaining fallacy, it suggests that just because you have given something a certain tag, the tag is enough to explain that something. Examples - It was for quite some time thought that when chickens hatched and immediately began pecking the ground for food, this behavior must have been instinctive. In the 1920s, a Chinese researcher named Zing-Yang Kuo made a remarkable set of observations on the developing chick egg that overturned this idea—and many similar ones. Using a technique of elegant simplicity, he found that rubbing heated Vaseline on a chicken egg caused it to become transparent enough so that he could see the embryo inside without disturbing it. In this way, he was able to make detailed observations of the chick’s development, from fertilization to hatching. One of his observations was that in order for the growing embryo to fit properly in the egg, the neck is bent over the chest in such a way that the headrests on the chest are just where the developing heart is encased. As the heart begins beating, the head of the chicken is moved up and down in a manner that precisely mimics the movement that will be used later for pecking the ground. Thus the “innate” pecking behavior that the chicken appears to know miraculously upon birth has, in fact, been practiced for more than a week within the egg. [1] Where does it occur? In places where things are labeled or categorized using specific terms. Even though categorization can give you a brief knowledge about a type of thing, it shouldn’t be the only way to understand or the way to truly learn about a topic of interest. Why do I need to know? Nominal Fallacy is a false belief that a phenomenon is understood if it’s named or labeled. References & Studies: - Looking for previous issues? Take a look at the Archives. The Psych Handbook is a book written by me to learn 100+ biases in Psychology.	<urn:uuid:d29bb4f7-8fb7-4bff-9613-3e2e15691863>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.703125, "fasttext_score": 0.8809367418289185, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9516181349754333, "url": "https://psych.substack.com/p/nominal-fallacy" }
Kōrero: Kites and manu tukutuku Whārangi 1. Manu tukutuku – Māori kites Ngā whakaahua me ngā rauemi katoa o tēnei kōrero The Māori kite is known as manu tukutuku or manu aute. Manu means both kite and bird, and the word tukutuku refers to the winding out of the line as the kite ascends. Kites were also known as pākau, a name for the wing of a bird. Kites were flown for recreation, but they also had other purposes. They were used for divination – to gauge whether an attack on an enemy stronghold would be successful, or to locate wrongdoers. They were also a means of communication. It is said that when the founding ancestor of Ngāti Porou, Porourangi, died in Whāngārā, on the East Coast, a kite was flown and his brother Tahu, the founding ancestor of Ngāi Tahu, was able to see it from the South Island. Sometimes people would release a kite and follow it, claiming and occupying the place where it landed. Kites in myth and legend In some traditions the god Tāwhaki ascended to the heavens and retrieved the baskets of knowledge on a kite made from the bark of the aute (paper mulberry) tree. He soared, chanting karakia (prayers and incantations). But his enemy Tamaiwaho urged his helper Hakuwai to chant another karakia, causing Tāwhaki’s kite to break. Tāwhaki countered with a karakia to lift it, but Hakuwai again made Tāwhaki fall. Eventually, Tāwhaki made his way up by climbing a mountain and defeating Tamaiwaho. Early flight The 19th-century Ngāti Kahungunu chief, Nukupewapewa, was unable to capture Maungarake . After many attempts, he eventually constructed a large raupō kite in the shape of a bird with wide-spread wings. During the night he fastened a man to it, and floated him off a cliff and into the pā below. From inside, the man opened the gates, allowing Nukupewapewa’s warriors to enter and sack the village. A descendant of Tāwhaki, Whakatau-pōtiki, was also associated with kites. Whakatau had been raised by the wind folk out in the ocean. When the people on land saw him flying a kite while walking on the water, they tried to catch him, but he slipped away. He told the onlookers that only a woman named Apakura would be able to catch him. When Apakura arrived, Whakatau was flying his kite on the land. Apakura asked who he was, and he revealed that he was her son. The frames of larger kites were usually made from selected lengths of mānuka (tea tree) and split lengths of kareao (supplejack). Smaller children’s kites were made from the stems of toetoe, kākāka (bracken), and various types of rush. The coverings of large kites were fashioned from bark cloth made from aute until the plant became virtually extinct. Subsequently, raupō (bulrush) leaves, or the leaves of ūpoko tangata (cutty grass) were used. Flying lines known as aho tukutuku were made from fine twisted cord made from muka, the fibre of the flax leaf. Kites were decorated with feathers, shells, carved faces, and coloured patterns drawn with black or red pigments from charcoal or clay mixed with shark oil. Some kites featured long feather tails known as pūhihi, attached to the lower end or wing tips. Others were decorated with horns, and some had shells held inside a hollow mask that rattled during flight. Some kites had a ring, called a karere (messenger), made of toetoe leaves or wood, which was blown by the wind up the line towards the kite. Me pēnei te tohu i te whārangi: Bob Maysmor, 'Kites and manu tukutuku - Manu tukutuku – Māori kites', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/mi/kites-and-manu-tukutuku/page-1 (accessed 4 December 2021) He kōrero nā Bob Maysmor, i tāngia i te 12 Jun 2006	<urn:uuid:886ab82a-eb5a-4cd5-9597-684cefc9292c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.06851363182067871, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.980903148651123, "url": "https://teara.govt.nz/mi/kites-and-manu-tukutuku/page-1" }
history of calligraphy Download History of Calligraphy Post on 11-May-2015 5 download Embed Size (px) Appropriate for Jr. High or High School students, short powerpoint with history of calligraphy and examples from different cultures. • 1. Origins in Ancient Egypt (that got pictographs from Ancient Sumer) Hieroglyphics (picture writing) carved into clay tablets, sculptures, and walls. Calligraphy means beautiful writing. This is the Book of the Dead, which was a religious book meant to help guidepeople in passing into the Afterlife. Origins of Calligraphy 2. CHINESE CALLIGRAPHYCalligraphy has traditionally beenconsidered the highest art form.Origins back to 3000 BCE or earlierCalligraphers have different styles andspend years perfecting the techniques.Japanese calligraphy developed fromChinese calligraphy, and continues today.Calligraphers have different styles,ranging from very simply to highly artistic. 3. Knight Shining White, Tang Dynasty,(750 CE)Scroll paintings were unrolled and read. Poems weresometimes included, and viewers wrote comments too.The Quingbian Mountains, Dong QiChang, painter, calligrapher, art scholar of Ming Dynasty (1612 CE) 4. Arabic Calligraphy In many Islamic cultures, calligraphy is the highest art form. It is used as surface decoration for both religious buildings and everyday art. Below is the logo of todays Al Jazeera TV.15th Century quRanic Manuscript 5. Detail of dome ofMosque of Kalon in Uzbekistan 6. Medieval European Manuscripts Few people could read andwrite in Medieval Europe. The church trained monks inLatin reading and writing. Artistic monks carefullycreated copies of the Bible withlavishly illuminated capitals. This page is from theLindsfarne Gospels, from late7th century CE. It was writtenand illustrated by the monkEadfrithe, who later becameBishop of Lindisfarne in 698. 7. Guess the invention. Johanes Gutenberg invented this during the early Renaissance. It made it easier to make Bibles and other books in Europe. ? 8. Contemporary artist Malikanas design from Islamic Art Magazine. He uses digital art and ancient calligraphic styles to create lush images.http://malikanas.deviantart.com/ 9. Calligraphy Today are Lots of fontsavailable for ComputersToday that mimic TraditionalCalligraphy Where else do you commonly seehand or computer calligraphy? How is calligraphy used as arttoday?Magnum Mysterium #3, Inga Dubay Inga Dubay, Calligrapher & Artist View more >	<urn:uuid:62a63f4f-5125-4c3b-a21a-23158c52a6ca>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.05313795804977417, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.918365478515625, "url": "https://vdocuments.net/history-of-calligraphy.html" }
Question: What Does An Obelisk Symbolize? Why are obelisks everywhere? It was the Ancient Egyptians who used obelisks (called tekhenu), and they built to celebrate the sun god Ra, who was contained within the obelisk. They took obelisks from Egypt and placed them in their capital cities and gave others as gifts, such as to New York.. Why was the unfinished obelisk unfinished? The work on the Unfinished Obelisk had been abandoned due to clearly visible cracks that appeared in the granite. The huge structure, which is partly connected to the parent rock, has been left in situ. Why does America have an obelisk? Why is the Washington Monument an Egyptian obelisk? The Washington Monument was the tallest building in the world upon its completion in 1884. … Built in the shape of an Egyptian obelisk, evoking the timelessness of ancient civilizations, the Washington Monument embodies the awe, respect, and gratitude the nation felt for its most essential Founding Father. How is an obelisk made? Obelisks made out of softer rock (i.e. sandstone) were extracted from the bedrock by first drilling holes in the rock and then driving in wooden spikes. The wood was then wetted with water until saturated. The wood expanded with the water thus preferentially cracking the rock along the line of the wooden spikes. What does Cleopatra’s Needle represent? It was secured in May 1877 by judge Elbert E. Farman, the then-United States Consul General at Cairo, as a gift from the Khedive, Muhammad Ali Pasha, for the United States remaining a friendly neutral as the European powers – France and Britain – maneuvered to secure political control of the Egyptian Government. Why is the Washington Monument 2 different colors? How often does the Washington Monument get struck by lightning? The Washington Monument is the tallest structure in Washington D.C. and was struck by lightning on June 4. We reviewed NLDN CG flash data since 2010 and estimate that the Washington Monument is struck by lightning between once every five years and twice per year. Where did the obelisk come from? History of the Obelisk The Obelisk (Greek for “pointed instrument”) was created roughly 3,500 years ago in Egypt. To celebrate Pharaoh Thutmose III’s 30th year of reign, stonecutters carved two obelisks out of granite and installed them outside of the Temple of the Sun in the ancient Egyptian city of Heliopolis. What is the largest obelisk in the world? Washington MonumentThe world’s tallest obelisk is the Washington Monument in Washington DC, USA. It stands 169 m (555 ft) tall and was completed in 1884 to honour George Washington, the first president of the United States. An obelisk is a tapered four-sided column, usually with a pointed top. How many obelisks are in the world? For of the 21 ancient obelisks still standing, Egypt itself can claim fewer than five. Rome boasts 13, all snatched from the Land of the Pharaohs in Roman times, and the rest are spread from Istanbul to New York City. Click on the labeled map below to view and review the world’s 12 mightiest standing monoliths. Is obelisk a real Egyptian god? A number of ancient Egyptian obelisks are known to have survived, plus the “Unfinished Obelisk” found partly hewn from its quarry at Aswan. … The obelisk symbolized the sun god Ra, and during the religious reformation of Akhenaten it was said to have been a petrified ray of the Aten, the sundisk. What Obelisk means? 1 : an upright 4-sided usually monolithic pillar that gradually tapers as it rises and terminates in a pyramid. 2a : obelus. How do spell obelisk? noun. a tapering, four-sided shaft of stone, usually monolithic and having a pyramidal apex. something resembling such a shaft. an obelus. Does obelisk mean Baal’s shaft? “The word “obelisk” literally means ‘Baal’s Shaft’ or Baal’s organ of reproduction. This should be especially Shocking when We realize that We have a gigantic obelisk in our nation’s capital knOWn as the Washington Monument.	<urn:uuid:001b78d7-913f-4be3-9300-0643bb143efb>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.9552023410797119, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9465857744216919, "url": "https://kilmerforcongress.com/qa/question-what-does-an-obelisk-symbolize.html" }
Fossil plant cuticle as easy crack path deutsche Version Land plants protect themselves against water loss with a thin cuticle containing several wax-like substances. Plant cuticles are seldom seen detached from the plant surface but their existence can be deduced from the fact that they provide easy crack paths since their waxy composition makes a mechanical discontinuity in the chalcedony: a face of low fracture toughness. A crack running along this face greatly increases the mechanical discontinuity and creates an optical discontinuity within the transparent chalcedony which reflects the incident light so that the cuticle may appear as a conspicuous boundary of illumination marking the plant surface. Scolecopteris pinnules Fig.1: Two pinnules of the Permian tree fern Scolecopteris, cross-sections with sporangia, with distinct optical effect of the crack along the cuticle on the pinnules. Image width 4.2mm. Apparently a crack entering from above left, driven by tensile stress, incidentally met the cuticle with low fracture toughness, whereupon it changed its direction and followed the cuticle along the curved pinnule surface until the stress intensity at the crack tip had become so low on its downward path that propagation along the cuticle stopped. At that point, a horizontal path provided higher stress intensity so that the crack changed its direction again. After having traversed some debris, it met the cuticle on the other pinnule and followed it until it stopped again for the same reason as before: decreasing stress intensity on the downward path. Like before, the higher stress intensity on horizontal paths is apparent from vaguely seen horizontal cracks on the right. Aglaophyton detached Cracks running through the chert usually but not always cross the silicified plants. A cuticle acting as an obstacle to thorough silicification as suggested by the crack path in Fig.1 for Permian chert acts in the same way, as expected, for Devonian chert as seen in Fig.2. Here, cracks became deflected around the plant, thereby separating it from the surrounding chalcedony, with the resulting gap greatly increasing the visibility of the plant surface. Fig.2: Cross-section of the early land plant Aglaophyton, slightly inclined, detached from the surrounding chalcedony by a crack along the cuticle. Height of the section 4mm. Since the cuticle itself is not easily seen, indications of its presence can be useful in cases where one does not know whether a palaeozoic plant is aquatic or terrestrial. This applies to the enigmatic sphere Pachytheca, which once had been thought to be an alga but is probably a nematophyte. Nematophytes include both aquatic and terrestrial organisms, also aquatic ones adapted to occasional drying. The deflection of cracks at Pachytheca is apparently due to a cuticle covering the sphere. Samples: B/51.2 (> 5.2kg), found near Bannewitz (Doehlen basin) in 1995; Rh3/3.2 (0.28kg), found near Milton of Noth (Rhynie) in 1998. H.-J. Weiss 2021 Scolecopteris pinnule cross-section, Sardinia Permian Chert News 33 Site map Permian Chert News Permian chert Fossiliferous chert	<urn:uuid:75b7655d-8177-4d81-adeb-a6bf43c50e28>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.039301156997680664, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9176124334335327, "url": "http://chertnews.de/fossil_cuticle.html" }
Published on the 23rd of January, 2016 The elephant's plight is well known, but there are many lesser known species in much greater peril. The elephant's plight is well known, but there are many lesser known species in much greater peril. With less than 500 individuals left in the wild, the hirola is one of the most endangered mammals in the world. In appearance they most closely resemble a Coke's hartebeest, however, their long horns set them apart, leading to the common description of them being a mix between a hartebeest and an impala. In fact, they are the last remaining species in their own genus, Beatragus. Their natural range is a small strip of semi-arid rangeland along the Somali-Kenya border and although they once numbered around 14,000, their numbers were severely reduced in the 80s due to an outbreak of rinderpest. Since then, a host of other problems, mostly directly or indirectly caused by humans have conspired to decrease their numbers even further. Habitat loss, and competition with livestock are arguably the greatest threats to hirola today, so although rinderpest has been eradicated, hirola have not been able to recover like other similar antelope. Instead, they have suffered massive encroachment by pastoralists, whose livestock come into direct competition with them for food. Their habitat has also changed. Due to the elimination of elephant populations in the area due to poaching, there is nothing left to knock down trees to clear savannah, which has dramatically altered the ecosystem. With more tree cover the grassland has suffered and so too have hirola, which feed primarily on young grass shoots. In addition to the natural population in northeastern Kenya, there is a small, stable population in Tsavo that originated in 1963, while David Sheldrick was warden of Tsavo East. At that time, 30 individuals were released from a much larger group that were originally translocated and kept in an enclosure to acclimatise to their new surroundings. It was, in fact, David who recognised that the Hirola were dying off due to the stress of captivity and ordered that they be released immediately. It turned out to be the right decision and the remaining individuals survived and multiplied. For a long time they were only occasionally seen, in small groups, and normally mixed with other antelope herds, but when a survey was conducted in 1995, they numbered 76. An additional translocation of 29 individuals took place in 1996, but by 2000 the population had returned to somewhere in the 70s and has remained there ever since. The history of hirola is uncertain but their is hope, with efforts underway to protect the remaining Hirola in the North and with this satellite population in Tsavo living under the watchful eye of KWS and DSWT.	<urn:uuid:441a5b57-b754-466a-8157-e805b7d590ea>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.17045468091964722, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9732825756072998, "url": "https://www.sheldrickwildlifetrust.org/news/wilderness/hirola" }
Cripps Mission: Background, Significance, Proposals & Outcom - Study24x7 Social learning Network Welcome Back Get a free Account today ! Cripps Mission: Background, Significance, Proposals & Outcomes Updated on 20 July 2021 UPSC & State PSC 2021 18 min read 23 views Updated on 20 July 2021 The Cripps mission was introduced by the British government to gain cooperation from India against the ongoing war between Britain and Japan. The British government was in desperate need of gaining full support from India to back them up in the second world war against japan. This mission was headed by Sir Stafford Cripps where he was sent to India on 22 March 1942 with certain proposals for the Indians so that they would join the British government in the second world war. Let us take look at the complete background, significance, proposals, and outcomes of the Cripps Mission Background of the Cripps Mission There are various reasons in the past that brought the Cripps mission into action. Take a look further to know the detailed background to understand what led to this mission. 1. Japan had conquered almost all the British colonies that were on the eastern borders and were eyeing India next. All the colonies were slowly being captured by Japan and the threat to invade India was rising at an alarming rate. 2. Britain was facing immense pressure from China, U.S, and USSR to gain support from India in the ongoing world war. All these reasons led to the need for Cripps Mission in India. Significance of Cripps Mission During World War II, Japan had invaded almost all the British colonies in the eastern territory and was aiming for India next. The British did not afford to lose India into the hands of Japan and so it needed an immediate plan to seek strong cooperation and support from the Indians. Following the pressure from its alliances like China, US, and USSR, the British government had to come up with a solid plan which gave rise to the Cripps mission. This mission had clear objectives where Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India with certain proposals that would attract the Indians and eventually gain their assistance in the ongoing war. This period was significant as, during this time, the British government agreed upon giving dominion status to India. Also, under this mission, the Indians could set up their own constitution. What Were The Proposals of Cripps Mission Sir Stafford Cripps offered some proposals for the Indians in the hope of gaining their trust and seeking full support in return during World War II. Take a look at these proposals below. 1. India would be offered Dominion Status. The dominion would be given the liberty to remain with the British commonwealth however they will be free to participate in any international organizations. 2. India will be able to set up its own Constituent Assembly. However, the member elected for this would be partly elected by the provincial assemblies and partly by the princes. 3. India will be given the Right to Secede under which any provinces who don’t agree with the Indian constitution can make their own constitution and union at any time. What Were The Outcomes of Cripps Mission? The Indian National Congress did not agree to these proposals as it did not guarantee complete independence. The proposals were guaranteed to only be fulfilled after the war which was of no use. In addition to that, the right to secede would ultimately force partition in the country which would lead to the separation of the people. Mahatma Gandhi also called the Cripps mission a post-dated cheque. Meanwhile, the Muslim League did not support the Cripps mission too as it did not mention anything about a separate union from India. As the Cripps mission failed miserably, Sir Stafford Cripps went back to England in April 1942. What is the Connection between Cripps Mission and Quit India Movement? After the failure of the Cripps Mission, Mahatma Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement to gain complete independence and force the Britishers out of India. This movement was launched soon after the failure of the Cripps mission in August 1942. Right from all the congress leaders to the common masses, everyone joined this movement in huge numbers. To conclude, the Cripps mission was a total failure for the British government. Not only the congress but even the Muslim league and minorities were not satisfied with the proposals presented under the Cripps mission. This mission however gave a wake-up call to the Indians as they figured out that the British government does not intend to give complete independence to India anytime in the future. Hence, following these series of events, Gandhi came up with the quit India movement with the intention to seek self-government and complete independence. 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Woolly monkeys Source: apenheul.nl A scholarly article about woolly monkeys was featured in an earlier newsletter, about hand-rearing and reintroduction of the animals in the group. Woolly monkeys are also featured as one of the species housed at Apenheul (Netherlands). A small woolly monkey was born in December: caretakers saw the baby as it hung on the mother’s belly. The caretakers were happy to see the baby, but also concerned. This is the first young born of this mother, Lana (7 years old), and time will tell if she will take good care of her baby. Woolly monkeys are very sensitive to stress and commotion. Because of the very balanced diet they need and their difficult pregnancies, not just any zoo can house these vulnerable primates. Woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) are fairly large and have thick grey or brown, woolly fur. They are native to South America and the western Amazon. The monkeys live their lives in the trees, and have a muscular, prehensile tail which allows them to hang and to swing from branch to branch. Woolly monkeys like fruit, and their diet also includes leaves, flowers, seeds and insects. They live in mixed groups of 20 to 30 individuals.	<urn:uuid:18dff21c-b246-4c98-abd8-d20911b1f53a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.09583860635757446, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9726912975311279, "url": "http://www.eznc.org/CMS/Newsarchive/show.do?ctx=7795,169951,639205" }
In phonology, particularly within historical linguistics, dissimilation is a phenomenon whereby similar consonants or vowels in a word become less similar. In English, dissimilation is particularly common with liquid consonants such as /r/ and /l/ when they occur in a sequence. Dropped initial /r/ in /r..r/ sequence (r-Deletion) When a sound occurs before another in the middle of a word in rhotic dialects of English, the first tends to drop out, as in "beserk" for ''berserk,'' "suprise" for ''surprise,'' "paticular" for ''particular'', and "govenor" for ''governor'' – this does not affect the pronunciation of ''government,'' which has only one , but English ''government'' tends to be pronounced "goverment", dropping out the first n. In English, ''r''-deletion occurs when a syllable is unstressed and /r/ may drop out altogether, as in "deteriate" for ''deteriorate'' and "tempature" for ''temperature,'' a process called haplology. When the is found in , it may change to : "Febyuary" for ''February,'' "defibyulator" for ''defibrillator,'' though this may be due to analogy with similar words, such as ''January'' and ''calculator'' (compare ''nucular'', which may have arisen through an analogous process). Dissimilation of /l..l/ to /r..l/ An example where a relatively old case of phonetic dissimilation has been artificially undone in the spelling is English ''colonel'', whose standard pronunciation is (with the r sound) in North-American English, or in RP. It was formerly spelt ''coronel'' and is a borrowing from French ''coronnel'', which arose as a result of dissimilation from Italian ''colonnello''."Pronunciation Note" a Colonel @ Dictionary.Reference.com Dissimilation of /r..r/ to /l..r/ * Latin peregrinus > Old French pelegrin (and the Italian pellegrino) which gave rise to the English . There are several hypotheses on the cause of dissimilation. According to John Ohala, listeners are confused by sounds with long-distance acoustic effects. In the case of English , rhoticization spreads across much of the word: in rapid speech, many of the vowels may sound as if they had an ''r''. It may be difficult to tell whether a word has one source of rhoticity or two. When there are two, a listener might wrongly interpret one as an acoustic effect of the other, and so mentally filter it out. This factoring out of coarticulatory effects has been experimentally replicated. For example, Greek ''pakhu-'' (παχυ-) "thick" derives from an earlier ''phakhu-.'' When test subjects are asked to say the ''phakhu-'' form in casual speech, the aspiration from both consonants pervades both syllables, making the vowels breathy. Listeners hear a single effect, breathy voiced vowels, and attribute it to one rather than both of the consonants, as they assume the breathiness on the other syllable to be a long-distance coarticulatory effect, thus replicating the historical change in the Greek word. If Ohala is correct, one might expect to find dissimilation in other languages with other sounds that frequently cause long-distance effects, such as nasalization and pharyngealization. Anticipatory dissimilation Anticipatory dissimilation at a distance (by far the most common): * Latin ''medio-diēs'' ("mid-day", i.e. "noon"; also "south") became ''merīdiēs''. Latin ''venēnum'' "poison" > Italian ''veleno''. This category includes a rare example of a systematic sound law, the dissimilation of aspirates in Greek and Sanskrit known as Grassmann's Law: ''thi-thē-mi'' "I put" (with a reduplicated prefix) > Greek ''tí-thē-mi'' (τίθημι), ''phakhu'' "thick" > Greek ''pakhus'' (παχύς), ''sekhō'' "I have" > ''hekhō'' > Greek ''ékhō'' (ἔχω; cf. future ''hekh-s-ō'' > ''héksō'' ἕξω). Some apparent cases are problematic, as in English "eksetera" for ''etcetera'', which may rather be contamination from the numerous forms in ''eks-'' (or a combination of influences), though the common misspelling ''ect''. implies dissimilation. Anticipatory dissimilation from a contiguous segment (very rare): * The change from fricative to stop articulation in a sequence of fricatives may belong here: German ''sechs'' (as evidenced by the spelling, the was previously a fricative). In Sanskrit in any original sequence of two sibilants the first became a stop (often with further developments): root ''vas''- "dress", fut. ''vas-sya''- > ''vatsya''-; ''wiś-s'' "clan" (nom.sg.) > ''viťś > viṭṣ > viṭ'' (final clusters are simplified); ''wiś-su'' locative pl. > ''viṭṣu > vikṣu''. English ''amphitheater'' is very commonly pronounced ''ampitheater'' (though spelling pronunciation may be either some or all of the story here). Russian конфорка 'stove burner' is from Dutch ''komfoor'' 'brazier'. Lag dissimilation Lag dissimilation at a distance (fairly common): English "purple" is in medieval English as ''purpul'' and ''purpure'' (in medieval French ''porpre'') and comes from classical Latin ''purpura'' = "purple" with dissimilation of to . Latin ''rārus'' "rare" > Italian ''rado''. ''Cardamom'' is commonly pronounced ''cardamon''. In Middle English, in some words ending in -''n'' preceded by a coronal consonant the ''-n'' changed to -''m'': ''seldom, random, venom''. English ''marble'' is ultimately from Latin ''marmor''. Russian февраль 'February' is from Latin ''Februārius''. * In Spanish, interchanges between and are common; for a list, see History of the Spanish language#Interchange of the liquids /l/ and /r/. In Basque, dissimilation is frequent as well. Lag dissimilation from a contiguous segment (very rare): * Latin ''hominem'' ("man", acc.) > Old Spanish ''omne'' > ''omre'' > Spanish ''hombre'' * Latin ''nomine'' ("name", abl.) > ''nomre'' > Spanish ''nombre'' * English ''chimney'' (standard) > ''chim(b)ley'' (dialectal) * Proto-Slavic ''sveboda'' "freedom" > Slovak "sloboda" In Irish, many dialects regularly change the sequence to Paradigmatic dissimilation When, through sound change, elements of a grammatical paradigm start to conflate in a way that is not easily remedied through re-wording, the forms may dissimilate. For example, in modern Korean the vowels and are merging for many people in the capital Seoul, and concurrently the second-person pronoun 네 'you' is shifting to 니 to avoid confusion with the first-person pronoun 내 'me'. Similarly, it appears that English ''she,'' historically ''heo'', may have acquired its modern ''sh'' form through dissimilation from ''he'', though it is not clear whether the mechanism was idiosyncratic sound change (palatalization) of ''heo'', or substitution of ''heo'' with the feminine demonstrative pronoun ''seo''. See also * Assimilation (linguistics) * Crowley, Terry. (1997) ''An Introduction to Historical Linguistics.'' 3rd edition. Oxford University Press. Vasmer's dictionary (''International Encyclopedia of Linguistics'', 2nd ed.) 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leaf detailCaptain Don Bernardino de Lugoleaf right detail Bernardino de Lugo y Navarra was born in 1583 in Carmona in southwestern Spain, the son of Pedro de Lugo y Navarra and Ines Navarra.1 His father was mayor of that city. De Lugo had two brothers: Francisco de Lugo y Navarra and Pedro de Lugo y Navarra. Although de Lugo was sailing on the Santa Margarita as captain of the troops, he had made other transatlantic voyages in different leadership roles and had been granted knighthood in the Order of Santiago in 1617.2 In 1620, he sailed as admiral of the Tierra Firme (South American) Fleet, and in documents settling his estate, he is described as “Royal Armada Captain.”3 On the Margarita, de Lugo led the 73 soldiers assigned to protect the galleon, but his experience at sea would have made him an equal to the ship’s master, Pedro Gutiérrez de Espinosa. A biographical sketch of de Lugo, written in 1626, says: “The excellent and very courageous Don Bernardino de Lugo y Navarra, of the Order of Santiago, captain of infantry and admiral who, by his great nobility and rare and singular virtues, is regarded fondly by all who know him, and to whom he is owed many obligations. This gentleman embarked in the galleon Santa Margarita, in Havana, on the sixth of September 1622. At head of Los Martires, in the islands that they call Matacombe4, the ship was overcome by a storm that delivered more wind than it could handle. The galleon was unable to steer, so the anchor was set, and the sails furled, but the bad weather continued, and the ship went crossways, broke to pieces, and many people drowned. But, as God our Lord kept this gentleman for greater things, he was saved by holding on to a plank in the water for an entire day, while carrying in his arms a ship’s boy, whom he saved from drowning.”5 Before returning to Havana with his rescuers, de Lugo marked the site of the shipwreck with a buoy so that salvagers would be able to find it. In 1624, off Jamaica, de Lugo led a squadron of galleons against seven English corsairs and recaptured a prize ship they had taken.6 Eventually, the hazards of the sea caught up with him: while returning to Spain from Mexico in 1626, he drowned in a shipwreck near Bermuda.7 An epic poem was written about the 1626 tragedy, a portion of which is dedicated to the death of Bernardino de Lugo: Traverse the salty waters, lie down Christian Mars, When three strong cannons echo resonantly from a galleon, but they were the funeral offerings for that great don Bernardino de Lugo, that they make for him in San Juan, which came to be his parish For the one that made so many voyages serving his king, and already they serve him from jasper the roe of the North Sea, where its nymphs, they sing.8 1Famililia: Francisco Navarro y Lugo/Elvira Navarro y Lugo (F4710). https://castilla.maxerco.es/familychart.php?personID=I10870&tree=fernandodecastilla accessed: 10-21-20 2Lugo, Bernardino de, AHN, OM-EXPEDIENTILLOS,N.491. 3Bienes de difuntos - Bernardino de Lugo, AGI,CONTRATACION,371A,N.11 4Los Martires and Matacombe (Matecumbe) were the names for the Florida Keys in the Spanish colonial era. 5Baptista Arellano, Juan Salvador (1628). Antiguedades y excelencias de la villa de Carmona, y compendio de historias. Simon Fajardo, Sevilla, f77R-77V. 6Fernández Duro, Cesar (1877). La Mar Descrita por los Mareados. Aribau & Co., Madrid, p.294 7Bienes de difuntos: Bernardino de Lugo, AGI, CONTRATACION,371A,N.11. 8Fernández Duro, op.cit. p.209	<urn:uuid:12bd0193-4d59-4401-93fb-7217fa36aff6>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.0331496000289917, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9329620003700256, "url": "https://mfmm.whirlihost.com/Detail/entities/4060" }
Ondatra zibethicus Last updated: March 7, 2021 Verified by: AZ Animals Staff The muskrat can stay underwater up to 17 minutes at a time Muskrat Scientific Classification Scientific Name Ondatra zibethicus Muskrat Conservation Status Muskrat Facts Vegetation, mussels, fish, frogs, crayfish, and turtles Name Of Young Group Behavior • Family units Fun Fact The muskrat can stay underwater up to 17 minutes at a time Estimated Population Size Biggest Threat Loss of wetlands Most Distinctive Feature The webbed hind feet Other Name(s) Musquash (the Cree term for the muskrat) Gestation Period 28 days Litter Size Lakes, ponds, and wetlands Snakes, eagles, hawks, alligators, raccoons, coyotes, bobcats, and much more Common Name North America, Europe, and Northern Asia Muskrat Physical Characteristics • Brown • Black Skin Type Top Speed 3 mph 1-10 years 0.7kg – 1.8kg (1.5lbs - 4lbs) 13cm (5in) 41cm – 63cm (16in – 25in) Age of Sexual Maturity Up to a year Age of Weaning A month Muskrat Images Click through all of our Muskrat images in the gallery. View all of the Muskrat images! The muskrat is a feisty rodent that splits its time between water and land. With its webbed feet and big rudder-like tail, the muskrat is a very well adapted and successful species that has a massive range across the freshwater wetlands and lakes of the Northern Hemisphere. Although it doesn’t engage in massive construction projects like the beaver, the muskrat does build sturdy homes around the water that can fit an entire family. These fast breeders sometimes come into conflict with each other over living space and resources. 5 Incredible Muskrat Facts! • The muskrat is an animal that has traditionally been a source of food and fur for humans dating back thousands of years. By the early 20th century, it was one of the most valuable sources of fur in North America. • Hundreds of muskrat fossils have been discovered dating back more than 4 million years. These fossils reveal that muskrat ancestors underwent an increase in body size, skull size, and tooth complexity over time. • The muskrat is actually considered to be an invasive species in several non-native territories. Some countries have even banned it from being imported. • As it ages, these rodents show visible signs of wear such as graying fur. • The muskrat has a prominent role in some Native American creation myths. It is said that they dug up the mud that was used to create the world. Muskrat Scientific Name The scientific name of the muskrat is Ondatra zibethicus. Ondatra is derived from the Huron and Wyandot word for the animal and came to us through the French, while zibethicus is a Latin word meaning musky-odored due to its strong scent. The muskrat is the only currently living member of the genus Ondatra. More broadly, it belongs to the family of Cricetidae in the larger order of Rodentia along with the voles, lemmings, hamsters, and New World rats and mice. In fact, some taxonomists believe that the muskrat is really just a type of vole. Most voles are land-based, but there are several species of water voles (one of which lives in North America) that are semi-aquatic in nature. Muskrat Appearance The animal’s body shape bears more than a passing resemblance to the beaver, but despite a shared habitat and lifestyle, the two animals are only distantly related within the order of Rodentia. The muskrat’s big body measures no more than 25 inches and around 1.5 to 4 pounds. The flat and scaly tail adds another 7 to 11 inches to the body size. Its body is complemented with long whiskers, big teeth emerging from the skull, short legs, and webbed hind feet. The dense waterproof fur, which is dark brown in color (though lighter in the summer), can trap air underneath, which provides the muskrat with plenty of warmth and buoyancy. The lips have the ability to close behind the front incisors so the muskrat can gnaw underwater without drowning. The small ears are barely visible through the fur. Muskrat swimming in pond Muskrat swimming in pond Muskrat Behavior For most of the year, the muskrat is a solitary animal that may only share a den with others to conserve body heat. But during the breeding season, the muskrat’s social life is oriented around large family groups consisting of a male and female pair and all of their offspring. These groups squabble with each other for limited territory, which frequently leads to injury and death. If the territory becomes too crowded, then the female might actually kick out some of the offspring from the nest. These animals communicate with each other or warn off intruders by secreting a strong-smelling musk. It also has a range of squeaks and squeals. Although mostly nocturnal, muskrats are animals that are most active between the mid-afternoon and dusk periods. They are rather slow and cumbersome on land, but they are good swimmers that can stay underwater for 12 to 17 minutes at a time and even swim backward. These rodents paddle with their webbed hind feet and use their tail as a rudder. Articles Mentioning Muskrat See all of our entertaining and insightful animal articles. The muskrat is also a good digger that can create tunnels from piles of vegetation and mud in or near shallow water. These homes, which are called push-ups, provide protection against predators and the harsh elements. They usually have an underwater entrance and at least one chamber. They do not usually store food for the winter, but if resources start to dwindle, then it can consume the inside of its own burrow. Sometimes the muskrat will resort to abandoned beaver dens as well. Some reports indicate that a muskrat may even shack up with a beaver and help it identify nearby predators. Muskrat Habitat The muskrat is endemic to the temperate and colder regions of the United States and Canada. The species was later introduced to Europe and Northern Asia (mostly Russia) in the early 20th century and spread quickly from there. The muskrat thrives in freshwater lakes, ponds, swamps, and marshes with 4 to 6 feet of water where it has plenty of room to build its nest. Muskrat Diet Muskrats are actually omnivorous feeders that can opportunistically eat either vegetation or meat, but the vast bulk of their diet consists of plant matter, the most important of which is probably the cattail. The carnivorous part of the diet consists of small animals, including frogs, crayfish, turtles, mussels, and fish. The muskrat eats approximately one-third of its weight in food every single day. Muskrat Predators and Threats The muskrat is an important source of food for a staggering number of predators such as coyotes, raccoons, barn owls, alligators, bobcats, cougars, foxes, bears, wolverines, eagles, cottonmouth water moccasins, minks, and river otters. In some areas, it is a critical intermediary in the ecosystem between the lowest parts of the food chain and the apex predators at the top. Muskrat hunting was more common in the past. It still occurs today, but not necessarily for resources. In some parts of Europe, the muskrat is considered to be an invasive species and therefore hunted and poisoned because of the damage it causes to dikes and levees on which people rely to prevent flooding. The species can also cause damage to crops and gardens near its natural habitat. Because of their prolific reproductive rate, populations tend to survive well in most areas even when the muskrat is hunted or infected by disease (though Pennsylvania populations appeared to be on a decades-long decline). And while large swaths of its native wetlands have been destroyed in the United States, the muskrat has adapted well to life near the newly created canals, irrigation channels, and small runoffs and streams. The decline of some natural predators has caused muskrat populations to swell beyond normal, sometimes even exceeding the ecosystem’s capacity to sustain them. Muskrat Reproduction and Life Cycle The muskrat has a breeding season that lasts in the spring and summer between March and August. As mentioned before, the muskrat is a monogamous species that form breeding pairs with a defined home range. However, if space is limited and populations overcrowded, then the muskrat may form dominance hierarchies and engage in polygamous behavior, meaning that a single adult will have multiple partners throughout the breeding season. Mating occurs while the muskrats are partially submerged in the water or straddling some debris on the surface of the water. The female produces two or three litters per year each consisting of six to eight young on average. After a gestation period of some 28 days, each kit is born small, hairless, and entirely reliant on the group for protection and food. For the first month of their lives, the young kits are entirely dependent on the mother for protection and milk. The father plays almost no role in the process of raising the young. It takes anywhere between six months and a year for the kits to fully develop. The development time depends on the climate, as the more northern muskrats are the slowest to grow. The muskrat usually lives no more than three or four years in the wild but up to 10 years in captivity. Many of them are expected to die from predators at some point in their lives, so they make up for this high rate of attrition with their high breeding rates. This can also lead to overpopulation and conflict in some areas. Muskrat Population Although exact population numbers are not known, the muskrat has survived and thrived almost everywhere throughout its native and introduced range. According to the IUCN Red List, which tracks species conservation status, the muskrat is a species of least concern, meaning no special efforts are needed to bolster their numbers. Some muskrat populations appear to undergo a boom/bust cycle based on the availability of food in the area. As more muskrats are born, the amount of available vegetation goes down, which limits how many muskrats can survive. As population numbers go down, vegetation levels return to normal. In this way, the numbers tend to even out over time. View all 79 animals that start with M Muskrat FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) What is the difference between a muskrat vs. a beaver? Although both species are adapted for a semi-aquatic lifestyle, the beaver actually belongs to a separate family called Castoridae. This makes the muskrat more closely related to some voles, mice, and rats than beavers. The difference is reflected in some of the beaver’s physical and behavioral characteristics. The beaver has a much larger size (up to 60 pounds), a truly massive skull in relation to the body, and a wider, paddle-shaped tail. When swimming, the beaver’s body is usually submerged except for the head, while the muskrat’s entire body is visible in the water. Both beavers and muskrats are the only mammals to build aquatic homes, but only the beaver is able to build dams. Muskrats actually appear to help beavers by opening up a path through cattails and other vegetation with their voracious appetite. What does a muskrat look like? The muskrat is a large rodent with a big body, a flat tail, and long whiskers. It should not be confused with the beaver, which belongs to an entirely separate family. How big is a muskrat? The muskrat’s body measures as much as 25 inches, plus another 7 to 11 inches with the tail. For a rodent, it weighs a rather hefty 4 pounds. Are muskrats aggressive? Muskrats can be quite aggressive about defending territory and resources against each other. Usually, this aggression is directed against outside groups, but if resources become tight, it can even be directed inward against other members of the family. When a muskrat encounters a larger or more dangerous animal, then it mostly prefers to run away. Do people eat muskrats? The muskrat was sometimes consumed in certain parts of the United States (both by Native Americans and settlers) when other ready food was absent, but it has never been hunted for food on a large scale. Are Muskrats herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores? Muskrats are Omnivores, meaning they eat both plants and other animals. What Kingdom do Muskrats belong to? Muskrats belong to the Kingdom Animalia. How fast is a Muskrat? A Muskrat can travel at speeds of up to 3 miles per hour. 1. Animal Diversity Web, Available here: 2. Adirondack Ecological Center, Available here: 3. Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Available here: 4. Scientific American, Available here: 5. The Washington Post, Available here: Latest Product Reviews Latest Animal Blogs Newly Added Animals A Peacock Spider Peacock Spider A Groundhog (Woodchuck) Groundhog (Woodchuck) They whistle to each other to warn of approaching danger! A Tarantula Hawk Tarantula Hawk Tarantula hawks are excellent pollinators, especially for milkweed. Most Recently Updated Animals A Peacock Spider Peacock Spider A Hippopotamus Has pink anti-bacterial sweat! A Cockroach Dated to be around 300 million years old!	<urn:uuid:2fa5ab82-935b-4dfc-8d3d-394ea29e54da>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.22012323141098022, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9361208081245422, "url": "https://a-z-animals.com/animals/muskrat/" }
Migration happens for a range of reasons. Voluntary migration is based on the initiative and the free will of the person and is influenced by a combination of factors: economic, political and social: either in the migrants` country of origin (determinant factors or "push factors") or in the country of destination (attraction factors or "pull factors"). LEDC and MEDC Push and Pull Factors for kids: . Sitemap. There are usually push factors and pull factors at work. Generally, push factors exist at the point of origin, and pull factors pertain to the destination. A combination of push-pull factors helps determine migration or immigration of particular populations from one land to another. Other strong push factors include race and discriminating cultures, political intolerance and persecution of people who question the status quo. MEDC Definition The abbreviation and definition of MEDC is More Economically Developed Country.. Pull factors of migration are those factors that attract an individual in a new place. An environmental push factor is when people have to leave to survive. Pull factors are the factors that would attract or encourage the persons to leave their place of origin. Find out more about the reasons behind the trends and migration policy. Environmental determinism. Pull and Push Factors of Migration. Poor economic activity and lack of job opportunities are also strong push factors for migration. … Gravity Model. LEDC Definition The abbreviation and definition of LEDC is a Less Economically Developed Country.The LEDC definition applies to POOR countries. These can be economic, social, political or environmental. Push factors are often forceful, demanding that a certain person or group of people leave one country for another, or at least giving that person or people strong reasons to want to move—either because of a threat of violence or the loss of financial security. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, violent conflict during the 1990s and lingering instability in the region since then has pushed much of the population abroad: today, around 50 percent of the 3.5 million people born in Bosnia and Herzegovina live elsewhere. Push factors are usually poor conditions in the homeland. Analysis. Spatial Association and Distribution. They are the advantages of the particular place or the benefits that attract the people. Political and Religious Freedom: Much like discrimination and persecution provide strong push factors for people to leave their home countries, the existence of tolerant government policies with regards to religion, race, political views and so on may make certain countries more attractive to potential migrants. Migration is a complex phenomenon, where ‘macro’-, ‘meso’- and ‘micro’-factors act together to inform the final individual decision to migrate, integrating the simpler previous push–pull theory. These determinants can be broadly divided into social, political, economic and ecological factors. An environmental pull factor is when people are driven to leave their current place due to more natural resources, better climates, and in some cases, popular landmarks. Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. The lack of political liberties and rights, and endemic corruption act as push factors for migrants seeking greater freedoms. A pull factor is a reason for migration that relates to the area of destination - something that is attracting them to an area. These determinants can be broadly divided into social, political, economic and ecological factors. The MEDC definition applies to RICH countr Migration is about the movement of people from place to place. Space-Time Compression. The push and pull factors of Spanish Migration are dictated by economic, political, environmental and social reasons. For example, in the 1800's, Italians Previous studies have applied migration theory to examine the push–pull factors affecting healthcare providers in the study of health system change (Lee & Shim, 2007; Payton, 2000). Push factors describe social or political factors that encourage Mexicans to move away from their country, while pull factors are the things that attract Mexicans to a given foreign country. Intensive Agriculture. Pull factors are those that are associated with the area of destination Economic reasons Economic motives loom large in all human movements, but are particularly important with regards to migration. The push factors in Mexico include poverty, political instability, unemployment, corruption and disasters. Simultaneously, conditions in foreign countries, known as pull factors, can also influence their migratory destination. Push and pull factors in geography refer to the causes of migration among people. Many factors that influence migration are difficult to predict. These drive people to leave the land they were born in. Malthus Population Growth Model . What are the main types of migration? Push and pull factors drive migration. Migration can … Von Thunen's Land Use Model. Many factors that influence migration are difficult to predict. 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Lesson 3 Dilations with no Grid Lesson Narrative In the previous lesson, students applied dilations on a circular grid. The circular grid provides two levels of scaffolding: • The radial lines give rays from the center of the grid which help find the dilated image of points on those rays. • The circles provide a way to measure the distance of points from the center of dilation. In this lesson, students apply dilations to points with no grid. In order to perform a dilation, three pieces of information are still needed: a center of dilation, a scale factor, and a point which is dilated. Students practice identifying centers, scale factors, and images of dilation. They also use dilations to make perspective drawings. Performing dilations without a grid engages students in MP1 as they think about the meaning of dilation in terms of the given information (center, scale factor, point being dilated). Learning Goals Teacher Facing • Create a dilation of a figure given a scale factor and center of dilation. • Explain (orally) the effect of the scale factor on the size of the image of a polygon and its distance from the center of dilation. • Identify the center, scale factor, and image of a dilation without a circular grid. Student Facing Let’s dilate figures not on grids. Required Materials Required Preparation Ensure that rulers, index cards, and colored pencils are available in the geometry toolkits. Learning Targets Student Facing • I can apply a dilation to a polygon using a ruler. CCSS Standards Glossary Entries • center of a dilation The center of a dilation is a fixed point on a plane. It is the starting point from which we measure distances in a dilation. In this diagram, point $P$ is the center of the dilation. A dilation • dilation A dilation is a transformation in which each point on a figure moves along a line and changes its distance from a fixed point. The fixed point is the center of the dilation. All of the original distances are multiplied by the same scale factor. For example, triangle $DEF$ is a dilation of triangle $ABC$. The center of dilation is $O$ and the scale factor is 3. This means that every point of triangle $DEF$ is 3 times as far from $O$ as every corresponding point of triangle $ABC$. 2 triangles. Triangle DEF is a dilation of triangle ABC. • scale factor To create a scaled copy, we multiply all the lengths in the original figure by the same number. This number is called the scale factor. In this example, the scale factor is 1.5, because $4 \boldcdot (1.5) = 6$, $5 \boldcdot (1.5)=7.5$, and $6 \boldcdot (1.5)=9$. 2 triangles Print Formatted Materials Student Task Statements pdf docx Cumulative Practice Problem Set pdf docx Cool Down (log in)' Teacher Guide (log in)' Teacher Presentation Materials pdf docx Additional Resources Google Slides (log in)' PowerPoint Slides (log in)'	<urn:uuid:1260d8d2-d61f-476c-9dbf-cefa54864062>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.1875, "fasttext_score": 0.6242879033088684, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8750638365745544, "url": "https://im.kendallhunt.com/MS/teachers/3/2/3/preparation.html" }
Compartment Syndrome (Acute and Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome) The anatomy behind compartment syndrome Compartment syndrome occurs from increased pressure in a muscle compartment. The muscles of the legs are separated into compartments and are surrounded by a connective tissue (fascia). This fascia keeps the muscles together in the compartment so does not allow for much stretch. Alongside muscles, these compartments also contain nerves, blood vessels and connective tissues. The muscles in each compartment work together to produce movement. The lower leg is separated into four compartments: • Anterior compartment • Lateral compartment • Superficial posterior compartment • Deep posterior compartment What happens in compartment syndrome? This syndrome occurs when the pressure within a muscle compartment exceeds what is normal. As the compartments are not designed to expand, the muscles, blood vessels and nerves within the compartment are compressed. This can restrict circulation, nerve and muscle function, and can cause a large amount of pain for those affected. There are two primary types of compartment syndrome: acute and chronic exertional compartment syndrome. They’re distinguished by the cause of the pressure increase. It’s important to diagnose and manage this condition promptly as restrictions in blood flow and oxygen can cause tissue death. What causes compartment syndrome? Acute compartment syndrome occurs following trauma or injury that results in bleeding and/or swelling in a compartment. These symptoms take up room in the compartment and can compress nerves and blood vessels to the point that they’re unable to perfuse the tissues effectively. Examples of injuries include fractures and muscle bruising, among others. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome tends to affect physically active individuals. Strenuous or high-impact activities increase the blood flow to muscle groups and can cause swelling, thereby increasing pressure within the compartment. Running is a common example. What are the symptoms? Initially, symptoms to the affected compartment can include: • Swelling • Aching / Pain that worsens during exercise • Tightness and/or cramping • Numbness, tingling or burning (neural) sensations • Impaired muscle function • Pain subsides shortly after stopping the activity If the pain worsens or doesn’t settle, the tissues may not be getting enough blood or oxygen, and should be seen to immediately. Athletes who suffer from chronic exertional compartment syndrome may develop ongoing pain and muscle weakness. How is it treated? Acute compartment syndrome must be dealt with immediately by your GP. This usually requires surgery. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome may be managed conservatively with your Podiatrist following a visit to your GP. Symptoms may initially be managed with rest, ice, elevating the foot and limiting the activity that brought on the symptoms. Unfortunately, this doesn’t stop the problem from continuing to happen again. This is why the long-term focus must be on reducing the load on the tissues and therefore the swelling (and pressure). This can be done through modifying regular activities, working on gait retraining and techniques, looking at the biomechanics of your feet and the use of orthotics, checking your footwear, and physical therapy. Two weeks with Calcaneal Spur and finally got to see Doc. He sent me to Kevin @ Eleven and with One Appointment, he had me walking without Crutches. Yes! It still hurt. Did the Stretching, Rolling my Foot on a Spikey ball and Iced it occasionally. Return visit, after he had his Holiday, and I' am walking fine. They do NOT want to see me again, unless it deteriorates. Which it has not :-) - Ivan CooKe	<urn:uuid:fd2a2cc7-6dd0-4c56-836c-6c18ad83c3bc>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.1063275933265686, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.94942307472229, "url": "https://www.thepodiatrist.net.au/services/problems-we-solve/compartment-syndrome" }
Topic: Underage Drinking Alcohol is the most commonly used drug among underage youth. It can have both short- and long-term health, safety, and economic consequences for individuals, families, and society. In 2007, the U.S. Surgeon General identified underage drinking as a significant problem in need of community-based solutions, rather than focusing solely on the individual. The report called on everyone to become involved in addressing the problem, which requires a comprehensive approach focused on prevention. This guide summarizes the research identifying evidence-based strategies that communities can implement in order to prevent and reduce underage drinking and its related harms. What’s included? • PowerPoint Presentation (with slide to input local data) • Summary Handout • Supplemental Sources List	<urn:uuid:a80fa49b-accb-4189-8314-26804e4be34e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.9375, "fasttext_score": 0.25025051832199097, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.931614100933075, "url": "https://www.projectextramile.org/resource-center/contact-us/topic-underage-alcohol-use-in-nebraska" }
Geiger-Mueller (GM) Tubes Geiger-Mueller Detector The essential components of the Geiger-Mueller detector are its two collecting electrodes: the anode and cathode (the anode is positively charged with respect to the cathode). In most cases, the outer chamber wall serves as the cathode. The potential difference between the anode and cathode is usually in the 800 to 1200 volt range. There are three basic GM detector designs: • Side Window (cylindrical) • End Window • Pancake Side Window (thin/thick walled cylindrical) GM A cylinder (often 446 stainless steel) serves as the cathode while a wire (usually tungsten) running along the central axis serves as the anode. The primary application of the side window GM is the measurement of gamma exposure rates. Nevertheless, its wall can be thin enough to permit higher energy betas (>300 keV) to be counted. The density thickness of a typical thin walled cylindrical GM is 30 mg/cm2. The density thickness (aka aerial density) is a convenient way to describe the thickness of very thin materials—it is the product of the material’s density (mg/cc) and its thickness (cm). To measure it, weigh one square centimeter of the material. GM Tube Illustration Pancake GM The pancake GM tube is a truncated cylinder having the shape of a pill box. As is true of the end window GM tube, one end is covered with a thin (usually mica) window. The window thickness is 1.5 to 2.0 mg/cm2. The shape of the anode is unusual since it has a circular configuration in a plane parallel to the entrance window. The primary function of the pancake GM is the detection and measurement of beta emitting surface contamination. It also responds to alpha particles and gamma rays. Pancake GM Detector Pancake GM Detector End Window GM As is the case with the side window GM, the cathode is a stainless steel cylinder. The anode is supported at one end and extends only part way along the tube axis. The tip of the anode is typically covered with a small glass bead. The window, covering one end of the tube, is usually made of mica and typically has a density thickness of 1.5 to 2.0 mg/cm2. Like any Geiger Mueller detector, the end window GM responds to gamma rays. Nevertheless, the end window GM is most commonly used to count beta activity. The end window GM can also be used to count alpha particles. Fill Gas The pressure of the gas inside the GM detector is usually a few tenths of an atmosphere. By reducing the pressure below atmospheric, the strength of the electric field necessary to reach the Geiger-Mueller region, and hence the required operating voltage, is lowered. The reduced pressure also increases the drift velocity of the positive ions towards the cathode and thereby reduces the dead time. The gas of a Geiger Mueller detector consists of two components: a fill gas and a quench gas. The fill gas is usually neon but other gases are sometimes used, e.g., helium, argon, or krypton. There are two main types of quench gas: halogen quench gases and organic quench gases Chlorine is the most common halogen quench gas, but bromine is also used. Although the textbooks usually mention alcohol as an example of an organic quench gas, isobutane is far more common. A halogen quenching agent is used if the fill gas is neon, argon or krypton, while helium filled tubes usually employ an organic quench gas. Generation of Pulse If beta particles or alpha particles get through the detector window, they ionize the fill gas directly. Gamma rays and X-rays ionize the gas indirectly by interacting with the metal wall of the GM (via the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering or pair production) in such a way that an electron is "knocked" off the inner wall of the detector. This electron then ionizes the gas inside the tube. It is true that gamma rays or X-rays might interact with the fill gas rather than the wall, but this is less probable except for very low energy photons. The electric field created by the potential difference between the anode and cathode causes the negative member (electron) of each ion pair to move to the anode while the positively charged gas atom or molecule is drawn to the cathode. As the electrons of the primary ion pairs move towards the anode, they gain kinetic energy (and lose potential energy). If the electric field in the chamber is of sufficient strength (approximately 106 V/m) these electrons gain enough kinetic energy to ionize the gas and create secondary ion pairs. The electrons produced in these secondary ion pairs, along with the primary electrons, continue to gain energy as they move towards the anode, and as they do, they produce more and more ionizations. The result is that each electron from a primary ion pair produces a cascade or avalanche of ion pairs (Townsend avalanche). At the high voltages associated with the Geiger-Mueller region, the avalanche created by a single primary electron leads to the creation of other "secondary" avalanches, and so many of these "secondary" avalanches occur that they completely envelop the anode. The pulse eventually shuts itself down when the accumulation of positive ions around the anode reduces the strength of the electric field below that required for continued propagation. The mechanism by which a single avalanche can eventually envelope the entire anode involves the fact that any avalanche not only involves the ionization of gas molecules, it also involves the excitation of gas molecules. The subsequent deexcitation of the excited molecules results in the emission of UV photons. If enough of these photons are produced, some will be absorbed by the gas molecules via the photoelectric effect. This leads to further ionization of the gas and the formation of a second avalanche. For all practical purposes, the multiple avalanches are produced at the same time—only one pulse results. The following diagram shows how a single avalanche can spread along the anode via the emission of UV photons. GM Pulse	<urn:uuid:69f4f233-0909-4037-831b-a3b24f33e67c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.6998511552810669, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9011461138725281, "url": "https://orau.org/health-physics-museum/collection/geiger-mueller-tubes/index.html" }
Antigone compare and contrast 8 August 2016 In the classical play “Antigone” by Sophocles, two of the main characters are sisters, Antigone and Ismene. The pair get into plenty of trouble, and are alike and different in througout the story. They are the daughters of the previous king, Oedipus. Their brothers have just killed each other in the battles between Thebes and Argos, Thebes emerging the victor. Polyneices fought for Argos whilst Eteocles fought for Thebes. The uncle of the family, whose name is Creon, has taken the throne in absence of a male descendant of Oedipus. Creon decrees that the burying of Polyneices be forbidden, and provides a proper religious burial for Eteocles. The sisters are very alike in many ways. Antigone and Ismene are both fairly outraged about the fact that their brother will not have a proper entrance into the afterlife. They don’t think that Creon should disallow them to bury their brother properly. Both sisters are willing to die for the sake of their brother. When Antigone is caught in the act, she tells Creon “These laws—I was not about to break them,not out of fear of some man’s wounded pride, and face the retribution of the gods. Antigone compare and contrast Essay Example Die I must, I’ve known it all my life— how could I keep from knowing? — even without your death sentence ringing in my ears. ” (Antigone 509-514). Antigone says this after she has traditionally buried Polyneices for the second time. This shows how she is dedicated to give her brother a proper burial, even in the face of death. Ismene is very much like Antigone in in the fact that, she is also willing to die for her family members. Ismene says this to Creon and Antigone, “But now you face such dangers . I’m not ashamed to sail through trouble with you, make your troubles mine. ” (Ismene 606-609). She goes on to add after Antigone protests, “Oh no, my sister, don’t reject me, please, let me die beside you, consecrating the dead together. ” (Ismene 612-614). This shows that Ismene would share the punishment with Antigone, and die for her family. Even though both sisters are willing to die for their family, they came to that conclusion in different ways. In the the beginning of the play, Antigone is trying to convince Ismene to come and bury Polyneices body with her. Ismene is angry about the way her deceased brother is being treated, but not enough to accompany Antigone to do the deed. Antigone pleads to Ismene, “Will you lift up his body with these bare hands and lower it with me? ” (Antigone 52-53). Ismene is not quite sure what to do at this moment, she is not certain that she wants to cross the law with her sister. She declines Antigones offer replying, “Now look at the two of us, left so alone. Think what a death we’ll die, the worst of all if we violate the laws and override the fixed decree of the throne, it’s power— we must be sensible. remember that we are women, we’re not born to contend with men. ” (Ismene 70-75). These two quotes show how Antigone is willing to pay the toll for disobeying the law and her uncle, while Ismene is too fearful to disobey Creon. It also shows that Ismene is more of a follower, rather than a leader, because she later follows in Antigones footsteps and defies Creon. These two sisters underwent a very challenging and confusing journey. They are very alike in that they both have very strong family ties to each other and their deceased kin. Antigone is very strong in her religious beliefs, and is willing to do anything to make sure that she and her family is favored by the gods. Ismene is unlike Antigone in that she would not disobey the law to convey her beliefs. The pair complement each other perfectly in the story, and can be very similar at times, but also show signs of diversity. A limited time offer!	<urn:uuid:85ab9c84-84e5-45b1-96d5-22c21c02b5cc>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.04021883010864258, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9664188623428345, "url": "https://newyorkessays.com/essay-antigone-compare-and-contrast/" }
Women In Science Day Olivia Sperbeck, Staff Reporter Women in Science Day, on Feb. 11, is a day to recognize the important role women play in various science fields. It was created to help acknowledge the forgotten or lesser known female scientists, such as Rachel Carson, Marie Tharp and Helen Taussig, whose discoveries have changed the world in a huge way but are rarely recognized. Rachel Carson was an American marine biologist who observed the effects of synthetic pesticides in the 1960s. After recognizing how carelessly synthetic pesticides were used, Carson helped launch the modern environmental movement. She wrote a famous nonfiction book in 1962, called “Silent Spring,” about the effects of pesticides on the environment. This became extremely popular and caused Nixon to form the Environmental Protection Agency. By fueling public interest in the environment, Carson was able to make a significant impact in helping the planet. Carson is only one of the many hidden women in science that have made a powerful impact. Marie Tharp was a geologist and mathematician who revolutionized the theory of plate tectonics. She drew accurate charts of the ocean floor, proving the existence of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which is a plate boundary in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean floor. Her discovery confirmed the theory of plate tectonics and continental drift, which were considered crazy theories at the time. Even though she was not allowed to go on an ocean ship to collect data because of her gender, she still proved the theory of plate tectonics using alternate sources, which makes her discovery more impressive. Tharp was a scientist that made a groundbreaking discovery, but she is one of many female scientists that are unknown because of her gender. Helen Taussig was a physician who went into the field of pediatric cardiology. Taussig discovered the cause of blue baby syndrome, a birth defect in the heart caused by babies lacking enough hemoglobin in their bloodstream. Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen around the body and delivers the oxygen to cells and tissues. Without the necessary amount of hemoglobin, the baby’s skin turns blue, hence the name. Taussig created the concept for repairing blue baby syndrome and has saved the lives of countless infants. Taussig is another hidden woman in science that should be recognized and celebrated for her life saving discoveries. The gender achievement gap in science has decreased since women like these have helped prove to the world that women can excel in science. In grades K-12, both female and male students’ achievements in math and science are relatively equal and both groups also participate in high level math and science at similar rates, according to the National Science Foundation (NSF). Male and female students are participating in science and math roughly the same amount. However, even though the gender achievement gap is narrowing, it is still there. Mounds View chemistry teacher Jessica Espy said culture plays a role. “Our society perpetuates the gap from a super young age- walking down the toy aisles at Walmart will give this away,” said Espy. “Girls are encouraged to play ‘house’ while boys are given things with wheels or Legos. Many toys that are geared towards boys promote the kind of learning that stimulates the foundations of engineering, scientific discovery and critical thinking. By the time young women get to secondary school, they are already convinced that building bridges is masculine and cooking is feminine. It is getting better with some companies promoting STEM toys for specifically girls.” Additionally, Espy herself was discouraged into getting her science degree. “I got a Bachelors of Science (B.S) in chemistry at Michigan State but was one of only a few women in my college program,” said Espy. “It was sometimes assumed by my professors that I was a Bachelors of Arts (B.A.) chemistry major instead, which was an easier program and reserved for those only interested in teaching high school chemistry. Professors and fellow male students would ask questions like, ‘Why are you even taking this class?’ implying that I could take an easier course to get a B.A.” As Espy demonstrated, discrimination in the science fields still exists today, built on the archaic belief that that kind of work is only for men. Women make up only 28% of the science and engineering workforce according to the 2018 report from NSF. Nevertheless, this difference in scientific participation is lessening. Espy tries to narrow the gap by teaching the achievements of unknown women in science. “I try to weave many of the stories of influential women in science and shed light on the barriers they faced and overcame,” said Espy. “The more we make it known that women are discriminated against in the science community, the faster we can address it and change that norm.” The more people learn about how much women shaped the history of science, the more the career of a woman in science will be encouraged. Rachel Carson, Marie Tharp and Helen Taussig are a few of the female scientists who made groundbreaking, beneficial discoveries in their respective fields, but are rarely talked about today because of their gender. The purpose of Women in Science Day is to acknowledge women like them, the lesser known scientists who have made revolutionary discoveries and encourage women to go into science fields.	<urn:uuid:5780ba0e-e274-4f29-ad0c-00c797a7f643>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.78125, "fasttext_score": 0.349263072013855, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9704113006591797, "url": "https://www.mvviewer.org/articles/features/2021/02/26/women-in-science-day/" }
Why human feet evolved arches—and what happens if you lack them New research shows an arch running along the tops of human feet supports our unique mobility. Published 1 Mar 2020, 06:00 GMT Photograph by Kike Calvo, Nat Geo Image Collection For more than a century, evolutionary biologists have admired the exquisite design of the human foot and how its features make it possible for us to effortlessly walk upright. Our short toes, for example, enable us to run long distances. Now, a paper published Wednesday in Nature makes the case that another part of our anatomy—an arch running over the top of the foot—plays a bigger role than previously thought in mobility. The finding increases our understanding of the evolution of foot biomechanics, experts say, and could lead to more accurate robotic and prosthetic feet, help orthopaedic doctors treat foot disorders and even inspire better shoe designs. On an estate in France, locals reenact the ancient process of winemaking. Photograph by Brian Finke, Getty Images via Nat Geo Image Collection Called the transverse tarsal arch (that’s the longitudinal curve across the top of your foot), this previously under-appreciated attribute accounts for more than 40 percent of the stiffness of the modern human foot, according to the team of researchers from the United States, Japan and the United Kingdom. This upper arch tag-teams with the better known example along the bottom side of the foot called the medial longitudinal arch. Together, they account for our uniquely human foot stiffness, which allows us to push off without falling over and distinguishes us from other primates that need a more flexible foot to grasp tree branches. “We were surprised by what an effect it had,” says Madhusudhan Venkadesan, the study’s lead author and an assistant professor in mechanical engineering and materials science at Yale University. “There have been major debates on how the shape of the foot relates to stiffness, but they’ve concentrated on the medial longitudinal arch [the long one from the ball to the heel on the inside of the foot].” It’s easy to comprehend the relationship between an arch’s curve and foot stiffness if you grab a five pound note. Lay the money flat and slightly curl its long edges so the middle bends up—as if forming a tube or highway tunnel. This creates an arch, running lengthwise down the note. Push a finger on the middle of the note's arch, and you’ll notice some resistance or stiffness. Venkadesan’s team wanted proof that a similar principle—that also explains why folding pizza makes it less floppy—was at work in our feet. “We had to come up with a way to test this idea in real feet,” he says. So they designed a series of experiments in which they conducted bending tests on the feet of two human cadavers. In living humans, it’s too difficult to isolate the role of the transverse arch because it works in sync with other foot parts. But in the cadaver feet, the researchers were able to remove the elastic tissue in between the long bones—called metatarsals—in order to directly measure the arch’s impact on foot stiffness. The next step was to understand the role of the transverse arch in the context of human evolution. So Venkadesan’s team developed a mathematical model to reconstruct the history of the human foot by comparing our current arch with fossils from extinct hominin species. Just as they suspected, the appearance of the transverse arch—which appeared in other hominins more than 3 million years before modern humans walked the earth —was an important element of bipedalism. The medial longitudinal arch followed—arriving 1.8 million years ago, to be precise. And the combo created the necessary stiffness that enabled us to eventually run marathons and take jumping pictures for social media. Experts say the new study is valuable because it’s the first to quantify the stiffness of the transverse arch. Motorised springs in a powered ankle push off like a real leg. Photograph by Mark Thisessen, Nat Geo Image Collection “We’ve known about the presence of the transverse arch for a long time, but we’ve never had a way to measure it, and we didn’t know how it affected the overall function of the foot,” says Nicholas Holowka, an assistant anthropology professor at the University of Buffalo in New York who studies the evolution of the human foot. “This profoundly adds to our understanding of how the unique shape of the human foot enables our unique bipedal locomotion.” So what does this research mean for flat-footed folk? The transverse arch is their supportive unsung hero. The flat-footed lack of a medial longitudinal arch can cause stress to other areas of the body and lead to foot pain. At one point, it was grounds for automatic rejection from the military. But Venkadesan’s research sheds light on why the majority of flat-footed people don’t suffer from chronic pain or injuries, Holowka says. “You can imagine you can have flat feet with a low longitudinal arch, but because you have a relatively high transverse arch, you can still have a stiff foot.” Holowka says, adding that future research should examine any links between people’s degrees of flat-footedness and their transverse arches. He is also calling for ways to quantify this transverse arch curvature in living people to better understand foot pain, which might be the key to building corrective orthotics. Other future research should look at the range of transverse arch anatomy among humans to probe the correlation between high curvature and high levels of stiffness, adds Glen Lichtwark, an associate professor in biomechanics at the University of Queensland in St Lucia, Australia. “You might have a high curve, but you might have a tradeoff somewhere else. Or you might use your muscles differently. We don’t know these things yet,” Lichtwark says Leg, red high heels and taxis, Times Square. Photograph by Tino Soriano, Nat Geo Image Collection According to Lichtwark, who co-authored an accompanying article in Nature, this research has practical applications for foot health, including designing robotics and prosthetics and explaining the mystery why orthopedic surgeries provide pain relief for some patients and not others. Also in the future, shoe store employees might be able to scan your foot and provide personalised recommendations based on the total structure of your foot. “This research gives us another dimension of the complex structure of the foot,” Lichtwark says. It highlights that the foot is three-dimensional, and we need to start to start thinking about it like that.” Read More Explore Nat Geo • Animals • Environment • History & Culture • Science • Travel • Photography • Space • Adventure • Video About us • Magazines • Newsletter • Disney+ Follow us	<urn:uuid:148878f2-4066-4c99-a196-8486defdea88>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.828125, "fasttext_score": 0.02065974473953247, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9137325882911682, "url": "https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/science-and-technology/2020/03/why-human-feet-evolved-arches-and-what-happens-if-you-lack-them" }

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