text
stringlengths 208
322k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
The presence of water in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms is one of the primary factors that distinguished Earth from its neighbors in the solar system. In this activity, students will toss a globe to collect data on whether there is more surface water or land on earth.
Grade Level K 1 2 3 4 5 6
Classroom Activities Curricula and Instruction
Save to List
|
<urn:uuid:8d9ec620-5a2d-4c3f-8256-034f5fedac7e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.042050838470458984,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9034872651100159,
"url": "https://egs.americangeosciences.org/vufind/Search/Results?filter%5B%5D=resourceType_txtF_mv%3A%22Classroom+Activities%22&filter%5B%5D=topic_facet%3A%22space%22&filter%5B%5D=gradeLevel_txtF_mv%3A%22K%22&filter%5B%5D=ngssPE_txtF_mv%3A%222-ESS2-3%22&type=AllFields"
}
|
1. Title 1
Where Black
History Lives!
Unit 1: Ancient Africa - The Cradle of Civilization
(200,000 B.C. - 476 B.C.)
Unit 1: Class 13: The Queen of Sheba & Solomon (10th Century B.C. – 955 B.C.)
Learning Objectives
After completing this lesson, students
will be able to:
• Discuss the story of the Queen of Sheba and her encounter with King Solomon as told in the Bible, The Quran, and the Kebra Nagast.
• Recognize the influence Africa and African women have had in the development of Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and world history.
• Scrutinize the racial and religious propaganda associated with the story of the Queen of Sheba, including her racial identity.
• Locate Ethiopia, the home of the Queen of Sheba, and the Kingdom of Sheba on a map.
The Queen of Sheba, from a 15th-century manuscript now at Staatsund Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen.
Betty Blythe as the queen in The Queen of Sheba (1921).
The Queen of Sheba is one of the most famous queens of antiquity and her affair with King Solomon is one of the most celebrated stories in religious mythology. What is particularly noteworthy today about the story of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba is that the Queen of Sheba is African/Black and King Solomon is Hebrew/White. Racism is a modern idea. It did not exist before the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, or the African Holocaust as some refer to it. During the times of the Queen of Sheba Africans were held in high esteem as their genius was demonstrated through their numerous kingdoms in Africa and abroad, including ancient Kemet/Egypt, Nubia and ancient Ethiopia. King Solomon, one of the wisest men in the Bible, was so intrigued by the Queen of Sheba that he tricked her into submitting to him, which resulted in her giving birth to his first-born son, Ebna Hakim or Menelik I. Would one of the wisest men in the world be so intrigued by someone who is “racially” inferior to him? Would he go out of his way to have a child with her? The story of the Queen of Sheba stands as testimony to the vaulted place Africans held in the world for thousands of years before the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. It also demonstrates the respect and power African women held in African societies. Nowhere else in the ancient world did women achieve such equality or power.
The Queen of Sheba is first mentioned in the Old Testament of the Bible in I Kings 10:1–14 and in a nearly word-for-word repetition, 2 Chronicles 9:1–12. Her story is retold with variation in the Quran and the Kebra Nagast, a 14th century Ethiopian religious text translated by English Egyptologist Wallis Budge, as The Glory of the Kings. Outside of these texts, little is known about the Queen of Sheba. There are no images of her and no one knows for certain the full extent of the her kingdom. However, in Biblical text, she is referred to as the Queen of Ethiopia. This would not only make her kingdom to at least be partially in Africa, but it also makes her African. Yet, virtually all of the mainstream images of the Queen of Sheba depict her as white with little exception. In fact, you will find no images of the Queen of Sheba painted by Black or African artists on Wikipedia or on a random Google search. I was amazed to find the Black image of her pictured above, which was actually painted by a white artist.
The Kingdom of Sheba is believed to be in Ethiopia and Yemen. As a result, the people from Yemen claim that the Queen of Sheba was from Yemen and that the kingdom of Sheba was in present day Yemen. Yet, the Bible clearly states that she is from Ethiopia. It never mentions Yemen or Arabia as her place of origin albeit her kingdom may have stretched to Yemen. Conversely, the Ethiopians claim that the Queen of Sheba was their very own Queen Makeda, who after her famous meeting with Solomon, conceived a son by him, Menelik I or Ebna Hakim. They consider Menelik I to be the father of their dynasty that ended in 1974 with the overthrow of emperor Haile Selassie.
Based on the Biblical text - the oldest reference to her, the Queen of Sheba was from Ethiopia. Physical evidence suggests that the kingdom of Sheba stretched from Ethiopia to the area which is now Yemen. It is highly unlikely that the Queen of Sheba would be from Yemen, since the Biblical text calls her the Queen of Ethiopia. Also, there are no known female queens in Yemen during this period of history. However, Africa has a longstanding tradition of female rulers dating all the way back to Hatshepsut. This tradition is almost exclusively African in antiquity, which lends more credence to the fact that the Queen of Sheba was not from Yemen but from Africa.
I include the story of the Queen of Sheba because of her lore in popular culture and her relationship to ancient African religious history. Africa figures a part in all major world religions, and without prejudice. The negative depictions of Black and African people and the denigration of African history is a modern phenomenon, roughly 500-years old. Racism was created to justify the wholesale enslavement of Africans. Therefore, Whites had to convince the world that Africans were inferior people who had no history and contributed nothing to civilization, and thus were destined for permanent enslavement. The story of the Queen of Sheba contradicts this assessment of African history and African people. She is yet another example of the power and influence Black people welded in world history. Her story highlights the lack of racism in the ancient world, as the African genius was evident and African power was enforced.
Homework Assignment
Free E-Book
Kebra Nagast - edited by E.A. Wallis Budge
Page 1 of 1
|
<urn:uuid:72128d5e-476b-43e4-bead-7bc6a43d98de>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.06725478172302246,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9649931788444519,
"url": "https://educationforlifeacademy.com/eflaunit1-13/"
}
|
1903 The North West Mounted Police
Even though the North West Mounted Police (they became the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in 1920) had been in the Canadian west since 1874 they didn’t establish their first post in the North until 1903. Creating a permanent presence in the north was meant to remove any doubts of Canadian sovereignty over the western Arctic.
American whalers, from their base on Herschel Island (Yukon) (map), had been hunting whales in Canadian waters since 1889 and had been trading, sometimes unscrupulously, with the Inuvialuit and the Gwich’in. Lessons from the Klondike Gold Rush had shown how effective the NWMP could be in controlling trade between Aboriginals and non-Aboriginals. It was also felt that the north needed a greater Canadian government presence.
On May 30, 1903 six NWMP officers departed Fort Saskatchewan (Alberta) on a journey that would take them as far north as the Arctic Ocean. These officers traveled down the Mackenzie River, detailing the state of the territory as they went. They set up a NWMP post at Fort McPherson and later that same year established a second post further north in a sod house on Herschel Island.
From 1903 to 1919 the only government presence in the NWT consisted of eight NWMP officers based at Fort McPherson and Herschel Island. Even though this force was small, they conducted all the administrative business of the government including mail service, customs, and vital statistics along with their usual police duties. What made them so valuable to Ottawa was their “flexibility, their Espirit de corps, their obedience to central authority, and the fact that they worked harder and for less money than did the regular civil service”.
|
<urn:uuid:ce88492e-f812-4ad4-98a5-3954b90fb82f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.75,
"fasttext_score": 0.4142526388168335,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9785071015357971,
"url": "https://www.nwttimeline.ca/1900/NWMP_1903.html"
}
|
The Wreck Of The Titanic, Protected By A British-American Treaty
Sponsored by:
The remains of the “Titanic“, at the bottom of the sea since its famous shipwreck in 1912, will be protected from tourists and explorers by a treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom that entered into force on Tuesday, the British government said.
“This crucial agreement with the United States to preserve the wreck means that it will now be treated with the sensitivity and respect due to the place where 1,500 people rest,” the secretary of state of maritime transport, Nusrat Ghani, said in a statement, coinciding with a Visit Belfast, where the ship was built.
The treaty, signed in 2003 by the United Kingdom, now enters into force after being ratified in November by the United States.
This allows the two countries to “grant or refuse licenses to enter or remove objects from the wreck,” according to the statement.
The “Titanic“, which is in international waters, was only protected until now by the Unesco Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.
The giant ocean liner, which departed from Southampton, in the south of England, on April 10, 1912 bound for New York, was the largest in the world at the time of its launch and tragically sank after hitting an iceberg five days after.
Of the 2,224 passengers and crew, almost 1,500 died in the tragedy.
Since the discovery in 1985 of the wreck in international waters of the Atlantic Ocean, 650 km from the Canadian coast and 4,000 meters deep, it has been visited by countless treasure hunters and tourists.
After an expedition in 2012, a group of scientists noted “recent damage to the ‘Titanic’ hull by submarines” used to visit it. They also warned of “disturbing amounts of waste and debris thrown by ships on the surface or abandoned near the wreck.”
The International Maritime Organization expressed concern in a report on “the impacts already visible, which dishonor this place of burial” of those killed in the accident.
Source: Infobae
|
<urn:uuid:6b015422-03fa-41b2-aa2b-b579979c2c48>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.08250445127487183,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9521867036819458,
"url": "http://www.maritimeherald.com/2020/the-wreck-of-the-titanic-protected-by-a-british-american-treaty/"
}
|
Stomach Acid-Powered Micromotors for Drug Delivery Safely Tested In Live Animals
Engineers at the University of California, San Diego have shown that a micromotor fueled by stomach acid can take a bubble-powered ride inside a mouse. These tiny motors may someday offer a safer and more efficient way to deliver drugs or diagnose tumors. The experiment is the first to show that these micromotors can operate safely in a living animal. Stomach acid reacts with the zinc body of the motors to generate a stream of hydrogen microbubbles that propel the motors forward. The researchers say that the motors lodged themselves firmly in the stomach lining of mice. As the zinc motors are dissolved by the acid, they disappear within a few days leaving no toxic chemical traces.
|
<urn:uuid:79234b74-0f13-4312-9164-adcea16f9771>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.10069328546524048,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9050644040107727,
"url": "https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/tv/31089?m=1418"
}
|
an order of extinct invertebrate animals of the class Cephalopoda. They lived from the Carboniferous period to the Paleocene. They were externally similar to squids (Teuthoidea), but, in distinction to this latter group, Belemnitida had an internal shell consisting of three parts: the phragmocone, proostracum, and guard. The phragmocone was conical and divided by barriers into chambers, through which ran an outgrowth of the soft body, the siphuncle. The lamellar proostracum was located on the dorsal side of the animal in front of the phragmocone. The guard (up to 40 cm long) was a cigar-shaped or lanceolate body, a sort of sheath covering the phragmocone and usually extending far beyond it. Belemnitida lived in the oceans, leading a predatory way of life; most of the Belemnitida swam well. Because of their wide distribution, abundance of genera (approximately 50) and species, and also their quick changes over time, Belemnitida are the leading fossils for the Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits. Isolated guards of the Belemnitida are known as “devils fingers.”
Osnovy paleontologii: Molliuski-golovonogie: II ammonoidei (tseratity i ammonity), vnutrennerakovinnye. Moscow, 1958.
References in periodicals archive ?
(2014): Comparisons between Belemnitida and Sepiida: Is the cuttlebone prong an analogue of the belemnite rostrum?.
|
<urn:uuid:d3c3caff-486c-4651-ae0f-18b9f0c7d66f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.75,
"fasttext_score": 0.12393850088119507,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9135904908180237,
"url": "https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Belemnitida"
}
|
Journey to the Center of the Earth by Jules Verne
Journey to the Center of the Earth book cover
Start Your Free Trial
What happens in Journey to the Center of the Earth?
• Otto Lidenbrock discovers a manuscript that reveals the location of a passage that leads to the center of the earth. He and his nephew Axel enlist the help of a guide, Jans Bjelke, who helps them explore it.
• Otto, Axel, and Hans travel to Reykjavik, Iceland, where they enter a dormant volcano. The passage leads them to an underground sea, where they encounter prehistoric creatures.
• The explorers don't reach the center of the earth, but are spit up quite miraculously during a volcanic eruption. Following this incident, the men rightly become famous.
Download Journey to the Center of the Earth Study Guide
Subscribe Now
In 1863, German professor Otto Lidenbrock buys the manuscript of an old Icelandic saga. Inside it, he and his nephew, Axel, find a coded document in runes written by an Icelandic alchemist named Arne Saknussemm. Decoding it, they discover the runes are directions to the center of the earth. Saknussemm explains that he has successfully made this journey, which makes the professor believe it is possible.
Lidenbrock and Axel immediately head for Iceland, as they will have to descend through a Icelandic volcano to reach the earth's center. Their only window of opportunity for the journey is late June, which is almost upon them. Axel doesn't want to go, but Lidenbrock is unstoppable.
In Iceland, they hire a guide, Hans Bjelke, who is a duck hunter. The three travel successfully through the volcano and end up moving ever closer to the center of the earth, encountering many perils en route, such as dangerous flammable gas. At one point, they almost perish for lack of water, and Axel is also temporarily separated from the professor and Hans.
The center of the earth, however dangerous, is also a wondrous place. It is a huge cavern seemingly untouched by humans from the surface of the planet (except that they find the initials AS carved in a tree). This underground world is lit by gas, which is electrified. They encounter giant mushrooms that grow taller than they do and a huge ocean, upon which they travel on a raft. Since they are discovering that which was previously unknown, they get to name the geological features they see.
In this fantastic place, they discover evidence of species long gone extinct in the world above, such as dinosaurs and herds of mastodons. The explorers are jolted when they see what appears to be a twelve-foot human, though they cannot decide if it is more ape or more human. They don't want to be seen by this man-ape or disturb him, for fear of what he or his group might do.
Eventually, their path through to the center of the earth is blocked by a rock slide. They try to use dynamite to blast their way through, but this disturbance causes the nearby sea to rush through the hole they've created. The rushing water carries them up through a mountain, until they are ejected to the surface world. When they regain consciousness, they realize that they are, in fact, in Italy and that they have been ejected from Stromboli, a volcanic island near Sicily. When they return home, Lidenbrock is praised by his fellow academics and considered one of the greatest scientists to ever live.
(Literary Essentials: World Fiction)
The novel begins in the spring of 1863. Otto accidentally discovers a...
(The entire section is 1,301 words.)
|
<urn:uuid:de08a08c-7a0e-4ba1-9cde-8dc9d201a6f4>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.6450326442718506,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.956047534942627,
"url": "https://www.enotes.com/topics/journey-center-earth"
}
|
Teaching Venice in Schools, pp. 5 of 7
The other organization which helped to absorb and allay the tensions of society was the scuole grandi (a lay, Catholic-sponsored organization promoting charity). The early modern period in Europe was one in which many stresses of globalization (for example, depletion of diminishing resources, displacement of industries) being felt across Europe were most intimately felt by inhabitants in small and trading states like Venice. In a survey around the first half of 17th century, 16% of the population was found to be “hospital poor” in Venice (Jutte, 1994, p. 128). There was a range of confraternities, numbering about 500 in the 18th century. These were state within a state – the richest foundations even financed military expeditions. Although trying to portray a secular image, these organizations had a religious bent – to promote pious living they forbade blasphemy, adultery and gambling. In addition, they looked after the members’ material welfare – from providing dowry or loans, to free lodging and medical treatment (Jutte, 1994, p. 125). Beyond the above institutions, regularly organized events and activities in the city such as the carnivals and pugni (lasted till end of 17th / beginning of 18th century) lent a further hand as a cushion to external forces affecting the society. Along the “informal” channel, the institution of the pugni (fights that took place on the bridges involved personages from influential classes who mobilized resources and fighters/workers from an array of lower classes) helped groups acquire honor or settle differences they could not resolve in more civilized settings (Davis, 1994, pp. 47-88, 165-72). In the 18th century, the lower classes increasingly turned to the carnival of the ragata (boat rowing races). Although the social institutions and groups have been discussed as a stabilizing force in Venetian society, the same institutions have the potential to be destabilizing. Instances of this can be seen in the council of ten being “particularly nervous” that pugnis might disrupt the state’s business or the Jews feeling liberated during the Napoleonic invasion in 1797 after a long period of being discriminated (Davis, 1994, p. 143, Lane, 1973, pp. 299-304).
The coverage in the textbook is on the whole a balanced one touching on Venice’s rise, peak and fall in a chronological fashion and provides static discussions of the individual factors accounting for these milestones in the history of the city. The field of Venetian studies is seeing new impulses which view the developments of the city-state beyond its “mythical image”; one that embraces “fissures, disorder or the periphery.” It is important for readers to critically reconsider the issues pertaining to republicanism in Venice and its empire, the Venetian political system and corruption as an explanation of the decline of the Venetian empire, and the role of social system and groups as a stabilizing force in the prolongation or decline of the city-state. The term and issue of corruption for example, if understood in its historical context and in the context of pandemics, reduces the importance of it as a factor in the discussion of the decline of Venice. Overall, a benefit to the study of Venice is that it can allow, if facilitated aptly, a deeper exploration of political systems. This, in addition to learning from complementary subjects and experiential programs on modern topics, can permit a more intimate understanding of how socio-political systems operated in the past and present; and in the process, hopefully enable the molding of a learned individual concerned enough to understand and partake in his/her environment in the new millennium. (See Appendix B for a summary of teaching ideas based on this article.)
An Inspiring Quote
~ John Dewey, How We Think
Newsletter Subscription
|
<urn:uuid:b453cd1e-79c6-4d55-ad81-bfe5002d29b4>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.044540226459503174,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9482981562614441,
"url": "http://hsseonline.edu.sg/journal/volume-3-issue-1-2014/teaching-venice-schools/page/0/4"
}
|
Estuaries provide essential habitat for many commercially and ecologically important animals during at least one phase of their life cycle. Most of these estuarine-dependent animals produce tremendous numbers of microscopic larvae that disperse away from parents before returning to suitable settlement sites. Because population dynamics of such organisms may be regulated by factors that affect either the larval or adult stages of their life histories, fluctuations in population sizes oftenmaybegreat.Mostmortalityisbelievedtooc-cur in the plankton because eggs and larvae have less control over their fates in this dynamic environment than do larger juveniles and adults that live on stable substrates. According to this line of thinking, few larvae survive long enough to settle into adult habitats except during years when favorable planktonic conditions prevail (Thorson, 1950; Morgan, 1995,2001). The shear numbers oflarvae produced, poor swimming capabilities of tiny larvae, and episodic settlement events have led to the belief that various sources of mortality overwhelm larvae.
Advection of larvae by currents may be one of the most important sources of mortality and may generate considerable variation in the timing and magnitude of recruitment. Indeed, one of the earliest mysteries that intrigued investigators throughout the twentieth century was how weakly swimming larvae avoid being flushed from estuaries and lost to thepopulation (Young, 1990). Net flow in estuaries is seaward, which would seemingly sweep weakly swimming larvae out to sea. Once larvae are adrift in a vast ocean, the probability of them finding their way back into an estuary would seem to be small. At the very least, larvae should be transported downstream from the parental population, raising the question of how they return upstream to recruit to adult habitats. These sorts of problems have led many to believe that marine organisms play the lottery; they produce thousands or millions of larvae, increasing the odds that a few will return by chance. In contrast to this traditional view of marine life histories, mounting evidence suggests that larvae of estuarine-dependent animals
Figure 12.1. Sampling scheme consisting of three 48hour stations in the upper Hudson River estuary sampled during spring and neap tides, multiple stations to map the location of the estuarine plume, a transect across the estuarine plume sampled for several days four times during spring and neap tides, two transects across the continental shelf sampled weekly for four months (June-Sept), two pairs of48-hour stations on the inner shelf, two pairs of 48-hour stations on the outer shelf and two moorings with current meters on the inner and outer shelf between the transects. For each sampling scheme, the vertical and horizontal distributions of larvae relative to water column structure and current velocity were documented duringtwo consecutive summers. The dotted line at the seaward end of the two transects represents the shelf break.
make true migrations between adult and larval habitats by exploiting predictable oceanographic features (Epifanio and Garvine, 2001, Strathmann etal., 2002).
Most of the previous research on larval transport in the Hudson River estuary has been conducted on commerciallyimportant species of anadromous fishes that spawn and develop in the upper reaches ofthe river. However, manyotherimportantspecies develop in the estuary and adjacent coastal waters and their larval distributions are barely known. With the help of my students and colleagues, I launched an oceanographic research program to provide an initial understanding of how larvae are transportedbetween the Hudson River Estuary and NewYork Bight. The research program consisted of three sampling schemes reaching from the upper estuary near the George Washington Bridge to the edge of the continental shelf (Fig. 12.1). The sampling program coupled extensive horizontal surveys of the study area with intensive vertical profiles of the water column to determine how this differential transport is accomplished.
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of this comprehensive research program. I will highlight (1) larval transport patterns of species that spend at least part of their life cycle in the Hudson River Estuary, (2) the mechanisms enabling differential larval transport, (3) management implications of these transport patterns, and (4) directions for future research.
Was this article helpful?
0 0
Post a comment
|
<urn:uuid:2000e876-7c71-4a9d-b9f4-831d770beb1f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.75,
"fasttext_score": 0.029845118522644043,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9398168325424194,
"url": "https://www.ecologycenter.us/hudson-river/introduction-nnb.html"
}
|
The Full Wiki
More info on Racial antisemitism
Racial antisemitism: Quiz
Question 1: This led to antisemitic writing and journalism in the second quarter of the 19th century of which Richard Wagner's ________ (Jewry in Music) is perhaps the most notorious example.
AntisemitismFelix MendelssohnDas Judenthum in der MusikGiacomo Meyerbeer
Question 2: General Order № 11 (1862) of ________
Dwight D. EisenhowerUlysses S. GrantTheodore RooseveltAbraham Lincoln
Question 3: The ________ was a political scandal which divided France for many years during the late 19th century.
Pierre GiffardAlfred DreyfusDreyfus affairTour de France
Question 4: The Jews of Europe, then recently emancipated, were relatively literate, entrepreneurial and unentangled in aristocratic patronage systems, and were therefore disproportionately represented in the ascendant ________ class.
BourgeoisieWorking classRuling classSocial class
Question 5: As the aristocracy (and its hangers-on) lost out to this new center of power in society, they found their scapegoat – exemplified in the work of ________.
Arthur de GobineauMiscegenationAryan raceWhite people
Question 6: Racial antisemitism existed alongside religious antisemitism since the ________, if not earlier.
Late Middle AgesHigh Middle AgesMiddle AgesEarly Middle Ages
Question 7: Later, ________ also dwelt on supposed physical differences, such as the shape of the "Jewish nose." [4][5][6][7]
Neo-NazismNazismNazi propagandaThe Holocaust
Question 8: On the one hand they derived from an exclusivist interpretation of the 'Volk' ideas of ________.
Bertrand RussellPaul TillichJohann Gottfried HerderTheological noncognitivism
Question 9: ________ were a form of race riots, most commonly in Russia and Eastern Europe, aimed specifically at Jews and often government sponsored.
Question 10: In Spain even before the Edict of Expulsion of 1492, Spanish Jews who converted to ________ (conversos in Spanish), and their descendants, were called New Christians.
Catholic ChurchCrusadesCatholicismEast–West Schism
Got something to say? Make a comment.
Your name
Your email address
|
<urn:uuid:8711a129-c960-49b3-80fb-b9d6dcf193a1>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.024738311767578125,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8837292790412903,
"url": "http://quiz.thefullwiki.org/Racial_antisemitism"
}
|
psepho-, pseph- +
(Greek > Latin: pebble/pebbles, stone/stones; election; vote)
To cast one's vote with a pebble, to count, reckon; from small stone, pebble [used in counting or voting]. Pebbles were used in ancient Greece for casting votes, and so psephos came to metaphorically mean, "vote".
isopsephic, isopsephism
Of equal numerical value; said of words in which the numerical values of the letters (according to the ancient Greek notation) made up the same amount; from iso-, equal + psephos, pebble, counter.
A decree enacted by a vote of a public assembly, especially of the Athenians.
psephite, psephitic
A conglomerate composed of pebbles or small rounded stones.
The form of government that results from an election by ballot; representative government.
An elected ruler, or an adherent or supporter of government by election.
A machine for the automatic recording of votes.
psephological, psephologically
Referring to, characterized by, or descriptive of the study of voting or elections.
A political scientist who specializes in the study of elections; an electoral analyst or commentator.
1. The study of voting patterns.
1. Divination by pebble-stones, distinguished by certain characters, and put as lots into a vessel; which, having made certain supplications to the gods to direct them, they drew them out; and according to the characters, conjectured what should happen to them.
2. Prophecy with pebbles (heaped in a pile).
Psephomancy or divination with stones or rocks.
Word Info image © ALL rights reserved.
Someone who uses stones or pebbles to divine or foretell the future.
|
<urn:uuid:d94c779c-426b-449a-9cf9-5bb9748b7b65>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.19871574640274048,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8991361856460571,
"url": "https://wordinfo.info/unit/1771/s:greek%20latin"
}
|
Post navigation
No Equipment, Physical Education
Rats And Rabbits
Group the children into pairs. Organise the children so that they’re lined down the middle of the space being used to play in, facing away from their partner (and so facing towards the outside of the area). Identify all the children facing one way as ‘Rats’ and the children facing the other as ‘Rabbits’. Mark out an end line.
A leader then shouts either Rats or Rabbits. If Rats is shouted then all the children identified as Rats must attempt to reach the end line before their partner (whom is a rabbit) is able to catch them. If Rabbits is shouted then the opposite happens, where the Rats attempt to catch their partner before they reach the end line.
To progress this game, another command could be given whilst the children are chasing so that they must change direction when not stationary.
Printable copy: Rats And Rabbits
Leave a Reply
|
<urn:uuid:93ad2ba4-3659-4b1f-8cfd-7f99be41323a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.875,
"fasttext_score": 0.03709721565246582,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9361841678619385,
"url": "http://1001primarygames.co.uk/portfolio/rats-and-rabbits/"
}
|
Navigation mit Access Keys
Main menu
Main menu
In 2011, WSL and the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) launched the joint project, "Monitoring the Effectiveness of Habitat Conservation in Switzerland." The project aims to determine whether habitats of national importance (dry meadows and pastures, alluvial areas, bogs and fens, amphibian breeding sites) are changing according to their conservation targets and maintaining the same surface area and quality. Long-term monitoring effectiveness should also provide an early-warning system for the federal government and cantons, ensuring that national and regional trends are detected quickly enough to take the necessary measures in good time.
Framework and Targets
The habitats of national importance are a crucial element of the Swiss protected sites network. They include the dry meadows and pastures, alluvial areas, bogs and fens and amphibian breeding sites listed in the national inventories.
Habitat state is analysed through flora and fauna surveys and aerial images. This enables the identification of habitats of national importance that are undergoing changes.
Because demands on long-term monitoring are subject to change due to shifts in social attitudes or environmental policy, the monitoring must be flexible enough to address changing and emerging issues.
By harmonizing the vegetation recording methods between the various habitat types within the project with the various other federal monitoring projects (Swiss Biodiversity Monitoring (BDM), agro-environmental monitoring (ALL-EMA), changes can be compared in a more all-encompassing manner. The data is stored in centralised federal databases and can be used by the cantons and other projects (e.g. updating the Red Lists of endangered species).
Module Amphibian Breeding Sites
Amphibians are one of the most threatened animal groups in Switzerland. Preserving their breeding sites is therefore essential.
Module Vegetation
The objects listed in the inventories were defined primarily on the basis of their vegetation, a good indicator of the sites' conditions.
Module Remote Sensing
Comparing aerial images, taken at different time periods, is a quick and cost-effective way to detect changes in the landscape very early.
|
<urn:uuid:4d3dbecb-35d7-4699-ac19-1944b40bdca4>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.04055362939834595,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8754239678382874,
"url": "https://biotopschutz.wsl.ch/en.html"
}
|
Understanding Memoirs 1.04
by Lisa Malkiewicz
| 2 Questions
Note from the author:
k*12 NCVA memoir Barrio Boy
3 pts
Put the events of Barrio Boy in order.
1. Ms. Ryan helps them feel safe and a classmate conquers a sentence.
2. Ernesto leaves his small Mexican Village and enters an American School (Lincoln School) in first grade not knowing any English.
3. Ernesto and his mother meet the principal and he is taken to his first class feeling nervous.
4. Ernesto makes friends and learns to be proud of his ethnicity.
5. Ernesto receives private lessons from Miss Ryan and starts to enjoy learning English.
6. Ernesto graduates with honors from first grade.
3 pts
Draw a line from the part of the plot pyramid to the events in Barrio Boy that match. (Use the sequencing activity above to help you if you are struggling.)
Add to my formatives list
|
<urn:uuid:09616ad7-8a00-4719-83fe-287f707a588a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.90625,
"fasttext_score": 0.46397215127944946,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9332144260406494,
"url": "https://goformative.com/library/Wo76HMieMp5Htmfbf"
}
|
Open today 10am - 5pm
Eugene Black
Slave Labourer and Camp Survivor
Eugene Black photographed at Paderborn shortly after liberation. (c) HSFA
Jump to:
Story Videos
“I think every one of us has a responsibility to do our utmost to remember those events and make sure they never happen again”.
Eugene was born Jeno Schwartz in Munkacs, Czechoslovakia in 1928. He had a happy family life with three sisters and a brother. His mother came from an Orthodox Jewish family but his father, who was a master tailor, did not. Religion played little part in Eugene’s upbringing.
In 1939 the part of Czechoslovakia where Eugene’s family lived was annexed by Hungary. Eugene and his family were now Hungarians. On 19th March 1944 German forces occupied Hungary completely. Immediately all Hungarian Jews were ordered to wear the Star of David and within ten days the Jewish population was moved into ghettos. Eugene’s house was within a ghetto area, so his family took other people into their home.
On May 14th Eugene was returning home from school. He saw a German military lorry outside the family home with his two sisters and father on board. He saw an SS man hit his mother across the face and push her on to the lorry. Eugene wasn’t allowed into the house; he was forced onto the lorry with the rest of his family and other Jewish people from the ghetto.
The lorry was driven to a nearby brickyard, where the Jewish population was being forcibly gathered together. Eugene and his family were ordered into railway cattle trucks and from there transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau. The SS guards swiftly separated Eugene from his mother and sisters, then also from his father. After being completely shaved and then showered, he was given his number, 55546, and a striped uniform.
Eugene remained at Auschwitz-Birkenau for around ten days before being selected for forced labour. He was sent by train to the Buchenwald and then on to Mittelbau-Dora, a concentration camp in the Harz mountains, where the Nazis used forced labourers to manufacture V1 and V2 rockets underground. Eugene’s job here was to load small trucks with rocks dug out from the tunnels for 12 to 14 hours at a time, without rest and on starvation rations. He became increasingly weak and after five months caught pneumonia. A German Luftwaffe doctor saved his life. In mid March 1945, Eugene was sent to Bergen Belsen, which he describes as “a hellhole. People were lying all over the place”. Typhus was rife and sanitation non-existent. On 15th April Eugene was liberated on the arrival of the British Army.
After the euphoria of liberation had worn off Eugene discovered that he had lost his entire family, except for one older brother who had been an officer in the Czech army. He was homeless and stateless, and still only 17 years old. For a while, Eugene worked as an interpreter for the British army in Sennelager. It was there he met his future wife Annie. He described Annie as his saviour. Marrying Annie, and the arrival of their four children, gave Eugene back his future.
Eugene moved to England in 1949 and started work with Marks and Spencer as a warehouse man. He stayed with the company all his working life, retiring as a manager.
After he retired Eugene worked tirelessly to educate young people about the Holocaust and to spread his message of love, tolerance and hope. He passed away in September 2016. He is sadly missed.
Videos (9)
Eugene's story: family life
Eugene's story: journey to Auschwitz
Eugene's story: arrival at Auschwitz
Eugene's story: life at Buchenwald
Eugene's story: forced labour
Eugene's story: the good German
Eugene's story: Bergen Belsen
Eugene's story: after liberation
Eugene's story: the meaning of survival
|
<urn:uuid:6fe03244-ef96-413e-a116-96c395188b32>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.03369641304016113,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9875603914260864,
"url": "https://holocaustlearning.org.uk/stories/eugene-black/"
}
|
Science >
Science Project
posted Feb 2, 2015, 1:35 AM by Ranmini Perera [ updated Jul 17, 2016, 7:12 PM by Upali Salpadoru ]
A project for the School Science Fair. Ali and Nellie decided to show how the water is transported in plants. They knew that the water absorbed by the roots go up through the xylem vessels come down through the phloem vessels. So they made a cut out of a tree in plywood.They agreed to run the water using the siphon method. This is the method used to empty fish tanks.
Fig. 1 . They had to include bubbles to show the flow.
You fill a saline tube with water, insert one end to the fish tank and keep the other end below the water level. The water will go up the tube and come down. Unfortunately when they tried out they could not see the water flowing inside the tube.
They thought for a long time. Then Nellie came out with a wonderful idea. “ Make a hole in the tube”. They tried this out in their aquarium. In the tube they made an incision ( a hole) where the arrow is marked. It worked. Silvery bubbles appeared to go through the tube. They screamed, laughed and they called their parents to see. On the back side of the ascending column they painted red to represent the xylem tubes and on the other they painted blue to show the phloem tissue.
Fig.2 How they presented the item.
How they finally presented their item is given herel. It was highly commended by the teachers and the visitors to the fair.
More Activities.
Just to enjoy this experiment you don’t need plywood cut outs and fish tanks. What you need are a basin of water and a saline tube. Dip one end of the tube into the water and suck through the other end and release. Keep the free end below the water level and let the water flow out. An opening can be made with a nail at a place marked by the arrow.
|
<urn:uuid:ce82fba6-c992-4f8f-9aea-6d97b4d7bd6b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.05537426471710205,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9562505483627319,
"url": "http://www.simplescience.info/science/sciencefairproject"
}
|
Select Page
Granted, she was a woman of privileged birth, but even women of noble birth in the 23rd century BCE were still considered second-class citizens.
That was a millennium and a half even before the Iliad and the Odyssey were written. She was Enheduanna. And way before Don Quixote was published, Enheduanna was writing poems onto clay and claiming them as her own. Her works went on to influence the biblical Psalms, the Homeric and Christian hymns, and even modern-day compositions.
Enheduanna is relatively unknown in the modern world. We know the Epic of Gilgamesh from ancient Mesopotamia as the world’s first epic. We know that the world’s first novel is The Tale of Genji, written by Murasaki Shikibu, a Japanese lady of noble birth. But the name Enheduanna remains obscure for most people.
Enheduanna lived approximately between 2300 and 2225 BCE, toward the end of the Early Bronze Age in Europe and the Age of the Pyramids in Egypt. She was the daughter of Sargon of Akkad, the first ruler to bring Sumer in the north and Akkad in the south together to establish the world’s first great empire. Sargon’s rule saw a clear separation between state and religion, but he wasn’t above his political ambitions. He appointed his daughter, the princess, as chief priestess, thereby ensuring all-encompassing authority over the land.
We don’t know her birth name, but the priestess was called Enheduanna. “En” stands for “chief priestess,” “hedu” for “ornament of heaven,” and “anna” for the Sumerian moon god Nanna. Enheduanna’s name literally means Chief Priestess of the Ornament of Heaven, Nanna. Though she was en to Nanna, it was to the moon god’s daughter, Inanna, the Sumerian goddess of love, later linked to Ishtar and Aphrodite, that Enheduanna devoted herself to.
The Works of Enheduanna
Archaeologists have found more than a hundred clay tablets containing copies of Enheduanna’s poems, which were written in cuneiform. Many of these date back to the Old Babylonian period, which was 500 years after Enheduanna, indicating that her works have been copied and distributed centuries even after her death.
She is best known to modern-day scholars for three poems dedicated to Inanna. The first is called Inninmesahusa or The Goddess of Fearsome Powers. It tells the myth of Inanna and Ebih, a fearsome mountain range who refused to bow to Inanna. Inanna asked the moon god, her father, for assistance but he refused. Not willing to give up, she razed the mountain range to the ground with help from Enlil, the god of the air.
“In my victory I rushed towards the mountain.
In my victory I rushed towards Ebih, the mountain range.
I went forward like a surging flood,
And like rising water I overflowed the dam.
I imposed my victory on the mountain.
I imposed my victory on Ebih.”
The second poem is Inninsagurra, which is translated as Stout-Hearted Lady. In here, Enheduanna briefly introduces herself, saying:
“I am Enheduanna, the en-Priestess of the moon god.”
Much of the text, however, is dedicated to extolling the virtues of Inanna to the point of putting her above the other Sumerian gods.
“You alone are magnificent.
You are the great cow among the gods of heaven and earth,
As many as there are.
When you raise your eyes they pay head to you,
They wait for your word.
The Anuna gods stand praying in the place where you dwell.
Great awesomeness, glory… May your praise not cease!
Where is your name not magnificent?”
In Ninmesarra, or The Exaltation of Inanna, the 153-line composition becomes partly biographical as Enheduanna writes about her struggles after Lugalanne, a usurper to the throne, banished her from the city of Ur. At the end of the poem, Enheduanna heaps praises upon Inanna, who was responsible for bringing her back to the revered post.
“(But now) I no longer dwell in the goodly placed you established.
Come the day, the sun scorched me
Come the shade (of night) the South Wind
Overwhelmed me,
My honey-sweet voice has become strident,
Whatever gave me pleasure has turned into dust.”
Enheduanna is also known for her temple hymns, which were written in honor of the many temples that spanned Sumer and Akkad. She also collected temple hymns composed by other writers of her time, possibly making her the world’s first editor as well. At the end of the temple hymns, Enheduanna declared her ownership, and therefore her responsibility, of her written work.
“The compiler of the tablets was En-hedu-ana. My king, something
Has been created that no one has created before.”
The Disc of Enheduanna
A team of archaeologists led by Sir Leonard Wooley unearthed a limestone disc depicting a religious ritual led by Enheduanna. It was excavated at the Temple of Nin-gal in Ur in 1927. Nin-gal was the Sumerian goddess of reeds, consort to An. The disc was discarded and defaced by graveyard robbers, but the face of the priestess remained intact and researchers were able to restore much of the rest of the disc. It runs 25.6 cm across and 7 cm thick, with an inscription on the back that reads:
“Enheduanna, zirru-priestess, wife of the goddess Nanna, daughter of Sargon, king of the world, in the temple of the goddess Inanna.”
Donning a rolled brim cap over her braided hair and the long, flounced dress reserved only for priests of that time, Enheduanna is at the center holding her hand up in a gesture of piety. To her left is a male attendant pouring a libation into a raised basin in front of what appears to be the temple of the moon god. To her left are two other attendants, also with shaved heads.
The Disc of Enheduanna is currently stored at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
Pin It on Pinterest
|
<urn:uuid:a6b6769a-f395-4e4f-9aa4-0a3fed98e362>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.023902058601379395,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9601774215698242,
"url": "https://nicolearce.com/enheduanna-worlds-first-author/"
}
|
Women at the Thesmophori
The ancient texts describe women in two ways: as either good or bad. Women become good if they properly manage and keep oikos (family, household), and women disrupting it are bad. It can be illustrated by the characters of Helen, her sister Clytaemnestra and Penelope in the myth of Trojan War. The function of Helen in the myth is to show the cause of the Troian War. (Dowden K. 1995). Paris removes Helen to Troy, it destructs oisos and as a result the destruction of oikos leads to the destruction of the city.
Helen’s beauty and sexual attraction therefore are shown as a dangerous for men, because they can distort men’s sound judgment. The adultery of Clytaemnestra destroyed the oikos of Agamemnon, who returns home after the war and reveals the betrayal of his wife. In Homer’s Odyssey Clytaemnestra is treated as faithless and faulted, demonstrating the opinion that women are weak and therefore are passive victims of adultery. Homer’s Agamemnon says that there is nothing worse than a woman, especially a woman like Clytaemnestra, who fails to support oikos.
We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically
For You For Only $13.90/page!
order now
Agamemnon claims that Clytaemnestra’s deed has brought disrepute upon all the women, even good ones. (Odyssey 11. 427-34). Furthermore, Agamemnon admits that Penelope (who has proved her fidelity and has preserved her oikos) is an instance of a good woman. (Odyssey 11. 444-6). Dowden K. concludes that the ancient division of women into good and bad reflects a very limited view of their place. “They are there to make an oikos work and the failure to do so may even be, as Aeschylus depicts it in the Agamemnon, to lose the claim to woman-hood, to live in some sort of androgynous no-woman’s land.
” (Dowden K. 1995, p. 33) In addition the ancient cultures were misogynists, which can be evidenced through the following: women were urged to perform their traditional gender roles (wives, mothers, child-bearers), the limit of jobs outside the home (the alternative to domestic chores was only prostitution), the portrayal of women as treacherous, fierce and adulterous in ancient texts (Life and Career by Euripides, Works and Days by Hesiod, Women at the Thesmophoria by Aristophanes). In the drama written by Aristophanes women are depicted as household thieves, drunkards, adulterers.
The author of Women at the Thesmophoria argues that thought men defame women; they do not stop pursuing them. Another idea expressed by Aristophanes is that in Greece the status of a matron should depend on the devotion of her son to the State. While describing women in Works and Days, the narrator divides them into good and bad, like Agamemnon in Odyssey. Works and Days dwells more on bad women and demonstrates extreme pessimism about women’s ability to improve and become socially valuable. In contrast, Greek males are shown as righteous by Hesiod.
The author advises all Greek men ‘First of all get yourself a house, a woman, and a ploughox’ (Works and Days 405), where women are referred as the next step, a necessary thing for a man’s well-being. Also Hesiod warns against the woman’s nature: she talks smoothly, shows off her kindness and caress, but after becomes a man’s granary. (Works and Days 373-4) Misogyny as a prevailing attitude to women in the ancient cultures led to the exclusion of women. Beloch (1893) in his research Griechische Geschichte asserts that the Ionians’ attitude towards women was much influenced by the neighboring cultures of Asia minor.
Ionians excluded their women from public sphere, confined them to home and to the company of their female friends. The Athenians followed the example of Ionians and adopted the same practice, however, Beloch notes, that non-Ionian Greeks let women enjoy their freedom. According to Beloch, prostitution appeared among the Ionians under the influence of the Lidians and as the inevitable consequence of the practice of homosexuality and the seclusion of the well-born women. (1. 1:406-408).
The social exclusion of women in ancient Greece, according to many historians, is very close to that of orient countries. Dowden K. (1995) holds that in ancient Greece the laws concerning women have many similarities with the laws of Slavonic Nations and the Orientals. The study of ancient texts demonstrates that women were treated as undifferentiated mass, which has no distinctions between economic and social classes. Moreover, women as citizens are characterized as a lower class which lives a different kind of life.
The only difference in status can be noticed between hetairas (non-citizens) and legitimate wives. The province of legitimate wives was household duties and the nurture of the children, and their area was limited by the gynaeconitis. In contrast, hetairas accompanied men during festivals, important events and celebrations, got better education and as a result – were more respected than legitimate wives. Ancient wives were bounded by only private life, but most of the ancient life was lived in public.
On the whole, the low status of women in ancient cultures was caused by the social system, the existing cultural and moral values (devotion to the State, sacrifice of love for the sake of duty) and the influence of neighboring countries. More specifically, it was found out that due to patriarchy only patrilineal lines provided with the right to rule and among the royal predecessors men were honored more than women. The old Persian and Near East sources mentioned only the royal women with no reference to their distinctive title.
In ancient Greece and Rome the attitude to women was influenced by the neighboring orient cultures and pagans (Slavonic nations). Ancient women were estimated due to their fidelity and capability of supporting oikos. A mother was respected only if her son had proved his devotion to the State. Women’s sexuality and beauty were seen as dangerous and negative, because, as in the case of Helen, they impaired men’s judgment. The limited place of women in ancient society is evidenced by the fact that men distinguished between good and bad women.
A good woman was seen as a thing necessary for a man’s well-being. The ancient misogyny resulted into women’s orient seclusion from public life. The ancient hedonistic approach caused the division of women into wives (for children and household) and hetairas (for pleasure).
Bibliography: Birds. Lysistrata. Women at the Thesmophoria: by Aristophanes, published by Harvard University Press. 2000. Brosius, M. (1998). Women in Ancient Persia, 559-331 B. C. Oxford. : Clarendon. Beloch, (1893) Griechische Geschichte. 2nd ed. Berlin. 1914.
Dowden, K. (1995) in the book Women in Antiquity: New Assessments. Edited by Hawley R. , Levick B. New York. : Routledge. Euripides, Cyclops, Alcestis, Medea (Vol. I). Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1994. Hesiod. Works and days. Transl. by Hugh G. Evelyn-White. 1914. Internet Classics Archive. Retrieved 17 June 2006 from <http://classics. mit. edu/Hesiod/hes. wd. html> Homer. Odyssey. Senate Books. Reissue edition (September 27, 1996) Keuls, E. (1985). The Reign of the Phallus: sexual politics in ancient Athens. New York.
|
<urn:uuid:e3c40f12-3537-4d16-81ec-0b0c0bce0b6f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.04467439651489258,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9553647637367249,
"url": "https://republicmoto.com/860-women-at-the-thesmophori/"
}
|
What is net neutrality with full information
What is net neutrality with full information
net neutrality in detail
Net neutrality is government regulation that ensures Internet Service Providers (ISPs) like Comcast, AT&T and Verizon treat all web content equally, meaning they cannot selectively restrict access or slow down or speed up service based on a website’s popularity, success or financial ties to the ISP.
When you use the internet you expect Net Neutrality.
Net Neutrality debate
In the United States, internet service providers (ISPs) and Net Neutrality proponents disagree about whether broadband internet is an opt-in service or a necessary utility. If the internet is a utility, it must be licensed by a government agency and customer data can not be sold. When the telephone reached utility status, the Communications Act of 1934 established the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and granted the new government agency the power to regulate telephone service providers as common carriers.
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 exempted the emerging internet from common carrier regulation but in 2010, the FCC ruled that U.S. internet broadband providers should be held to the same regulations as telecom carriers. The ruling, which was enacted during the Obama administration, essentially classified broadband internet as a utility, subject to government regulation under the FCC. In 2014, a U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that the FCC did not have the authority to extend common carrier rules to ISPs. The FCC, however, claimed its legal authority to do so was grandfathered under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934.
In June 2016, a U.S. federal court upheld the FCC’s ruling and ability to prohibit broadband internet providers from slowing or blocking internet content delivery to consumers. The ruling also prohibited broadband providers from prioritizing traffic from edge providers who are willing to pay higher fees for faster delivery, a practice known as zero rating.
What will happen to the internet now?
Without the Net Neutrality rules, companies like AT&T, Comcast and Verizon will be able to call all the shots and decide which websites, content and applications succeed.
Why is Net Neutrality important for businesses?
What can we do now?
Why is Net Neutrality so crucial for communities of color?
This dynamic will only get worse: In 2017, Chairman Pai demolished most of the remaining media-ownership rules. The lack of diverse ownership is a primary reason why the media have gotten away with criminalizing and dehumanizing communities of color.
Author: Deepak Kumar Arya
Owner of Asktohow
Written by
Deepak Kumar Arya
Join the discussion
Deepak Kumar Arya
Owner of Asktohow
Giveaway offer from asktohow - Windows 10 pro original. CLICK HERE TO APPLY
%d bloggers like this:
|
<urn:uuid:27edc203-cda2-4e37-9e4a-742665cb5129>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.9134767651557922,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9252113103866577,
"url": "https://www.asktohow.com/net-neutrality-full-information/"
}
|
In Choose A Similar Word type, a group of three words is given, followed by four other words as alternatives. The candidate is required to choose the alternative, which is similar to the given three words.
Choose similar word
Sodium : Potassium : Zinc
A. Sulphur
B. Calcium
C. Water
D. Iodine
Answer: B . Calcium
Justification: All are metals.
|
<urn:uuid:5dd089fd-4fa7-484f-90a1-03d6a03e46f4>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.9999195337295532,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8420584201812744,
"url": "http://www.edugoog.com/details/sodium-potassium-zinc-choose-similar-word.html"
}
|
The Robinson Library
Myles Standish
military governor of Plymouth Colony
Myles Standish
Myles Standish was born about 1584. No written record of his birth has survived, but it is likely that he was born on one of the family's estates, in either Lancashire or on the Isle of Man. At the time of his birth, the Standish family had substantial land holdings in both Lancashire and the Isle of Man, but for reasons unknown Myles had been disavowed of any and all claims to the family estate by the early 1600's; whether the family lost its money through bad business deals or he was simply disowned by the family has never been determined.
How Standish spent his early years is unknown, nor is it known exactly when he entered the British Army. It is known, however, that he served with distinction during the war with Spain, most likely in Holland, and that he had been promoted to the rank of Captain in the infantry by the time he was 21 years old.
Sometime before 1620, Standish befriended a group of religious separatists who had fled persecution in England and settled in Holland. When that group offered him the position of military commander of their proposed colony in America, he readily accepted, despite not being a member of their faith (and may not have even been religious in any way), and when the Pilgrims sailed for the New World aboard the Mayflower in 1620, Standish was one of the very few passengers with military training.
Upon reaching America, Standish personally led the 16-man landing party that circled Cape Cod in a rowboat looking for the best landing site, and it was he who ultimately chose the area now known as Plymouth, Massachusettts. After directing the building of defenses, he was, understandably, elected commander of the Plymouth Militia, which at the time consisted of himself and eight men who could barely shoot a rifle. Although Standish' military skills served the Pilgrims well against hostile Native Americans, he also had enough diplomatic skill to establish and maintain peace and trade relations with friendly natives. He was also one of the very few colonists to not suffer from the plague that swept Plymouth during the first winter and claimed the lives of over half of them, including Standish's wife. In 1625, Standish sailed back to England in order to negotiate a better arrangement with the colony's investors, a mission he completed successfully.
In addition to serving as military commander of Plymouth until his death, Standish also served as Assistant Governor from 1631 to 1650, and as Treasurer from 1644 to 1649. Despite being occasionally mildly chastised by colony leaders for what they deemed as overly aggressive tactics against the Native Americans, the colonists always deferred to him regarding military and defensive measures. And, despite never being a member of their religion and, therefore, not eligible to vote on matters concerning civil law, Standish never questioned the colony's civil authorities.
In 1632, Standish moved north across the bay from Plymouth and established a large estate, which he named Duxbury after his ancestral estate in Lancashire. He died there on October 3, 1656, at the age of 72.
Standish's first wife, Mary, died in the plague that swept Plymouth in its first year. No children were born to this union. He married Barbara (who came to America with the second "batch" of Pilgrims) in either 1623 or 1624. Five children were born to this union -- Charles (who died young), Alexander, John, Myles, Lora, and Josias. All known living descendants of Myles Standish trace their ancestry back to either Alexander or Josias. Perhaps in hopes that he would someday actually be able to claim them, Myles Standish left all of his lands in England to his eldest son, Alexander.
Questions or comments about this page?
This page was last updated on October 02, 2017.
|
<urn:uuid:f260e760-c993-4c48-a9f5-b76e3a81ff96>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.06462472677230835,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9858599305152893,
"url": "http://robinsonlibrary.com/america/uslocal/newengland/massachusetts/history/standish.htm"
}
|
Calculation of insolation on inclined surface (Accurate Method)
In this article, information regarding the calculation of insolation (incident solar radiation) on an inclined surface by an accurate method is presented. Accurate estimation of insolation on inclined surface is important for feasibilty calculation of not just solar farms but also for domestic roof top installation.
In a previous post, a relatively easy method to work out solar radiation falling on an inclined surface was looked at. That particular method did not take position of the sun into account at a particular time.
In this method a more complex equation will be used. The results are very accurate however it must be added that this method too, like many others does not take into account the effect of cloud cover.
In order to determine the component of radiation falling over an inclined surface, the following equation is used:
Cosθ = sinδsinΦ cosβ – sinδcosΦsinβcosγ + cosδcosωcosΦcosβ +Cosδ Cosω SinΦ Sinβ Cosγ + Cosδ Sinβ Sinγ Sinω …..(1)
Where ϴ – Angle of incidence of beam radiation on surface
Φ – Latitude of the location (Position on the Earth)
δ – Declination (time of the year)
ω- hour angle (time of day)
β – Slope of surface (w.r.t the horizontal)
γ –Surface Azimuth Angle (Orientation w.r.t the meridian)
Thus the projection of sun rays on the inclined surface”ϴ” is a function of (Φ,δ,ω,β,γ)
As the hour angle ω is factored into the equation (1), solar radiation falling on a surface can be calculated for any time of the day. The hour angle needs to be calculated for any particular time and its method is explained below. The hour angle has to be calculated for thousand of hours if an annual average insolation needs to be worked out (using hourly data of horizontal radiation). For this reason, the use of spread sheet software is highly recommended.
The intensity of the beam radiation on a tilted surface or horizontal surface GS, equivalent to the direct normal beam radiation, GDN, multiplied by cosine of the angle of incidence of beam radiation on the surface:
To calculate the hour angle ω, the solar time needs to be worked out first.
Calculating Solar time
Solar time and local time are two different entities although there are moments when the two of them align. In solar time sunrise occurs at 6:00 am sunset occurs at 6:00 pm and the sun reaches its zenith at 12:00 noon. From our observation we know that Solar Noon may not occur at 12:00 pm local time.
Day length variation across year
Variation in day length through the year
The real solar noon shifts in apparent time because the length of the day is not fixed and varies day to day across the year. The change in day length is from it 24 hour average is because of the orbit eccentricity and the effect of obliquity.
This phenomenon of changing day length is captured by the equation of time. The day length can vary as much as 16 minutes from average of 24 hours. Measures such as time adjustment for winter’s season adopted by many countries (day light saving) also shift the local time from the solar time. Only at the equator, the solar time closely follows the local time but still remains different from it.
minimum −14:15 11 February
zero 00:00 15 April
maximum +03:41 14 May
zero 00:00 13 June
minimum −06:30 26 July
zero 00:00 1 September
maximum +16:25 3 November
zero 00:00 25 December
Solar time can be worked out using the following equations:
Solar Time =Standard Time + 4(Lst−Lloc)+E
where Lst is the standard meridian for the local time zone, Lloc is the longitude of the location, and E is the difference in time that is defined by:
E=229.2(0.000075+0.001868 cosB−0.032077 sinB−0.014615 cos2B−0.04089 sin2B)
where B is
B=(n−1)*(360/365) ……………………..(B is in degrees)
The equation for E is also called equation of time and there are other versions of it some of them more complex.
Calculating the hour angle ω
To get hour angle from time, multiply hours from noon times 15 degrees per hour (negative for before noon, positive for after). For example if solar time is 10:30 am, this is 1.5 hours before noon, so the hour angle would be -22.5 degrees. Note hour angle at Solar Noon is 0 degree
Once the hour angle is calculated it can be plugged in equation 1 to determine the projection of sun rays on the inclined surface.
For further reading consult: Solar Engineering of Thermal process by John A. Duffie and William A. Beckman
Add Comment
|
<urn:uuid:6d6832a0-c8bf-40ed-95b5-0e3427469d56>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.030544936656951904,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9007920622825623,
"url": "http://synergyfiles.com/2015/11/calculation-of-insolation-on-inclined-surface-accurate-method/"
}
|
Cribbing is a temporary wooden structure used to support heavy objects during construction, relocation, vehicle extrication and urban search and rescue.
The stability of a crib is affected by a variety of factors: the material used (often a soft wood which gives audible warnings before failure), the number of contact points between the crib andsupported the surface, the ratio of the footprint of the crib to its height, and the area of contact made between the crib and the ground and supported surface.
Cribbing is usually accomplished with blocks of wood, often 4″x4″ or 6″x6″ and 18″-24″ long. Soft woods, like spruce and pine are often preferred because they crack slowly and make loud noises before completely failing, whereas stiffer woods may fail explosively and without warning.
A box crib is the simplest, most stable and most common method of cribbing. It is constructed by arranging sets (2 or more) of matched blocks in a regular log-cabin style to form a rising square or rectangular frame. The more blocks on each level, the greater the number of support points and therefore the greater the strength of the crib tower.
Cribbing is often performed as part of lifting/lowering operations. Expressions such as “lift an inch, crib an inch” and “pack as you jack” are used to remind operators of the importance of cribbing to secure and protect the load.
The use of cribbing also allows for the use of a lifting device with a limited working range (such as a jack, lifting air bags or hydraulic rescue tools) as the load can be raised to the maximum range of the device, then lowered a short distance onto the cribbing, allowing another platform of cribbing to be built to raise the device and repeat the process.
|
<urn:uuid:e82a8801-014a-40cd-a8d2-41b7cc240bcb>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.796875,
"fasttext_score": 0.4266353249549866,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.951927125453949,
"url": "http://www.cert-la.com/cert-training-education/cribbing/"
}
|
Definition of cardinal - Reference.org > Your most extensive resource for Definitions & Translations
Definition of cardinal
What is the definition of "cardinal"?
• car•di•naladjective
• 1. Of foremost importance; paramount: a cardinal rule; cardinal sins.
2. Dark to deep or vivid red.
• car•di•nalnoun
2. A dark to deep or vivid red.
3. A North American finch (Cardinalis cardinalis) having a crested head, a short thick bill, and bright red plumage in the male.
Use "cardinal" in a sentence
"(Land's ed. of the Opera, The Hague, 1891-93) is a study of what he termed the cardinal virtues."
"The Fhilofopheny in their diftribution of virtues have generally agreed upon four J which they call cardinal, becaufc all the reii: do turn upon them as upon their hinges."
Words like "cardinal" (synonyms)
Translate cardinal
How to Say "cardinal" in:
• Spanish: cardinal
• German: cardinal
• French: cardinal
• Mandarin: cardinal
• Japanese: cardinal
Words Like cardinal
|
<urn:uuid:1f55aa05-80ba-4128-9a1d-d116b9410c07>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.05985736846923828,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8612927198410034,
"url": "http://reference.org/define/cardinal.html"
}
|
Indirective past
in Uzbek: o'tgan zamon hikoya fe'li
also called: narrative past, narrative/indirective past, past tense of inference or hearsay.
The indirective past is used for events or actions completed in the past, having occurred inside the period of time of current relevance to the speaker, usually the recent past, but sometimes in an objectively more remote past, and expresses that the knowledge of the fact is inferred from evidence, be it sensorial perception, logical deduction or direct report from a trusted source. That knowledge is most often presented as new information, sometimes unexpected, for the speaker himself.
● The knowledge might be inferred from sensorial perception:
Bu ko'ylak sizga juda yarashibdi!
This shirt looks perfect on you!
● The knowledge might be inferred from logical deduction:
Og'zingizni oching. Tomog'ingiz qizaribdi. Tumov bo'libsiz.
Open your mouth. Your throat is irritated. You got a cold.
● The knowledge might be obtained from a direct report from a trusted source:
Doktor menga aytdi, men sog'ayibman.
The doctor told me that I have recovered.
Sut olib kelmadingizmi?
Yo'q magazinda qolmabdi.
You did not bring any milk?
No, there wasn't any left. (so I have been told by the seller)
● Used at the first person, indirective past implies that the speaker has just become aware of some fact about himself. It means usually that fulfilment (or unfulfilment) of the action did not depend on his/her will. This holds true of all other tenses in the evidential mode (... ekanman).
Kitobni bugun olib kelishni unutibman.
I forgot to bring the book today.
Biz musiqa eshitib, uxlab qolibmiz.
(They say/we realized that) having listened to the music, we have fallen asleep.
● The event or action may still have current relevance (perfect value):
Biz kech qolibmiz. Samolyot uchib ketibdi.
It looks like we are late, the plane has flown.
Koreyalik o'rtog'imdan xat oldim.
Nimalar haqida yozibdi?
I received a letter from my Korean friend.
What has he written about?
● The indirective past may take the value of a present tense, as a derived meaning from this perfect value, while keeping its indirective value, the present state of things being stated without committing about the process having brought it. This is true for the four following verbs, o'tir-, 'to sit', yot-, 'to lie', tur-, 'to stand', yur-, 'to walk'. And this in turn provides grounds for the present continuous aspect value of the construction using the past genitive (in -IB) of the main verb followed by one of these four verbs at the indirective past.
U oshxonada o'tiribdi
He is sitting in the dining-room.
Qalam stol ustida turibdi.
The pencil is on the table.
● It is also the tense of past narration for stories or legend, hence its alternate name of narrative past; the unfolding of the story is like being re-discovered while being told, giving it a more lively tone.
Podsho vazirga maslahat qilibdi; Vazir: biroz vaqt o'tsin, debdi.
The king asked for some advice from his vizir; the vizir said: let's some time pass over.
|
<urn:uuid:4c4011bb-5943-4c94-9300-30e719f87658>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.03928375244140625,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9278918504714966,
"url": "http://uzbek-glossary.com/TAM/IndirectivePast.html"
}
|
Home Page
• Search
• Translate
Pupil Voice
Pupil Voice is an important part of our school. It is used to help the school make decisions that have an impact on us, the children.
Pupil Voice 2017-2018
Picture 1
How Pupil Voice members are chosen
Following the British value of democracy, instead of the teachers choosing the members of Pupil Voice, there is an election. We set up the hall as a polling station where there is a ballot box and a slip. On this, you write the name of the person you want to represent you. Two people (a boy and a girl) are selected by children in their class.
What is our role?
We meet up at least twice a term. As well as sharing our class’s thoughts and ideas, we focus on tasks that Mr Walters sets us. When every Pupil Voice meeting is over, we have a talk with our class; this is so they hear about what we have been discussing and so that they can give us their feedback.
Our First Meeting!
Pupil Voice had an excellent first meeting where they discussed lots of important information. They discussed what the role of Pupil Voice was and how they could fulfil their role. They then went on to discuss which charities the school should support. As a group, they had to discuss a local charity and a national charity. Each member was then set the task to go and discuss this with their class, collect lots of ideas ready for our next meeting!
Here are this year's Pupil Voice members:
Picture 1
Picture 2
Picture 3
Picture 4
Picture 5
Picture 6
Picture 7
Picture 8
Picture 9
Picture 10
Picture 11
Picture 12
|
<urn:uuid:08c2c345-eabc-4e2d-9e4d-fb6fbe6df599>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.04297071695327759,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9622900485992432,
"url": "http://www.ststephensjun.org.uk/pupil-voice/"
}
|
The science behind cuteness
Story and photos by Jessianne Wright EBS Contributor
Big, round eyes gaze up at you. The pup has those soft folds of extra skin around the base of his tender, floppy ears and his nose is short on his compact, oval face. It looks like he wears snowshoes—his oversized feet can surely carry him across any stretch of snow—but they give awkward thuds as he wobbles across the floor.
Puppies steal the show at most any event. They give us that eyebrow-raising, lower-lip quivering, unbearable desire to simply sit and watch, or even give the little guy a hug. As humans, we find these juvenile canines impossibly cute. But why?
Turns out this question emerged in the academic realm years ago. Since the 1940s, scientists and researchers have studied the traits humans identify as adorable. This set of physical features—coined baby schema or kinderschema by Austrian ethologist Konrad Lorenz—includes a round face and big forward-facing eyes, chubby cheeks and floppy limbs. This same criteria applies to pudgy human babies we can’t take our eyes off.
The actual science behind cuteness is rooted in evolutionary biology. According to Lorenz’s theory, these traits motivate us to care for and protect anything that exhibits those “cute” characteristics. As a species whose offspring are incredibly vulnerable, it makes sense we have evolved to be particularly sensitive to any indication of youthfulness and need. Humans don’t even distinguish between species, scientists say.
Montana State University history grad Oliver Manning studied bears and the evolutionary psychology of cuteness for his 2015 undergraduate capstone project. A large part of his research consisted of reading journals of early travelers to the Yellowstone area.
“[The early accounts] revealed how people could view cuteness in something that could kill them,” Manning said, adding that travelers found the bears human-like, and some trapped cubs to take back East.
Manning suspects our attraction to pets is closely related to our early relationship with wolves. “They were deadly animals but we still saw something cute in them and we fostered that through domestication,” he said.
Timothy LeCain, an associate professor of history at MSU, added to Manning’s theory, referring to environmental historian Edmund Russell’s 2011 volume, Evolutionary History. In this book, Russell explains that genes controlling tame behavior also control the development of other adult traits. According to the historian, hundreds of years of unconscious selection for docile animals has led to increased juvenile—or cute—characteristics in our pets.
“You’re breeding these animals so in some sense they don’t grow-up … it’s breeding for extended adolescence,” LeCain said.
Our attraction to all things cute helps explain why, in the U.S. alone, the pet industry surpassed $60 billion in 2015 and why, according to the pet market research group Packaged Facts, the industry will surpass $90 billion by 2019. Annual sales within the U.S. have more than doubled in the past 15 years, despite the economic downturn of the late 2000s.
Next time you see that puppy in the window that makes you gush, just remember: kinderschema is the science behind cuteness. And you’d better grab that pup before the drooling masses do.
This story first appeared in the winter 2017 issue of Mountain Outlaw magazine.
|
<urn:uuid:66827b86-0873-4abe-ad9d-4548857d0ee7>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.028247833251953125,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9483623504638672,
"url": "http://www.explorebigsky.com/back-40-puppies-kittens-babies-and-bears"
}
|
Innovation in science class!
Grade 6 students are starting a new unit on CELLS. The project for this unit is to research a system of their own choosing and design a solution to a problem in their system based on knowledge gained from a cell. Here are their innovative ideas.
Made with Padlet
On the first day of school, grade 6 students were given 20 minutes and asked to come up with innovative design solutions to improve the design or functioning of a reusable water bottle. Here are some of their ideas. What are your ideas? Please take a moment and share your ideas about improving a water bottle.
Made with Padlet
Student improves the air board based on knowledge gained from learning about the cell.
This grade 6 ELL student spent time learning about various organelles of a cell system while also learning about the system he chose to compare it to; the airboard. As he learned about the mitochondria and how it makes energy for a cell, he was curious about the energy of his system and he came up with a What if.
What if, the airboard could produce its own energy?
Total rating
2 rates
Add your own review
Your name *
Title *
Comment *
|
<urn:uuid:e80924e9-4f18-4f7b-b071-a67956e6bd5e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.24709045886993408,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9628596901893616,
"url": "http://curiosedy.com/category/learning-curiosity/student-innovation/"
}
|
Dentigerous Cyst
Medically reviewed by Christine Frank, DDS on December 1, 2017Written by Valencia Higuera
What is a dentigerous cyst?
Dentigerous cysts are the second most common type of odontogenic cyst, which is a fluid-filled sac that develops in the jaw bone and soft tissue. They form over the top of an unerupted tooth, or partially erupted tooth, usually one of your molars or canines. While dentigerous cysts are benign, they can lead to complications, such as infection, if left untreated.
What are the symptoms?
Smaller dentigerous cysts might not cause any symptoms. However, if the cyst grows larger than 2 centimeters in diameter, you may notice:
• swelling
• tooth sensitivity
• tooth displacement
If you look inside your mouth, you may also notice a small bump. If the cyst causes tooth displacement, you might also see gaps slowly forming between your teeth.
What causes it?
Dentigerous cysts are caused by a buildup of fluid over the top of an unerupted tooth. The exact cause of this buildup is unknown.
While anyone can develop a dentigerous cyst, they’re more common in people who are in their 20s or 30s.
How is it diagnosed?
Small dentigerous cysts often go unnoticed until you have a dental X-ray. If your dentist notices an unusual spot on your dental X-ray, they may use a CT scan or MRI scan to make sure it’s not another type of cyst, such as a periapical cyst or an aneurysmal bone cyst.
In some cases, including when the cyst is larger, your dentist may be able to diagnose a dentigerous cyst just by looking at it.
How is it treated?
Treating a dentigerous cyst depends on its size. If it’s small, your dentist might be able to surgically remove it along with the affected tooth. In other cases, they might use a technique called marsupialization.
Marsupialization involves cutting open the cyst so it can drain. Once the fluid has drained, stitches are added to the edges of the incision to keep it open, which prevents another cyst from growing there.
What are the complications?
Even if your dentigerous cyst is small and not causing any symptoms, it’s important to have it removed to avoid complications. An untreated dentigerous cyst can eventually cause:
• infection
• tooth loss
• jaw fracture
• ameloblastoma, a type of benign jaw tumor
Living with a dentigerous cyst
While dentigerous cysts are usually harmless, they can lead to several problems if left untreated. Talk to your dentist about any swelling, pain, or unusual bumps in your mouth, especially around your molars and canines. In most cases, dentigerous cysts are easy to treat, either through excision or marsupialization.
CMS Id: 138549
|
<urn:uuid:c693683b-d9d1-47a6-bea7-3b10a33a614b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.6079217791557312,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9355713129043579,
"url": "https://www.healthline.com/health/dentigerous-cyst"
}
|
Copyright© 2008-2018
The warrior ethic of the McGinleys has long been known in north Donegal, which at one point led to some suggestions that they were a clan of Gallowglass origin, however there is little to support this theory. The McGinleys served under the Sweeneys for many centuries, even though they would seem to have been principally a clan of religion. Most of the conflicts that the McGinleys took part in were part of the so called Nine Years War. There is little or no evidence to suggest warfare between McGinleys and neighbouring clans although they did take part in two important battles over the leadership of Donegal. On both occasions it is likely that, as a small clan, there participation was minor. In both of these conflicts the McGinleys were on the winning side.
Names of the main battles:
Cath Beainín / The Battle of Binnion Hill, 1557
Cath Scairbh Sholuis / The Battle of Scarriffollis, 1567
Cath Doire Leathan / The Battle of Derrylahan, 1590
Cath Béal an Atha Buí / The Battle of The Yellow Ford, 1598
Cath Cinn tSáile / The Battle of Kinsale, 1601
Cath Cill Mhic nÉanáin / The Battle of Kilmacrennan, 1608
Cath Caisleán na dTuaith / The Battle of Doe Castle, 1641
Meaning of the Name
Clan Origins
Clan Territory
Surname Distribution
St Colm Cille
Native Clothing
Clan Leadership
McGinleys in America
Special Places
Neighbouring Clans
McGinley Placenames
Coat of Arms
Design by LorcArt
|
<urn:uuid:1aaf7e20-5db5-4f32-a234-f9179196e711>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.03315126895904541,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9378407597541809,
"url": "http://mcginleyclan.org/battles.htm"
}
|
Woodrow Wilson
The Life, duties and term of the 28th President of the United States, Woodrow (Thomas) Wilson.
Wilson went to private schools his whole adolescent life. When Wilson went to college, he studied to be a politician. Later Wilson decided he wanted to become a lawyer, this failed so he enrolled in school to study history. Over time, Wilson gained a lot of respect and rose to high places because of his essays and public addresses. As the University President, Wilson resigned and looked into the Democratic point of view on politics. Wilson moved on to become the 28th President of the United States.
Wilson spent a lot of his time on making decisions rather than getting the grades to back him up. These wild ideas Wilson has made him absolutely fascinating to hear in public and people from all over came to hear him converse about his essays.
The turning point on Wilson's life was when he made the decision to give up being things he wasn't; a lawyer, a historian, a novelist, and peruse what he was destined to do. Wilson felt his obligation was to humanize "every process of our human life." This dream however was shattered by war.
The greatest achievement Wilson ever made was his cooperation with other nations to form the League of Nations and ultimately form the United Nations. For Wilson's efforts, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919. Wilson was greatly responsible for increasing US participation in world affairs.
Wilson was a great president and a great public servant. He was a brilliant speaker and a fun loving, energetic man who pursued his ideas to lead the nation through hard times. A true hero in a part of history that needed one. Wilson, Woodrow (1856-1924).
|
<urn:uuid:e8c9a614-eab7-4341-8128-a4633753f7c2>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.8125,
"fasttext_score": 0.1348857283592224,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9884153604507446,
"url": "https://123student.com/essays/woodrow-wilson"
}
|
Tender Years Doctrine
The tender years doctrine, or the practice of awarding infants and young children to mothers in custody disputes, was employed in most state courts from the late 19th century until the 1960s. The tender years doctrine is based on the idea that mothers have superior, “natural” nurturing abilities and a biological connection to their infants. In the 1970s, most states abolished the tender years doctrine and replaced it with a gender-neutral “best interests of the child” standard. However, some current research claims that a maternal preference, especially in custody disputes over infants, continues to exist in practice in lower-level courts.
History of Child Custody Law
Historically, fluctuations in child custody law have reflected societal changes in beliefs about parenthood. Until the mid- to late 1800s, fathers had sole rights to custody, reflecting the notion that women and children were considered the property of the male head of the household. The father’s absolute claim to custody also reflected the view of children at the time: In the primarily agrarian economy of the early 19th century, children were seen as economic assets. This agrarian economy shifted to an industrial one in the mid- to late 19th century, which made children less economically valuable and also necessitated the separation of home and work. With the emergence of separate spheres, men worked outside of the home, and women had responsibility for the home. At this time, the law shifted to a “tender years” doctrine. The tender years doctrine emphasized mothers’ biological superiority as a parent and gave a legal preference to mothers in custody matters.
In the past few decades, most states have replaced the tender years doctrine with a best interests of the child doctrine, under which both mothers and fathers are considered equally. This shift in custody law reflected more widespread changes to gender-neutral legal language. For example, in Watts v. Watts (1973), a New York family court stated that “application of the ‘tender years presumption’ would deprive [the father] of his right to equal protection of the law under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.” Adopting the “best interests” standard also coincided with increasing public acceptance of the notion that fathers are able to care for children as well as mothers. In 1986, in Pusey v. Pusey, a Utah appeals court held that a maternal preference “lacks validity because it is unnecessary and perpetuates outdated stereotypes.”
At the same time, psychological research was used in legal proceedings to bolster the idea that mothers or fathers could be good caregivers to young children. Research on father-child interactions supported this idea, as did studies claiming that preserving the child’s relationship to its “psychological parent”—the adult most responsible for and connected to the child—was paramount. This psychological research was used to discredit the tender years doctrine and to endorse the best interests of the child policy.
Current Research on the Tender Years Doctrine
Despite the shift to a more gender-neutral custody standard, the consideration of tender years is not a relic of the past. As recently as 1989, a Florida appeals court, in DeCamp v. Hein, applied a maternal preference in the case of a child of tender years. And until 1997, the Tennessee child custody statute allowed judges to consider the sex of the parents in the case of a child of tender years. Thus, some scholars argue that judges in the lower courts have not “caught up” with this change in the law. Even if the tender years doctrine is not endorsed in statutory or case law, trial court judges may subscribe to it.
A recent study examined both judges’ views of the tender years doctrine and whether their views were consistent with contested custody rulings. In face-to-face interviews, judges were asked directly about the tender years doctrine and also asked to assess a hypothetical custody case involving an infant. Despite the current gender-neutral custody policy, over half the judges interviewed expressed some support for the tender years doctrine. These views of the tender years doctrine were explained, in large part, by the gender of the judges and, relatedly, by their gender role attitudes; female judges reported more egalitarian views and were less likely to support the tender years doctrine than male judges. When comparing judges’ views of the tender years doctrine with their decisions in custody disputes, judges’ accounts were generally consistent with their rulings in contested custody disputes. Judges who endorsed the tender years doctrine were more likely to award custody of infants and young children to mothers than judges who did not endorse the tender years doctrine.
This research suggests that although state appellate courts and legislatures have abolished the tender years doctrine, practice in lower courts may continue to perpetuate some vestiges of the tender years doctrine. So despite greater legal and cultural acceptance of the idea that fathers and mothers are equally qualified to raise children, there are complex processes at work in the legal system that may perpetuate traditional notions of motherhood and fatherhood.
1. Artis, J. E. (2004). Judging the best interests of the child: Judges’ accounts of the tender years doctrine. Law & Society Review, 38, 769-786.
2. DeCamp v. Hein, 541 So.2d 708, 710 (Fla. App. 1989).
3. Mason, M. A. (1994). From fathers’ property to children’s rights: The history of child custody in the United States. New York: Columbia University Press.
4. Pusey v. Pusey, 728 P.2d 117 (Utah 1986).
5. Watts v. Watts, 77 Misc.2d 178, 350 N.Y.S.2d 285 (1973).
See also:
|
<urn:uuid:05b436e7-0d8d-447c-a799-52a6c699d9e5>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.6875,
"fasttext_score": 0.03893178701400757,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9563517570495605,
"url": "http://criminal-justice.iresearchnet.com/forensic-psychology/tender-years-doctrine/"
}
|
Explore BrainMass
Overview of the Pennsylvania Prison System and its Five Management Principles
Solitary confinement will prevent further corruption.
Offenders should reflect on their transgressions and repent.
Solitary confinement is considered punishment.
Solitary confinement is economical.
Who actually formed these ideas? Expand upon the ideas of the 5 general principles. Why do you think they were implemented? How did it have an effect upon the prisoners? Has this basically changed—why or why not?
Solution Preview
The Pennysylvania Prison System
Who actually formed these ideas?
The Pennyslvania prison system and its associated ideology were developed by the Pennsylvania Quakers in 1790 when they converted an existing jail (Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphi) into a penitentiary. The Pennsylvania System is associated with the Penitentiary Era of prisons in the U.S., which persisted from 1790-1825.
The philosophy of the Pennsylvania System emphasized rehabilitation and deterrence of prisoners. The 5 general principles were developed to align with this philosophy and help rehabilitate prisoners. The Pennsylvania Quakers believed prisoners could be rehabilitated through solitary confinement, which allowed them to reflect on their ...
Solution Summary
This library solution provides an overview of the five general management principles of the Pennsylvania Prison System during the 1800s. Also discussed is who started this system and developed its management philosophy as well as the purpose of the system's five general principles with regard to punishment goals. Finally, this solution also reveals whether or not this system is still used in U.S. prisons today.
|
<urn:uuid:a60950e6-4a77-468f-8e6f-7d16ff667ef1>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.1875,
"fasttext_score": 0.6061084866523743,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9582929015159607,
"url": "https://brainmass.com/law/policy-laws/overview-of-the-pennsylvania-prison-system-and-its-five-management-principles-568624"
}
|
Homer Hesiod Hymns Tragedy Remythologizing Tools Blackboard Info
Form: Latin.
The consecration of a public sanctury. The pontifices had to draw up the deed of foundation. When they had signified that they deemed the act permissible, and the consent of the people (in later times of the emperor) had been obtained, the rite was performed in the presence of the whole collegium pontificum. The Pontifex Maximus, whose head was veiled, and with him the representative of the people, took hold of the doorpost with one hand, the former dictating, and the latter repeating after him, the formula of dedication. The people was represented usually by one of the two consuls, or a person, or a commission (generally of two persons) elected by the people on the recommendation of the senate. One of the persons forming the commission was generally the man who had vowed the dedication. The day on which the shrine was dedicated was regarded as the day of its foundation, and was inscribed in the calendar as a festival.
Type: Standard
gutter splint
gutter splint
gutter splint
|
<urn:uuid:5c339a69-8eb8-485b-ad3c-3523990e5a37>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.04050326347351074,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9818360209465027,
"url": "http://www.classics.upenn.edu/myth/php/tools/dictionary.php?method=did®exp=1241&setcard=0&link=0&media=0"
}
|
Ellen McBride, MD, Northern Nevada Medical Center11:07 a.m. PST January 14, 2015
As people age, many have occasional lapses of memory, such as losing keys or forgetting names. These do not qualify as dementia, however. Dementia describes a group of symptoms affecting thinking and social abilities severely enough to interfere with daily functioning.
At least two of the following core mental functions must be impaired significantly to be considered dementia: Memory; communication and language; ability to focus and pay attention; reasoning and judgment; and visual perception. 5 to 8 percent of people over the age of 65 have some form of dementia. It is estimated that as many as 50 percent of people over 85 suffer from dementia.
Dementia might lead to other problems, including:
· Inadequate nutrition
· Reduced hygiene
· Difficulty taking medications
· Deterioration of emotional health
· Difficulty communicating
· Sleep difficulties
· Personal safety challenges
· Hallucinations
· Inappropriate behavior
· Suspicions
· Personality changes
Damage to brain cells causes dementia. Damage to certain types of brain cells is associated with different types of dementia.
Dementias are typically progressive, which means that symptoms start slowly and worsen gradually. Types of dementia include:
· Alzheimer’s disease, from which 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases result.
· Vascular dementia, the second most common type, in which a stroke or series of strokes causes a chronic, reduced blood flow to the brain. Often, the strokes are so small that you might not notice any symptoms.
· Lewy body dementia, which affects about 10 percent of dementia patients.
· Frontotemporal dementia, a less common cause of dementia that tends to occur at a younger age than does Alzheimer’s disease, generally between 50 and 70.
For most progressive dementias, including Alzheimer’s disease, we have no cure and no treatment that slows their progression. Drug treatments, however, might temporarily improve symptoms. Other therapies also can alleviate some symptoms of dementia.
Treatable conditions that mimic dementia, such as depression, medication side effects, excessive use of alcohol, thyroid problems, vitamin deficiencies, diabetes, infections and anoxia can be reversible.
Medication can help ease the depression associated with dementia. By relieving depression, the patient is more likely to maintain an interest in eating and continuing other activities of daily living. Keeping the mind active and interested in life could help the patient extend his or her life.
Risk factors that you can change include alcohol use, atherosclerosis, blood pressure, cholesterol, depression, diabetes, obesity and smoking.
Among the areas of research into preventing dementia are cardiovascular factors, physical fitness and diet.
Pay attention to any memory difficulties or changes in thinking skills. See a physician promptly if you notice these. A physician might detect a treatable condition. Even if dementia is diagnosed, finding dementia early allows the patient to obtain the maximum benefit from available treatments and even to participate in clinical trials of new treatments.
RGJ Reno Gazette-Journal
Webside: www.rgj.com
|
<urn:uuid:edf14257-cc26-4258-a3a7-e1ef695d4fcf>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.04148441553115845,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9062171578407288,
"url": "http://afalct.org/2015/01/15/what-are-the-signs-of-dementia/"
}
|
Introduction to Logic
Stefan Waner and Steven R. Costenoble
Exercises for Section 6:
Arguments and Proofs
Answers To see an answer to any odd-numbered exercise, just click on the exercise number.
Prove each of the following valid arguments:
1. (pr)~q 2. ~p (qs) 3. ~p(r~t)
pr ~p ~(r~t)
~q qs p
4. (~pr) ~q 5. ~p(qr) 6. p (rs)
q ~ps ~r
~(~pr) r ~p
7. pq 8. p (qr) 9. (pr) q
~(qr) rs sp
p s
s q
10. (pq) r 11. (p~q)r 12. (p~q)r
~r s(tu) sp
t q sp q~u
~t ru
13. (pq)r 14. (pq)(pr) 15. p(qr)
~(qr) qp q
p r pr
16. p(qr) 17. - 18. -
(pq)(pq) p~(q~p)
19. - 20. - 21. -
~(p~p) (p~p)q (p~p)~p
22. -
Give counterexamples to each of the following fallacies by finding truth values for the variables making the premises true and the conclusion false.
23. pq 24. pq 25. (pq)r 26. (pq)r
~p pr p ~r
~q qr r ~p
Decide whether each of the following is a valid argument. If it is valid, give a proof. If it is invalid, give a counterexample. In any case, supply verbal statements that make all the premises true; if the argument is invalid make sure that they also make the conclusion false.
27. p(qr) 28. p(qr) 29. pr 30. ~(pq)
~q ~q ~q~r p
~p ~p pq q
In the remaining exercises, convert each argument into symbolic form and then decide whether or not it is valid. If invalid, give a counterexample by supplying truth values for the various atomic statements.
31. If I were a cow, then I would eat grass. However, I am not a cow, so I don't eat grass.
32. If we were meant to fly, we would have wings. Since we do indeed fly, and since we would not fly unless we were meant to fly, it follows that we have wings.
33. I am wise if you are a fool; either you are a fool or the sun sets in the east; but the sun cannot both set and rise in the east; observe that the sun rises in the east. Therefore I am wise and you are a fool.
34. If factories in the west pollute the air, then acid rain will lead to damage in the east. Indeed, acid rain is leading to considerable damage in the east, so the factories in the west must be polluting the air.
35. If factories in the west pollute the air, then acid rain will lead to damage in the east. The factories in the west do not pollute the air, so acid rain will not be a problem in the east.
36. If interest rates go down, inflation will rise. If interest rates go down, the stock market will also rise. Therefore, if inflation rises so will the stock market.
37. If interest rates go down, inflation will rise. If inflation rises, so will the bond market. Therefore, if interest rates go down, the bond market will rise.
38. If mortgage rates go down, or prices fall, then housing starts will rise. Mortgage rates are falling, therefore housing starts will rise.
39. If mortgage rates go down or prices fall, then housing starts will rise. Prices are rising, therefore housing starts will not rise.
40. When it rains on the great plains of the Nile, Saggitarius is in the shadow of Jupiter, and as you know, it always rains if Mercury is ascending. On the other hand, Saggitarius falls in Jupiter's shadow only when either the moon is full or Mercury is ascending. I have noticed a disturbing pattern to the weather predictions of Desmorelda, so-called "Mistress of the Zodiac." It seems that she always predicts that it will rain on the plains of the Nile when Saggitarius ventures into the Shadow of Jupiter and the moon is full. Should I replace her as royal meterologist?
41. My stereo system is faulty: there is no sound coming out of the left speaker. Switching the speaker leads will not bring sound to the left speaker if and only if the left speaker is faulty. If switching the speaker leads causes the right speaker to fail, then there is a fault with either the amplifier or the CD player. Switching the leads from the CD player has no effect if and only if there is no problem with the CD player. I discovered the following: switching the leads to the speakers resulted in both channels failing, and switching the leads from the CD player reversed the problem from the left to the right speaker. Therefore replacing the CD player and the left speaker will solve the problem.
42. You are chairing an important committee at the UN, and are faced with the following predicament. Upper Volta refuses to sign your new peace accord unless both Costa Rica and Bosnia sign as well. Since Bosnia has a lucrative trade agreement with Iraq, Iraq's signing the peace accord is a sufficient condition for Bosnia to sign the accord. On the other hand, Bosnia, fearful of Upper Volta's recent military buildup, refuses to sign the accord unless Upper Volta also signs. You conclude that Iraq won't sign unless Costa Rica also signs.
43. Continuation of Exercise 42 Just as you are about to arrange details for the signing ceremony, Bosnia's representative informs your office that due to a recent scandal involving highly placed Costa Rican officials, the Bosnians refuse to sign any accord with Costa Rica. In retaliation, the Costa Rican government announces a hard-line position: they will not sign the accord unless Iraq also signs. After thinking things over, you come to the depressing conclusion that it will be impossible to have anyone sign the accord. [To make your analysis less time consuming, you may assume the following tautology (which we proved earlier): (p~p)~p. You may also feel free to quote the result of Exercise 42.]
45. (Dedicated to the Memory of Dr. Seuss)
Last Updated: October, 2001
Copyright © 1996 StefanWaner and Steven R. Costenoble
Top of Page
|
<urn:uuid:d366e483-b7b2-41ac-ad35-e5437a0c4794>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.921875,
"fasttext_score": 0.7675005793571472,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.900545060634613,
"url": "http://www.zweigmedia.com/RealWorld/logic/ex6.html"
}
|
Cellular Automata - Maple Programming Help
Online Help
All Products Maple MapleSim
Cellular Automata
Main Concept
A cellular automaton is a collection of cells on a grid, each of which is born, lives, or dies at discrete time steps according to the population density of its neighbors at the previous time step. A popular version for cellular automata is Conway's Game of Life, which is defined by the following iteration rules:
A neighbor is any cell directly adjacent (North, South, East, West) or diagonally adjacent (NW, NE, SE, SW) to a given grid location.
A cell is born in an empty grid location at time k+1 if that location has exactly 3 neighbor cells at time k. Otherwise that grid location remains empty.
A cell survives at time k+1 if it has 2 or 3 neighbor cells at time k. Otherwise it dies.
Different instances of the game are distinguished by their initial conditions.
Many versions of cellular automata have interesting, semi-chaotic behaviors, and some can even be used for computation. For instance, Conway's Game of Life is known to be Turing complete, which means that in principle if the game were played on an infinite grid with no time constraints it could simulate any computer program.
Try this randomized grid demonstration, or even design your own rules. Toggle the check boxes to change the rules for the game. Change the density slider to alter the number of live starting cells. Click or drag on the box to draw cells while the simulation is paused. Use the Play, Pause, Next Step, and Reset buttons to control the simulation.
Cell is born when # of neighbors is:
Cell survives when # of neighbors is:
Cell Density
Grid Size
More MathApps
|
<urn:uuid:c47a9cc8-6e9b-4f66-8cf9-8e3a0013e409>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.11870777606964111,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8592873215675354,
"url": "https://www.maplesoft.com/support/help/Maple/view.aspx?path=MathApps/CellularAutomata"
}
|
Music in History
Go to content
Main menu
music periods
ancient Greece
Periods of ancient Greek music
According to Willi Apel the Greek music is divided into four periods.
a) Archaic period (8th century BC, about mid-6th century. BC)
During Homer's time (8th century BC) music in Greece was already an art. It was not confined to religious worship (as happened in other cultures), but it was present in every social activity; everybody could practice music regardless of the social group they belonged . There were instruments like Lyra, forminx, syrinx. Later on, (7th-6th century BC), lyric poets wrote love songs, paeans, elegies, epithalamia, odes.
"Lyric" was a poem appropriate to be sung to the accompaniment of lyre. Sappho, Alcaeus, Tyrtaeus, Solon and Pindar were some of the most important Representatives of lyric poetry. In ancient times an instrument appeared named "piktis" (Ionic dialect). Maybe this term refers to the harp. As Aristoxenus mentions, Sappho was the first to use the mixolydian mode and she first invented the piktis. In the dictionary "Suidas" it is said that she also invented the first key (plektron) ever.
b) Classical period (about 550-404 p X)
A new spesific mode of fiction was based on dithyramb; it was called "drama". The three forms of drama: Tragedy, comedy, satyr play. People in Athens were very involved with music. They used to learn by ear and play at home, or at banquets. Aristophanes' audience could recognize musical references to an older or contemporary music , comparing to their times. Typical is the case of "The Frogs" (405 BC). The story refers to a drama contest between Aeschylus and Euripides. The Contest takes place in Hades; Dionysus is the judge. In this comedy there is a use of different poetic structures as a reference to different musical idioms and scales (harmoniae). These differences were understood by the audience of that time.
The great poets: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes
c) Around 404 BC-2nd century BC
By the middle of the 5th century BC, parallel to the pick of the drama and art, another musical perception was taking place. This new perception dominated after the fall of Athens in 404 BC, which marked the end of the Peloponnesian war. The teaching of music was to be declined, particularly among the upper social groups. Taste changed between the audience, as it had been strongly influenced by the bloody war. Now, people were interested in choral singing and had no interest about the moral content of the tragedy. Philoxenus and Timothy of Miletus (447-357 BC) are two important representatives of this period who rejected all traditions of their times and broke the relationship between poetic and musical form. Their work had been reproduced for the next two centuries but later composers did not refer to it. The two surviving fragments of the Delphic Hymns (2nd century BC) might represent a sample of the music of that period.
In the 3rd century BC, during the racecourse shows, there was music which sounded from an instrument called hydraulis. This Keyboard instrument is considered to be the ancestor of the pipe organ and its construction is attributed to Ctesibius from Alexandria. (The same man was the inventor of fire pumps and hydraulic watches. He also did many experiments with steam and compressed air). An hydraulis of 1st century BC has been found , thought not in good condition. It is exhibited in the archaeological museum of Dion (Pieria, Greece)
Epidaurus theater
d) 2nd century BC onwards
The music was not practiced anymore as an art, but it existed as an additional element in various ceremonies, theater festivals etc. Only Mesomedes from Crete (2nd century) worked as a composer at the court of Hadrian. in 1581, in Florence, Vincenzo Galilei, father of the astronomer Galileo Galilei, was the first to print three hymns which are attributed to Mesomedes. "Hymn to the Nemesis", which survives with musical signs , was among them.
water organ (hidraulis)
1. Albin Lesky, Ιστορία της αρχαίας ελληνικής λογοτεχνίας, μετάφραση Αγαπητού Τσοπανάκη, β' έκδοση, Θεσσαλονίκη 1990
2. Μ.L West, Αρχαία ελληνική μουσική, μετάφραση Στάθης Κομνηνός, εκδόσεις Παπαδήμα 1999
3. Willi Apel, Ηarvard dictionary of music, second edition, eighth printing 1974
Back to content | Back to main menu
|
<urn:uuid:78701d11-d619-4c59-b6c5-e08f68c6f833>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.9375,
"fasttext_score": 0.14911913871765137,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9293941259384155,
"url": "http://www.music-in-history.com/eng/music-periods.html"
}
|
Successfully reported this slideshow.
Term 2 Week 4
Published on
Published in: Technology
• Be the first to comment
• Be the first to like this
Term 2 Week 4
1. 1. Focus: The Mangroves Due in: Friday 18th May•Task One: Answer the following questions in full sentences in your books. Where is the best placefor mangroves to grow and why? What is special about the leaves of themangrove tree? What are the two functions of the roots of the mangroves? Name4 factors that cause the mangrove to grow and develop. What is osmosis and whyis it important in the mangroves?•Task Two: Create 2 food chains with 4 links from organisms that have homes inthe mangroves. (Can use the following link to help you understand a food chain either one animal, one fish or one plant that has their homes in themangrove forests. Name your fish, plant and animal. Draw and correctly labelyour choice. Describe their importance in the mangrove community.•Task three: Design, draw and neatly decorate a poster persuading the communityto protect the mangroves. Your poster should include the benefits of keeping themangrove, list some animals and plants that have their homes in the mangroves,show what impact getting rid of the mangroves will have on our ecologicalsystems and stating what people could do to protect the mangroves. The poster needs to be completed on A4 paper. Pleaseensure you include colour with your poster, bold wording, correct punctuation,persuasive words and facts.
|
<urn:uuid:1c9adcda-10ca-4010-8194-505e4dfe607f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.8028611540794373,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9300029277801514,
"url": "https://www.slideshare.net/AmandaKaljee/term-2-week-4-12909118"
}
|
• October 9th, 2017
You are a farmer and you must choose between growing strawberries or corn.
Paper , Order, or Assignment Requirements
1. You are a farmer and you must choose between growing strawberries or corn. Your goal is to maximize the present discounted value of your profits. The interest rate is 7%. The world exists in the year 2013 and 2014 and then ends. Here are some relevant data:
Strawberries Corn
Price per unit in 2013 and in 2014 8 5
Gallons of water needed for growing each unit of crop 4 1
Labor needed to pick each unit of crop 1 1.1
1. The price per gallon of water is $1.5 in 2013 and is expected to be $p in the year 2014 and the market price of labor is $.5 in 2013 and 2014.
Solve for p so that the farmer is just indifferent between growing only Strawberries versus only Corn.
2. Suppose that the farmer has 100 acres of land and can only grow 500 units of either crop per acre. If the price of water is expected to be $1.8 in 2014, how much water does this farmer consume?
3. Building on the information provided in question #2, now suppose the farmer can purchase a water savings device for $3000 in 2013. This device reduces the amount of water the farmer uses to .4 gallons per strawberry and .1 gallons per unit of corn. Does this farmer buy this device? If “yes”, how much does water consumption change by?
4. You have enough land to grow one tree. The height of your tree (in feet) equals 100*(square root of age of the tree) ! The cost of cutting down the tree is $0. The interest rate is 4%, and the price of one foot of the tree is $16.
a. What is your optimal cutting strategy? Your goal is to maximize the PDV of profits.
b. Ecotourists from Berkeley are willing to pay you $X dollars each year to look at your tree. Write out an equation for X so that you are indifferent between: 1) having the ecotourists visit and 2) harvesting the tree and sacrificing the ecotourism payment.
Latest completed orders:
Completed Orders
# Title Academic Level Subject Area # of Pages Paper Urgency
|
<urn:uuid:356b49ec-06fa-40c1-9be7-46311e27c26e>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.6760993599891663,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9433588981628418,
"url": "https://ukusessays.com/you-are-a-farmer-and-you-must-choose-between-growing-strawberries-or-corn/"
}
|
Louis the XIV
Only available on StudyMode
• Download(s) : 130
• Published : April 7, 2013
Open Document
Text Preview
Matt VanDerMeidFRQ 3
Louis the XIV was king of France from 1693 to 1715. He was an example of how to rule for many of the political leaders of the 18th century. An absolute ruler is defined by seven traits. Pacify and subjugate nobles, and centralize power around oneself. Another is to make both money and war. Dominate culture, make religion and finally build something worthy of your glory. Two Enlightened despots that took after Louis were Joseph II of Austria and Peter the Great, Czar of Russia. Both rulers had enlightened and despotic characteristics. Yet Joseph was more Enlightened and Peter more despotic. Both characteristics were important to have a strong nation, but as Peter exemplifies having more despotic characteristics helps a ruler maintain power and strengthen the nation, more so then enlightened ones. Joseph II takes full power in 1780 after his mother Maria Theresa dies, instantly he begins to institute many enlightened ideas. Joseph is radical and makes many changes to long withstanding traditions in Austrian society and government. First, he grants religious freedom and cuts off communication between his state clergy and Rome. Though Austria had always been staunchly Catholic, now a person of any religion could practice it freely. This is a very enlightened idea much before its time. Also, it was one of his only major changes which were kept after his reign ended. This was how Joseph II fits under the trait of making religion work for you; he actually tried to make it work for everyone. Another enlightened reform he implemented was a universal law code in which all Austrians have to follow the same rules and suffer the same punishments. He eliminates noble privileges, in matters like taxation, and crimes. This reform angered the nobility and almost put the nation in crisis. But it was one last reform which set off a spark of rebellion. Joseph II outlawed serfdom, he freed millions of peasants. They were free to go wherever, and...
|
<urn:uuid:fe3e918a-94c8-408a-a3eb-61898125267d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4,
"fasttext_score": 0.020628154277801514,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.974419891834259,
"url": "http://www.studymode.com/essays/Louis-The-Xiv-1572103.html"
}
|
5 suivantesConclusion
Introduction ANC-C68841 Guelph02 19760203047 MP-1977.76.138 ANC-C116588 MP-1981.160.258 4597 II-218738
During World War One, the government and the military were very influential in the recruiting aspect of the war. They were most interested in young men over the age 18 with no wife or immediate family. On March second, 1916, the Military Service Act was passed forcing young, single men to join the war. Some men and women willingly became a part of the Canadian military throughout the war, while their families were opposed to their decision. This tour is divided into three sections. The three sections highlight the three main reasons why men and women enlisted in the war.
|
<urn:uuid:3e5587f4-5823-4633-9494-693b556a21f3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.9115390181541443,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9741112589836121,
"url": "http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/fr/dossiers/user_12931_1505914093"
}
|
At least in one aspect, sharks behave as world class mathematicians – although the cause may be sensibleness more than cleverness.
Image via Flickr.
The behavior associated to both mathematicians and sharks is called the Lévy flight. A Lévy flight is a random walk in which the step-lengths have a probability distribution that is heavy-tailed. In other words, it’s a seemingly complex form of random walk comprising clusters of short step lengths with longer movements between them.
“Lévy flights, named after the French mathematician Paul Lévy, arose in a purely mathematical context in the first half of the last century,” Andy Reynolds of Rothamsted Research told Discovery News. “Sharks and other marine predators use Lévy flight to locate their prey. “
Indeed, sharks aren’t the only marine predators to exhibit this kind of behavior. But why do they do it – and how? That’s what Reynolds set out to answer, and he does have one theory:
“[The technique] can be advantageous when searching for randomly distributed resources because they reduce ‘over sampling’ without the need for cognitive maps and sophisticated navigational abilities.”
That may or may not be true, but it still doesn’t provide any hints as to why they do this. The only theory they came up with was that they follow queues from their environment, such as turbulent waters for example.
“This seemed reasonable,” he said, “because turbulent flows are very complex — the whirls within whirls within whirls like the ones Leonardo da Vinci drew — and within which could be lurking the necessary clues.”
Using mathematical simulations of what is known as “turbulent theory,” they managed to show a really surprising thing: Levy flight movements arise naturally when marine predators encounter patches of relatively strong turbulence.
They ran computer simulations using information observed on sharks, and the results seem to confirm the theory.
“There is no need for sharks to have evolved sophisticated neurological and physiological processes for the execution of the Lévy flights, which are the lead to optimal foraging, ” he said. “Lévy flights will come for free if they just turn away from patches of strong turbulence.”
However, the exact biological mechanism is much more complex than can be currently simulated in models. But the cause may actually be pretty simple: maybe sharks don’t want to be pushed around by turbulence, and this is why they started doing Lévy flights.
“It is sensible to avoid being pushed around by turbulence, ” Reynolds said. “Being pushed around causes damage and disorientation. Better to simply turn away when the going is tough.”
Like us on Facebook
|
<urn:uuid:bf4c1583-041e-4017-a7d4-3b8f424c6123>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.08175873756408691,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9444745779037476,
"url": "https://www.zmescience.com/science/biology/shark-levy-flight-math-18092014/"
}
|
Home > Knowledge > Content
What is a Retainer Plate?
Sep 13, 2017
A retainer plate is part of the internal mechanism of injection molding used to reinforce the mold and secure other internal parts such as bushings and ejector pins. Retaining plates are typically two-part assemblies consisting of a backing plate and the actual retainer plate. Supported parts such as guide and ejector pins pass through holes in the retainer plate and are held in place against it by the backing plate. The plate is located at the rear of the mold between the mold core and the ejector mechanism. The plate assembly is often equipped with internal channels to circulate heating or cooling fluids.
Injection molds are fairly complex devices consisting of a laminar sandwich of components all brought together to form the closed mold. This collection of parts consists of the two halves of the product mold which are secured between two heavy support plates. The mold halves are in direct contact with the front support plate which is equipped with the sprue or channel through which the molten material is forced into the mold cavity. The area behind the mold halves is occupied by several components including the retainer plates, ejector mechanism, and rear support plate. The retainer plate assembly, which is in contact with the rear of the mold halves, serves to reinforce the mold and supports several pieces of additional equipment essential to the molding process.
The retainer plate assembly consists of two flat plates which are positioned back-to-back behind the mold halves. The plate in contact with the rear mold half is known as the retainer plate and the second as the ejector plate. These two plates support additional mold parts such as the guide pins, ejector pins, and their related bushings. The guide and ejector pins typically pass through bushings in the retainer plate and are held in place by the ejector plate. Located behind the retainer plate assembly is the ejector box and finally the rear support plate.
When molding is complete, the front support plate is removed along with the front mold half. The ejector mechanism then forces the retainer plates and ejector pins forward to push the part out of the mold. Retainer plates are often also used as rear cooling or heating elements in the mold depending on the specific application. This function is achieved by incorporating channels or cores into the plate assembly through which steam or chilled water is circulated.
If you need the injection mold , pls contact me!!
Mark Hu
WhatsAPP/Skype: +8615118131400
|
<urn:uuid:958107ef-9762-4451-9f75-b66da6ee5e31>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.051661789417266846,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9543210864067078,
"url": "http://www.aberymolds.com/info/what-is-a-retainer-plate-20868283.html"
}
|
Critically Endangered Bermuda Skink visits CahowCam Burrow
A Bermuda Skink was recently filmed visiting the CahowCam burrow as we wait for the female to return to lay her egg. Historically, they have a long-standing, important relationship with the Cahows as they help keep the nests clean.
Jeremy Madeiros | " The management and protection of the small nesting islands where the endangered Cahow nests also has an added bonus, in that this also protects a number of other native and endemic plant and animal species. One of the most significant of these is the critically endangered Bermuda Skink, which used to be common across most of Bermuda, but is now found only on isolated offshore islands and in a few small, fragmented populations in coastal locations such as Spittal Pond. It is now one of the rarest lizard species on Earth, and is found on at least 4 of the small islands where the Cahow nests.
For many years, I have observed Skinks in Cahow nest burrows on these islands, often when the Cahows themselves are in residence. They seem to tolerate each other's presence, and there is evidence that the both species benefit from the association, with the Skinks using the burrows for shelter, eating insects, spilled food, infertile eggs etc., keeping the burrows clean and disease-free for the Cahows. It was known that a small colony of Skinks lived in the Cahow colony on Nonsuch, with surveys indicating that this population may have increased in the last couple of years; this was the first time that we had been able to record a skink visiting the CahowCam nest."
Mark Outerbridge | MSc, PhD, Wildlife Ecologist, Government of Bermuda
· The skink is Bermuda's only endemic, four-legged, terrestrial vertebrate (in other words they are the only living land animal with a backbone to have reached Bermuda before humans, and they exist nowhere else in the world)
· Skinks are descended from a species that once inhabited the eastern U.S.A. and subsequently dispersed over oceanic waters to Bermuda (Brandley et al., 2010)
· Fossil evidence indicates that skinks were living on Bermuda more than 400,000 years ago but paleontological and geological evidence suggest they may have been present here for 1-2 million years (Olsen et al., 2006)
· Skinks were historically described as being very common, frequenting the old walls and stone heaps in the cedar groves of Bermuda (Jones, 1859). Now, most of the fragmented populations are only found within the rocky coastal environment.
· Adult skinks grow to 15-25 cm in length and weigh between 13-22 g. Hatchlings are 6 cm long, weigh about 1 g and have bright blue tails (which fades as they grow older).
· Skinks are thought to live for 20+ years
· Skinks are diurnal and are most active mid-morning and late afternoon
· Active year-round (they don’t brumate – reptile equivalent of hibernation - during the winter months)
· Ground dwelling species (don’t climbing trees)
· Omnivorous diet; insects, arthropods, prickly pear fruit and carrion from burrow-nesting birds (e.g. cahows and longtails)
· Oviparous species (i.e. egg laying). Nesting occurs in May and June (3-6 eggs typically laid on the soil under rocks). Females guard their eggs.
· Hatching begins in July and August after a 5 week incubation period.
· Bermuda’s skinks are now on the brink of extinction. They are listed as critically endangered and receive protection under the Protected Species Act.
· Habitat alteration and predation from introduced species are considered to be the main causes of population fragmentation and decline
· The total island-wide (hence global) population was estimated to be 2300-3500 individuals (Edgar et al., 2010)
· Skinks have been reported from at least 24 separate locations across Bermuda (Edgar et al., 2010) but the greatest concentration is found within the Castle Islands Nature Reserve
· Various population assessments have been undertaken over the past two decades. Some of the fragmented populations consist of only 50 individuals while others number in the hundreds. The largest population is currently found on Southampton Island (estimated 500 skinks).
Nonsuch skinks
· Surveys conducted on Nonsuch over the past 50 years suggest the population is declining and those skinks that remain are only found in a few locations on the island.
· In the early 1960s, the vegetation on Nonsuch was mostly grass and coastal shrubs – ideal habitat for skinks (dense ground cover for concealment from predatory birds and rich in insect prey)
· The reforestation efforts that have occurred since the 1960s drastically changed the interior of the island, making it less favorable as suitable skink habitat (Wingate, 1998)
· The creation of the two cahow nesting sites is expected to benefit the skinks; as the cahow colony grows on Nonsuch, so too should the skink colony.
|
<urn:uuid:a1e5b879-80e0-4c4c-b07b-865ef7b5f2de>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.053059399127960205,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9498570561408997,
"url": "http://www.nonsuchisland.com/blog/"
}
|
Figure 31: One can look toward the cliff benchmark from a series of carefully placed boulder trig stone markers lying, at ever increasing elevations, on the slope above the Waitapu standing stone circle observatory. A lower trig boulder is on a perfect level with the cliff-face benchmark, which is situated 2268 feet southward. Viewing from the level trig vantage point southward the sea horizon meets the cliff well below the benchmark. As stated, the line of view between the two aforementioned positions represents a "baseline" for surveying. This photo was taken from the southern hubstone on the Waitapu standing stone circle observatory.
Figure 32: Above the observatory on the northern hillside are, as mentioned, 11 identifiable trig boulders at increasing levels of elevation. This picture was taken from a higher trig before the final plateau-trig positions and shows the sea horizon (datum) conjuncting perfectly with the benchmark. The sea horizon represents a "constant" that will always provide reference to zero elevation. In this case a trig boulder is indicating the slightly declining angle downward, crossing the benchmark cleft at 960 feet of elevation, to finally resolve onto the distant sea horizon.
Another photo taken from the trig boulder that sits at a level wherein the sea horizon conjuncts perfectly with the benchmark cleft. Further down this same hill from which the author is pointing, reposes the trig boulder that sits on a perfect level with, and 2268 feet removed from, the benchmark cleft. As stated, the cleft sits a known elevation above sea level (960 feet). The uphill distance from the lower, "level" trig boulder to this higher, "sea horizon" boulder is a precisely measurable distance and elevation. From this information one can construct a series of 'cross-valley, vertical triangles and make precise trigonometric calculations related to both distances and angles.
Before the wide spread usage of electronic calculators, trigonometric calculations had to be done by constant reference back to number charts. These logarithmic charts listed the appropriate sine, tangent or cosine values that related to particular angles that had been worked out by laborious manual calculation.
The Aztecs used quipu string knot devices to record numerical values. Quipu knotted string bundles have been found in New Zealand and are preserved in our museums or spoken of within the wharewaananga (Maori schools of learning) as a form of language. It is quite possible that some New Zealand quipu's were used for sine, tangent and cosine logarithmic reference. In New Zealand, 'the string knot language was called 'kupu" (like quipu).
(ref. Mana Cracknell of the Maori Wharewaananga).
Figure 33: The trig boulder that marks a conjunction between the carved sea-cliff cleft (benchmark) and the sea horizon (datum) seems to have been intended to sit a coded distance of 2333.333 feet from the benchmark cleft. This distance is 1/3rd of 7000 feet. One of the marked distances from the benchmark cleft to the tor mound plateau cairns situated on the Waitapu Valley's northern ridge, was 12250 feet or 7000 Hebrew Royal Cubits (also known as Celtic Royal Cubits) of 21-inches each.
Figure 34: Looking north from the sea-cliff benchmark side of the valley. Two tiny figures (centre right) are seen standing at the southern hubstone of the Waitapu stone circle observatory. On the steep rising slope immediately behind them are trig positions, marked by carefully placed boulders, at increasing elevations up the slope. At the top of the slope is a plateau with four trig positions on or adjacent to it and these align directly onto mountains to the east and southeast. (Photo by Mark).
From the sea cliff benchmark the above sea level elevation was established and the sought after figure appears to have been 960 feet. Unfortunately GPS units, although they are very good at establishing latitude and longitude tend to have difficulty with altitude and a reasonable degree of error (within the range of 30 feet) can be expected. The ancient surveyors achieved their initial reading of elevation above sea level by actual measurement and then calculated the altitudes of more distant, higher targets by determining the degree angle upward to them. It seems obligatory that the chosen level for the benchmark would be a full, much-used number from the ancient parcel of coded values and one that was both easy to remember and apply.
Within line of sight of the benchmark cleft, over once fully cleared terrain, lies the north ridge plateau where a tor mound was raised. This tor hump resides over two miles to the ENE of the benchmark cleft and its associated cairn markers indicate that it was an alignment junction for coded distances and angles. The end of the small plateau upon which the tor is situated can also be seen from the southern hubstone of the Waitapu Observatory.
Let's shift our attention to the north ridge tor and the plateau upon which it sits. We will attempt to find out the meaning of the markers placed there and how they relate back to the benchmark cleft.
Figure 35: These are the plotted cairn and marker positions of the north ridge tor mound plateau. Some positions relate directly to the benchmark cleft, over two miles away WSW, on the seaward cliff. Others were placed there to relate to markers to the south, such as those associated with the tor mound on the southern ridge of the Waitapu Valley. Most lines shown emanate from the benchmark cleft and are precisely (AutoCAD) correct in length and angle to suggest the following premeditated design codes in the placement of the tor and its satellite markers. The magenta elbow angling in (then out) is part of the huge equilateral triangle running from the southern hubstone of the Waitapu observatory… to the north ridge tor mound… then onward to a prominent boulder marker on Puketapu's summit. The angle from the southern hubstone to this tor mound is 59.0625-degrees and codes a major lunar code associated with the Khafre Pyramid (the upward, diagonal length of each face from base to apex was 590.625 feet... half of which is 295.3125... the lunar month was 29.53125-days). The cairn that the magenta line crosses, undoubtedly, codes this angle information in its position.
1. Somewhere in the approximate end of line 1 the terrain falls away steeply toward the north and bracken encroaches upon the now dilapidated, lichen covered former markers situated there. The line extending to this position from the benchmark cleft is exactly 12000 feet and lies on an azimuth angle of 50.625-degrees. Some markers are known to reside at this approximate position but have not as yet been positively recorded with GPS. Several of the markers shown to the right of that position (circles 6 metres in diameter) reside 12000 feet from the benchmark cleft also. The use of this first angle (50.625-degrees) is strongly suggested by a major site in the heart of the valley. It sits on an azimuth angle of 50.625-degrees and at a distance of 5555 feet from the benchmark cleft, which puts its length in a ratio of 1:2.16 to 12000 feet. The number 2160 relates to the number of years it takes for the sun to travel through one house of the zodiac in the precession of the equinoxes. It also relates to the diameter of the moon in miles. The angle of 50.625 relates, as a number, to the moon and is a part of a mathematical progression leading to 354.375 and 708.75. The lunar year is 354.375-days and the Khafre Pyramid of Egypt has base side lengths of 708.75 feet (50.625 X 14). The length of 12000 feet potentially provided an excellent surveying baseline from which to calculate degree angles onto positions at of near the larger tor mound to the south. The southern ridge tor could be seen from both the benchmark cleft and the northern ridge. This baseline could be used for trigonometric calculations related to the position of that southern valley structure and its satellite markers accordingly.
2. The line running directly to the tor mound from the benchmark cleft is 12250 feet and lies at an azimuth angle of 51.5454545-degrees. This is a septimal length from the old "Celtic Royal Cubit" standard of 21 inches, earlier used by the Hebrews. The pre-dynastic Egyptians, who built the structures of the Giza Plateau, also used it, as the Great Pyramid is 432 Royal Cubits (of 21 British Standard inches each) per side (756 feet). The 12250 feet length from the benchmark cleft to the north ridge tor mound is 7000 Celtic Royal Cubits. It's interesting to note that the distance from the tor mound to the Puketapu cairn observatory is also 7000 Celtic Royal Cubits. The angle to the tor mound from the benchmark cleft (51.5454545-degrees) is a coded expression of 206.1818182 (¼ of that value) and the sexagesimal Egyptian Royal Cubit rod was 20.61818182 inches long (see Turin Museum collection). This is a major code related to the size of the Earth under the sexagesimal geodetic system. The purpose of these "reduced size", geodetic Egyptian Royal Cubit rods was devoted primarily to remembering the size of the Earth and how to grid reference it for successful navigation. The 20.61818182 related lengths were used in ancient Britain and are found at Stonehenge, but under Roman and Roman Christian domination fell into disuse and were lost. They, along with the PHI based measurements like the megalithic yard were once fully a part of the British Standard of measurement, of which little now remains…and if the European Union has its way, the age-old measurement standard, upon which the Great civilisations from Sumeria to the Americas were founded, will be banned from use by edict of law. Already, pig-ignorant, EU unleashed, metrification enforcing goon squads are prosecuting those who persist in using the traditional and very ancient weights, volumes and measures standard in England…a system that was continuously employed in Britain and France for at least the last 5000-years.
3. This is a positive hit (red crossing line dissecting) of 12150 feet from the benchmark cleft at an azimuth angle of 51.84-degrees. The 12150 feet length is a dynamic lunar code (½ of 24300). The lunar nutation cycle was, by the ancient mathematical system, calculated to endure for 6804-days or 28 periods of 243-days…which is 56 periods of 121.5-days. The Aubrey Circle at Stonehenge had 56 post positions and was used for calculating periods within the lunar cycle. The distance of 1215 feet was also positively coded into the Octagon earth mound complex of Newark, Ohio. It is obligatory that the degree angle of 51.84-degrees be found in the purpose placed structures of the Waitapu Valley, as this is one of the foremost codes of antiquity. The Great Pyramid face angles are 51.84-degrees, as is the azimuth angle throughout the length of the Octagon complex of Newark, Ohio, extending for 2880 feet from the Altar through the Avenue to the outer gateway ENE. The usages of 51.84 in the ancient astronomical and navigational systems of Egypt are many and varied. Full explanations on how this and many other numbers were used are covered in other articles within this website.
4. 12375 feet & 51.84-degrees azimuth (½ the circumference of the Earth with, "miles" substituted for "feet"… under the "11" series geodetic system… and angle of the Great Pyramid's faces). This distance and angle resolve upon the position of a sighting pit depression, indicating that important surveying work was undertaken from here.
5. One length code that was, undoubtedly sought after in this alignment to a tor mound satellite marker was 12441.6 feet. There is another sighting pit depression adjacent at a slightly greater distance to the one shown, which is not as pronounced or impressive, but it probably coded 12441.6 feet. This number codes two very important Earth size values under two varied geodetic systems. The "reed" (10.5 feet) size of the Earth under the sexagesimal geodetic system was 12441600 reeds). The mnemonic method for achieving this Earth size was based upon multiplying the length of an Egyptian sexagesimal/ septimal Royal Cubit of 20.61818182 inches X 1200 and reading the resultant total as miles. The Egyptians also used a rod of 1.728 feet or 20.736 inches (indicated by paving slab measurements at the base of the Great Pyramid). When the same formula was applied to finding that rod's rendition of the Earth's size, the result was 24883.2-miles. This is very comparable to the equatorial figure that we use today (ours is 24902-miles…or about 18-miles more). Half the value of 24883.2 miles is 12441.6 miles.
6. A code of 12175 feet, at an angle of 52-degrees, resides in this position. The sum of 121.75-days is one third of the solar year and the year, under the Sabbatical Calendar system was divided up into 52 weeks of 7-days or 13-months of 28-days (364-days). This was the raw count agrarian system, allowed to run for 7-years, then fully corrected at the end of every 7th year (Sabbatical Year).
7. This position appears to positively code 12375 feet at an azimuth angle of 52.5-degrees. Under the "11" series geodetic system the circumference of the Earth was 130680000 feet or 24750 miles and half that value is 12375 miles. As stated, under the other ("6") system the Earth's circumference could be read in incremental values such as the "7" based reed (10.5 feet or 126 inches). The half value of 10.5 feet is 5.25 feet or 63 inches. The reed value is one of the most useful and versatile of all ancient length increments and it's highly likely that most rods of staffs carried by ancient priests ("Masters of the Craft") were in half reed lengths of 5.25 feet. Such staffs could act in the capacity of calendar positional calculators, used for staying fully abreast of both solar and lunar positions within the very accurate Sabbatical Calendar system. A half reed ruler or staff could also be used for calculating the progress of the moon throughout the 6804-day lunar nutation cycle. The length of the Sarsen Circle lintels at Stonehenge, on their inner faces, was 1 reed each of 10.5 feet. Every 6-degrees of arc around the Sarsen Circle inner rim was 5.25 feet. The entire circuit (315 feet) was ½ a Greek Stadia (630 feet…or 30 reeds). Each base side of the Great Pyramid is 72 reeds in length.
By now the reader will be getting some idea of the sophistication of the ancient astronomical/ navigational/ calendar system of the Northern Hemisphere, originating from or later fully resident in Egypt, Sumeria and Babylonia, then spreading to Continental Europe and the Americas, before finding its way into Oceania.
In seeking to identify a Northern Hemisphere civilisation, whose structures most closely compare to the types of ancient structures we're finding across New Zealand, one is drawn to Megalithic and Neolithic England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, France and Scandinavia. Cultural symbols in the possession of Maori Polynesians of New Zealand are ancient European and Mediterranean in origin and were acquired by them when they recently conquered an earlier, long established New Zealand civilisation.
Let's now look at coded distances and angles flowing to the northern ridge tor mound from the southern ridge tor.
Figure 36: A line extends from the benchmark cleft on the sea-cliff to the tor mound plateau on the northern ridge of the Waitapu Valley. Another line runs between the two tor mounds situated on the northern and southern ridges.
Figure 37: We now move our attention to coded distance alignments and angles between the northern ridge tor and its counterpart, the southern ridge tor, some 8000 feet away toward the south. On the steep northern face of the southern ridge tor the ancient surveyors built a large dark stone bulls-eye. It looks a bit like an oversized truck tyre lying on the steeply inclined ground and now has a small tree growing in its centre. The bulls-eye is visible for miles from hills situated in the north. Lines depicted flowing onto the north ridge tor plateau in the above AutoCAD picture originate from the bulls-eye across the valley.
1. This first distance is 7776 feet and codes a special lost measurement called the megalithic yard. The true megalithic yard was based upon the PHI ratio (1.6180339) and was composed of 20 standard inches X PHI or 32.360678 inches. Although the pure PHI measurement had to be used in situations where it was necessary to lay out circles in a pure PHI reduction (such as at Stonehenge…(i.e.) Aubrey Circle diameter ÷ by PHI = "Y" Holes Circle diameter ÷ PHI = Sarsen Circle diameter, etc.), it was also common to use a "rounded PHI" increment of 32.4 inches. This 7776 feet distance can be dual read to mean 2880 rounded megalithic yards of 32.4 inches or as 7766.56272 feet (2880 megalithic yards of 32.360678 inches). It was very important for the ancient mathematicians to remember PHI, (although it was a difficult number) and ancient structures like the Great Pyramid were built to comply as close to PHI as possible. As an example, the Great Pyramid has a base side length of 756 feet. This is 280 "rounded" megalithic yards of 32.4 inches each or 560 "rounded" ½ megalithic yards of 16.2 inches each. To those encrypting codes into the Great Pyramid, this close proximity compliance to pure PHI allowed the structure to be dual coded and able to be symbolically read in pure PHI increments. The 7776 feet distance between the Waitapu Valley tor plateaus is, as stated, 2880 "rounded" megalithic yards and the 288 number was of extreme importance in the ancient parcel of coded values. The diameter of the Aubrey Circle at Stonehenge is 288 feet. The overall design length of the Octagon of Newark, Ohio is 2880 feet. The diagonal length of the Menkaure Pyramid from its base to its apex was 288 feet. The length up the side of the Great Pyramid to its flat floor altar (it never had a capstone) was 576 feet (288 X 2). The Geomancer's Mile of ancient Britain was 14400 feet (½ of 28800). The Egyptian Pyramid acre was 28800 square feet. At the Octagon earthmound complex of Newark, Ohio, the distance from the centre of the Octagon's circle component to the centre of its octagonal component is 576 (288 X 2) rounded megalithic yards or 1555.2 feet (777.6 feet X 2). The 7776 feet distance across the Waitapu Valley from the tor mound to the marker on the opposite plateau is, therefore, exactly 5 times the Octagon's centre-to-centre distance. The degree angle of 17.5 feet for this alignment is one of the most used ratios of antiquity (1.75). The Menkaure Pyramid at Giza is 1.75 less in base length than the Dashur Pyramid at Saqqara. The 1.75 ratio was used for converting "7th" parts of a 360-degree circle into readable, workable, whole number values…hence 360-degrees ÷ 7 = 51.42857143 X 1.75 = 90. One can also express this as 360-degrees X 1.75 = 630. This is why ancient calendar calculators like the Brasen Sea of the Temple of Solomon were fabricated to be 630 inches in circumference. Similarly, the inner rim of the Sarsen Circle at Stonehenge was 315 feet (½ of 630 feet and thereby ½ of 1 Greek Stadia). The length of a Greek Stadia, is marked into the running track at Olympia, Greece.
2. The next marker was probably fashioned to be 2880 true megalithic yards from the tor mound bulls-eye or 7766.56272 feet away at an azimuth angle of 18-degrees. The azimuth angle 180-degrees opposed to 18-degrees is 198-degrees and this codes the "league" circumference of the Earth, which was 7920 leagues (of 16500 feet each) under the "11" series geodetic system. The league length for each "quarter" of the Earth under this system was 1980.
3. The next 4 markers appear to be 7812.5 feet from the bulls-eye, the first of which was probably coded to lie at an azimuth angle of 18.613-degrees. The 7812.5 feet distance relates to a much-used ratio. Under the "11" series geodetic system the ratio difference between a "mile" and a "league" was 1: 3.125. The mile was 5280 feet and the ancient league was 16500 feet. There is a marked expression of the ancient league in the Waitapu Valley region. It runs from a boulder cairn on the summit of Puketapu hill to another boulder marker on Maunganui Bluff's lower ridge-line near the southern ridge tor mound. The distance of 7812.5 feet is 1/4th of 31250 feet and codes this very important mathematical progression of numbers. The azimuth angle is probably 18.613-degrees…coding 18.613-years…the duration of the lunar nutation cycle, from major standstill of the moon until recurrence of major standstill. Sitting beside this expression of 7812.5 feet is another at 18.66666-degrees azimuth (1/3rd of 56). The number 56 was used for calendar, lunar or solar cycle counting and 18.66666 was integral to that process. There are 56-post positions on the Aubrey Circle at Stonehenge.
4. This time the 7812.5 feet line lies at 18.9-degrees azimuth. The 18.9 code was very important to the ancient parcel of numbers and the Great Pyramid was 189 feet X 4 long. The lunar cycle of 6804-days was 36 periods of 189-days. The 2551.5-days of the lunar cycle within the Sabbatical Calendar count (7.2 lunar years) is 13.5 periods of 189-days. The number is of such immense importance to the ancient universal system that it seems obligatory it be coded into a marker.
5. A 7812.5 feet line was possibly meant to lie on an angle of 19.2-degrees…another very important and much used number in the "6" series.
6. This is a very positive, dynamic code running from tor mound to tor mound. The distance is 7920 feet. Under the "11" series geodetic system of navigation the Earth was considered to have a circumference of 7920 leagues of 16500 feet each. Under that same system the Earth was considered to be 7920-miles in diameter (which it literally is). Both the "6" series geodetic system and the "11" series system were based upon reading the perimeter value of the Great Pyramid as ½ a minute of Earth circumference arc. Under the "6" system the pyramid was (literally) read as 3024 feet in perimeter value. Under the "11" series (league, furlong) the pyramid was (symbolically) read as 3025 feet. These values were then multiplied by 43200 to calculate the full 360-degree circuit around the Earth (360-degrees X 60 minutes = 21600 X 2 = 43200). The ancient mariners knew that these two systems were slightly short of the true equatorial circumference, but the systems worked perfectly in mathematical progressions and were extremely versatile, as well as very close to the true Earth circumference. The ancient Egyptians used a slightly larger Royal Cubit of 1.728 feet, which under their mnemonic system told them the true equatorial size of the Earth. Navigation, however, was very successfully and accurately undertaken using the "6" and "11" geodetic systems and chart plotting during transoceanic voyages was based upon them. Linear distances covered were plotted in 11 series numbers. These linear distances, when converted to circumferences became sexagesimal…hence, 1 league of 16500 feet travelled converted to 518400 feet of circumference, which could be divided by 360 degrees. By this means angles from point of departure to destination could be plotted regardless of the number of course changes. The azimuth angle to the centre of the north ridge tor mound is 19.5-degrees and this is an important number associated with the Sabbatical Calendar (which functioned in part to expressions of 13). Another true angle associated with this 7920 feet alignment seems to have been 19.8-degrees, which would have brushed the edge of the tor. The league circumference of the Earth, at 7920, is 1980 X 4.
7. This alignment runs for 8000 feet from the south ridge tor to a sighting pit and conspicuously forms a surveyors baseline for degree angle observation onto mountains to the east and north. This pit was a very specific work-station for the surveyor to sit in and from here distance, angle and elevation to overland targets were determined. A prominent northern mountain that could be seen from both the benchmark cleft and this pit was the much-targeted mountain at Pungaru. Therefore, another surveyor's baseline of 12375 feet (the Earth's circumference under the "11" series geodetic system was 12375 miles X 2) ran to this pit from the benchmark cleft on the sea-cliff at an azimuth angle of 51.84-degrees. The azimuth angle to this pit from the tor mound on the southern ridge was 20.25-degrees. This relates to a very important ratio used in calculating the progress of the moon within the Sabbatical Calendar system. The Sabbatical Calendar ran for 7 solar years and this period equated to 7.2 lunar years plus 5.25-days. (2556.75-days). The lunar count within this period (2551.5-days) could be done in increments of 20.25, 40.5 or 81-days. The 5.25-day difference between the 7 solar years and 7.2 lunar years is why the ancient Druids had the mistletoe ceremony on the sixth day after the winter solstice…5.25 days is into the sixth day…it was so that the calendar count would end for both the sun and moon on the same day 7 solar years later.
8. This alignment runs for 7920 feet, at an azimuth angle of 21-degrees, to a vague but recognisable cairn at the eastern end of the plateau. Beyond this point the ground slopes down to the east. The position of this cairn makes perfect sense, as it is, once again, in mnemonic reference to the "league" circumference and "mile" diameter of the Earth under the "11" series reading. The 21-degree angle relates to the copious usage of "21" in septimal renditions of length, such as the reed (6 X 21 inches) or Hebrew/ Celtic Royal Cubits (21 inches).
9. Although no effort has been expended as yet to verify the theory by locating a marker at this position, it seems plausible that the ancient surveyors would have wanted to record the azimuth angle of 21.6-degrees. The number 2160 was very important to the ancient astronomical/ mathematical system, which described the moon's diameter as 2160-miles and the time it took the sun to move through a house of the zodiac as 2160-years. On a future trip to the northern tor plateau we'll check this intriguing possibility.
10. This line is 7920 feet long and is set to 19.8-degrees. The sum of 7920 ÷ 1980 = 4. The alignment probably (visually) brushed the eastern edge of the shaped tor's upper structure. The distance of 7920 feet is 12 furlongs or 1440 fathoms.
11. This is an altogether different alignment not associated with the southern tor, but now extending from an impressive boulder cairn that sits beside the Telecom road on Maunganui Bluff's lower ridge. In both distance and angle the alignment is coding the ratio PI. At the Crosshouse of Miringa Te Kakara near Bennydale, N.Z., some positions were set out at spacings of 7.854 feet and a combination of 4 such positions totalled 31.416 feet. This was in very obvious reference to the PI ratio, which records that the circumference of any circle is 3.1416 larger that its diameter. The distance from the boulder cairn on the ridge to the tor mound centre is 7854 feet at an azimuth angle of 3.1416-degrees.
12. The length of this alignment from yet another, smaller boulder cairn on Maunganui Bluff's lower ridge to a position on the northern tor was, undoubtedly, to code the distance of 7812.5 feet at an azimuth angle of 4.66666-degrees. The 7812.5 feet length would be in deference to a mathematical progression that produces the number 3125. This was another form of "rounded" PI used to describe the dimensions of the Earth under the "11" series geodetic system. In that system the circumference of the Earth was 7920 leagues and the diameter of the Earth was 7920 miles. The league was 16500 feet and the mile was 5280 feet…or 3.125 miles to the league. The 3.125 ratio was sometimes used to demonstrate how an observatory circle circumference was to be calibrated in terms of its diameter. An example of this is found at the Aubrey circle at Stonehenge where the diameter is 288 feet. This, translated to a calibrated circumference, using the ratio 3.125, achieves 900 feet, which would have meant using the circuit as 30-inches per degree of arc. A true circle of 900 feet (10800 inches) might have been implied by the inner faces of the 56 posts that circumnavigated the Aubrey Circle. The azimuth angle of 4.66666-degrees is important within progressions of "7" and 4.66666 X 3 = 14. This ratio would have proved useful when working in septimal increments like the reed (10.5 feet) or Hebrew/ Celtic Royal Cubits (21-inches).
As an added bonus, there is tremendous significance in the way in which these two solitary boulder cairns of Maunganui Bluff's lower ridge-line are situated in relation to each other. The distance appears to have been intended to convey 207.36 feet. This is a special geodetic increment based upon an Egyptian Royal Cubit of 20.736 inches (1.728 feet) and this sized increment is inferred in the dimensions of paving slabs at the base of the Great Pyramid. The Egyptian Royal Cubit's length was multiplied by 1200 and the result achieved was read in miles. This gave the circumference of the Earth, as read by that particular type of cubit. There were predominantly 3 types (a) 20.61818182-inches (sexagesimal geodetic reading), (b) 20.625 ("11" series geodetic reading) and 20.736 (true equatorial geodetic reading).
Measurements taken at Teotihuacan in Mexico show that an increment estimated to be very close to 3.456 feet was primarily important. This length is 1.728 feet X 2 or a total of 41.472 inches. One standard length (estimated to be 1.059 metres) has been named the Hunab and was likely an Egyptian Double Royal Cubit (based upon or related to a single Egyptian Royal Cubit of 20.736 inches). At Teotihuacan there were recurring instances of 378 X 1 Hunab, culminating in lengths around 1306.368 feet. This was in deference to the size of the Earth under the Egyptian sexagesimal geodetic system, which was 1303680000 feet. Similarly the "11" series size of the Earth was 130680000 feet and some of the Teotihuacan lengths were, undoubtedly, expressing 1306.8 feet. There was yet another "literal" size of the Earth, under the Egyptian system, of 131383296 feet and some of the Teotihuacan measures might best be described as 1313.83296 feet. The small differences in the Egyptian Royal Cubits were due to each coding a slightly different Earth navigational system.
The expression of 378 Hunabs occurs on each side of the square enclosure called the "Citadel Complex". Remember that the azimuth angle from the benchmark cleft at the Waitapu Valley to its level trig (2268-feet distant) is 345.6-degrees and that the outer rim of the Sarsen Circle at Stonehenge was 345.6 feet in circumference. It's also significant that Hugh Harleston's measurement at Teotihuacan, from the south platform to the north row of buildings, is given as 2268 Hunabs (6 x 378). The number 2268 relates to the 6804-day lunar nutation cycle and is 1/3rd of that value (3 sides of the Great Pyramid @ 756 feet per side = 2268). Just as there were 3 slightly different Egyptian Royal Cubits in common usage, there were, undoubtedly, several marginally different types of Hunabs, one of which was literally 20.736 inches or 3.456 feet. The Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan is said by Harleston to be 216 Hunabs long. The moon is 2160 miles in diameter and the sun spends 2160 years in each house of the zodiac during the cycle of precession.
The Aztecs also had a measurement called a Betan, which was 7/8ths the size of the Hunab, or estimated to be very close to 3.024 feet. The Great Pyramid has a base perimeter value of 3024 feet, which, under the sexagesimal geodetic system, represented ½ a minute of Earth circumference arc. The distance recorded by Hugh Harleston at Teotihuacan as 2268 Hunabs also equates to 2592 Betan. This was the number used to describe the duration of the precession of the equinoxes (25920-years). It was also used in navigation when voyaging in "league" linear distances (half the circumference of a circle based upon a league diameter is 25920 feet). The distance from the centre of Stonehenge to the outer face of the Heel Stone is 259.2 feet.
Here in New Zealand the ancient people used these Egyptian/ South American measurements, as well as the Aztec quipu string knot devices, which were called by virtually the same name locally (kupu). Many regional plants (Karaka Berry), tubers (Sweet Potatoe) or cultural symbols (Hei-Tiki) found to be in the possession of Maori when maritime explorers arrived in the 1700's have origins in South America. The Waitaha people of New Zealand claim a link to South America via Easter Island.
Figure 38: One of many incised boulders from the Taranaki region of New Zealand's North Island, showing a raised relief face and headdress profile. Boulder incised designs of that district can look very "South American" and the headdress design shown is quite reminiscent of that depicted on the Quetzacoatl plumed serpent representations at Teotihuacan or the striped effect of Tutankhamun's funerary mask from Egypt. The Meso-American "feathered serpent" representations also depict the "double spiral", much used in Maori facial tattooing. The widely used "double spiral" design has a pedigree back to ancient Ireland or the Caucasoid "mummies of Urumchi", China, etc., and is very old. The intricate pictographs found on these Taranaki boulders are generally faded and weather-worn, insinuating great age. Knowledge of the boulders is muted and largely suppressed in New Zealand and to date there has been little serious scholastic effort to trace the origins of the intricate patterning found on some of them.
The distance between the 2 cairns is 120 Egyptian Royal Cubits of 20.736 inches each (or 60 Hunabs). The other two types of cubits ("6" & "11" series) are equally inferred. Using the formula to find the size of the Earth by this particular cubit (20.736 inches) gives a rendition of 24883.2-miles. The azimuth angle that these two cairns lie on in relation to each other is 288-degrees or (180-degrees opposed) 108-degrees. Both of these numbers were highly important to the ancient system of astronomical/ navigational mathematics, with such things as the Aubrey Circle at Stonehenge being 288 feet wide and translating to 10800 inches of circumference when the diameter was subjected to the 3.125 ratio. The smaller of the two boulder cairns lies 16500 feet (1 ancient league) from a marker on Puketapu Hill.
Again, the results are predictable and consistent without any manipulation. The job of this researcher and his colleagues is relatively straight-forward. We simply go to a location and take fixes, knowing full well that the cairn and other markers were placed there in antiquity for a reason.
The measurement standard used by the ancient surveyors is easily recognisable and extractable, as are many specifics of meaning contained within the parcel of numbers or angles that were anciently used.
The most precise coordinate fixes achievable, related to the positions of structures, were fed into AutoCAD then all distances and angles between structures analysed. The numbers and angles generated in AutoCAD, invariably, fell very close to well-worn, universally used codes.
The ancient designers had little option but to work with the regional terrain that they settled in and although they could erect tor mounds or other, lesser markers, they still had to let the natural topography dictate the design of the regional system. The main preoccupation had to be to retain in memory the numerical codes passed down by their forebears and not let the knowledge die out in any generation…lest the codes of civilisation be lost forever…Such codes never could be lost if encrypted into sites built of eternal, enduring stone.
Other New Zealand researchers, especially those with a surveying background (and appropriate equipment for either small site surveying or overland surveying), are encouraged to assess ancient markers in their regions. The surveying principles and techniques applied in this study are equally applicable to many scattered areas of New Zealand, where cairn, standing stone, or tor mound markers are in evidence.
Why is that big solitary stone sitting on the crown of your farm hill? What were all of those stone heaps your mate saw when doing a farm fencing job up in the back of beyond? How come from this stone heap here the sun rises from that mountain apex over there on the day of the equinox?
If New Zealanders want access to their true, longterm history, then they're going to have to extract it themselves from the landscape...without any hope of help from establishment archaeologists, who choose to remain a part of the problem and not a part of the solution.
Ancient history is whispering to us from the ground betwixt our feet… all one has to do is attune ones ears and open ones eyes.
June 9th 2002.
|
<urn:uuid:460680b4-a5a7-4027-8d86-c995929c8d8b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.10639965534210205,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9463579654693604,
"url": "http://www.celticnz.co.nz/Waitapu_Valley/Waitapu4.htm"
}
|
March 29: Progressivism and the Law
morgan.jpg (108377 bytes) J. Pierpont Morgan, the symbol of monopolostic excess to progressive reformers
We'll be covering quite a bit of ground in the assignment today. First of all, we'll be having another moot court, Muller v. Oregon, a case that dealth with labor and women's issues, but in a very peculiar sort of way. We also will be taking a brief look at the single most famous case of the Progressive Era, Lochner v. New York.
Republic According to John Marshall Harlan, pp.147-184.
Kens, Lochner, sourcebook
Lochner v. New York: Harlan dissent
Muller v. Oregon (1908)
In addition to preparing for the moot court, please ponder the following questions as you read:
1.) How could the same court decide Lochner and Muller the way it did? What was the common ground intellectually between the two cases?
2.) Given that increasing popular participation formed one of the key elements of the Progressive Era, was it inevitable that the Supreme Court--regardless of its decisions--would have become a target of criticism?
3.) Given the emphasis on states' rights in Harlan's dissent and the talk about the special status of women in Muller, can either of these opinions be viewed as "progressive" in their conclusions?
return to course schedule
|
<urn:uuid:3753cbc7-1b0a-4e04-90d5-48464b772c1b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.47548431158065796,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9305412173271179,
"url": "http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/johnson/432progism.htm"
}
|
From: David A Gabel, ENN
Published February 10, 2011 09:35 AM
The Jumping Ability of the Common Flea
The research was conducted by Malcolm Burrows and Gregory Sutton. They had heard all previous theories as to how fleas jump. However, none were conclusive because the high speed recording technology required to prove them did not exist. So the two went about to settle the debate by filming jumping fleas. They successfully filmed 51 jumps from ten different fleas. "We were concerned about how difficult it would be to make the movies because we are used to filming locusts, which are much bigger than fleas," admits Sutton, but he and Burrows realized that the fleas stayed perfectly still in the dark and only jumped when the lights went on.
They found that the jumping power came from the flea's toes and not the knees, as was formerly suspected. In most jumps, both the toe and knee were in contact with the ground for pushing off, but in ten percent, only the toes touched the ground. This suggested that either the knee was not really necessary or both mechanisms were used to get airborne.
After analyzing the flea's leg with an electron microscope, they noticed that there were gripping claws and hairs on the toe and shin, but not on the knee. To clinch their argument that the toes did the jumping, the researchers employed a mathematical model that could reproduce the flea's trajectory. One model using the knees to jump, and one using the toes.
Both models predicted the same speed at take-off of 1.35 meters per second. However, the "knee model" did not match up with reality. It predicted a top rate of acceleration of 22,000 meters per second squared, when the reality is only 1,500 meters per second squared.
The argument is now considered settled. Fleas transmit the force of their jumps from a spring in the thorax through the leg, acting on a lever to push down the toes and catapult the tiny creatures.
Link to published article:
Terms of Use | Privacy Policy
2016©. Copyright Environmental News Network
|
<urn:uuid:508ce4a1-5aa2-4a0d-9be7-7fa601e55ea3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.582976758480072,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9742159247398376,
"url": "http://www.enn.com/wildlife/article/42342/print"
}
|
Alphabet Dot to Dot: B
Standards K.CC.A.1 , K.CC.B.4.a
4.3 based on 7 ratings
Uncover the picture and solve this alphabet dot to dot puzzle! Behind this puzzle is an object that can fill with hot air! What is it? To uncover the picture and solve the puzzle, your child will need to connect the dots. As he completes this puzzle he will practice counting to ten and unveil a picture that begins with the letter B. Have him say the letter and name the object to reinforce the connection between the letter B and the sound it represents.
Kindergarten The Alphabet Counting & Numbers Worksheets: Alphabet Dot to Dot: B
Download Worksheet
|
<urn:uuid:47a7a9ab-9dfb-486a-a899-07e15cdd544a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.90625,
"fasttext_score": 0.28320032358169556,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8868714570999146,
"url": "http://www.education.com/worksheet/article/Connect_the_Bs/"
}
|
Ancient Greek Mathematics
The readings here are divided into three parts corresponding to the three periods we have identified, the early, the classical and the helenistic periods. There are many pages to read and the problems will be balanced among them.
1. The Origins of Mathematics; the schools (350KB)
2. Thales, by Dmitri Panchenko
3. Thales, his Philosophy and Mathmatics (220KB)
4. Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans (518KB)
5. Anaxagorus and the Heroic Age (119KB)
6. Greek Enumeration and Arithmetic (100KB)
7. Eudoxus (130KB)
8. Euclid (430KB)
9. Archimedes (300KB)
10. Apollonius and other geometers (215KB)
11. Ancient Algebra (35KB)
12. Diophantus (175KB)
13. Pappus (175KB)
14. How do we know about Greek mathematics?
15. How do we know about Greek mathematicians?
16. The timeline of Greek mathematicians
17. Translations of Euclid's Elements.
18. Trisectrix animation
19. Epicycle animation.
Some files are long and make take a few minutes to download. To read and print them you will need the Adobe Acrobat Reader.
Each reading, in Acrobat (pdf) format, is a short paper on the aspect in question. Upon completing a reading, try to answer the questions that pertain to it.
|
<urn:uuid:414f08ea-3515-4f0a-b96e-c86ef0232915>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.859375,
"fasttext_score": 0.999405026435852,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8332909941673279,
"url": "http://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/masters/Greek/readings4.htm"
}
|
The topic drift is discussed in the following articles:
• TITLE: navigation (technology)
SECTION: Correction for drift
The angle between the heading of the aircraft and its track along the ground was known as the drift angle because it resulted from the drifting effect of the wind. Early aircraft were fitted with drift sights through which the aviator visually aligned a grid with the moving ground below and so determined the drift. The plotting of velocity vectors and their sums was simplified by using graphic...
|
<urn:uuid:733d3b58-34f3-4615-b21b-7a374b3247bb>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.46188467741012573,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9776600003242493,
"url": "http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/171575"
}
|
Standard Article
Arecales (Palms)
1. John Dransfield
Published Online: 15 JUL 2011
DOI: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0003707.pub2
How to Cite
Dransfield, J. 2011. Arecales (Palms). eLS. .
Author Information
1. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
Publication History
1. Published Online: 15 JUL 2011
Arecales is the order of monocotyledonous angiosperms that includes the single family, Arecaceae, the palms. The family is divisible into five subfamilies, each with very distinctive morphology. Palms are economically very important, providing a huge range of products from food, clothing, construction and basketry material to medicine. They are usually instantly recognisable as palms, having distinctive morphology; in particular, the fan (palmate) or feather (pinnate) leaves are almost unique in development. The fossil record of palms extends from the middle of the late Cretaceous to the present day. Palms are largely confined to the tropics and subtropics, with a very few outliers in temperate regions. Across the tropics the distribution of subfamilies, tribes, subtribes and genera is uneven, reflecting a complex history of evolution and dispersal.
Key Concepts:
• The palms are an iconic group of plants that epitomise the tropical world (Figure 1).
• Palms boast the largest leaf, the longest unbranched stem and the largest and heaviest seed.
• Palms are of immense economic significance.
• palms;
• uses
|
<urn:uuid:f5ec64ea-0b4a-44b3-9e29-99cc3861af7c>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.796875,
"fasttext_score": 0.10254085063934326,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8682267665863037,
"url": "http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470015902.a0003707.pub2/abstract"
}
|
Static Electricity and Lightning
Young scholars study concepts related to static electricity, based on a single example: lightning. They explain how static electricity, lightning, and sparks are all related phenomena. They draw a diagram illustrating the negative and positive charges that occur in a lightning storm.
23 Views 89 Downloads
Resource Details
6th - 8th
1 more...
Resource Type
Lesson Plans
Instructional Strategy
Inquiry-Based Learning
Usage Permissions
Fine Print: Educational Use
|
<urn:uuid:aac3ff80-29e4-499f-9990-c9211c9a9132>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.1568421721458435,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7779924273490906,
"url": "https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/static-electricity-and-lightning"
}
|
What does salvador mean?
Definitions for salvadorˈsæl vəˌdɔr
Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word salvador.
Princeton's WordNet
1. El Salvador, Republic of El Salvador, Salvador(noun)
a republic on the Pacific coast of Central America
1. Salvador(ProperNoun)
of origin.
2. Salvador(ProperNoun)
The state capital of Bahia in Brazil.
1. Salvador
Salvador is a Christian band. The band began with Art, Nic, and Josh Gonzales as part of the worship band in their home church located in north east Austin, Texas, King of Glory church. They sing in both English and Spanish.
The Nuttall Encyclopedia
1. Salvador
the smallest but the most densely populated of the republics of Central America, about one-sixth the size of England and Wales; has a western foreshore between Guatemala (N.) and Nicaragua (S.), fronting the Pacific for 140 m.; slopes up from rich alluvial coast-lands to high plateaus, which stretch, seamed and broken by rivers and volcanoes, to the Cordillera frontier of Honduras on the E.; soil is extremely fertile and naturally irrigated by numerous streams, and produces in abundance coffee and indigo (chief exports), balsam, tobacco, sugar, cereals, &c.; has a warm, healthy climate. The natives are chiefly Indians of Aztec descent, but speaking Spanish. The government is vested in a president and chamber of deputies. Education is free and compulsory. Broke away from Spanish control in 1821; was a member of the Central American Confederacy, but since 1853 has enjoyed complete independence. Capital, San Salvador (q. v.).
1. Chaldean Numerology
The numerical value of salvador in Chaldean Numerology is: 9
2. Pythagorean Numerology
The numerical value of salvador in Pythagorean Numerology is: 2
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
1. Steven Wright:
2. Daniel Ayala:
We've had to cut staff salaries by half, but we carry on because despite everything we believe in the future of our country and we have to do something for El Salvador.
3. Monica Roa:
4. Marco Rubio:
I've had leaders of the Northern Triangle in Central America -- Honduras, Guatemala and El Salvador -- tell me that DACA was used by trafficking groups in the Northern Triangle to recruit people to send their children here illegally.
5. Claude Arnold:
These two could have gang ties in El Salvador and Guatemala or have an otherwise violent criminal history, just like the thousands of other unaccompanied minors that have been released in the U.S. for the past several years, we know nothing about them.
Images & Illustrations of salvador
Translations for salvador
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
Get even more translations for salvador »
Find a translation for the salvador definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these salvador definitions with the community:
Word of the Day
Please enter your email address:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"salvador." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2017. Web. 25 May 2017. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/salvador>.
Are we missing a good definition for salvador? Don't keep it to yourself...
Nearby & related entries:
Alternative searches for salvador:
Thanks for your vote! We truly appreciate your support.
|
<urn:uuid:c7212aa7-4a1f-40c6-b7a5-4d1a77e41cc8>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.10361611843109131,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8925094604492188,
"url": "http://www.definitions.net/definition/salvador"
}
|
Australians are well-known for their general outlook that “roos” are no more than pests that do no small amount of crop damage and look like hopping rats. That disdain would likely be turn to the fear of God if they found themselves confronted by a pack of eight-foot-tall, quarter-ton, kangaroos known as sthenurines, a distant cousin of both gray and red kangaroos. Thankfully for Australians and Australia’s tourism industry this species went extinct around 30,000 years ago.
Monster Kangaroos Likely Walked, No Hopping
In a new paper recently published in the journal PLoS ONE, Brown University biologist Christine Janis postulates that they didn’t hop around like their present-day cartoonish cousins, but rather they just walked. She began her study several years ago along with two co-authors asking the simple question, “how they could hop at that size?” It turns out that after studying over 140 skeletons on sthenurines, they probably couldn’t hop at all as “the smallest of them were as big as the largest modern kangaroos.”
Monster Kangaroos: It just doesn’t add up
Her theory that they just poked without their trademark “hoppy” gait is fairly evident in a number of aspects including their teeth. The scientists found their teeth were more appropriate for eating leaves rather than feasting on grass like modern kangaroos. This led Janis and her colleagues to believe they could stand upright on two legs.
“They also had flared hipbones,” says Janis, with ample room for large gluteal muscles that would have permitted them to put weight on one leg at a time, something today’s kangaroos never do. Modern kangaroos amble around on all fours—or fives, if you count the tail, which they use for balance—when they’re browsing. When they want to go fast, they hop.
That’s possible only because they have flexible backs and stiff, substantial tails, which sthenurines lacked. The sthenurine hands, moreover, were unsuitable for bearing their weight. “They would have had trouble walking on all fours,” says Janis.
“Some have argued that the sthenurines might have had thicker tendons to compensate,” Janis says, “but that would have made the tendons less elastic. It just seems biomechanically unlikely.” Any arguments about tendons and other soft tissues are somewhat speculative in ancient specimens, of course. “Imagine that we only knew elephants as fossils,” says Janis. “How would we know for sure they had trunks?”
Whether hopping at me, which this paper essentially disproves, or walking at me, I’m running the opposite direction if ever confronted by an eight-foot tall kangaroo.
|
<urn:uuid:4ec190f9-f436-436a-a373-2350bd367a0b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.09676200151443481,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.977597177028656,
"url": "http://www.valuewalk.com/2014/10/monster-kangaroos-likely-walked-hopping/"
}
|
Slave Trade In Louisiana
The slaves imported in Louisiana were mostly shipped from the harbors of three major regions of the coast of Africa: Senegambia, the Bight of Benin, and West-Central Africa. The majority of the slave force came from Senegambia throughout the Colonial period.
Senegambia is part of the tropical zone, wide open to the Atlantic Ocean, between the Sahara desert and the tropical forests of Guinea. The Senegal and the Gambia are the main rivers through which people from the interior, like the Bambara and the Mandingo, were sold as slaves. The Gambia River is the main route of penetration into the hinterland and divides the region in two parts: Northern Senegambia and Southern Senegambia. Northern Senegambia was the site of many political constructions based on hierarchical societies. Millet was the principal food crop and Islam became the principal religion without erasing the traditional practices. The main ethnic groups are the Wolof, the Fulbe, the Sereer, and the Moors. Up to 1742, the trade of Senegal was a monopoly of the French Company of the West Indies which had its headquarters in Saint-Louis at the mouth of the Senegal River. Gorée Island was the principal entrepôt where both merchandise and slaves were stored before being shipped away. The trade of the Gambia River was under the control of the British who constantly competed with the French. The Bambara and the Mandingo were among the most frequent ethnicities on Louisiana plantations. They contributed very deep cultural influences to the culture of Louisiana including masking, which eventually led to the resilient tradition of the Mardi Gras Indians of New Orleans. The Wolof, the Moors, and the Fulbe were respectively designated as Senegal, Nard, and Poullard. Nard is the Wolof name for Moors. The Fulbe of Fuuta Tooro call themselves Haal Pulaar (Pulaar speakers). Senegal and Poullard have been retained as family names in Southwest Louisiana. The Bouki and Lapin folktales of Louisiana originated from Senegambia. These tales also survived in Haiti (Bouki and Ti Malice), in Florida, and the Bahamas (Bouky and Rabby). Bouki is the Wolof name for the hyena. His name came with the enslaved Africans and one can still recognize him under the disguise of a wild coyote, along with Bugs Bunny, the Warner Bros’ rendition of Compère Lapin aka Brer Rabbit.
Political unrest and natural contingencies such as drought pushed many people toward Southern Senegambia. This region comprised the area reaching from the Gambia River in the north, down to the forest of Guinea in the south. All along the coastal side, from Casamance to Sierra Leone, a myriad of streams colonized by thick mangrove swamps pour into the Atlantic Ocean. This region, called “Rivières du Sud” (Southern Rivers) by French sailors or Rios de Guinea by the Spanish and the Portuguese, became a refuge for people such as the Jola, Balanta, Baňun, Manjak, Mankaň, Papel, Baga, Nalu, Landuman, Susu, Temne, Kisi, Toma, etc. Through the centuries, they established egalitarian societies where life was centered on villages. Rice was and still is their principal staple crop. Moving eastward from the coast, the mangrove swamps transitioned into vegetation coverage composed of a mixture of savanna-like grasses and rainforest. In this area, Fulbe and Mandingo migrants created respectively the kingdoms of Fuuta Jalon and Kaabu, which became strong slaving powers. Southern Senegambia contributed 10% of the total volume of the trans-Atlantic slave trade with the birth and the backing of the theocratic state of Fuuta Jalon, where Islam provided an ideological justification for the enslavement of “pagans.” The Fulbe of Fuuta Jalon were also the victims of this chaotic situation. The most famous among them was Abdul Rahman Barry, a son of Ibrahima Sori, king of Fuuta Jallon. In 1788, he was captured during warfare against the neighbouring Mandingo kingdom of Kaabu and sold to the coast. He was then taken to the Caribbean island of Dominica and from there to New Orleans where he was sold to Thomas Foster, a planter established in Natchez, Mississipi. He spent forty years in bondage in this city where he was referred to as Prince. The captives sold from the Southern Rivers played a very important role in the development of rice cultivation in the US South, notably South Carolina and Louisiana. In its instructions for Sr. Herpin, Captain of L’Aurore, the first slave ship sent to Louisiana from the African coast (July 4, 1718), the French Company of the West Indies included the obligation to acquire rice and slaves who knew how to cultivate it, somewhere, between Cape Mount and Cape Mesurade. Senegambia provided the majority of the slaves imported into the Americas from the 15th century through the 17th century. This region still exported large numbers of slaves during the 18th and the 19th centuries, but never on the same scale as other regions of Africa such as the Bight of Benin or Central Africa.
Continue. - The Ivory Coast and Gold Coast
Top of page
Copyright © 2015 Whitney Plantation. All rights reserved
|
<urn:uuid:a283fc5d-6559-4fa5-8b2f-c12c20d6d87b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.15995842218399048,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9555850028991699,
"url": "http://whitneyplantation.com/slave-trade-in-louisiana.html"
}
|
A process of Intaglio printing developed after 1513 whereby a copper plate is heated and covered with a film of wax. As it hardens it forms a Ground over the surface of the plate, which is impervious to acid.
The artist then exposes the copper by drawing an image, through the wax coating, with the use of a needle. The plate is then immersed into a bath of Nitric acid which etches or bites the exposed areas of copper; the process could be repeated numerous times, with new lines being added to create variable depth or a tonal effect.
The longer the plate is exposed to the acid the deeper & broader the lines; when printed these lines will appear darker.
Graduation of tone could also be achieved by stopping out certain areas of the plate, by removing it from the acid, cleaning it and covering the exposed area to be stopped out with varnish. When reintroduced into the acid the stopped out area would cease to be bitten, but the remainder of the exposed lines would continue to be etched. A close inspection of the lines will show that they tend to have a squared end as opposed to the tapered end of an engraving.
The freedom of expression in the drawing made etching a popular medium for artists.
When etched to the artists satisfaction the plate was removed from the acid, cleaned and inked. The ink could be wiped clean from all but the etched lines, or to create a richer tonal effect, a feather or cloth was employed to drag a tiny amount of ink from the etched lines to the plate surface; the effect being known as Retroussage.
Etching was frequently combined with Drypont on a plate in order to empathize particular detail.
|
<urn:uuid:6fb8724f-e01e-469d-8e57-df123f870e0a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.121512770652771,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.958489179611206,
"url": "http://russborough.com/printing_tech/etching.html"
}
|
Today In Science History – August 27 – Ernest Lawrence 2
Ernest Lawrence
Ernest Lawrence – Inventor of the cyclotron
August 27 marks the passing of Ernest Orlando Lawrence. Lawrence is the American nuclear physicist who invented the cyclotron.
Lawrence set out to design a more compact linear accelerator. In 1928, a linear accelerator was basically a series of alternating electric coils arranged along a beam of charged particles. Each coil would give the charged particles a small push, accelerating them a small amount and giving them more energy. The more coils, the more small pushes and the more energy your particles would gain. The problem with this method was if you wanted higher energy particles, you had to add more coils which meant longer beams.
Lawrence had an idea to bend the beam of charged particles using strong magnetic fields. Charged particles will run in a circle when they pass through a uniform magnetic field. As the accelerating coils give the particles more energy, their turning radius increases. The long beam path is now a spiral instead of a long straight line. When the charged particles left the influence of the magnet, they would continue on in a straight line into a target. This design would eliminate the need for multiple accelerating coils since the charged particles would pass through their influence every time they circled the magnet.
Lawrence built the first cyclotron using this device with Niels Edlefsen. It was a brass device only 4½ inches across, but strong enough to use 1800 Volts to accelerate protons to and energy of 80,000 electron volts. This showed his cyclotron design had tremendous possibilities. Lawrence handed over the construction of a larger version to one of his graduate students, M. Stanley Livingston. Livingston built a larger 11 inch diameter cyclotron that produced 1.22 MeV protons from 3000 V. Lawrence would receive the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the cyclotron.
Lawrence continued to plan larger cyclotrons to coax more energy out of his protons. He obtained a 80 ton World War I surplus magnet built to send radio signals across the Atlantic from a local junkyard. This magnet became the centerpiece of his 27 inch cyclotron. This device would be eventually replaced by a 37 inch and 60 inch version. The 60 inch version would be used by Glenn Seaborg’s team to create most of the actinide elements. Plans were made to build a massive 184 inch cyclotron but World War II interrupted.
During World War II, Lawrence was an obvious candidate to work on the Manhattan Project. He was tasked with coming up with a method of separating uranium-235 from uranium-238 for the atomic bomb. Separation was difficult because both isotopes had similar chemistry. Lawrence’s team came up with a physical means to separate them. They combined Lawrence’s cyclotron design with a mass spectrometer to build an electromagnetic isotope separator.
After the war, Lawrence returned to research. He continued the path to build bigger, better cyclotrons. The “Bevatron” accelerator was the culmination of his efforts. The Bevatron was named because the output energy of the protons was 6.2 billion electron volts or BeV. This device would eventually be instrumental in the discovery of the antiproton.
When the Soviet Union detonated their first atomic bomb in 1948, Lawrence became involved in the hydrogen bomb project. He lobbied for the creation of a second facility to compete with Los Alamos. This facility became the Livermore National Laboratory, or as it is known today as the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory.
Lawrence passed away on August 27, 1958. He had been part of the delegation trying to ban nuclear weapons testing, and became ill during the conference.
About Todd Helmenstine
Todd Helmenstine is the physicist/mathematician who creates most of the images and PDF files found on Nearly all of the graphics are created in Adobe Illustrator, Fireworks and Photoshop. Todd also writes many of the example problems and general news articles found on the site.
Leave a Reply
2 thoughts on “Today In Science History – August 27 – Ernest Lawrence
|
<urn:uuid:cad64aab-0e99-4cd7-be78-effe082ff737>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.828125,
"fasttext_score": 0.05068087577819824,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9516109824180603,
"url": "http://sciencenotes.org/today-science-history-august-27-ernest-lawrence/"
}
|
Chemistry: The Central Science (13th Edition)
Published by Prentice Hall
ISBN 10: 0321910419
ISBN 13: 978-0-32191-041-7
Chapter 1 - Introduction: Matter and Measurement - Exercises: 1.23a
Dissolve the mixture in warm water, and filter it through filter paper. Then heat the liquid that comes through until all of it evaporates.
Work Step by Step
This question asks how we would separate a mixture of sugar and sand. To do this, we have to use the physical and chemical properties of the substances. For instance, sugar dissolves in water, while sand does not. This means that if we add water to the mixture, the sugar will be in the water, while the sand won't be. Now if we put this through filter paper, the sand will be caught in the filter, but the sugar water will pass through. Now, to turn the sugar water back into sugar, heat the sugar water. The water in it will evaporate, leaving only the sugar behind.
Update this answer!
Update this answer
|
<urn:uuid:74aa9891-68af-4f05-b9be-281860416e0b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.8363929390907288,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8894538879394531,
"url": "http://www.gradesaver.com/textbooks/science/chemistry/chemistry-the-central-science-13th-edition/chapter-1-introduction-matter-and-measurement-exercises-page-35/1-23a"
}
|
Show Summary Details
Quick Reference
The word ‘borough’ (‘burgh’ in Scotland) has caused endless confusion. The Old English (Anglo‐Saxon) terms burg, burh, and byrig were used originally for fortified places. By 1086, however, Domesday Book was using the word, in its Latin form burgus, to mean ‘town’, and was referring to its inhabitants as burgenses (burgesses). In the 12th cent. burgage tenure came to be seen as the normal characteristic of an English borough: each burgess held a burgage, usually a house, for a money rent. In the 13th cent. the larger towns developed rules to define who were ‘free burgesses’, and to ensure that burgesses, the only townspeople with political rights, were defined as those who were sons (or sometimes widows or daughters) of burgesses, who had served an apprenticeship, or had paid a fee.
Between the 13th and 17th cents., as many towns acquired privileges, ‘borough’ developed multiple meanings. From the late 13th cent. royal officials tended to confine the word ‘borough’ to the more privileged urban places, and to distinguish certain boroughs as having separate juries for the administration of justice; they have been called ‘juridical boroughs’. Others, not always the same, have been termed ‘taxation boroughs’ because they paid royal taxes at different rates from other towns, especially after 1334. Finally, sheriffs in the 13th and 14th cents. had to choose which places in their counties were to be represented in parliaments: these are often called ‘parliamentary boroughs’. By the 16th and 17th cents. ‘borough’ was being used chiefly in two senses: as a legally corporate town, usually with privileges granted by royal charters, and as a town which sent members (‘burgesses’) to Parliament. Most important towns were both, but a few places without chartered privileges were parliamentary boroughs (e.g. Gatton), while some important and growing towns were not represented in Parliament (e.g. Birmingham and Manchester).
Modern boroughs begin with the 1830s. The 1832 Reform Act revised the parliamentary franchise, both in terms of which boroughs were represented and of who was entitled to vote. In 1835 the Municipal Corporations Act dissolved the corporations of nearly 200 boroughs, and replaced them by councils elected by ratepayers. New places, such as Birmingham and Manchester, were incorporated as boroughs in 1838.
Subjects: British History.
Reference entries
See all related reference entries in Oxford Index »
|
<urn:uuid:fcbc6166-129c-489c-8a70-e9e3705790ff>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.0625,
"fasttext_score": 0.14457941055297852,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9847934246063232,
"url": "http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110926105744324"
}
|
Dr. Terrell’s Miraculous Medicine
Location and logistics spurred the economy of Lynchburg, Virginia, in the 1850s. By 1860 the city was the state’s largest producer of plug tobacco, its products shipped across the country via the James River and three railroad lines.
Location and logistics also made Lynchburg a logical military hub at the onset of the Civil War in 1861 when a training camp was established on the town’s fairgrounds. In 1862, when he overwhelmed Union troops during his Shenandoah Valley Campaign, General Stonewall Jackson sent both captured Federal troops and wounded Confederate soldiers to Lynchburg. The training camp became a prisoner-of-war camp, and tobacco warehouses were converted to hospitals.
The city of Lynchburg had long maintained a Pest House, a small building where people suffering from communicable diseases could be isolated. The facility helped prevent epidemics in the community, but nineteenth-century medicine could do little to effectively treat the sufferers. Survival depended more on patients’ constitutions than on prescriptions.
With diseases such as measles and smallpox infecting both Confederate wounded and Union prisoners, the Pest House was soon overwhelmed. Overcrowding led to horrendous unsanitary conditions, and the death rate soared above 50%.
John J. Terrell, a young doctor from nearby Bedford County, was assigned to work at Burton’s Hospital, a short distance from the Pest House. He soon became aware of its deplorable conditions an volunteered to take charge of it.
Terrell immediately had the frame building painted. The exterior walls became yellow, the color traditionally used to identify quarantine facilities and used by the Confederacy to identify established hospitals within towns. However, Terrell made a nontraditional choice for the interior walls. He had them painted black, believing darkness would create a calming, sleep-inducing atmosphere that would prevent eyestrain and promote healing.
Another of Terrell’s changes, having the floor covered with sand, also had a two-fold purpose. First, it helped maintain the restful mood by deadening the sounds of footsteps. The sand would also absorb the spittle, vomit, and other bodily fluids that made the wooden floor of the Pest House dangerously slick. Lime sprinkled on the sand helped control odors.
A clean, relaxing environment made patients more comfortable, but most of the wartime guests of the Pest House suffered from malnutrition, exhaustion, and infections in addition to the diseases that placed them there. Even with the benefit of bedrest, their abused bodies stood little chance of healing.
However, another change implemented by Dr. Terrell is credited with saving the lives of numerous Pest House patients: He added sauerkraut to their diets. He knew that eating the fermented vegetable prevented and cured scurvy. Although few of his patients suffered from scurvy, the doctor felt sauerkraut would be a healthful addition to their diet. He was correct. After Terrell introduced sauerkraut to the Pest House, the death rate plummeted to a mere 5%.
Terrell made the right call, probably without knowing why his miracle medicine was so effective. Nutritionists today understand that while cabbage itself is a healthful vegetable containing fiber, vitamins A, C, and K, along with trace minerals, fermentation adds probiotic microorganisms to the kraut. The probiotics aid digestion, promoting overall health. Some of those benefits are negated when sauerkraut is canned using a heat process.
Terrell’s patients, however, were eating raw sauerkraut straight from the barrel in which it was made. Only two ingredients were needed to create the magic medicine– shredded cabbage and salt. Once again, location and logistics came into play.
The Union blockade of Southern ports reduced exports and imports to a trickle. As a result, the Confederate government ordered farmers to plant food crops rather than tobacco. The fields around Lynchburg produced tons of vegetables, including cabbage.
Maintaining adequate supplies of salt had been a problem for the South even before the war as the major saltworks of the United States were in Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania. Available to the South in 1861, the Kanawha operation near Charleston, was lost when West Virginia became a Union state in 1863. Fortunately for Dr. Terrell and his patients, the last major Confederate saltwork was a mere 200 miles from Lynchburg in Saltville, Virginia. Even more fortunately, one of the three railroads serving Lynchburg, the Virginia & Tennessee, ran through a gap in the Blue Ridge Mountains to Bristol, Tennessee. At Big Lick (now Roanoke), the railroad came within a few miles of Saltville.
Many diseased soldiers confined to Lynchburg’s Pest House owed their lives to location, logistics, and Dr. Terrell’s miraculous medicine.
Leave a Reply
|
<urn:uuid:467d6af8-aa97-43e9-9b4a-c94806a71409>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.921875,
"fasttext_score": 0.07901608943939209,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9554225206375122,
"url": "http://www.civilwarprimer.com/2016/01/dr-terrells-miraculous-medicine/"
}
|
Secret Friends
Age Range: 9 - 11
This haunting story about Rafaella, the new girl at school who finds making friends hard, is a stunning piece of writing. With her strange name and sticking out ears she's different from the rest. Lucy is the first to tease, the first to call her 'Earwig'. Until a secret friendship starts, full of warmth and mystery.
Book Author: Elizabeth Laird
See More Books from this author
Teaching Ideas and Resources:
• The story starts on the first day at a new school. Make a guide to your school to give new pupils information about it before they arrive.
• Write character profiles / descriptions of the different people in the story... Lucy, Rafaella, Rafaella's family, Kate and Sophie, Miss Lewis, Mr Samson.
• Look through the text for adventurous vocabulary (e.g. treacherous, outcaste, offended, hypocryites, embarrassment, contempt). What do these words mean? Can you find synonyms? Can you put the words into a sentence of your own?
• Write one of the stories that might appear in the book that Rafaella's dad reads.
• Write a letter from Lucy to Rafaella while Lucy is stuck at home with flu. Could you also write a response from Rafaella back to Lucy?
• Draw pictures of faces which show different emotions identified in the story... excitement, nervousness, embarrassment, regret, disappointment, sadness, loneliness, laughter, love, guilt, anger, happiness.
• Use the description of Rafaella's house to draw an illustration of what it looks like inside.
• Draw one of the illustrations from the book that Rafaella's dad reads at his house.
• Try to draw a portrait of a special friend in the same style as the illustrations in the book. You could also add labels to show why they are a friend.
• Which country might Rafaella's family come from? Find clues in the text.
• This story is a great way of starting discussions about bullying. What is bullying? What different forms does bullying take? Why do people bully? What can we do if we are being bullied ourselves? What can we do if someone that we know is being bullied? Who is available to help us?
• Make a poster to put up around your school to discourage bullying and to help people who might be being bullied.
• In the story, Rafaella is a little different from other children. Use this to talk about similarities and differences between people. How are we similar? How are we different? Why is it good that everyone is different?
• At the beginning of the story, Lucy says something that she regrets. What does 'regret' mean? Have you ever done something that you regretted later? How could you make things better?
• Rafaella is ignored at school. Discuss how she might be feeling about this? What might she be thinking? Could she do anything to help the situation? What can others do to help her?
• Lucy is best friends with Rafaella outside of school, but inside school Lucy doesn't want to risk being seen with Rafaella. Why does she feel like this? How do each of them feel? What can they do to help the situation?
• Lucy and Rafaella give each other matching presents at Christmas. What special presents could you give to your friends? Why would they like them?
• Play 'Secret Friends'. Write the names of each child in your class on a separate piece of paper. Ask each child to choose one of the names and that person becomes their 'secret friend' for a week. They have to do nice things for that person, without the other person realising. At the end of the week, ask the children to try and guess who was doing nice things for them.
Filtered HTML
• Lines and paragraphs break automatically.
Plain text
• No HTML tags allowed.
• Lines and paragraphs break automatically.
Rachel Esling
Excellent ideas for this book. Thank you.
May be also include an idea/ discussion about being genuine, true to yourself and self acceptance. Rafaella being happy with her ears and Lucy being friends with Rafaella full time.
Average: 5 (1 vote)
|
<urn:uuid:fec9529c-9b3c-4064-91fc-65a64b623799>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.9676234722137451,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9459438920021057,
"url": "https://www.teachingideas.co.uk/library/books/secret-friends"
}
|
The modern convention of moving the Olympic Flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue began in 1936. Carl Diem devised the idea of the torch relay for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin that was organized by the Nazis under the guidance of Joseph Goebbels. Krupp armaments company produced the torches in wood and metal, inspired by an olive leaf. The Olympic Flame was lit by a concave mirror in Olympia, Greece and transported over 3,187 kilometres by 3,331 runners in twelve days and eleven nights from Greece to Berlin. Leni Riefenstahl later staged the torch relay for the 1938 film Olympia. The film was part of the Nazi propaganda machine’s attempt to add myth and mystique to Adolf Hitler’s regime. Hitler saw the link with the ancient Games as the perfect way to illustrate his belief that classical Greece was an Aryan forerunner of the modern German Reich.
Apropos of the Olympic games that start this Friday, on the origins of the Olympic torch and historical contexts.
Leave a Reply
Scroll to top
|
<urn:uuid:d60e2def-ac97-4aac-bfa0-9fc9cde36b17>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.8125,
"fasttext_score": 0.02059859037399292,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9276447892189026,
"url": "https://theresearchpapers.org/the-modern-convention-of-moving-the-olympic-flame/"
}
|
Learn New Words FAST with this Lesson’s Vocab Review List
Or sign up using Facebook
Already a Member?
Lesson Transcript
Culture Class: Holidays in Indonesia, Lesson 21 - Youth Pledge
Hello, and welcome to the Culture Class- Holidays in Indonesia Series at IndonesianPod101.com. In this series, we’re exploring the traditions behind Indonesian holidays and observances. I’m Eric, and you're listening to Season 1, Lesson 21, Youth Pledge. In Indonesian, it’s called Sumpah Pemuda.
Youth Pledge is a historical milestone in the Indonesian path to independence. "Youth Pledge" was created by the Second Youth Congress, held on October 27 and 28, 1928 in Jakarta. Mobilized by the nationalist movement of that time, the Youth Congress was a large thorn in the side of the colonial Dutch.
In this lesson, we’ll learn about how the different regions of Indonesia give meaning to this day.
Now, before we go into more detail, do you know the answer to this question-
What is the content of the Youth Pledge?
If you don't already know, you’ll find out a bit later. So, keep listening.
As part of the momentum that encouraged the birth of the Republic of Indonesia, Youth Pledge Day was often used to encourage activities to sharpen the spirit of nationalism, or in Indonesian nasionalisme, in the youth. One of the main activities is the Youth March. In many areas, processions of students from schools show a variety of creations, including traditional clothing, dances, local culture, and drum bands, as well as various creative arts. The convoy marches while carrying the Indonesian flag, or bendera. The Youth Pledge is read aloud proudly for all to hear during this march.
The Youth Pledge's momentum is also used to foster and develop the unity of language, or bahasa, in Indonesia. In a country that has 442 local languages, the Indonesian language has a vital function as a way to unify all the people. Activities held during Language Month include events of expression, increasing the use of Indonesian language, and a number of speech competitions. The targets are not only students, teachers, and lecturers, but also society in general and foreign Indonesian speakers abroad.
The Youth Pledge is also often commemorated by holding traditional games festivals. Traditional games, which usually involve group cooperation and physical challenges, are one more way to help strengthen a feeling of unity among Indonesian youth. A few of the most popular games include egrang or stilt walking, and balap karung, a sack race. Another well-known game is called kasti, which was likely inspired by baseball and softball; though the equipment and the rules are slightly different. For example, instead of four bases, kasti uses only three, called hong, and runners can be sent out by hitting him or her with the ball. To make the day even merrier, some games are played while wearing costumes.
These festivals also serve various Indonesian traditional foods and delicacies, such as soto, which is a soup-like dish with rice or noodles, meat and vegetables, and lemper, which is a sticky rice cooked in coconut milk and wrapped in banana leaf.
Now it's time to answer our quiz question-
What is the content of the Youth Pledge?
Part of the Youth Pledge states that the Second Youth Congress are Indonesian young men and young women with one motherland, one nation, and one language, Indonesian.
Does your country's history also have a manuscript like the Youth Pledge?
Leave us a comment telling us at IndonesianPod101.com!
And I’ll see you in the next lesson!
|
<urn:uuid:92c3b22f-08da-4ca8-a716-4c8988241cfc>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.023119688034057617,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9517168402671814,
"url": "https://www.indonesianpod101.com/lesson/culture-class-holidays-in-indonesia-21-youth-pledge"
}
|
Using Angles to make a Spray
For Science Week we learned how to make a spray.
We have already learned about different kinds of angles:- right angles, acute and obtuse angles.
To make a spray you need to be able to make right angles and acute angles with two straws. Before we tried this, we loved predicting what would happen. (You can’t make a spray if the two straws make an obtuse angle. In this case the air you breathe will rush down the straw and just make bubbles in the water below)
By blowing the air at the top of the straw you create a vacuum. The air and then the water in the straw rush up to take the place of the air blown away. This water gets blown into a spray.
|
<urn:uuid:c7f49a04-ece4-4152-a4d8-6a4e3848ee4a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.20994365215301514,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8511579036712646,
"url": "http://junior.renmoreschool.com/using-angles-to-make-a-spray/"
}
|
A Guide to the GRE/Reading Practice 4
Reading Practice 4Edit
While it is often unclear to readers of the novel Flatbush whether the protagonist’s disappointment is more directed at society or her own family, the better view is that the latter is an allegory for the former. The main character, who moves from Puerto Rico to Brooklyn with her parents at the age of three, progressively elucidates the life of crime, gangs, dereliction and decay that awaits her two brothers, and to a lesser extent herself, as they grow older in the city. However, while the novel clearly propounds better education and nurture as a solution, it is unclear whether the novel is primarily faulting the family unit or civilization as a whole. Indeed, the curious shift between the father’s alcoholism and the decay and despair on the streets of Brooklyn in the 1970s confounds and polarizes many readers as to what, if anything, is the reform message in the book. However, it seems that there is a quite natural solution that the family in the story is a metaphor for society itself, and the two themes are part and parcel.
1. Based on the passage, which of the following is true about the novel Flatbush?
Select all that apply.
(A) It has been interpreted as faulting both society and the family unit for social problems.
(B) It primarily blames external and non-familial sources for urban decay in Brooklyn in the 1970s.
(C) Its protagonist is a Puerto Rican native growing up in Brooklyn in the 20th century.
2. Based on the information in the passage, the author of Flatbush would likely agree with which one of the following statements?
Select all that apply.
(A) Better education is a viable solution to problems of crime and urban decay.
(B) Social problems cannot be solved only at the family level.
(C) Problems within familial units are not the sole cause of social problems.
3. As used in the passage, “polarizes” most nearly means
(A) bifurcates
(B) instigates
(C) adjudicates
(D) invigorates
(E) placates
GRE humanities passages can often be some of the worst in terms of verbose, unclear language. Remember to follow language shifts and understand the "hard word" in sentences - that is, subjects, verbs, and verb objects.
It can sometimes help to try and imagine and re-explain what the author is talking about. For example, this passage is about a novel. Try and imagine what it would mean for an author to say that the novel is describing "dereliction."
Answers to Practice QuestionsEdit
1. (A), (C)
Choice (A) can be inferred from lines 20-22, which explains how the book “confounds” readers as to its social message. Answer (B), however, is incorrect. The book does not primarily blame external sources. Based on the passage, the book blames them both equally and uses one as an allegory for the other.
Answer (C) can be inferred - this is stated in lines 6-8. The mention of the 1970s in line 20 also indicates that the book takes place in the 20th century.
2. (A), (C)
Both (A) and (C) can be inferred from lines 12-14, however, choice (B) cannot, for the sole reason that choice (B) states primary. The book doesn't take the position that anything is a primary cause of anything.
3. (A)
“Bifurcates” means splits in half. As used in the passage, it is discussing how the book instills different opinions in its readers. “Instigates” means starts something, usually a conflict, while “adjudicates” means renders judgment on a particular matter, often in the context of a court. “Invigorates” refers to giving new life to something or encouraging it, while “placates” refers to satisfying or pacifying something.
|
<urn:uuid:bcc2519c-0ed7-47df-9720-d27ff1198f6f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.8211378455162048,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9557165503501892,
"url": "https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/A_Guide_to_the_GRE/Reading_Practice_4"
}
|
Dissemination of IT for the Promotion of Materials Science (DoITPoMS)
Quick questions
You should be able to answer these questions without too much difficulty after studying this TLP. If not, then you should go through it again!
1. Which of the following molecules is likely to form a liquid crystalline phase?
Deeper questions
The following questions require some thought and reaching the answer may require you to think beyond the contents of this TLP.
1. The bright colours found on some insect wings are due to the existence of a thin membrane containing a chiral nematic liquid crystal on their surfaces. Keeping in mind that the light will be reflected by their wings rather than transmitted through them, how do these colours occur?
2. In the introduction to this TLP lyotropic liquid crystals were mentioned. Unlike thermotropic species, their properties and mesophases are mainly affected by their concentration in solution, as well as other solutes & solvents present.
Molecules that form lyotropic liquid crystals can usually be thought of as a long-chain molecule with a polar head attached to a non-polar hydrocarbon chain.
What kind of structures do you think these liquid crystals would form when mixed with water? How would this differ if they were mixed with a solvent such as hexane?
3. The disclinations shown below all result in a schlieren brush visible under polarised light microscopy. For each disclination, select the brush that would be seen [Yes for Brush A or No for Brush B] (assume the two polarisers are aligned vertically and horizontally)):
Brush ABrush B
Yes No a
Yes No b
Yes No c
Yes No d
|
<urn:uuid:dfd25cbc-89d6-4810-8183-36faebced9f8>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.78125,
"fasttext_score": 0.43760210275650024,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9455389380455017,
"url": "https://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/liquid_crystals/questions.php"
}
|
මියුනික් එකඟතාව
විකිපීඩියා වෙතින්
Jump to navigation Jump to search
සැකිල්ල:German borders
The Munich Pact (සැකිල්ල:Lang-cs; ස්ලෝවැක්: [Mníchovská dohoda] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); ජර්මන්: Münchner Abkommen; ප්රංශ: Accords de Munich; ඉතාලි: Accordi di Monaco) was an agreement permitting Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. The Sudetenland were areas along Czech borders, mainly inhabited by ethnic Germans. The agreement was negotiated at a conference held in Munich, Germany, among the major powers of Europe without the presence of Czechoslovakia. Today, it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Nazi Germany. The agreement was signed in the early hours of 30 September 1938 (but dated 29 September). The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of the Sudetenland in the face of territorial demands made by Adolf Hitler. The agreement was signed by Nazi Germany, France, Britain, and Italy. The Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as most of its border defenses were situated there, and many of its banks were located there as well. Thus, when Britain and France gave the Sudentenland to Germany, it was implied that they allowed Germany to take over all of Czechoslovakia as well.[තහවුරු කරන්න]
Because the state of Czechoslovakia was not invited to the conference, Czechs and Slovaks sometimes call the Munich Agreement the Munich Dictate (සැකිල්ල:Lang-cs; ස්ලෝවැක්: [Mníchovský diktát] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). The phrase Munich Betrayal (සැකිල්ල:Lang-cs; ස්ලෝවැක්: [Mníchovská zrada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) is also used because military alliances between Czechoslovakia and France were not honoured. However, today the document is typically referred to simply as the Munich Pact (Mnichovská dohoda) even in the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
Sequence of events following the Munich Agreement:
1. Germany occupies the Sudetenland (October 1938).
2. Poland annexes Zaolzie, claiming that this is an area with a Polish majority taken over by Czech army in 1918-1920 (October 1938).
Though the British and French were pleased, as were the Nazi military and German diplomatic leadership, Hitler was furious. He felt as though he had been forced into acting like a bourgeois politician by his diplomats and generals. He exclaimed furiously soon after the meeting with Chamberlain: "Gentlemen, this has been my first international conference and I can assure you that it will be my last".[2] Hitler now regarded Chamberlain with utter contempt. A British diplomat in Berlin was informed by reliable sources that Hitler viewed Chamberlain as "an impertinent busybody who spoke the ridiculous jargon of an outmoded democracy. The umbrella, which to the ordinary German was the symbol of peace, was in Hitler's view only a subject of derision".[3] Also, Hitler had been heard saying: "If ever that silly old man comes interfering here again with his umbrella, I'll kick him downstairs and jump on his stomach in front of the photographers".[4] In one of his public speeches after Munich, Hitler declared: "Thank God we have no umbrella politicians in this country".[5]
Although the initial British reaction was generally positive, it was seen by many in parliament as a "statesman like gesture", as the population had expected war, it quickly turned sour. Despite royal patronage - Chamberlain was greeted as a hero by the royal family and invited on the balcony at Buckingham Palace before he had presented the agreement to Parliament - opposition was present from the start and Clement Attlee and the Labour Party opposed the agreement in alliance with what had been seen, up to then, as the die hard and reactionary element of the Conservative Party.
In later years Chamberlain was excoriated for his role as one of the Men of Munich - perhaps most famously in the 1940 book Guilty Men. A rare wartime defence of the Munich Agreement came in 1944 from Viscount Maugham, who had been Lord Chancellor at the time. Maugham viewed the decision to establish a Czechoslovak state including substantial German and Polish minorities as a "dangerous experiment" in the light of previous disputes, and ascribed the Munich Agreement largely to France's need to extricate itself from its treaty obligations in the light of its unpreparedness for war.[6]
Invasion of the remainder of Czechoslovakia[සංස්කරණය]
Map of the Sudetenland Reichsgau.
Germany stated that the incorporation of Austria into the Reich resulted in borders with Czechoslovakia that were a great danger to German security, and that this allowed Germany to be encircled by the Western Powers.[12] In 1937, the Wehrmacht had formulated a plan called Operation Green (Fall Grün) for the invasion of Czechoslovakia[13] which was implemented as Operation Southeast on 15 March 1939.
Quotations from key participants[සංස්කරණය]
"The enemy did not expect my great determination. Our enemies are little worms, I saw them at Munich. [...] Now Poland is in the position I wanted. [...] I am only afraid that some bastard will present me with a mediation plan at the last moment."[14]
Legal nullification of the Munich Agreement[සංස්කරණය]
During the Second World War, British Prime Minister Churchill, who opposed the agreement when it was signed, became determined that the terms of the agreement shall not be upheld after the war, and that the Sudeten territories shall be returned to postwar Czechoslovakia. On August 5, 1942, Foreign Minister Anthony Eden sent the following note to Jan Masaryk:
To which Masaryk replied as follows:
Following Allied victory and the surrender of the Third Reich in 1945, the Sudetenland was returned to Czechoslovakia, while the German speaking minority was expelled.
See also[සංස්කරණය]
1. Gilbert, Martin and Gott, Richard, The Appeasers (Weidenfeld Goldbacks, Weidenfeld and Nicholson, London, 1967), p. 178.
2. Sir Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle (Macmillan, 1959), p. 135.
3. Kirkpatrick, p. 122.
4. Kirkpatrick, p. 135.
5. Kirkpatrick, p. 135.
6. Viscount Maugham, "The Truth about the Munich Crisis", William Heinemann Ltd, 1944.
7. Shirer, William The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940, 1969, De Capo Press, pages 339-340.
8. Jean-Paul Sartre, Le sursis
9. (ජර්මන්) Klaus Hildebrand, "Das Dritte Reich". Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte. München 1991, S. 36
10. Shirer, William L., The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
11. Terry Parssinen: The Oster Conspiracy of 1938: The Unknown Story of the Military Plot to Kill Hitler, Pimlico Press, 2004, ISBN 1-84413-307-9]
12. Reinhard Müller, Deutschland. Sechster Teil (München and Berlin: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1943), pp. 116-130.
13. Herzstein, Robert Edwin The Nazis (Time-Life Books දෙවන ලෝක යුද්ධය Series) New York:1980 Time-Life Books Page 184
14. Text of Hitler's 22.08.1939 speech (ජර්මන්)
15. Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 204, pp. 378-380.
External links[සංස්කරණය]
"https://si.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=මියුනික්_එකඟතාව&oldid=284610" වෙතින් සම්ප්රවේශනය කෙරිණි
|
<urn:uuid:1b80df59-3e88-44a6-9649-43bade58ede0>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.984375,
"fasttext_score": 0.07346850633621216,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9686827063560486,
"url": "https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%9F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80"
}
|
Moving from a familiar place to a new one in the hopes of a different life can be a difficult concept for children to understand. Immigration is very much a part of the story of the Jewish people. Books can convey the anticipation, hopes, and dreams of immigrants, as well as the trepidation and challenges. Maybe most importantly, picture books can help teach young children kindness and empathy toward newcomers, and appreciate the bravery of people in their families and communities who have made such a big change.
A boy finds his great grandfather's accordion in the attic and with it the history of klezmer music, his family’s move to America, and the role the old accordion played in Jewish life through the years. The story shows how many klezmorim fled Eastern Europe and joined the massive immigration to America as a result of pogroms and economic oppression in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The story is a great reminder of how things—like an accordion—can tell stories, and how music can, too!
illustration from Mendel's Accordion
Feivel's Flying Horses
A loving father carves carousel horses that represent members of his family as he saves money to bring them from Europe to America. This book is a work of historical fiction based on the stories of Jewish woodcarvers who came from the Old Country and turned their talents to carving carousel horses on Coney Island. It may surprise many readers to learn that some of the most beautiful carousel horses in America were carved by Jewish immigrants. With the emergence of amusement parks such as Brooklyn’s Coney Island, the carousel industry flourished in the late 1800s. This coincided with a wave of Eastern European Jewish immigrants who came to America’s shores in the late 19th century to escape persecution. The newcomers brought with them many skills, among them woodcarving, and we can still see their handiwork in places expected—like bridges and buildings—and less expected, like carousels.
illustration from Feivel's Flying Horses
Rivka Takes a Bow
A slice of immigrant life on New York’s Second Avenue, Rifka Takes a Bow is a unique book about a vanished time and a place--the Yiddish theater in the early 20th century--made real through the telling of the true-life story of the 96-year-old author as a little girl.
Between the late 1800s and the early part of the 20th century, New York’s Second Avenue was home to over a dozen Yiddish-language theaters that performed for the many Yiddish-speaking Jewish immigrants who lived in the nearby Lower East Side tenements. They presented plays on themes such as the conflict between Eastern European parents and their American-born children, and the tensions between Chasidic and “enlightened” Jews, and adapted works of Shakespeare and other world playwrights to give working class Jews a chance to partake of high culture.
illustration from Rifka Takes a Bow
Under the Sabbath Lamp
When Izzy and Olivia Bloom invite their neighbors over for Shabbat dinner, everyone is shocked to find out that the Blooms don't have Shabbat candles. Instead, they have something much more unusual: an antique Sabbath lamp that's been passed down from generation to generation. How did the Sabbath lamp get to America? That's a good story . . . the pieces of the lamp were each brought by a different member of the family when enough funds for passage had been saved. Finally, the family was reunited and the special lamp was fully reassembled. This story will help young readers understand how heirlooms can tell family histories.
illustrations from Under the Sabbath Lamp
Speak Up, Tommy
Moving from Israel to America is hard for Tomer, who goes by Tommy in his new school just because it is easier. Tommy’s classmates tease him about his Israeli accent and his poor English skills, but his knowledge of Hebrew makes him a hero, leading to a unique friendship with a policeman and his specially-trained dog. A contemporary story of moving to a new place, young readers can learn the important lesson of empathy for others.
illustration from Speak Up, Tommy!
Yuvi’s Candy Tree is a fictional story based on the true story of Yuvi Tashome. Yuvi, a little Ethiopian Jewish girl, escapes the poverty and terror of Ethiopia in the early 1980s with her grandmother, arriving in Israel where the orange trees with their sweet fruit fulfill her dream to live in a place where "candy trees" grow. Yuvi Tashome escaped from Ethiopia to a Sudanese refugee camp when she was a little girl. She was later airlifted to Israel as part of Operation Moses, one of several Israeli rescue operations of Ethiopian Jews in the 1980s and 1990s. Israel’s Law of Return gives Jews of all countries the right to return to Israel. The Ethiopian Jews viewed Israel as their home, and they risked their lives to return.
illustrations from Yuvi's Candy Tree
Not on our mailing list? Join it now.
|
<urn:uuid:81ac6e2d-8252-4b54-b16e-f9c0aadd8358>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.06683486700057983,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9696107506752014,
"url": "https://www.karben.com/Six-Inspiring-Stories-Celebrating-Immigration_b_2.html"
}
|
Queue data structure works on FIFO (First InFirst Out) principle,it means that the element that goes in first comes out first.
There are mainly two operations in queue
1. Enqueue
2. Dequeue
For better understanding,
Suppose we perform following operations on a queue ,predict the items in the queue.
Let q be a queue // elements in queue
q.enqueue(10) // 10
q.enqueue(20) // 10 20
q.enqueue(15) // 10 20 15
q.dequeue() // 20 15
q.dequeue() // 15
q.enqueue(5) // 15 5
Queues are used in a lot of applications, few of them are:
• Queue is used to implement many algorithms like Breadth First Search (BFS), etc.
• It can be also used by an operating system when it has to schedule jobs with equal priority
• Customers calling a call center are kept in queues when they wait for someone to pick up the calls
Queue using Arrays
1. we can’t change the size of an array, so we will make an array of fixed length first (this will be the maximum length of our queue) and then implement the queue on it.
2. We will use three pointers to implement the queue using an array, ‘size’, ‘front’ and ‘rear’. ‘front’ and ‘rear’ will simply store the indices of the front and rear elements respectively. We will use ‘size’ to store the current size of the queue.
3. We have made the values of ‘front’, ‘rear’ and ‘size’ -1 because the queue is not yet initialized. We will change these values according to our need after the initialization of the queue.
We just need to add an element at the index ‘rear+1’ and increase the value of the ‘rear’ and size by 1 for the enqueue operation.
The ‘dequeue’ operation is very simple using the array. We just need to decrease the ‘size’ by 1 and increase the ‘front’ by 1. That’s it.
Output: 80
Output: Value
1.For deletion purpose, it is first checked whether front is NULL, if it is NULL, we display the message “empty”.
2.In case the queue is not empty, deletion is done in such a way that temp pointer points to front and front pointer points to its next node.
3.After displaying data for the node to be deleted, node is deleted by delete function.
1.In the insertion operation, temp points to the new node.
2.If this is first node to be inserted then front will be NULL and now both front and rear points to this new node.
3.If front is not NULL then insertion is similar to adding the node at the end of linked list. The next pointer of rear points to temp and rear becomes temp.
Practice questions
1. Disk towers ( HackerEarth )
2. Eerie planet ( HackerEarth )
3. Monk and chamber of secrets ( HackerEarth )
4. Queue using two stacks ( Hackerrank )
5. Truck tour ( Hackerrank )
Happy Coding 😊
By Programmers Army
Contributed by: Parakh Pratap Singh
|
<urn:uuid:281c86e1-4066-42f5-a128-15a9fb305ff3>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.875,
"fasttext_score": 0.024070680141448975,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8567715883255005,
"url": "https://programmersarmy.com/DS/Queuedatastrure.html"
}
|
views updated May 09 2018
Freed from Slavery
Aesop never wrote down any of the tales himself; he merely recited them orally. The first recorded mention of his life came about a hundred years after he died, in a work by the eminent Greek historian Herodotus, who noted that he was a slave of one Iadmon of Samos and died at Delphi. In the first century C.E., Plutarch, another Greek historian, also speculated on Aesop's origins and life. Plutarch placed Aesop at the court of immensely weighty Croesus, the king of Lydia (now northwestern Turkey). A source from Egypt dating back to this same century also described Aesop as a slave from the Aegean island of Samos, near the Turkish mainland. The source claims that after he was released from bondage he went to Babylon. Aesop has also been referred to as Phrygian, pointing to origins in central Turkey settled by Balkan tribes around 1200 B.C.E. They spoke an Indo-European language and their communities were regularly raided for slaves to serve in Greece.
The name "Aesop" is a variant of "Acthiop," which is a reference to Ethiopia in ancient Greek. This and the trickster nature of some of his stories, where humans are regularly outwitted by a cleverer animal figure, has led some scholars to speculate that Aesop may have been from Africa. The link was discussed in a Spectator essay from 1932 by the critic J. H. Driberg. There are two tales from Aesop in which a man tries to come to the aid of a serpent, and Driberg noted that such acts mirror "the habitual kindness shown to snakes by many tribes: for snakes are the repositories of the souls of ancestors and they are cherished therefore and invited to live in the houses of men by daily gifts of milk."
Tales Reflected Human Folly
Anthropomorphism, or animals with human capabilities, is the common thread throughout Aesop's fables. The most famous among them are "The Tortoise and the Hare," in which the plodding turtle and the energetic rabbit hold a race. The arrogant hare is so confident that he rests and falls asleep halfway; the wiser tortoise plods past and wins. "Slow but steady wins the race," the fable concludes. These and other Aesop fables, wrote Peter Jones in the Spectator in 2002, often pit "the rich and powerful against the poor and weak. They stress either the folly of taking on a stronger power, or the cunning which the weaker must deploy if he is to stand any chance of success; and they often warn that nature never changes."
Thrown from Cliff
According to myth, Aesop won such fame throughout Greece for his tales that he became the target of resentment and perhaps even a political witch-hunt. He was accused of stealing a gold cup from Delphi temple to the god Apollo and was supposedly tossed from the cliffs at Delphi as punishment for the theft. His tales told of human folly and the abuses of power, and he lived during a period of tyrannical rule in Greece. His defense, it is said, was the fable "The Eagle and the Beetle," in which a hare, being preyed upon by an eagle, asks the beetle for protection. The small insect agrees, but the eagle fails to see it and strikes the hare, killing it. From then on, the beetle watched the eagle's nest and shook it when there were eggs inside, which then fell to the ground. Worried about her inability to reproduce, the eagle asks a god for help, and the deity offers to store the eggs in its lap. The beetle learns of this and puts a ball of dirt there among the eggs, and the god—in some accounts Zeus, in others Jupiter—rises, startled, and the eggs fall out. For this reason, it is said, eagles never lay their eggs during the season when beetles flourish. "No matter how powerful one's position may be, there is nothing that can protect the oppressor from the vengeance of the oppressed" is the moral associated with this particular fable.
The first written compilation of Aesop's tales came from Demetrius of Phaleron around 320 B.C.E., Assemblies of Aesopic Tales, but it disappeared in the ninth century. The first extant version of the fables is thought to be from Phaedrus, a former slave from Macedonia who translated the tales into Latin in the first century C.E. in what became known as the Romulus collection. Valerius Babrius, a Greek living in Rome, translated these and other fables of the day into Greek in the first half of the 200s C.E. Forty-two of those, in turn, were translated into Latin by Avianus around 400 C.E. There is also a link between Aesop and Islam. The prophet Mohamed mentioned "Lokman," said to be the wisest man in the east, in the 31st sura of the Koran. In Arab folklore, Lokman supposedly lived around 1100 B.C.E. and was an Ethiopian. His father, it was said, was descended from the biblical figure Job. Some of his tales may have been adapted by Aesop some five centuries after his death.
Censored for Children's Sake
The Latin translation of Aesop's fables helped them survive the ages. Their enduring appeal, wrote English poet and critic G. K. Chesterton in an introduction to a 1912 Doubleday edition, might lead back to a primeval allure. "These ancient and universal tales are all of animals; as the latest discoveries in the oldest prehistoric caverns are all of animals," Chesterton wrote. "Man, in his simpler states, always felt that he himself was something too mysterious to be drawn. But the legend he carved under these cruder symbols was everywhere the same; and whether fables began with Æsop or began with Adam … the upshot is everywhere essentially the same: that superiority is always insolent, because it is always accidental; that pride goes before a fall; and that there is such a thing as being too clever by half."
Aesop's tales were known in medieval Europe, and a German edition brought back to England by William Caxton, along with the first printing press in England, was translated by Caxton and became one of the first books ever printed in the English language. A 1692 version from English pamphleteer Roger L'Estrange A Hundred Fables of Aesop was popular for a number of years, and the Aesop fables began to be promoted as ideal for teaching children to read. A discovery by contemporary scholar Robert Temple and his wife Olivia, a translator, resulted in a 1998 Penguin edition that contained some ribald original tales they found in a 1927 Greek-language text. As David Lister explained in an article for London's Independent newspaper, "many of the never before translated fables were coarse and brutal. And even some of the most famous ones had been mistranslated to give them a more comforting and more moral tone. What the Temples began to realise was that the Victorians had simply suppressed the fables which shocked them and effectively changed others."
Chesterton, G.K., in an introduction to Aesop Fables, translated by V.S. Verson Jones, Doubleday & Co., 1912, reprinted in Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism, Vol 24.
Richardson, Samuel, in a preface to Aesop Fables, 1740, edited by Samuel Richardson, Garland Publishing, Inc., 1975, reprinted in Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism, Vol 24.
Independent (London, England), January 15, 1998.
Spectator, June 18, 1932; March 16, 2002.
views updated May 09 2018
Aesop (6th century bc), Greek storyteller. The moral animal fables associated with him were probably collected from many sources, and initially communicated orally; they were later popularized by the Roman poet Phaedrus, who translated some of them into Latin. Aesop is said to have lived as a slave on the island of Samos.
views updated Jun 11 2018
Aesop (620–560 bc) Legendary Greek fabulist. He was the reputed creator of numerous short tales about animals, all illustrating human virtues and failings. In fact, the stories are almost certainly written by several people).
|
<urn:uuid:78116854-a9c3-4555-ba37-879fc9c64936>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.04863560199737549,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9815071225166321,
"url": "https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/classical-literature-biographies/aesop"
}
|
RxJava Subject With Examples
In this tutorial, we’ll be discussing Subjects in RxJava. We won’t be covering the basics of RxJava. If you are new to RxJava, do read this tutorial before proceeding ahead.
What is a Subject?
We know Observables and Observers. Observables emit data. Observers listen to those emissions by subscribing with the help of Subscribers.
Subjects can emit and subscribe to the data. They have the implementations of Observables as well as Observers.
A Subject has the same operators that an Observable has.
They can multicast too. This means all the Observers subscribed to it will receive the same emissions from the point of subscription.
This prevents doing duplicate operations for multiple subscribers.
Where is a Subject used?
Subjects are commonly used when you need to observe some data and then later can emit that data to other observers.
Let’s look at an example with and without Subject. We’ll see how Subject saves us from redundant operations.
We’ve subscribed two Observers. Let’s see what the output prints.
The map operation is computed each time for each observer.
By using Subject we can remove this redundancy as shown below:
PublishSubject is a subclass of Subject.
The output is:
So the map operation isn’t repeated for the second subscriber.
Thus the Subject multicasts to all of its subscribers. That means that the data would be emitted and computed just once.
Cold Observables vs Hot ObservablesLet’s explain this with a metaphor.
Case 1
You are watching a movie on Youtube. You call your friend and tell him to subscribe to that channel and watch it too. He opens his Youtube and starts the movie.
Case 2
You are watching a live cricket/football match. Your friend joins you after some time.
In Case 1, you and your friend would be able to watch the full movie from the beginning.
In Case 2, the friend won’t be able to watch the match from the beginning.
• Case 1 = Cold Observables. All observers would get the emissions from the beginning.
• Case 2 = Hot Observables. Every Observer would receive emissions only from the point when they subscribed.
Subjects are Hot Observables
Now that we’re clear about Hot Observables, let’s validate whether Subjects are Hot Observables or not with an example:
The output printed in the console is:
As you can see the Observer 2 and Observer 3 don’t get the values emitted by the Subject before the point of subscription.
Another metaphor for Hot Observables – They are like Whatsapp Group messages. You can only read messages after joining the group
Types of Subject
Following are the different types of Subjects. Each works differently.
• PublishSubject
• BehaviorSubject
• AsyncSubject
• ReplaySubject
• UnicastSubject
• SingleSubject
This emits all the items at the point of subscription. This is the most basic form of Subject and we’ve implemented it above.
An observer, when subscribed to the BehaviorSubject, would get the last emitted item before it subscribed and all subsequent items.
Metaphor: Your friend gets to watch the last replay when he joins for the cricket match besides viewing the rest of the live match.
Of all the emissions, AsyncSubject would emit only the last item. That too only when onComplete() gets called.
Metaphor: You turned on your television to watch the live cricket match and its the last ball of the game. If your friend joins you late, he/she can also just see the last ball of the game.
As you can see if the onComplete was called before the second observer subscribed, still that observer would get the last emitted value, even if it was before it subscribed.
As the name says, when an observer subscribes to a ReplaySubject, it would get all the items from the beginning.
Metaphor: Your friend who had missed the live cricket match can now replay the whole. He probably recorded it!
A UnicastSubject can have a single observer only. Otherwise it will throw an error. Also it emits all the values from the beginning.
Metaphor: You and only you are watching the live cricket match. You can rewind it. If your friend comes your television screen won’t be visible to him. It will still be to you.
Last but not the least, a SingleSubject can emit only one item to all its observers. Multiple observers can subscribe to it. It can subscribe to multiple SingleObservables.
Metaphor: You can only watch the last ball of the match. Your friend can also just watch the single last ball of the match.
PS: We can set transformation operators on the Subject in the same way as we do on Observables:
Only 2 would be printed.
And that sums up RxJava Subject for us.
By admin
Leave a Reply
%d bloggers like this:
|
<urn:uuid:96afd259-50b2-4215-b0b0-a24d22dc4c9f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.02638489007949829,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8592269420623779,
"url": "https://all-learning.com/rxjava-subject/"
}
|
Skip to Main Content
Skip Nav Destination
This chapter considers how and why indios, many of them children, became commodities and crossed the Atlantic to Castile; how we can access their voices in documents; and how, by the time that slaves told their tales of forced migration to the courts, they already embodied the slave-raiding practices and forced inter-American diasporas experienced by previous generations. It also examines the cultural placement of slaves into the households of their Castilian masters, arguing that the label indio acquired meaning in relation to masters with their own sets of expectations and in relation to other members of the household, other people...
This content is only available as PDF.
You do not currently have access to this chapter.
Don't already have an account? Register
Close Modal
or Create an Account
Close Modal
Close Modal
|
<urn:uuid:d4b88236-d93f-4a9f-90c7-fd277adaa534>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.828125,
"fasttext_score": 0.20915794372558594,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9662383198738098,
"url": "https://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/184/chapter-abstract/107469/Crossing-the-Atlantic-and-Entering-Households?redirectedFrom=fulltext"
}
|
Facebook Pixel
Blind History
William the Conqueror
William the Conqueror was one of the great medieval warrior-kings. In fact, he set the standard for the next 500 years of English kingship. In war, he was undefeated, but in many ways he was unconventional, and plagued by family troubles and constant rebellion. His talent for administration produced a survey of England that it would take centuries to replicate, and his audacity (and a combination of strategy and luck) put a family on the throne that lasted for a thousand years.
|
<urn:uuid:8ddd4124-ce6a-4a27-b964-e59b83f47318>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.796875,
"fasttext_score": 0.0425754189491272,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9748891592025757,
"url": "https://www.podplay.com/en-gb/podcasts/blind-history-102769/episodes/william-the-conqueror-78552002"
}
|
Recently, scientists discovered a correlation between yawning and brains: the longer the average duration of a specie’s yawn, the bigger that specie’s brain size, as measured by brain weight and total number of cortical neurons.
The study was conducted on 109 individuals from across 19 different species, including cats, humans, mice, camels, and more. The investigators found that the duration of yawns was shortest in mice, who averaged 0.8 seconds, and longest in humans, who averaged 6.5 seconds. The scientists plan on investigating whether this correlation holds true amongst individual members of a species.
The study was created in response to the ideas set forth in Gallup’s 2007 paper on the thermoregulatory theory of yawning, one of the strongest theories about why we yawn (we do not yet definitively know the biological purpose of yawning). The thermoregulatory theory indicates that yawning cools down the brain in homeotherms via three potential mechanisms. But whether or not this brain-cooling is simply a side effect or the primary function of yawning is up for debate.
Based on Gallup’s paper, the investigators of this study hypothesized that longer yawns would produce greater physiological responses, in terms of blood flow and circulation to the brain– which would be evolutionarily necessary for species with larger, more complex brains.
There are other theories about why we yawn, such as a 2014 paper stating that yawning stimulates cerebrospinal fluid circulation, which in turn increases species’ alertness. A common theory that yawning increases blood oxygen levels has largely been disproved. How would such alternate theories have different implications for the discovered correlation between yawning and brain size?
|
<urn:uuid:933c1371-1fde-4803-a74f-f8bf242235bf>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.796875,
"fasttext_score": 0.727404773235321,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8775504231452942,
"url": "https://jnewbio.edublogs.org/tag/correlation/"
}
|
ADA Accessibility Information
Portland, OR
What is a crossbite?
A crossbite (also spelled cross-bite or cross bite) is an abnormal alignment of one or more of the teeth in one arch about the opposing teeth in the opposite arch. This can be caused by a deviation in the alignment of your teeth or the alignment of your jaw. While usually hereditary, crossbites can also occur as a result of certain types of situations. For instance, a crossbite can occur when the adult teeth begin to grow in before all of the baby teeth have fallen out. If this happens, the adult teeth cannot grow in properly, resulting in alignment issues.
Anterior Vs. posterior Crossbites
There are two types of crossbites that can occur, anterior and posterior. An anterior crossbite is similar to an underbite. It occurs when the top front teeth fall behind the bottom front teeth when you bite down. A posterior crossbite, on the other hand, occurs when one or more of the upper teeth on either side of your face fall inside the bottom teeth opposite of them. Posterior crossbites are usually corrected by expanding the palate, but sometimes by just moving one or two teeth.
Most seriously, the lower front teeth are much more likely to have gingival recession or other gum and periodontal problems if they are pushed forward by upper teeth in crossbite.
How can crossbites be corrected?
Anterior crossbites are corrected with an appliance that attaches to the permanent molars and pushes or pulls the upper front teeth forward. Usually this is a rather quick procedure that might take a few months. Once an anterior crossbite is corrected, it will usually stay corrected if the upper teeth cross over the lower teeth enough vertically.
Posterior crossbites are usually corrected by expanding the palate, but sometimes by just moving one or two teeth. See the article on Expanding Your Palate for more on this.
Correcting scissor bites are a bit more difficult and usually requires some braces, at a minimum on the involved teeth and the opposing teeth with a rubber band stretched vertically. More often, braces on all the top and bottom teeth in the area are more effective.
As you can see, crossbites can be a problem but can also be fixed with relatively little work.
We Care for Your Kids
At Great Grins for KIDS, we have kids of our own and understand how hard it can be to make sure they get what they need. That's why we are committed to providing great oral health to your kids - to make your life simpler. Remember, if your child experiences pain or irritation for more than a week, schedule an appoint with us to be seen. Pain and irritation that lasts for more than a week can be the sign of a more serious issue.
Please give us a call at (971) 470-0054 to schedule an appointment. We are always happy to answer any questions you may have!
Read More Testimonials
Correct Your Child's Crossbite | Great Grins for Kids Portland
Crossbites cause a shifting of normal chewing patterns. Think of a cow chewing its cud. Visit our site to learn about crossbite treatment options.
Portland OR 97233; (971) 470-0054;; 5/13/2022; Tags: crossbites, pediatric dentist Portland
|
<urn:uuid:27298c95-8be3-4b5e-9c70-4f1627103c04>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.045132219791412354,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9109321236610413,
"url": "https://portlandchildrensdentist.com/p/pediatric-dentist-Portland-OR-Crossbites-p16855.asp"
}
|
How a Coconut Becomes Activated Carbon
Turning Coconut into Charcoal
Another term for activated carbon is activated charcoal. Both of these terms refer to a charcoal material that has been reheated and oxidized (“activated”) to increase porousness. So, one of the necessary steps toward turning a coconut into activated carbon is to turn that coconut into charcoal. How does one do that?
With heat. Lots and lots of heat.
But it’s not enough to simply throw a coconut into the fire. Before heating the coconut, one must empty the coconut’s milk, scrape out the flesh, and ensure that the shell is clean and dry. The exterior part of the coconut will need to be cleaned of fibers, as well.
Once the shell is cleaned and dried, there are a variety of ways to turn this hard, woody material into charcoal. This process of turning coconut shell into charcoal is also called charring or pyrolysis. Essentially, the coconut shells need to be subjected to very high temperatures (between 300 and 500 degrees Celsius) for several hours in order to break down into charcoal. The vessel in which this process happens may vary.
One of the most popular methods of coconut charcoal production happens in a drum kiln, a lidded tank with a small chimney that creates higher interior temperatures by limiting oxygen flow. The bottom layer of coconut shell in the kiln will carbonize first, resulting in a glowing orange color emanating from the bottom coals. From the initial application of heat to this glowing orange stage often takes around 12 hours.
Once this has happened, air flow is cut off to the bottom layer of the drum and the coals start to cool—this stage is called the “pacification phase.” This is important because if the charcoal is allowed to burn for too long, it will turn to ash. The shells need to be caught at the appropriate time in the carbonization process—not before and not after.
After the carbonization process, one is left with coconut charcoal, also known as coconut carbon. The next step is activating the coconut carbon in order for it to be effective as a filter.
Steam Activation
The primary purpose of activation is to increase the pore size of the carbon so that it can catch more particulates and contaminants. Coconut carbon can be activated by soaking with chemicals like phosphoric acid, but there is also a steam method for activation.
In the steam method, an inert gas is brought to a temperature of about 800-1100 degrees Celsius in a rotary kiln, creating steam which dehydrates the charcoal and reduces the level of VOCs in it. This temperature is ideal—much higher and the charcoal starts to burn, leaving the manufacturer with less of the finished product. Much lower temperatures and the process takes far too long.
Rotary Kiln
Dual Rotary Kilns
While the coconut carbon is steaming, its pores are enlarged until they are the perfect size to catch the small molecules in water. Once the pores have reached the correct size, you are left with activated coconut carbon. Finally, the activated carbon is crushed, graded and sorted into different mesh sizes.
|
<urn:uuid:a5fedf8e-666c-4ac1-9f6a-dc5e07aed69f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.6794074177742004,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9440031051635742,
"url": "https://rajahfiltertechnics.com/water-filtration/coconut-becomes-activated-carbon/"
}
|
India falls geographically into two divisions in respect of her communication with the outside world. In spite of the mountain barriers on the north, north-west and north-east, there is a volume of evidence, though of an indirect character, of considerable communication with the rest of Asia, with the portions of China and Indo-Chinese peninsula on the east, with Tibet and the western portion of China in the middle, and Central Asia stretching westwards as far as Asia Minor itself and the Mediterranean Sea on the the west. In respect of these overland communications with the west, we have comparatively speaking few glimpses by way of evidence. The discovery of the Bogaz-Keui inscription referring to the Vedic deities, Mitra, Varuna, Indra and Nasatya, and the Aryan character of the people of Mittani have led to the possibility of the inference that one section of the Aryans moved into that region. The irruptions of the Kassites who over-ran Babylonia about three centuries previous to this, also implies the existence of a powerful community of Aryan speaking people so far out. The question wherefrom they came is involved in the general problem of the Aryan home which is still a matter for discussion. The representation of apes, Indian elephants and Baktrian camels on an obelisk of Shalmanesser III in B. C. 860 gives the first clear indication of a communication between India and Assyria. It is the expansion of the Empire under Cyrus and his successor Darius that brings the Persian Empire directly into touch with India, and opens the way for the establishment of regular communication with western Asia. Similarly, on the eastern side, there is evidence of considerable early communication with the east; much of the continen tal civilisation of the Indo-Chinese Peninsula seems derivable from northern India of the Buddhistic age, some of which may possibly be referable to times earlier. This communication of northern India with the outside world is not what concerns us directly.
|
<urn:uuid:c9282566-0b26-45ce-be71-154fd575afaf>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.03597056865692139,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.954742968082428,
"url": "https://chestofbooks.com/history/india/South-India-Culture/Overland-Communication-Of-Northern-India.html"
}
|
Dec 2, 2017
Why do we say "get on the bus" but say "get in the car"? Find out!
"On the bus" is a fixed conventional expression in all varieties of English across America and Britain. "On the bus" is used in the transportational context (i.e., you are on the bus when you are travelling by bus) while "in the bus" can be used to show your position (in the bus). A similar example is "on the train". You say "on the train" when travelling by train whereas you use "in the train" to indicate your position in relation to the train.
However, the reverse is the case when it comes to car. You are "in the car" when travelling by car. In this case, it is inappropriate to use "on the car" except you are on top of the car. It is also a fixed conventional expression.
You can use the hints below to get them right:
1. You get OUT of a car, so you get IN it.
2. You get OFF a train, so you get ON it.
3. You get OFF a bus, so you get ON it.
IN for OUT, and ON for OFF. It is just like using the opposite of one to get the other right.
Subscribe Now to Get Free Daily English Tutorials Delivered to Your Mailbox
|
<urn:uuid:d73ddaf4-8ea8-4c50-9d23-e7a7817e3ca9>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.9469574689865112,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9149112105369568,
"url": "https://www.tammysenglishblog.com/2017/12/why-do-we-say-get-on-bus-but-say-get-in.html"
}
|
12,000 BP
Within the accuracy limits of carbon dating, 12,000 BP is when the first enclosure was built at Gobeckli Tepi. With no previous evidence having been found of humans constructing in quarried stone, the enclosures are not just built of monolithic blocks, but these blocks are carved. And this is not just carving inscribed into the quarried surface of the stone, it is relief carvings made by removing all the stone from the sides of the blocks except those parts the designers wished to leave to depict the animals and symbols. This is advanced stone quarrying and carving.
The dating of Gobekli Tepe can only be approximate, from datable material in the in-fill of the constructions, but that dates when they were filled in, not when they were created. What can be said with with a fair degree of certainty is that construction started either during the younger dryas period or shortly after it ended.
The key mystery of Gobekli Tepe is how construction was organised. For such megalithic constructions considerable labour is required. For this two conditions have to be met:
- The people must have been able to feed themselves reasonably well without having to spend every available hour hunting for food.
- Some powerful and persuasive people must have gained the agreement of the population and led the construction.
Linked with these mysteries is the mystery of why a series of similar constructions were built, and then filled in. This rather suggests that a key reason for their construction was the need to be continuously constructing one of the enclosures. No doubt they had a purpose and a use, but there must have been a reason accepted by the population why a serviceable enclosure, that they had put the effort into building, should be abandoned and in-filled and more effort be demanded from them to create another.
We must also not forget the two other things happening at this time, the younger dryas period and the start of agriculture and farming. These are of course linked. During the cold younger dryas period hunting and gathering will have been much harder. Plant growth will have been slower and hence the number of animals it could support will have been less than before this period. Farming is a more intensive way of producing food. Cultivation of certain plants might have been a response to the colder climate. Or it might have started when the climate warmed at the end of the younger dryas period.
An important question to ask is which came first, successful agriculture or the building of the first enclosure at Gobekli Tepe. Did secure food supplies free-up the time and effort, and create the desire to construct a megalithic enclosure, or was construction of the first enclosure in some way linked to the development of effective farming - by people who previously were hunter-gatherers.
Read the story for more.
|
<urn:uuid:8dbf9ca5-1910-4132-88d5-e695b607a377>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.734375,
"fasttext_score": 0.17594444751739502,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9775211215019226,
"url": "http://rogerbroadie.com/styled/styled-4/styled-8/styled-22/"
}
|
Star Chamber
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
Star Chamber
An ancient high court of England, controlled by the monarch, which was abolished in 1641 by Parliament for abuses of power.
The English court of Star Chamber was created by King Henry VII in 1487 and was named for a room with stars painted on the ceiling in the royal palace of Westminster where the court sat. The Star Chamber was an instrument of the monarch and consisted of royal councillors and two royal judges. The jurisdiction of the court was based on the royal prerogative of administering justice in cases not remediable in the regular courts of law.
The Star Chamber originally assisted with some administrative matters, but by the 1530s it had become a pure court, relieving the king of the burden of hearing cases personally. It was a court of Equity, granting remedies unavailable in the common-law courts. As such, the court was an informal body that dispensed with "due process" as it was then understood.
During Henry VII's reign (1485–1509), about half the cases involved real property. During the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the Star Chamber became a useful tool in dealing with cases involving members of the aristocracy who often defied the authority of the regular courts. It was during this period, moreover, that the court acquired criminal jurisdiction, hearing cases on issues concerning the security of the realm, such as Sedition, criminal libel, conspiracy, and forgery. Later, Fraud and the punishment of judges came within its jurisdiction.
The importance of the Star Chamber increased during the reigns of James I (1603–25) and Charles I (1625–49). Under Archbishop William Laud, the court became a tool of royal oppression, seeking out and punishing religious and political dissidents. In the 1630s Laud used the Star Chamber to persecute a group of Puritan leaders, most of whom came from the gentry, subjecting them to the pillory and Corporal Punishment. Though the Star Chamber could not mete out Capital Punishment, it inflicted everything short of death upon those found guilty. During this time the court met in secret, extracting evidence by torturing witnesses and handing out punishments that included mutilation, life imprisonment, and enormous fines. It turned equity's traditionally broad discretion into a complete disregard for the law. The Star Chamber sometimes acted on mere rumors in order to suppress opposition to the king.
The Star Chamber's Arbitrary use of power and the cruel punishments it inflicted produced a wave of reaction against it from Puritans, advocates of common-law courts, and others opposed to the reign of Charles I. In 1641 the Long Parliament abolished the court and made reparations to some of its victims.
The term star chamber has come to mean any lawless and oppressive tribunal, especially one that meets in secret. The constitutional concept of Due Process of Law is in part a reaction to the arbitrary use of judicial power displayed by the Star Chamber.
Further readings
Elton, G. R. 1974. Star Chamber Stories. New York: Barnes & Noble.
Guy, J. A. 1977. The Cardinal's Court: The Impact of Thomas Wolsey in Star Chamber. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield.
Star Chamber
a tribunal abolished in 1641. It was effectively the king in council exercising criminal jurisdiction. It was inquisitorial, and torture is believed to have been used. It is now used more generally to denote an any arbitrary tribunal.
STAR CHAMBER, Eng. law. A court which formerly had great jurisdiction and power, but which was abolished by stat. 16, C. I., c. 10, on account of its usurpations and great unpopularity. It consisted of several of the lords spiritual and temporal, being privy counsellors, together with two judges of the courts of common law, without the intervention of a jury. Their legal jurisdiction extended over riots, perjuries, misbehaviour of public officers, and other great misdemeanors. The judges afterwards assumed powers, and stretched those they possessed to the utmost bounds of legality. 4 Bl. Com. 264.
References in periodicals archive ?
38) But discussions surrounding the Bill of Rights tend to imply that the incorporation of the public-trial right was instead a fearful reaction to the dangers of Star Chamber practices.
In this comprehensive account of the workings of the Irish Star Chamber Court, Crawford (director, International Education, Roanoke College, Virginia) describes the varying fortunes of the court under successive Irish chief governors from Henry Sydney to Thomas Wentworth.
Star Chamber was not bound by common law procedures--trial by jury, for example, was not required--and although it could not impose capital punishment (it had no jurisdiction over felonies), it could impose corporal punishments such as branding, maiming, and whipping.
I knew that Toronto printer Scott Brockie had been hauled before the contemporary equivalent of the Star Chamber, a human rights tribunal, and convicted of turning down printing business from homosexual activists.
23) Others, however, compared Officer Chavez's conduct to "the kind of custodial interrogation that was once employed by the Star Chamber [and] by the Germans of the 1930s and early 1940s.
In a scene right out of the movie The Star Chamber, a group of powerful religious-right leaders on May 6 grilled Marc Racicot, chairman of the Republican National Committee, about a meeting he'd had with the Human Rights Campaign, a gay advocacy group, in March.
Just as the Bush Administration is announcing that "defending our way of life" means supporting these star chamber court proceedings, curtailing civil liberties, and letting law enforcement listen in on conversations between lawyers and their clients, journalists seem to have given up their critical stance and decided that being a P.
He was Edward Stowers, a blacksmith, who explained his side of the quarrel in a lawsuit against Brayne in the Star Chamber.
He takes particular issue with Kevin Sharpe's revisionist view that Charles was not a tyrant, that his financial exactions were not oppressive, and that Star Chamber was a popular court.
Even aside from the atrocious proceedings of the Star Chamber and High Commission, the state trials offer little more than a procession of "browbeating judges, packed juries, lying witnesses, clamorous spectators.
From the county court all the way up to the dreaded Star Chamber, law was an ever-present reality.
|
<urn:uuid:398558b6-7678-44ab-b394-3a362a25cf6d>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.859375,
"fasttext_score": 0.028923511505126953,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.961418628692627,
"url": "http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Star+Chamber"
}
|
Teacher Training: The Melting Pot – Multiculturalism in the U.S.
Chris Ziegler- McPherson, Bremen
The United States has long described itself as a “Melting Pot,” a nation created by the blending of many people from around the world. But few people are clear about what they mean when they use this term, and the phrase has often been controversial and rejected as being either inaccurate or culturally offensive and oppressive. What do we mean when we say “America or the United States is a melting pot”? Where did this phrase come from and how has it changed over time? Is this term even accurate in describing American society and immigration history? This workshop examines these questions and theories of assimilation and pluralism in the U.S. by using historical cartoons from the 19th and 20th centuries. A sample lesson plan and suggestions of how to use this material in the classroom is included.
€ 5
Engl. Sprache
Anmeldung erforderlich: mail@dai-nuernberg.de oder FIBS: E613-0/19/2.
22. March 2019
09:00 – 13:00
DAI - Deutsch-Amerikanisches Institut Gleißbühlstraße 9 90402 Nürnberg
|
<urn:uuid:1d73efa8-b4b5-4514-a045-04fae3cfa427>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.11904913187026978,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9182679653167725,
"url": "https://www.dai-nuernberg.de/en/events/detail/program/event/2019/03/22/teacher-training-the-melting-pot-multiculturalism-in-the-us.html"
}
|
Create a Street Name and Describe Life There: Creative Writing Lesson Plan for Middle School
Help students build creative writing skills via a project where they create a street name! Have students create a unique street name and describe what their life there would be like. This activity will be fun for students and it will help them hone their descriptive writing skills. This skill is very valuable for the creative writing segment on standardized tests.
Start the project by asking the class if students have ever seen any unusual street names. Then discuss the names they present. Take a few minutes to also brainstorm some unusual street names together as a class and discuss what students think life would be like on that street. Pick a few exotic locations in the world and ask students to come up with some street names for the country. Give them examples like Cleopatra Lane for Egypt, or Koala Drive for Australia. Give students enough time creating street names as a class so they feel comfortable moving ahead to create their own street name based on their life experiences.
Next give students time on the computers to visit sites about the country where they will name a street. They may view websites to get ideas about life in the country. They may also look at the dictionary sites to find unusual words they may want to use as part of the street name they pick.
Then have students sit in groups to work on this project. Give them each a piece of poster board and ask them to list the name of the street and ten ideas about what life on the street would be like. If they wish they may also draw a picture of the street or the street sign. After the project is completed the student work will be hung on a bulletin board.
Give students some ideas to brainstorm street names. Tell them to create street names that link to these topics or one of their choice:
A favorite flower (example Magnolia Street)
A favorite city (example Miami Boulevard)
A favorite restaurant (example Taco Place)
A favorite hobby (example Reading Avenue)
A spot in family history (example London Avenue)
A vacation spot (Jamaica Avenue)
Encourage students to think about spots that have significance to them. A street could be named after almost any thing or any place. Use a street name that brings forth imagery when someone hears it. For example upon hearing Magnolia street images come to mind of the sweet scent of magnolias and warm summer days.
When the students describe life on the street they should be creative and portray the unusual and the exotic not the mundane everyday life. Tell students to be imaginative and that their project will be grades on the uniqueness of their ideas and their creative writing skill.
Also inform the class that their homework assignment will be to write the introduction paragraph for a short story that will be set on the street they created. Instruct them to introduce the protagonist of the story in the first paragraph.
Students enjoy this project and are delighted to see their work incorporated into a display in the classroom.
|
<urn:uuid:492bc33f-e90a-4abc-910e-b477af7e5394>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.921875,
"fasttext_score": 0.02821868658065796,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9448825716972351,
"url": "https://www.brighthubeducation.com/middle-school-english-lessons/18434-create-a-street-name-creative-writing-activity/"
}
|
|Tuesday, March 26, 2019
You are here: Home » Daily News » “Face blindness” is a medical problem
• Follow Us!
“Face blindness” is a medical problem
Prosopagnosia, also known as “face blindness”, is the inability to recognise faces.
Many people with prosopagnosia aren’t able to recognise family members, partners or friends. They may cope by using alternative strategies to recognise people, such as remembering the way they walk, or their hairstyle, voice or clothing.
But these types of compensation strategies don’t always work, particularly when a person with pro-sopagnosia meets someone out of context, at a place or time they’re not used to seeing that person.
A person with pro-sopagnosia may avoid social interaction and develop social anxiety disorder (an overwhelming fear of social situations).They may also have difficulty forming relationships or experience problems with their career. Episodes of depression aren’t uncommon.
Some people with prosopagnosia are unable to recognise certain facial expressions, judge a person’s age or gender, or follow a person’s gaze. Others may not even recognise their own face in the mirror or in photos.
Prosopagnosia can affect a person’s ability to recognise objects, such as places or cars. Many people also have difficulty navigating. This can involve an inability to process angles or distance, or problems remembering places and landmarks.
Following the plot of films or television programmes can be almost impossible for someone with prosopagnosia because characters aren’t recognisable. Someone with prosopagnosia may worry that they appear rude or disinterested when they fail to recognise a person.
|
<urn:uuid:cbf044b8-9475-4268-931d-aa17593ed7cb>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.875,
"fasttext_score": 0.07302314043045044,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9310903549194336,
"url": "http://www.tenerifenews.com/2019/01/face-blindness-is-a-medical-problem/"
}
|
Yellow oriole
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Yellow oriole
Icterus nigrogularis 2.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Icteridae
Genus: Icterus
I. nigrogularis
Binomial name
Icterus nigrogularis
(Hahn, 1816)
The yellow oriole (Icterus nigrogularis) is a passerine bird in the family Icteridae. It should not be confused with the green oriole, sometimes alternatively called the Australasian yellow oriole, Oriolus flavocinctus, which is an Old world oriole.
The yellow oriole is also called the 'plantain' and 'small corn bird', and in Venezuela it is known as 'gonzalito'. It breeds in northern South America in Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, the Guianas and parts of northern Brazil, (northern Roraima state, and eastern Amapá). The yellow oriole is a bird of open woodland, scrub and gardens. Its nest is a 40 cm-long hanging basket, suspended from the end of a branch. The normal clutch is three pale green or grey eggs.
This is a 20–21 cm long, 38 g weight bird, with mainly yellow plumage, as its name suggests. The adult male has a black eye mask, thin black throat line, black tail and black wings with a white wing bar and some white feather edging.
The female is similar but slightly duller, and the juvenile bird has an olive-tinged yellow back, and lacks black on the face.
There are four subspecies of yellow oriole, of which three are restricted to islands. They differ from the widespread nominate race of the mainland in body and bill size, and minor plumage details.
This species eats mainly large insects, but will also take nectar and some fruit.
The song of the yellow oriole is a pleasant melodious fluting, with some buzzing. The calls include a cat-like whine, and chattering noises.
1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Icterus nigrogularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
External links[edit]
|
<urn:uuid:8932f5b6-7db4-42ab-b30c-3c3138c81065>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.045344412326812744,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8750602602958679,
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_oriole"
}
|
Mössbauer spectroscopy (rus. спектроскопия, мёссбауэровская otherwise метод ядерного гамма-резонанса; гамма-резонансная спектроскопия) — a family of methods based on the Mössbauer effect designed to study physical and chemical properties of condensed matter (mostly solids) as well as micro- and nano-sized objects (nuclei, ions, chemical and biological systems, etc.) in solid bodies.
The Mössbauer spectroscopy method is based on the effect of recoil-free resonant absorption of monochromatic quanta in the state with energy equal to the Mössbauer transition energy.
To apply this method, radioactive isotopes are used: for instance, isotope 57Fe transforms into 57Co converted with emission of which results in there being no resonant absorption.
To achieve the resonance, the source of -quanta is moved with a certain velocity () relative to the absorber and, therefore, the source's nuclear transition energy changes (the Doppler effect* occurs); when is reached -quant is absorbed by the nucleus and nuclear gamma resonance originates. The energy differences observed in Mössbauer spectroscopy correspond to relative velocities of the order of a millimetre per second which are easily achieved and reliably registered.
When measured, the Mössbauer spectrum represents the dependence of intensity of -rays absorption from . The quantitative measure of intensity of -radiation is the number of electrical pulses generated in a strictly defined period of time.
There are two types of Mössbauer spectroscopy: absorption and emission spectroscopy. In the first case the studied material is an absorber of -quanta, and to obtain the Mössbauer spectrum we need the content of the Mössbauer atoms in the sample to amount to several percent of the total number of atoms. For example, the content in native iron of 57Fe isotope is sufficient for this method since this number is 2.17%.
The difference between Mössbauer emission spectroscopy and Mössbauer absorption spectroscopy is that the research subjects are substances containing radioactive nuclei which form, through nuclear reactions and subsequent cascade of -transitions, an excited nucleus emitting resonant -quanta. The energy spectrum of emitted -quanta is analysed with the use of the Mössbauer spectrometer where the absorber contains resonant nuclei which remain in the ground state and have a single absorption line.
Mössbauer spectroscopy is one of the main methods used to study the structure of iron-containing nanoparticles. Iron doping facilitates the study of many other nanostructured materials and some nanoscale processes (e.g., release of impurities on the surface of nanoparticles, the kinetics of nanoparticles formation, etc.).
* The Doppler effect is the change in perceived vibrations frequency due to movements of wave source and/or receiver.
Simplified layout of Mössbauer spectrometer; a mechanical or electrodynamic device drives the q
Simplified layout of Mössbauer spectrometer; a mechanical or electrodynamic device drives the quantum source, making it oscillate with a certain speed relative to the absorber. The detector measures the relation of intensity of -quanta stream passing through the absorber to the speed of oscillation.
• Streletskiy Alexey V.
1. G. K. Wertheim, Mössbauer Effect: Principles and Applications // Academic Press, 1964.
2. Mössbauer spectroscopy // Physical Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian) // Moscow: The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 1995. — 928 с.
Contact us
|
<urn:uuid:0b4bf33d-2be5-49bc-9179-44410aba08fd>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.17162758111953735,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8308025002479553,
"url": "http://eng.thesaurus.rusnano.com/wiki/article2071"
}
|
Skip to main content
Mathematics collaboration
Go Search
Photographic Blog
MathsShare > Puzzles > Water and Wine
Modify settings and columns
Edited: 08/09/2010 04:14 PM
Picture: John Rowland
John Rowland
Water and wine
A glass of wine. An equal glass of water. Take one spoonful of water and pour into wine. Mix thoroughly. Take one spoonful of mixture and pour into water. By volume, is there more water in the wine or more wine in the water?
Edited: 20/05/2013 04:57 PM
Picture: John Rowland
John Rowland
Since after the two transfers there is still a equal volume in each glass, an equal amount of water must now be in the wine as there is wine in the water!
Let V be the volume of water in the first glass. V is also the volume of wine in the second glass. Let S be the volume of one spoonful.
After the first transfer the volumes are:
In the 1st glass: Water = V-S, Wine=0
In the 2nd glass: Water = S, Wine=V
The fraction of water in the second glass is S/(S+V)
Therefore the second transfer consists of: Water = SxS/(S+V), and Wine= S - SxS/(S+V)
And so after the second transfer:
In the 1st glass: Water = V - S + SxS/(S+V), Wine = S - SxS/(S+V)
In the 2nd glass: Water = S - SxS/(S+V), Wine = V - S + SxS/(S+V)
There is the same amount of wine in the water as there is water in the wine.
Try it with V=90 and S=10:
After first transfer, first glass is (80 water, 0 wine), second glass is (10 water, 90 wine) which is 10% water. So the second transfer is of (1 water, 9 wine) giving a final position: First glass (81 water, 9 wine), second glass (9 water, 81 wine).
|
<urn:uuid:d7ac22e9-9d1b-4f49-8a9c-e0bc40106544>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.03551375865936279,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9160457849502563,
"url": "http://home.mathsshare.com/Lists/Team%20Discussion/Flat.aspx?RootFolder=%2FLists%2FTeam%20Discussion%2FWater%20and%20Wine&FolderCTID=0x012002002281250146D06743B8443028711A06ED"
}
|
The first sea navigation instrument was the Arab kamál. In 1342 Levi ben Gerson described the cross-staff. In 1551 Martín Cortés (d. 1582) described the astrolabe. In 1595 John Davis (1552-1605) described the backstaff, which commonly was called a quadrant, or later the Davis quadrant.
To make the instrument smaller, the octant was invented, being just one-eighth of a circle. It could measure up to a 45° angle. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) designed a version with an arc of 60° or one-sixth of a circle and appropriately named the instrument a sextant.
In 1666 Robert Hooke (1635-1703) suggested that reflecting the image of a celestial body would give twice the coverage. This idea was taken up by Astronomer Royal Sir Edmund Halley (1656-1742) in 1692 with a single instrument. Caleb Smith in 1734 created a "sea quadrant" with a single mirror, and a few instruments were made.
Meanwhile Isaac Newton (1642-1727) had presented the idea for a doubly reflecting instrument to the Royal Society in 1699, but the idea was ignored. It remained for another Englishman named John Hadley (1682-1744) in 1731 to combine the octant with Isaac Newton's idea of using double-reflecting mirrors, which gave Hadley's octant the ability to measure a full 90°. In the same year the American Thomas Godfrey designed a quadrant with double-reflecting mirrors that could measure 180°.
In 1757 Captain John Campbell (1720-1790) arranged through the Astronomer Royal of the day, James Bradley (1693-1762) to have the famous instrument maker John Bird (1709-1776) construct a Hadley quadrant with double-reflecting mirrors. The modern sextant was born.
Sextants have a 60° arc and double-reflecting mirrors to give a measuring range of up to 120°. Verniers and micrometer drums allow sextants to measure angles as fine as 12" of arc today.
Here is the most popular all-metal sextant made today, a sextant made in China called the Astra IIIb:
Astra IIIb sextant, circa 1997
Here is an octant made around 1840 by G. W. Blunt, who incidentally published most of the early editions of The American Practical Navigator written by Nathaniel Bowditch. This octant uses brass for the arm, ivory for the inlay, and ebony for the frame.
G.W. Blunt octant, circa 1840
My workhorse sextant is this Tamaya Jupiter sextant made in Japan; mine was made in 1982:
Tamaya Jupiter sextant, circa 1982
The most accurate sextant that I own is a C. Plath Navistar Professional which I bought new in 1999. It was made in Germany and has a fabulous feel to it, as it is made of cold extrustion seawater resistant aluminum alloy along with Hastadur, a glass-reinforced material which also reduces weight. It is guaranteed accurate to better than 12 seconds of arc.
C. Plath Navistar Professional sextant, circa 1999
C. Plath of Germany made a prototype of a sextant with a built-in calculator. It seems to me that today one could have a attitude sensor to detect how level the sextant is, another sensor to measure the angle of a body, a built-in twin quartz clock with high accuracy, and then with the press of a single buttom a fix could be processed by a built-in computer without relying upon any external signals from satellites or radios. The whole thing could run off of 2 AA batteries, the way a Garmin GPS does, or better yet, solar power!
C. Plath Navistar with calculator prototype
One of my real favorites is this small 3 inch diameter pocket sextant, a Francis Barker & Son Small Craft Precision Sextant from England. This one is the last one ever sold new. It was probably made in 1988, although I did not buy it until 1997!
Francis Barker & Sons Pocket Sextant, circa 1988
Another circular compact favorite is my Picket Circular Slide Rule. I got this for my birthday about 1970 and I've never seen another! It is a real gem, just slightly over 3 inches in diameter:
Pickett Circular Slide Rule, circa 1970
Tamaya Spica sextant, circa 1982
Back to Dan Allen's home page.
Created: 29 Dec 1998
Modified: 3 Nov 2002
|
<urn:uuid:21e33ea1-9bd4-45de-b65b-81a126873795>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.78125,
"fasttext_score": 0.029371976852416992,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9463639259338379,
"url": "http://dkallen.org/Sextants.htm"
}
|
Postorbital Squamosal Jugal
Parietal x Frontal
Lacrimal Nasal
Surangular Angular
Parietal x Frontal
Crocodilian Dentary
A crocodilian skull. (Illustration by Brian Cressman)
recorded in several species. Changes in mood, such as those caused by stress, and environmental temperature can dull skin color. Long-term change can be effected by the environment, with individuals from shaded areas becoming darker as black pigment (melanin) accumulates in the skin.
The crocodilian head always draws attention. The skull, although massive and sturdy, is infiltrated with air spaces. These spaces reduce weight without compromising strength, and provide extensive areas for muscle attachment and expansion. Two pairs of openings on either side of the cranium classify the skull as diapsid. There is considerable variation in skull and jaw morphology across all 23 species, and this has an ecological significance: broad jaws are reinforced by bony ridges to resist strong bite forces for crushing prey, while slender jaws slice with little resistance through water to seize slippery prey.
The head houses all the major sense organs, vital for navigation, communication, and hunting. Senses are concentrated on the dorsal surface, so they remain exposed even when the head is partially submerged. Remarkably, a crocodile can hide its entire body below the water while maintaining maximal sensory input from its surroundings. As masters of stealth and ambush, crocodiles have no equal.
The eyes of the crocodile are placed high on each side of the head, turrets that provide 270° of widescreen coverage plus 25° of binocular overlap directly ahead to accurately judge distance. The pupil, round and dilated at night to permit maximum light entry, is compressed to a thin vertical slit during daylight to protect the sensitive retina. Inside the eye, cone cells on the retina provide color acuity by day, and high densities of rod cells give excellent low-light sensitivity at night. These rods can change shape to further alter sensitivity. A layer behind the retina, the tapetum lucidum, is im pregnated with guanine crystals to reflect light back across the visual cells. This effectively doubles visual sensitivity at night, and shining a beam of light directly into a crocodile's eye rewards the observer with a fiery red eyeshine. Visual cells are most concentrated in a horizontal band across the back of the retina, a fovea providing highest visual acuity where crocodiles need it most—along the same plane as water. To focus (accommodate), crocodilians change the shape of their lens using the ciliary body.
Three eyelids cover each eye. The upper lid contains bony ossification to protect the eye, large bony palpebrals in caimans lending "eyebrows" to their appearance. The lower lid lacks ossification and is responsible for closing the eye. The third eyelid, the nictitating membrane, sweeps laterally over the cornea to clean the eye and protect it from abrasion underwater. Although the nictitating membrane is transparent except for the ossified leading edge, crocodilians still see poorly through it. Lachrymal (tear) glands lubricate its passage via ducts connected to the nasal cavities. Fluids may even accumulate when the crocodile remains out of water—real "crocodile tears," yet an unlikely source for the popular myth.
The ears are located immediately behind the eyes, the eardrum protected by an elongated flap of skin. Hearing sensitivity can be altered by opening a slit in front of the flap, or lifting the flap upward. When submerged, the ears normally close, as hearing becomes secondary to the ability to feel vibrations through the water. Detectable frequencies range from below 10 Hz to over 10 kHz, and sound pressure levels below -60 dB can be detected within certain bandwidths. In other words, crocodilians have excellent hearing, on a par with birds and mammals. Peak sensitivities range from 100 Hz to 3 kHz depending on the species, which coincides with the bandwidth of calls produced by juveniles. Vocalization is well developed in crocodilians, with over 20 different call types from both juveniles and adults recognized.
Crocodilians can breathe when submerged by exposing the dorsal margin of their head and hence their raised nostrils. Inhaled air passes through sinuses separated from the mouth by a bony secondary palate, where any chemicals in the air are detected by sensory epithelial cells. The presence and direction to food is easily discerned, and smell plays an important role in chemical communication. In early crocodyliforms, the internal nostrils (choanae) opened in the front of the mouth, but over millions of years they moved back to the throat, a phenomenon termed post-nasal drift. The palatal valve, a fleshy extension of the tongue, completely seals the throat from the mouth, hence crocodilians breathe easily near the surface even if the mouth is flooded with water. The glottis, an opening to the trachea and lungs, is located directly beneath the choanae. By varying tension in muscles lining the opening, exhaled air is forced through a constriction capable of relatively complex vocal sounds. Amplification is provided by expanding the throat using the hyoid apparatus, a curved cartilage beneath the glottis. A curious bend in the trachea of several species may further amplify the sound, similar to the long, curved necks of cranes.
The tongue lies between each mandibular bone of the lower jaw, behind the mandibular symphesis (fusion). Hence in slender-snouted species with extended sympheses, the tongue is greatly reduced. Although relatively immobile, the tongue can be pushed against the roof of the mouth to manipulate objects or pulled down to create a pouch for hatch-lings. Typically bright yellow or orange, the tongue's color may provide a social or warning signal when the jaws gape. Pores cover the surface of the tongue, through which "salt glands" produce a saline fluid in brackish or sea water in Croc-odylidae and Gavialidae. Alligatorid pores play no role in salt secretion, supporting theories of a more recent marine dispersal phase for the Crocodylidae. Chemoreceptors lining the tongue detect chemicals in water, yet little is known of their sensitivity. Their importance is implied in their ability to detect food underwater, and in the role of pheromones secreted from chin and paracloacal musk glands.
High densities of dome pressure receptors (DPRs) cover scales on the head, particularly around the jaws. Disturbances of the water surface create pressure waves easily detected by DPRs, rapidly alerting the crocodile to potential prey near the head. Crocodilians also react rapidly to movement underwater (such as fishes) even when vision is unavailable. Similar pressure receptors, Integumentary Sense Organs (ISOs), are located on the caudal margin of body scales in Crocodyl-idae and Gavialidae, but not Alligatoridae. Their function is not fully understood, nor is the reason why alligatorids entirely lack them. However, evidence of DPRs exists in extinct crocodyliforms, suggesting their sensory role in water has long been part of their repertoire.
Betraying their terrestrial origins, crocodilians are surprisingly mobile predators on land. Although lacking the stamina for pursuit, their explosive force catches most prey unaware. Like all archosaurs, the hind limbs are significantly larger and stronger than the forelimbs, suited to the croco dilian propensity for launching the body forward at speed. Five toes are present on the front feet and four on the back, although residual bones from the fifth still exist. The inner three toes terminate with strong, blunt nails that provide traction; the outer one (back feet) or two (front feet) lack claws and bend backward during walking. There is extensive webbing between the toes on the back feet, but webbing is minimal or absent from the front feet.
The limbs are used to crawl, walk, and gallop. The crawl employs the limbs alternately to slide the body across mud, sand, or grass. When sufficiently motivated, the limbs can propel the body forward in a slithering manner at much greater speed, up to 6.2 mph (10 kph). In the uniquely crocodilian high walk, the feet rotate inward toward the body and support it from below. Lifting the head and belly clear of the ground enables the crocodile to traverse obstacles or rough terrain. In a few species, the front and hind limbs move in tandem to gallop. This springlike gait accelerates the crocodile up to 10.6 mph (17 kph) for several seconds until the safety of water can be reached. Cuban crocodiles (C. rhomb-ifer) remind us of the frightening aggression of their terrestrial ancestors when they gallop toward a threat.
Water is clearly the crocodilian's preferred domain, a home for prey that live in the water and a magnet for prey that live on land. Mobility is possible through the powerful tail, which makes up half the body's total length. Flattened dorsoven-trally to provide extensive surface area for propulsion, the tail is undulated laterally by powerful muscles. Limbs are swept back during rapid swimming, although when moving slowly they help the crocodile steer, brake, reverse, or walk across the bottom. So powerful is the tail that it can drive hundreds of pounds (or kilograms) of crocodile vertically out of the water to capture prey several feet (or meters) overhead.
Internally, the pleural cavity contains the lungs, and the visceral cavity houses major organs associated with digestion and reproduction. These cavities are separated by the bilobed liver and diaphragmaticus, a sheet of muscle analogous to the diaphragm in mammals. Inhalation is achieved by contracting the diaphragmaticus, which pulls the liver backward and expands the pleural cavity. Thoracic (intercostal) muscles also expand the chest, and reduced pressure in the lungs draws air in through open airways. To exhale, the diaphragmaticus and thoracic muscles relax, compressing the pleural cavity and forcing air out of the airways. Crocodilians control their buoyancy primarily through the volume of air in their lungs. By moving the liver, hind legs, and tail, subtle postural changes are also possible. When diving, air is forced out of the lungs and the crocodilian, which is considerably heavier than water, sinks rapidly. Swimming may facilitate this sinking, and by sweeping the hind legs forward the crocodilian can reverse and submerge simultaneously. Swimming or pushing off the bottom returns the crocodilian to the surface, and positive buoyancy is achieved by filling the lungs with air. Stones called gastroliths in the stomach typically comprise 1-5% of the crocodile's total weight, and their presence may provide additional ballast.
Situated between the lungs is the most complex heart in the animal kingdom, apparently the result of adaptation to
Crocodile Internal Anatomy
the demands of the crocodiles' semiaquatic lifestyle and their size. Unlike other reptiles, the crocodilian heart is fully divided into four chambers, as are the hearts of birds and mammals. Uniquely, valves under nervous and hormonal control can alter blood flow. These ensure that vital oxygenated blood circulates between essential areas during oxygen stress, such as while diving, while deoxygenated blood is sent to nonessential areas. During rest and normal exercise, blood in the right ventricle passes via a coglike valve to the pulmonary arteries and lungs to acquire oxygen. During diving, this valve constricts, and deoxygenated blood is diverted to the left aortic arch that leads to the nonessential visceral organs—a pulmonary-to-systemic shunt. Only a small volume is used to collect residual oxygen in the lungs. A second valve, the foramen of Panizza, connects the base of left and right aortic arches. The right aorta directs blood to the head, limbs and tail, and these vital areas require oxygenated blood during oxygen stress. The foramen of Panizza allows oxygenated blood to pass from right to left aortas (to visceral organs) only during rest and normal exercise, cutting them off when not needed.
Biochemical adaptations complement the action of the heart. Crocodilian blood contains complex hemoglobin molecules capable of carrying more oxygen molecules than those of any other vertebrate. Crocodilians also endure much higher levels of lactic acid (produced when oxygen is scarce) in their blood than any other vertebrate. Blood pH has been measured below 6.1 without serious consequences, a level that would kill any other vertebrate. The result? A submergence time of nearly two hours when quiescent, even longer under cool conditions. American alligators have remained trapped under ice for eight hours and survived. Heavy activity substantially reduces submergence time, but crocodilians need only to outlast their prey. The blood also houses complex an tibacterial proteins capable of fighting off infection. Living in bacteria-filled waters, where injuries from fights are common, a strong immune system is essential. Crocodile blood has even been shown to kill "superbugs" for which scientists have no known cure.
Gaining Weight 101
Gaining Weight 101
Get My Free Ebook
Post a comment
|
<urn:uuid:639994ec-ba89-4891-a114-705cfb8d4242>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.90625,
"fasttext_score": 0.2893415093421936,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9251461029052734,
"url": "https://www.guwsmedical.info/photo-animals/postorbital-squamosal-jugal.html"
}
|
• picture
• picture
PRI's Environmental News Magazine
Air Date: Week of
stream/download this segment as an MP3 file
Since the 1900s, trumpeter swans have been a rare sight in the Great Lakes region. The birds were hunted down for their meat and feathers. Wildlife biologists are now trying to reintroduce them into the area, but the birds still face many obstacles. Lester Graham of the Great Lakes Radio Consortium, reports.
CURWOOD: About this time of year, biologists in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan are on the lookout for new broods of trumpeter swans. But for a century, the distinct call of the trumpeter had been missing from the Great Lakes Region. Now that call has returned, and it's growing in strength. Lester Graham from the Great Lakes Radio Consortium reports.
(trumpeter swan trumpeting)
GRAHAM: That loud honk belongs to North America's largest waterfowl.
JOHNSON: It's the clarion call of the trumpeter swan.
GRAHAM: Joe Johnson is a wildlife biologist at Michigan State University's Kellogg Bird Sanctuary. He says it doesn't sound like it, but the trumpeter swan is one of nature's most graceful looking animals.
GRAHAM: In flight, it glides low and slow above the treeline, and its flying habits probably helped lead to its decline in the Great Lakes. Johnson says European settlers found them easy to shoot, and easy to sell.
JOHNSON: So these were marketed for their flesh, they were marketed for their feathers. Huge trade in feathers back to Europe through Fort Detroit, where I assume they made pillows and quilts and mattresses and adornments for hats and writing pens, all those things that feathers could be used for 200 years ago.
GRAHAM: By the 1900s, trumpeter swans were gone from the Great Lakes. So, in the mid 1980s, Joe Johnson and some of his biologist colleagues decided to bring them back. They went to Alaska, where the trumpeter swans could still be found, and returned with a few eggs to incubate and raise. The restoration effort took hold, and today, Joe Johnson says the birds are doing better than expected.
JOHNSON: We thought if each pair produced two young per effort that we would be doing real well. That is basically their productivity in Alaska. But if we think of the Great Lakes as sort of the premier trumpeter swan habitat because of the length of our growing season, the productivity of our soils and our wetlands, then its not a surprise that their producing, on average, three young per nesting effort.
GRAHAM: But trumpeter swans continue to face obstacles, literally. Because the birds fly so low they often plow into power lines that crisscross the landscape. Others die from lead poisoning. Until it was banned in 1991, hunters used lead pellets to shoot ducks and geese. And lot of those pellets are still in the mud where trumpeter swans forage for underwater vegetation. And despite news releases and briefings at state sites to watch out for the birds, some are shot accidentally. Dan Holm, of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, says some hunters mistake trumpeter swans for snow geese.
HOLM: Well, there is a dramatic difference in size between a snow goose and a swan. Really, there is no good excuse for one being mistaken. You know, it happens, mistakes happen in all aspects of life. But snow geese are a lot smaller than swans, any species of swans, and snow geese have black wing tips, where the swans are all white.
GRAHAM: And it's not just conservation officials who call the accidental shootings unexecusable. Bruce Batt is chief biologist with the sportsman's group, Ducks Unlimited.
BATT: Well, in my opinion, hunters just shouldn't make that mistake. A hunter should be well-prepared when he goes to the field and be able to tell the difference. If we have hunters out there, though, that are actually shooting swans, it's a sign of terrible preparation on their part, or else they're just being criminal and they're just doing something that they knowingly shouldn't be doing. And they're really not hunters, they're criminals.
GRAHAM: In some cases, the shootings are criminal. In 1999, in Illinois, five swan carcasses were found on a road, four of them decapitated, possibly to remove tracking collars. Recently, a Wisconsin teenager was fined for killing a trumpeter swan. Sumner Matteson heads up the trumpeter repopulation effort for Wisconsin's Department of Natural Resources.
MATTESON: Generally, a concerted effort is made to educate hunters about the differences between swans and geese, and it really comes down to wanton acts of vandalism, if you will, regarding the shooting of trumpeters. So, in other words, in most instances in my experience, it has not been the mistaken identity of the bird, but when you have bird that are killed at close range, it's clearly a case of a malicious act. Fortunately, those are quite few and far between.
GRAHAM: At the Kellogg Bird Sanctuary, Joe Johnson says despite power lines, lead pellets, and hunters, the trumpeter swan population is up from a few dozen eggs in the 1980s to a 1999 count of well over 2000 birds in the Great Lakes Region.
JOHNSON: The population is growing at about 17 percent per year, despite losses to lead poisoning, vandalistic and accidental shooting, high tension wires, they're doing great.
GRAHAM: Johnson says now that nesting pairs are doing well in northern areas, it's time to start rearing trumpeter swans in Southern Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. If successful, that would reestablish the birds' migratory patterns from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi. For Living on Earth, I'm Lester Graham.
(trumpeting out, music up)
Living on Earth wants to hear from you!
P.O. Box 990007
Prudential Station
Boston, MA, USA 02199
Telephone: 1-617-287-4121
E-mail: comments@loe.org
Donate to Living on Earth!
Creating positive outcomes for future generations.
|
<urn:uuid:a1cde2dd-b5a6-4709-adaa-9b37d876b701>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.09674149751663208,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9539639353752136,
"url": "https://loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=01-P13-00026&segmentID=6"
}
|
Tikki Tikki Tembo
Tikki Tikki TemboRetold by: Arlene Mosel
Illustrated by: Blair Lent
Tikki tikki tembo-no sa rembo-chari bari ruchi-pip peri pembo is the extremely long of name of the oldest of two Chinese brothers. While the younger brother bears a name so short it is barely a syllable, it is this name that plays a part in saving his life. This retelling is beautifully told and illustrated and is incredibly fun to read aloud!
Discussion/Project Ideas:
1. Many cultures place importance on a child’s name besides whether they just like the name or not. What does your name mean and what is its origin. Can you research and trace the story behind the names of each person that lives in your house?
2. These brothers made the same mistake twice. Have you ever done that? Did you learn your lesson the second time? If so, what made you realize the importance of of not doing “that” again? Tell the story.
3. The artistic style in this story has a very distinctive feel and incorporates each of the common areas in the village where the story takes place: tree with the old man and the ladder, festival, well, laundry at the river. Look at the first double page spread of the mountain town. Try to draw your hometown on a similar mountain structure and include everything about your community that makes it unique or special to you.
Leave a Reply
|
<urn:uuid:481102a8-8e00-4cb1-98df-c19ba6ac176a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.15540218353271484,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9262453317642212,
"url": "http://christybuckner.com/picture-book-club/tikki-tikki-tembo/"
}
|
Tzotzil and Tzeltal of Pantelhó - History and Cultural Relations
The highlands of Chiapas were conquered in 1524 by the Spaniard Luis Marín. The administrators of Spanish-imposed institutions, such as encomienda and repartimiento , forced the indigenous populations to provide labor and tribute. In 1712 Indians in the Chiapan highlands revolted, marking the beginning of Indian militancy in Pantelhó. The uprising was quickly suppressed, but, because of their participation, the Indians of Pantelhó were exiled for eighty-four years. Chiapas became part of Mexico in 1824, and, as Mexico liberalized agrarian legislation over the course of the nineteenth century, the indigenous population became landless agricultural workers (peons) on newly established Ladino ranches (haciendas). In their terms, they had become the "slaves" of the Ladinos.
The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) ushered in a new era. The constitution of 1917 established the possibility of obtaining land ( ejidos; see "Land Tenure") expropriated from large Ladino ranches; however, the Indians' struggle for land was long and bitter. Ladino ranchers resisted expropriation through legal actions and by force of arms. Deaths occurred on both sides, and ethnic antagonisms were reinforced. The first ejidos were not granted until the 1940s, and Ladinos managed to maintain control of the majority of the land until the 1980s. Throughout most of the twentieth century, the Indians remained poor and landless, but in the 1980s a combination of political and economic factors changed landholding patterns. The first Indian mayor was elected in 1982. Indians gained control of the land through land reform and through sales made by Ladinos under the threat of increasing Indian militancy. By 1990, Indians controlled 90 percent of the land.
Many other changes occurred in the 1980s as well: Indians from nearby municipios immigrated in large numbers, new communities were created on former Ladino ranches, and Protestant groups entered the area and gained converts.
User Contributions:
|
<urn:uuid:bb4c7790-c713-4cc3-a153-b37ce23f6c6c>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.46875,
"fasttext_score": 0.06862807273864746,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.957757294178009,
"url": "https://www.everyculture.com/Middle-America-Caribbean/Tzotzil-and-Tzeltal-of-Pantelh-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html"
}
|
Learn Sherlock’s Trick: The Method of Loci
method of loci
In the Sherlock television series, the titular character uses the “mind palace” technique to recall events. In the books, Arthur Conan Doyle referred to it as the “brain attic”.
Both methods actually have more ancient origins. They are what’s known as the method of loci. So what is this, and how can you use it?
The Origins of the Method
There have been mentions of the method throughout history. However, most scholars believe that a Greek poet named Simonides of Ceos invented the technique.
The story goes that Simonides attended a banquet with a host of other people. Unfortunately, the hall’s roof collapsed, crushing many of the diners. Simonides had to remember where each person sat to confirm whether they had died. He mentally retraced his steps through the hall to determine each diner’s location, thus creating the method
The event supposedly took place over 2,500 years ago.
What is the Method of Loci?
As Simonides’ efforts imply, the method of loci involves linking your memories to a locational stimulus. Each visual links to the last, creating a chain of images that help you recall lists or events.
To create your “memory palace”, think of several locations that you know well. For example, you could use each room in your house. Travel through the rooms, remembering the order as you go. These are your loci.
Now let’s assume you want to remember the items on a list. Place one item in each of the locations you memorized. You can exaggerate the items as much as you want, as the key is visualizing the item in its loci.
When you get to the grocery store, trace your steps through your memory palace. You should still visualize the items you placed in each loci, allowing you to remember the items on your list.
You can construct memory palaces from any locations you like. Furthermore, you can use the method to remember events, people, names, and anything else that you struggle to recall.
You can improve both short and long-term memory using this method. Once you’ve built your mind palace, it’s just a case of filling it with what you need to remember.
|
<urn:uuid:578f8402-c413-4d7c-bd21-b201b8a3b1c6>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.7543724179267883,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9555546045303345,
"url": "https://www.memoryenhanced.com/learn-sherlocks-trick-the-method-of-loci/"
}
|
Worksheet: Hundreds Expressed as Tens and Ones
In this worksheet, we will practice writing hundreds numbers as tens and ones.
Complete the sentence:
If we have 600 ones, we have bundles of ten tens.
Look at the model. Fares composed a three-digit number using bundles of 10 tens.
|
<urn:uuid:e2ebb545-450f-46e2-ac5a-7428ac538968>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.984375,
"fasttext_score": 0.6808435320854187,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8908246159553528,
"url": "https://www.nagwa.com/en/worksheets/392190186894/"
}
|
What is a Militia List or Muster Roll?
Militia lists and books or muster rolls, have their origins in Anglo Saxon times, when it became necessary to be able to call on a group of men, who, at a moments notice, could act as a local defence unit.
This was particularly important when the ‘army’ was engaged in battle away from home.
• Recruitment was organised through the County Lieutenancy.
• The officers of the county would draw up an annual list of eligible men over 18 years old, who were capable of serving.
• A ballot was then held and a muster of men drawn up.
• Names were recorded in militia enrolment lists.
• These men had to serve unless they could find someone else to take their place or they could afford to pay someone else to do so.
The militia lists are an excellent source of fascinating data for the family historian, unfortunately the survival of the lists varies enormously from county to county and they can be tricky to find but if you get lucky, they can reveal a person’s disabilities (for exclusion purposes), occupation, number of children and their age.
Look out on Intriguing History, as we will be providing links on a county to county basis.
Related posts:
1. Doppler Effect Discovered 1842 In 1842, Austrian Christian Doppler reveals his discovery that the frequency of waves emitted by a moving source changes when the source moves relative to the observer. This called the Doppler Effect….
2. Removal Act 1795 The Removal Act 1795, was an amendment to the Settlement Act of 1662 and stated that a ‘non settled’ person could not be removed from a parish unless they applied for relief. This would possibly, have given people greater opportunities for seeking work in other parishes. An examination in the parish archives of settlement and……
%d bloggers like this:
|
<urn:uuid:30c2c4d4-6a9f-4319-aeed-4b7a4c8a37e9>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.22466999292373657,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9733069539070129,
"url": "https://www.intriguing-history.com/militia-list-or-muster-roll/"
}
|
The Pack-Horse Library
pack-horse librarian
(photo courtesy of
The Great Depression of the 1930s was exceeding difficult for almost everyone in the United States. Jobs were few, and every penny was needed just to provide basic food for families. As the depression stretched on, people needed a distraction from the stress of daily living. They needed books.
In urban areas, people could visit their local library, and go home with something to read. But if you lived in a more remote area, like the mountains of Kentucky, you were out of luck. The solution: pack-horse libraries.
Portable libraries were actually in existence before the Great Depression. The Kentucky Federation Of Women’s Clubs ran traveling libraries from 1896 until the early 1930’s, when they ran out of money. In 1935, the federal government continued the idea. The Works Program Administration (WPA) hired healthy young women to go to mountain communities on horseback with packs of books, serving as portable libraries. It was a tough job, and paid only $28 a month. While the government paid the salaries of the librarians, the state of Kentucky had to come up with the books, and the workers had to provide their own transportation – either using their own horse or renting a horse. Books were donated by more affluent Kentuckians, and as word spread, by people in other states.
It wasn’t easy being a pack-horse librarian. You had to make your circuit at least twice a month, covering 100-120 miles. The mountain roads were difficult to navigate. They had to care for their horse, and their two large saddle-bags of books. What sort of reading material made it into those saddlebags? A lot of classic fiction (Mark Twain was a favorite), the Bible, magazines, recipe books, how-to books, and Sunday school booklets.
As books and magazines became worn out, they were not thrown away. Instead, the librarians would salvage good sections and pages, and glue them into scrapbooks, which went right back into the pack-bags. Even old donated Christmas cards were put to use as bookmarks.
The pack-horse librarians brought books to about 50,000 Kentucky families in 1936, and to 155 schools the next year. These tiny libraries provided much-needed reading material through the rest of the Great Depression. The project was discontinued in 1943, as the economy recovered and people went back to work. But the idea of tiny libraries lives on with bookmobiles in areas that do not have a traditional library.
(photo credit: The Washington Post)
I love a good challenge! Like five years ago, when I started this book site to share information about great books that are available to read. Might I run out of good books to write about? Maybe, but I haven’t gotten to that point yet.
Then there was the challenge several years ago to significantly reduce our family’s grocery bill. That took some time and grocery-store analysis, but we were able to pick the two best stores for our budget and save a fair amount of money.
Last year I challenged myself to close out my Google e-mail account, and switch to a smaller company that is less intrusive in its data-collecting. It was a royal pain in the neck, but the detangling from the tentacles of g-mail was finally complete.
Last year was also the year that our family decided to see if we could do without home internet service for awhile. This was one of our toughest challenges, and I wrote a few posts about our experience.
That brings me to this year, and my latest challenge: to pull the plug on Facebook. Many years ago, when I first signed up, it was a lot of fun. It kept me up with the lives of my relatives and friends. Who had a baby? Who had died? Who graduated? Who was sending out an urgent prayer request? Coffee and Facebook became my first stops in the morning. But as the years went by, the amount of actual news from friends decreased, replaced by endless videos that people wanted me to watch, angry tirades about politicians, memes, and ads for things I should buy.
In addition, I was becoming painfully aware of just how much personal information was being mined by facebook and shared with all of their affiliates. More than 150 companies, news outlets reported, although no one actually seemed to be able to produce a complete list. So I began the tedious process of removing personal pictures, posts and messages from my account. When I mentioned my goal of un-Facebooking to friends, most expressed doubt.
“How will you know what’s going on?”
“You’ll be back.”
“It won’t do any good to close your account, they’ll get your data some other way.”
But how will anything ever change if people aren’t willing to unplug from monster data collectors like Facebook and Google/G-mail? Maybe un-Facing won’t stop the powers that be from continuing to mine information about me. But why should I make it easy for them?
Preserving Our Books
People aren’t doing a whole lot of reading these days. It’s the sad truth. With competition from smart phones, computers, big-screen 4K tvs, and tablets of all sorts, those old-time books are being squeezed out. It seems logical to think that there will gradually be less paper-and-ink books printed. The books I have are precious to me.
Over the years, I have laminated some of my paperbacks with clear contact paper, especially the older ones that are fragile and probably not easily replaced. While it protected them, it did leave the covers looking duller and slightly cloudy. Several days ago I noticed that the official duck-tape company has their own clear laminate. The roll didn’t seem that big (25 sq ft or 2.3 m2), but it was worth trying.
Wow, what a difference from the 3M and other brands! The books didn’t have that plastic-y feeling when I held them. The duck-tape laminate went on easily, and didn’t seem to have as much tendency to form annoying air bubbles. But best of all, it was so clear that you could hardly tell the books were laminated. From now on, I’m sticking with the ducks!
Ear Infections And A Return To Reading
2019-04-06 Face mask from dr office
For the past week I’ve been on vacation and haven’t been reading, which is not the norm. But I wanted to make the most of my time with the relatives. (Actually, I did listen to several favorite audiobooks in the car, but since I’d already read and reviewed them, they don’t count.) Now back at home, I have started a new book. This morning I woke up with a throbbing ear and a bad headache. Fortunately my doctor’s office has walk-in appointments on Saturdays, so off I went.
When I got to the office, the first thing that greeted me was a box of disposable face masks and a sign asking patients to wear one if they had a cough or fever. Since I do have allergies that cause some coughing and sneezing, I put one on. At the check-in counter, there was another box on the counter urging people to wear a mask, in case they didn’t get the hint at the door. After signing in, I joined the other patients in the waiting room, and pulled out my book.
The next person to come in was a woman in her 60s. I watched in amazement as she had a long coughing fit, and didn’t even bother to cover her mouth! She had apparently ignored the masks at the door, and was now spraying her germs all over the waiting room. She continued coughing throughout her check-in with the receptionist, and sat down behind me, where she continued hacking away. The receptionist said nothing. I turned around, looked at the woman, and said, “You should be wearing a mask. There’s a box on the counter.” The woman just glared at me, and did nothing. Nothing.
Ten minutes later, I was in one exam room and I would hear the woman being escorted to the room across the hall from mine, still coughing her lungs out. Soon enough, the doc came in and confirmed that I had severe allergies as well as a nasty ear infection, and sent me on my way to the pharmacy for antibiotics.
It’s hard to believe that there are people well past the age of pre-schoolers who won’t cover their coughs with their hand or a Kleenex, and that refuse to wear a mask when it is offered. There’s no beauty contest at the doctor’s office, only sick people trying to get better. Well, I guess you can’t force folks to have common sense.
Narrator Frank Muller
Frank Muller
Nothing brings a book to life like a quality narrator. My all-time favorite narrator is Frank Muller. His deep, expressive voice can make just about any book sound wonderful. Mr. Muller began in classical theater for the Riverside Shakespeare Society, and also had small parts in television shows. In 1979, when Recorded Books was just starting, they hired Mr. Muller as their first narrator. The company began with books that were old classics with no copyrights. People loved the audiobooks, and Recorded Books took off. Soon people began clamoring for the current best-sellers in audio format. So Frank Muller and other narrators started recording books by authors like Stephen King, John Grisham, Elmore Leonard, and others.
My favorite books narrated by Mr. Muller are “The Testament” and “The Last Juror” by John Grisham, and the “Left Behind” series by Tim LaHaye. I recently went to my local library’s website and downloaded the e-audiobook “Nicolae” from the Left Behind series. It was great to hear Mr. Muller reading the story again. I was surprised, however, when the library e-audiobook ended only part-way through the book. I looked at the description of book, and noticed that it said “abridged”. Generally, that means they omit unimportant parts of the book, making it shorter. But in this case, the story ended about half-way through! So if you look for an audiobook, either on physical CD discs or as a down-loadable, pick the unabridged version. That way, you have the complete story.
Sadly, there will be no new narrations by Frank Muller. In 2001, he was on a motorcycle trip when he struck a construction barrel and crashed into a highway barrier going 65 miles an hour (about 105 km an hour). The resulting brain damage, as well as a weakened heart after three heart attacks, left him hospitalized for six and a half years. He died in June of 2008. While Mr. Muller is no longer with us, his gift of narrated books continues to delight all who listen to them.
Privacy? What Privacy?
Facebook privacy
It’s true what King Solomon said in the Bible: there is nothing new under the sun. The current news stories seem to be a rehash of previous news stories. Sometimes I wonder why I even bother to check the news. For about a year now, there have been reports of Facebook sharing its users’ personal data without permission. Most people have gotten so accustomed to hearing stories of privacy breaches that they no longer get upset.
Privacy is a precious thing that is all but lost in our technological age. Everything is being shared, despite those nice letters and e-mails you get from your bank, your doctor’s office, your school, and your credit card companies, telling you how much they are protecting your privacy. (Why, they only share your data with their affiliates, for the purpose of giving you better customer service, they say.) Facebook is among the worst offenders.
Over the past year (and even earlier) we have been finding out just how much personal information Facebook has been sharing with its “affiliates”. It turns out there are over 150 companies that have been dipping into our personal accounts. I wanted a list of all the companies that have been helping themselves to our information, but that list has proved to be elusive. From a variety of news outlets, I gleaned a partial list of companies that Facebook allowed to look at our personal info: Airbnb, Amazon, AOL, Apple, Blackberry, Cambridge Analytica, Crimson Hexagon (analytics firm), Hinge, Huawei, Microsoft, Netflix, Nike, Nissan, Oracle, Panasonic, Royal Bank Of Canada, Serotek, Snap, Spotify, UPS, Yahoo, and Yandex (a Russian internet company).
TechCrunch’s website had a list of 52 companies that were allowed access to Facebook’s personal date, but that information is now 9 months old. Some of these companies may no longer have access, but they apparently did a year ago. Take a look at TeckCrunch’s list:
MediaTek/ Mstar
Miyowa /Hape Esia
Opentech ENG
Opera Software
Virgin Mobile
Warner Bros
Western Digital
Zing Mobile
Millions of people signed up for Facebook accounts, believing it was free, and spent years voluntarily giving personal life information and family photos to their account. Now they are learning the truth – Facebook is not really free. They are paying for it by handing over their privacy to a myriad of companies.
Links to online news stories:
Facebook Reportedly Gave Tech Companies Access to User Data Beyond Disclosures
War & Income Tax
Federal income tax
Since it’s tax season, I decided to do a little reading online about the history of income taxes in the United States. What I found was this: Our taxes are heavily affected by wars that our country is involved in. As I studied, I made this outline of our income tax history:
1791 – 1802 No income tax at all, although there were “internal taxes” on items such as alcohol, refined sugar, and tobacco.
1812 The War Of 1812 broke out, and taxes were created on gold, silverware, jewelry, and watches to pay for war expenses.
1817 Congress cancelled all internal taxes since the war was over, although there were tariff taxes on imported items. We were able to pay for our government with just tariffs!
1862 Civil War beganand Congress ordered the first income tax, to pay for the war. They also created the office of Commissioner Of Internal Revenue. Sales tax, excise tax, and inheritance taxes were also created. Those who earned $600-$10,000 a year were charged 3% income tax.
1866 The internal revenue service collected more than $310 million dollars in taxes, although the Civil War had wrapped up in April of 1965.
1868 Taxes on tobacco and liquor were started back up.
1872 Congress eliminated personal income tax.
1894 Congress passed a 2% income tax.
1895 The United State Supreme Court ruled that income tax was a violation of the Constitution, and cancelled the income tax.
1913 The 16th amendment to the original Constitution was passed, making it legal for the government to charge individuals and companies income tax. The tax rate was 1% for the poorest, and 7% for anyone making over $500,000 a year.
1914 World War I began. Although the U.S. did not join in the war until 1917, the government started collecting war funds.
1916 Congress passed the Revenue Act, and the top tax bracket was raised from 7% to 15%.
1917 The U.S. jumped into World War I. The War Revenue act was passed, and the top tax bracket was raised to 67%.
1918 The top tax bracket was raised to 77%. Over $1 billion dollars in taxes were collected.
1920 The war was over, but the government had gotten used to the tax money rolling in, and collected $5.4 billion dollars.
1925 The government finally got around to lowering the taxes, seven years after World War I had ended, lowering the top bracket to 25%. This rate continued through 1931.
1932 We were experiencing the Great Depression, and the government needed money for its relief programs. Congress raised the top tax bracket from 25% to 63%.
1939 World War II began. The United States was not involved yet, but started building up its war funds, using the still-high tax rates.
1941 The U.S. entered World War II, using the high taxes its citizens were paying.
1943 The government ordered that income tax be deducted from paychecks, instead of being due at the end of the year. They could not wait to get their money.
1944 The government needed more money to fight the war, and raised the top tax rate to a whopping 94%. Sixty-four percent of Americans had to pay income tax, up from seven percent in 1940.
1945 World War II ended, but the revenue department still collected $43 billion dollars in income tax.
1950 Korean War beganCongress voted to increase income taxes, corporate taxes, and excise taxes. New taxes were created for the sales of televisions and freezers.
1951 Korean War continued. The Revenue Act of 1951 raised the taxes again.
1953 Korean War ended.
1954 The U.S. assumed military responsibility for South Vietnam after the French left.
1955 Vietnam War began. The top income tax rate was 91%, and the lowest rate 20%.
1955 – 1962 Top income tax rate 91%; lowest rate 20%. We became more involved in the Vietnam War.
Mid-1960s through 1970s Vietnam War continued; the top rate fluctuated but never dipped below 70%.
1973-1975 The U.S. gradually withdrew from the Vietnam War.
1981 The Economic Recovery Tax Act lowered the highest rate down to 50%.
1986 Tax Reform Act passed, promising to drop the top rate down to 28% in 1988.
1990-1991 Persian Gulf War
1990s The top income tax rate was raised to 39.6%.
2001-present War in Afghanistan
2001 Economic Growth and Tax Relief and Reconciliation Act dropped the highest tax rate back to 35% for 2003 to 2010. It was later extended through 2012.
2013-2017 Top tax rate was raised to 39.6%.
2018-2019 Still in Afghanistan War. Lowest tax rate is 10%, top tax rate 37%.
I can only look over this wretched list of wars and taxes, and say, “Why, why, why?” We need to have a military to protect our country, but must we always be at war? I will continue to pray for peace, but know in my heart that in this world there will always be a hideous amount of wars, death, and taxes.
A few of the websites I looked at:
|
<urn:uuid:d5a14fba-ab93-491b-8992-1f327ed78a5a>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.65625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02764183282852173,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.970181941986084,
"url": "https://alwaysreading1.wordpress.com/category/reflections/"
}
|
Purpose, Audience, Tone, and Content
Learning Objectives
• Identify the four common academic purposes.
• Identify audience, tone, and content.
• Apply purpose, audience, tone, and content to a specific assignment.
1. Purpose. The reason the writer composes the paragraph.
Figure 6.1 Purpose, Audience, Tone, and Content Triangle
A drawing of a equilateral triangle, shaded blue-gray. In the center, it's labeled "Content." The three corners are labeled, from the top, "Audience," "Purpose," and "Tone." Each of the corner labels is connected to the word "Content" in the middle with double-pointed arrows.
Identifying Common Academic Purposes
Summary Paragraphs
According to the Monitoring the Future Study, almost two-thirds of 10th-grade students reported having tried alcohol at least once in their lifetime, and two-fifths reported having been drunk at least once (Johnson et al. 2006x). Among 12th-grade students, these rates had risen to over three-quarters who reported having tried alcohol at least once in the past 30 days; 17.6 percent and 30.2 percent, respectively, reported having been drunk in the past 30 days; 21.0 percent and 28.1 percent, respectively, reported having had five or more drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks (sometimes called binge drinking); and 1.3 percent and 3.1 percent, respectively, reported daily alcohol use (Johnson et al. 2006a).
Alcohol consumption continues to escalate after high school. In fact, eighteen- to twenty-four-year-olds have the highest levels of alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence of any age group. In the first 2 years after high school, lifetime prevalence of alcohol use (based on 2005 follow-up surveys from the Monitoring the Future Study) was 81.8 percent, 30-day use prevalence was 59 percent, and binge-drinking prevalence was 36.3 percent (Johnson et al. 2006b). Of note, college students on average drink more than their noncollege peers, even though they drink less during high school than those who did not go to college (Johnson et al. 2006a,b; Schulenberg and Maggs 2002). For example, in 2005, the rate of binge drinking for college students (1 to 4 years beyond high school) was 40.1 percent, whereas the rate for their noncollege age mates was 35.1 percent.
Alcohol use and problem drinking in late adolescence vary by sociodemographic characteristics. For example, the prevalence of alcohol use is higher for boys than for girls, higher for White and Hispanic adolescents than for African-American adolescents, and higher for those living in the north and north central United States than for those living in the South and West. Some of these relationships change with early adulthood, however. For example, although alcohol use in high school tends to be higher in areas with low population density (i.e., rural areas) than in more densely populated areas, this relationship reverses during early adulthood (Johnson et al. 2006a,b). Lower economic status (i.e., lower educational level of parents) is associated with more alcohol use during the early high school years; by the end of high school, and during the transition to adulthood, this relationship changes, and youth from higher socioeconomic backgrounds consume greater amounts of alcohol.
Brown et al. inform us that by tenth grade, nearly two-thirds of students have tried alcohol at least once, and by twelfth grade this figure increases to over three-quarters of students. After high school, alcohol consumption increases further, and college-aged students have the highest levels of alcohol consumption and dependence of any age group. Alcohol use varies according to factors such as gender, race, geographic location, and socioeconomic status.
Some of these trends may reverse in early adulthood. For example, adolescents of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to consume alcohol during high school years, whereas youth from higher socioeconomic status are more likely to consume alcohol in the years after high school.
Analysis Paragraphs
At the beginning of their report, Brown et al. use specific data regarding the use of alcohol by high school students and college-aged students, which is supported by several studies. Later in the report, they consider how various socioeconomic factors influence problem drinking in adolescence. The latter part of the report is far less specific and does not provide statistics or examples.
The lack of specific information in the second part of the report raises several important questions. Why are teenagers in rural high schools more likely to drink than teenagers in urban areas? Where do they obtain alcohol? How do parental attitudes influence this trend? A follow-up study could compare several high schools in rural and urban areas to consider these issues and potentially find ways to reduce teenage alcohol consumption.
Synthesis Paragraphs
In their 2009 report, Brown et al. consider the rates of alcohol consumption among high school and college-aged students and various sociodemographic factors that affect these rates. However, this report is limited to assessing the rates of underage drinking, rather than considering methods of decreasing these rates. Several other studies, as well as original research among college students, provide insight into how these rates might be reduced.
One study, by Spoth, Greenberg, and Turrisi (2009) considers the impact of various types of interventions as a method for reducing alcohol consumption among minors. They conclude that although family-focused interventions for adolescents aged ten to fifteen have shown promise, there is a serious lack of interventions available for college-aged students who do not attend college. These students are among the highest risk level for alcohol abuse, a fact supported by Brown, et al.
I did my own research and interviewed eight college students, four men and four women. I asked them when they first tried alcohol and what factors encouraged them to drink. All four men had tried alcohol by the age of thirteen. Three of the women had also tried alcohol by thirteen and the fourth had tried alcohol by fifteen. All eight students said that peer pressure, boredom, and the thrill of trying something illegal were motivating factors. These results support the research of Brown et al. However, they also raise an interesting point. If boredom is a motivating factor for underage drinking, maybe additional after school programs or other community measures could be introduced to dissuade teenagers from underage drinking. Based on my sources, further research is needed to show true preventative measures for teenage alcohol consumption.
Evaluation Paragraphs
Throughout their report, Brown et al. provide valuable statistics that highlight the frequency of alcohol use among high school and college students. They use several reputable sources to support their points. However, the report focuses solely on the frequency of alcohol use and how it varies according to certain sociodemographic factors. Other sources, such as Spoth, Greenberg, and Turrisi’s study (2009) and the survey I conducted among college students, examine the results for alcohol use among young people and offer suggestions as to how to reduce the rates. Nonetheless, I think that Brown et al. offer a useful set of statistics from which to base further research into alcohol use among high school and college students.
When reviewing directions for assignments, look for the verbs summarizeanalyzesynthesize, or evaluate. Instructors often use these words to clearly indicate the assignment’s purpose. These words will cue you on how to complete the assignment because you will know its exact purpose.
Exercise 1
Collaboration: Share with a classmate and compare your answers.
Writing at Work
Exercise 2
My assignment:
My purpose:
Identifying the Audience
Exercise 3
1. Your classmates
• Demographics
• Education
• Prior knowledge
• Expectations
2. Your instructor
• Demographics
• Education
• Prior knowledge
• Expectations
3. The head of your academic department
• Demographics
• Education
• Prior knowledge
• Expectations
• My assignment:
• My purpose:
• My audience:
• Demographics
• Education
• Prior knowledge
• Expectations
Collaboration: Please share with a classmate and compare your answers.
Selecting an Appropriate Tone
Exercise 4
My assignment:
My purpose:
My audience:
My tone:
Choosing Appropriate, Interesting Content
Exercise 5
1. Audience: An instructor
1. Purpose: To analyze the reasons behind the 2007 financial crisis
2. Content:
2. Audience: Classmates
1. Purpose: To summarize the effects of the $700 billion government bailout
2. Content:
3. Audience: An employer
1. Purpose: To synthesize two articles on preparing businesses for economic recovery
2. Content:
Collaboration: Please share with a classmate and compare your answers.
Exercise 6
My assignment:
My purpose:
My audience:
My tone:
My content ideas:
Key Takeaways
• Paragraphs separate ideas into logical, manageable chunks of information.
|
<urn:uuid:874229b2-5b61-4e59-af72-f5ce4446559f>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.78125,
"fasttext_score": 0.04034215211868286,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9453834295272827,
"url": "https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-engl111/chapter/purpose-audience-tone-and-content/"
}
|
Rhytisma acerinum
Phylum: Ascomycota
Class: Leotiomycetes
Order: Rhytismales
Family: Rhytismataceae
Genus: Rhytisma
Epithet: acerinum
Authority: (Pers.) Fr.
Collection #: PLP847_2018_175
Locale: Jackson County, Michigan
Tar spot of maple is a common sight in Michigan. It can be recognized by black spots on the leaves of Maple trees that have the appearance of tar (thus the common name). Fortunately, the disease is mostly cosmetic and causes little real health issues for the tree. Late in the season, some leaves can drop due to the infection, but the numbers are generally small and do minimal harm to the tree.
Tar spot is caused by Rhytisma acerinum and two other closely related species, R. americanum and R. punctatum. R. americanum causes tar spot on Norway maples, while R. acerinum and R. punctatum are found on Red and Silver maple. R. puntatum causes large numbers of large spots, while R. acerinum causes fewer, larger spots.
Figure 1. Maple tar spot caused by Rhytisma acerinum
R. acerinum is in the phylum Ascomycota and forms sterile fungal tissue, called stroma, inside the leaf tissue. Apothecia are formed within these stroma and give rise to brown-black lesions that resemble spots of tar. The apothecia overwinter on plant debris and release ascospores when weather warms up in the spring.
Figure 2. Maple leaf showing the presence of stroma of Rhytisma acerinum.
Conidiophores are also produced during the summer months that form non-infectious conidia. Since the conidia do not appear to cause additional infections, it is uncertain as to why they are produced.
Figure 3. Non-infectious conidia of Rhytisma acerinum recovered from maple leaf.
Tar spot can be managed by removing infected leaves in the fall. Composting is generally insufficient to destroy the spores, as most home composting does not reach a high enough temperature. Leaves should be burned or removed to a municipal composting pile. Fungicides, particularly copper, can be used to help with control, but since the affected trees have low economic value, this practice is rarely employed.
Figure 4. Archicarps of Rhytisma acerinum in the tissue of a maple leaf.
Reference: Jones, S.G. (1925). Life-history and cytology of Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fries. Annals of Botany, 39: 41-75.
By: Doug Minier
Comments are closed.
|
<urn:uuid:e5e5bccd-3f22-4da0-9c96-6788db551c40>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.03439068794250488,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9034612774848938,
"url": "https://bonito.psm.msu.edu/2018/11/rhytisma-acerinum/"
}
|
Collinsium ciliosum, a Collins’ monster-type lobopodian from the early Cambrian Xiaoshiba biota of China. (Jie Yang)
Roughly 500 million years ago, a worm covered in up to 72 spikes roamed what is now China.
That kind of body armor was rare until then; the Collinsium ciliosum, or Hairy Collins' Monster, was among the first soft-bodied animals on Earth to develop skeletonized body parts for protection, according to researchers who just discovered the species. They described the worm as "superarmored" in a study published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Reconstruction of Collinsium ciliosum. (Javier Ortega-Hernández)
A well-preserved fossil of the Hairy Collins' Monster was found in a Southern Chinese deposit site. The worms are thought to have been more than three inches long and eyeless with nine pairs of rear legs that ended with claws. Researchers believe the monster worm, unable to really walk around a muddy ocean floor with those claws, likely hooked itself to hard surfaces and used its six pairs of front legs, which had bristles, to filter food.
So why the spikes all over? These guys could have made for some easy prey, given that they pretty much stayed put as they ate and had squishy bodies. The sharp spikes protected them from being gobbled up, researchers reasoned.
[This freaky ancient worm shows what spider and insect ancestors might have looked like]
The Hairy Collins' Monster -- named after paleontologist Desmond Collins, who illustrated a similar Canadian fossil three decades ago -- lived during the Cambrian period, an explosive time of evolution within the Paleozoic Era. The worm is considered an early ancestor of onychophroans, or velvet worms, which live in tropical forests, and also resembles another Cambrian fossil, the Hallucigenia.
"Both creatures are lobopodians, or legged worms, but the Collins' Monster sort of looks like Hallucigenia on steroids," study co-author Javier Ortega-Hernández of the University of Cambridge said in a statement. "It had much heavier armor protecting its body, with up to five pointy spines per pair of legs, as opposed to Hallucigenia's two. Unlike Hallucigenia, the limbs at the front of Collins' Monster's body were also covered with fine brushes or bristles that were used for a specialized type of feeding from the water column."
[Ancient filter-feeding giants hint at the evolution of today’s insects]
The creature -- and similar superarmored lobopodians -- went extinct during the early Palezoic Era. Ortega-Hernández described the Hairy Collins' Monster as one of the many "evolutionary experiments" during the Cambrian period, "one which ultimately failed as they have no living direct ancestors -- but it's amazing to see how specialized many animals were hundreds of millions of years ago."
Read More:
Say hello to the centipede from hell
Now there’s a guide to penis worm teeth
An ancient ‘misfit’ finally finds a family
|
<urn:uuid:ab31f727-05df-4afc-8a32-dd625823237b>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.578125,
"fasttext_score": 0.027906179428100586,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9332551956176758,
"url": "https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/06/29/meet-the-hairy-collinss-monster-the-newly-discovered-ancient-superarmored-worm/"
}
|
According to bovine behaviour experts, there are only five syllables in the cattle vocabulary. The scientist who learned to speak cow sat recording their voices in the cowshed, and out in the field with his subjects. He attempted to capture a representation of the cow’s sounds using his own alphabet, and he took notes on each vocalisation that he observed. This is what he came up with.
m – en – en – h- uh
The mouth is closed, the sound comes through the nostrils. This sound is made when a familiar cow or human approaches, in courtship and at the anticipation of a pleasurable event such as milking or feeding. If you were a bull guarding a female cow during her oestrus you might make this M sound. Each animal has its own distinct M sound, and sometimes cattle call out to one another in what seems to be an act of communication and recognition, of naming and saying: Here I am.
The mouth is open and most of the sound comes through the mouth rather than the nose. Glottis and lips may be tightened as the pitch increases.
A sudden increase in frequency and amplitude from the previous EN sound. As when overblowing a wind instrument.
The mouth opens or closes as the diaphragm relaxes after forming the EN sound.
A rapid inspiration.
The sounds are usually combined into the following range of calls.
This is a cow’s language translated into that of a man. According to the experts, the animal makes these calls when it is excited or afraid or when it is waiting for something.
|
<urn:uuid:db27b212-c922-4dbb-b788-d92929339844>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.84375,
"fasttext_score": 0.027287781238555908,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9668822288513184,
"url": "https://speakinganimal.co.uk/2016/02/24/m-en/"
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.