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SCAPEGOAT (Heb. ‘ăzā’zēl). A term that occurs only in Lev.16.8, Lev.16.10, Lev.16.26 and has been interpreted variously. It is used to refer to the second of two goats for which lots were cast on the Day of Atonement. The first was sacrificed as a sin offering (Lev.16.9), but the second scapegoat (Lev.16.26) had the people’s sins transferred to it by prayer and the laying on of hands and was then taken into the wilderness.
The Hebrew term translated “scapegoat” is thought to be related to an Arabic word meaning “remove”; thus it is often translated “removal” (i.e., scapegoat). The actual meaning of the term and its use in the context of Lev.16.1-Lev.16.34 are very uncertain.
Some authorities regard the term to be the name of a solitary place to which the goat was taken. This does not seem very likely. Others (as kjv) regard it as a qualifying word for goat—i.e., the goat that removes the guilt of the people, the scapegoat. Some scholars see in the word the name of a personal being—a demon of the wilderness or a fallen angel who seduces people to evil (as in the Book of Enoch), or an epithet applied to the devil.
A parallel to the scapegoat may be seen in the Scriptures. In the ritual for a recovered leper, a living bird was released in the country to carry the evil away, and the leper was declared clean (Lev.14.6). In the Babylonian new year’s day festival a similar rite was practiced, when a slain sheep was taken and thrown into the rivers, its bearers being regarded as unclean (cf. Lev.16.26). Certainly the general idea of the scapegoat is clear: guilty Israel’s sin had been removed and forgotten by God.
Bibliography: G. J. Wenham, The Book of Leviticus, 1979, pp. 233-35.——JBG
See also
• Azazel
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logarithmic spiral definition
The logarithmic spiral is a spiral frequently sighted in nature and that was analyzed first by Descartes. Later, another man named Jacob Bernoulii researched the spiral, and dubbed it the “Spira mirabilis” - the marvelous spiral. Jacob was so taken with the spiral he wanted it engraved on his tombstone. One of the reasons he was so interested by the spiral was because of its unusual mathematical property of retaining its shape despite the size of the spiral increasing.
The spiral is related to the golden ratio, the Fibonacci numbers and the golden rectangles. The spiral can be created by spacing rays equally at a point along a ray and placing a perpendicular line to the nearby ray. The more the rays increase, the smooth the logarithmic spiral becomes. It is also called the equiangular spiral and the growth spiral. It is different than another type of spiral called the Archimedean spiral because the revolving of a logarithmic spiral grows in geometric progression, whereas in an Archimedean spiral those same distances remain the same.
The logarithmic curve can be written in polar coordinates as this equation.
Photo courtesy of Ethan Hein
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Wednesday, 6 September 2017
Golden Kingdoms: the Ancient Americas
Octopus Frontlet, 300–600, Moche culture
Golden Kingdoms: Luxury and Legacy in the Ancient Americas, is on view at the Getty Center through January 28, 2018 and traces the development of gold working and other luxury arts in the ancient Americas from about 1000 BC to the arrival of Europeans in the early 16th century. The exhibit reveals the distinctive ways ancient Americans used not only metals, but also jade, shell, and feathers.
Ear Ornament Depicting a Warrior, 640–680, Moche culture
It was a world where feathers were more valuable than gold. The rarest feathers, including the iridescent green feathers of the quetzal, were reserved for the Aztec emperor himself.
The unprecedented exhibition features more than 300 works from 53 lenders in 12 countries.
The MET exhibition follows a specific historical and geographical path. It traces the development of gold-working in the Americas from its origins in the Andes, to its expansion northward into Central America, and finally to Mexico, where gold-working comes into its own only after 1000 AD.
Jade plaque showing a seated king and palace attendant, 600–800 AD
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"url": "http://psjfactoids.blogspot.com/2017/09/golden-kingdoms-ancient-americas.html"
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Scientists have solved a big mystery about these marine reptiles that lived over 60 million years ago
Paleo_Hall_at_HMNS_plesiosaurKim Alaniz/Wikimedia Commons
The majestic plesiosaur swam through shallow seas millions of years ago, eating fish like a dinosaur-era Loch Ness monster.
A scientific debate over how plesiosaurs swim has been raging since the first weird-looking plesiosaur fossil was identified in 1824, and a new study has just offered the strongest evidence to settle it.
The marine reptiles, which grew up to 50 feet long, lived between 66 million and 200 million years ago. They have four big flippers instead of legs, and how they used these flippers to swim has always been a mystery.
A painting of a Plesiosaur on land by Heinrich Harder.
Heinrich Harder/Wikimedia Commons
Back in 2010, researchers strapped models of plesiosaur flippers to humans to see how they might have moved around in the water.
Carpenter et. al 2010/Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
They watched the human-plesiosaur try to swim underwater, with one person representing the front flippers and another person representing the back since the reptile was so big.
But a new study, published in PLOS Computational Biology December 18, used computer modeling to figure out what plesiosaurs really did.
Liu et. al 2015/PLOS Computational Biology
The scientists had a computer simulate how a plesiosaur would swim using different thrusts from its front and back flippers, and what motions its flippers would make.
Liu et. al 2015/PLOS Computational Biology
"No matter what motion we simulated for the back flippers, they could not substantially contribute to the plesiosaur's forward motion," Greg Turk, the study's senior author, told Reuters.
Source: Reuters
The simulation that made the most sense had the plesiosaur mainly using its front flippers to power its forward movement, like how penguins and sea turtles swim today.
You can see how similar the motion is to how penguins swim.
It's nice to have a heated science debate solved, isn't it?
Dmitry Bogdanov/Wikimedia Commons
More: Features dinosaurs Swimming Penguins
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Rice 10 – Our Fairtrade Community – English
In this lesson the children explore how they could promote Fairtrade in their community.
Curriculum links: KS2 English
Learning Objective: To generate ideas and think creatively.
Learning Outcome: Children have explored how we can promote Fairtrade in our community.
Resources needed: Agrocel producer stories and Green Net producer stories.
Starter: Ask the class to read/listen to a selection of Agrocel and Green Net producer stories. In groups they complete the sentence ‘Fairtrade is important because….’
Main activity: What do we mean by a ‘community’? Ask pupils who is in their school community (e.g. students, parents, governors). How about your wider community?
Discuss with the class the ways in which Fairtrade links your school and local community with Agrocel and Green Net rice producers (e.g. a two-way relationship, we buy Fairtrade rice and money is then invested back into the producers’ communities).
Explain that the class is going to explore the ways they can promote Fairtrade in their communities. Draw a grid on the board with 3 columns and the headings:
• How do we support Fairtrade in our community? (e.g. Fairtrade tuck shop, Fairtrade award, convince parents/ friends to buy Fairtrade)
• What would help us to support Fairtrade? (e.g. knowing more about it)
• Who could help us to support Fairtrade? (e.g. the headteacher, board of governors, parents)
In groups pupils think of ideas to complete the grid. Either individually/in groups/as a class the pupils choose an action to take to promote Fairtrade.
Plenary: Pupils complete the sentence stems with their own ideas:
‘Community is important because…’
‘Fair trade is important because…’
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"url": "https://www.fairdos.com/schools-work-resources/rice-english/rice-10-our-fairtrade-community-english/"
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The title of this article is conjectural.
This article is about the Clone Wars' battle. You may be looking for other Battles of Acherin.
The Battle of Acherin was a conflict in the final days of the Clone Wars.
Fearing the Galactic Republic's rule was becoming more and more absolute, the planet Acherin joined the Separatist cause early on.
The battleEdit
The battle raged until the very end of the war, when the Acherin Separatist commanders began ceasefire-negotiations with the Jedi General Garen Muln.
Progress was going well, until Supreme Chancellor Palpatine issued Order 66, marking Muln as a traitor to the Republic. When the clone troopers came for him, commanders Raina Quill and Toma helped Garen Muln flee Acherin in secret.
Realizing the threat of the new Galactic Empire, the people of Acherin began a resistance movement, and would fight in yet another battle, that lasted almost a year.
The Outer Rim Sieges
20 BBY
19 BBY
In other languages
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Film & Theater studies
watch the film Do the Right Thing, by Spike Lee (1989) Answer the following questions. Question 1: Sal is the owner of an Italian American pizzeria situated in a predominantly black neighborhood. Why does Buggin Out seems to be so upset about the pictures on Sals Wall of Fame? What does he want from Sal? What would you do, if you were Sal? Question 2: In one of the most famous scenes of the entire movie Mookie, Pino, and other characters use racial slurs one against the other facing the camera. Why is this scene important? Is it meaningful that all these people are watching directly into the camera, and why? Question 3: Sal is speaking with his older son, Pino. Pino wants Sal to move the pizzeria in another neighborhood. Sal, on the contrary, says that he likes being there because, over the years, he saw the kids in the neighborhood growing, and he is proud. Why does Sal feel proud? Is there any connection with Italian American culture? If yes, what is the connection? Question 4: Throughout the movie we see racial tensions rising in the neighborhood. Could you give at least two examples of these tensions before the fight between Radio Raheem and Sal? Question 5: What is the difference between Sals two brothers, Pino and Vito? Are they both hostile towards the black people in the neighborhood or not? Make reference to a specific scene of the movie. Question 6: After Radio Raheem is killed by the police, what does Mookie do, and why? Question 7: After having destroyed Sals pizzeria the crowd turns against the Korean vendor; the latter says to them: Im black!. What does he really mean with that? Do you agree with him? Question 8: The movie ends with a quotation from Martin Luther King and Malcolm X, two black leaders with a very different point of view on the use of violence. Do these quotations have anything to do with the title of the movie? What is the right thing that Spike Lee asks the audience to do?
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Plankton Parade
This Plankton Parade lesson plan also includes:
Plankton isn't just a tiny cartoon character, it's also a very important food source for animals around the world. Budding scientists discuss the types and functions of plankton, including where they are found, how they are caught, and why they are important to study. Then, kids walk to the park with mini nets in hand and attempt to catch plankton for classroom observation. The lesson concludes as they write a friendly letter to a friend describing their scientific methods and discoveries.
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3rd - 8th
Life Science
2 more...
Resource Type
Lesson Plans
Number of Slides
Instructional Strategy
Hands-on Activity
Scientific Equipment
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"url": "https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/plankton-parade"
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Researchers forecast that a decline in availability of nutritious sardines will shrink the population of Darwin’s famous Nazca boobies.
Nazca booby
One of the most famous bird species in the Galápagos Islands faces a potentially catastrophic shortage of nutritious food, and climate change may be to blame.
News of this nutritional deficiency, which is affecting Nazca boobies (Sula granti) — the iconic bird species Charles Darwin studied before writing his groundbreaking work On the Origin of Species — comes from a new study published recently in PLOS One. The study makes a rare connection between ocean warming and species population effects in the tropics.
“All the data suggests that they are struggling to find food,” says Emily Tompkins, a Ph.D. student at Wake Forest University and lead author of the study, who started fieldwork in 2010. “Not only are they getting a lower quality prey, but we’re also seeing that they’re coming back with fewer fish, or more often than not, no fish at all.”
Tompkins joined an ongoing study that has been observing the species for decades. After 30 years of logging data on the birds’ diet, breeding and survivability, researchers on Isla Española found evidence of a shrinking population. Within the past decade the boobies’ reproductive success, which is defined as the probability of producing an independent offspring, fell by approximately 50 percent. Why? Because the warmer waters surrounding the islands became intolerable for their main prey, the sardine (Sardina pilchardus), which can only live in waters measuring between 14 degrees Celsius and 20 degrees Celsius.
“Nazca boobies are top predators, their diet composition is simple, and loss of their sardine prey is catastrophic,” the study’s conclusion reads.
To compensate for the scarcity, Tompkins says, Nazca boobies started switching their primary diet in 1997 to flying fish (several species from the genus Exocoetidae), which are basically junk food compared to the nutrient- and lipid-rich sardine. Scientists found that chicks raised primarily on the flying fish had a slower growth rate, and their survivability declined.
What happened to the sardines is still a mystery. Some populations may have died off, while some may have moved closer to the poles. Tompkins thinks their disappearance might have something to do with oceanographic variables like the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, a recurring pattern of warm and cool water-temperature phases that cycle every 20-30 years. That pattern has long seemed to be correlated with abundance in sardine populations, although there isn’t any concrete data to back it up.
“We don’t know for sure what happened to the sardines,” says Tompkins. “Studying pelagic populations of fish [which live neither close to the bottom of the ocean or near the shore] is much harder,” than studying marine birds, she points out.
Regardless of where the sardines went, the study does conclude that if the waters around the Galápagos warm at the rate scientists have forecasted (up by 4.5 degrees Celsius), the sardines will be completely absent from those waters within 100 years. This has implications not only for Nazca boobies but for other species that rely on them as a primary food source, including blue-footed boobies (S. nebouxii) and Galápagos sea lions (Zalophus wollebaeki).
“If the current links that we’ve uncovered right now in the last decade continue to hold in the future, and if sardines are absent in the Galápagos, the data that we have, which comes from really fine-scale observations of individual reproductive success and survival suggest that the population will decline,” says Tompkins. “Much of the success of these birds is dependent on their food source.”
This study represents a rare look at the effects of climate change in the tropics, which are famed for being cradles of endemism and fountains of biodiversity. David Anderson a professor of biology at Wake Forest University considers this study — which he co-authored — significant because “few connections have been made between ocean warming and population effects in tropics.” He says the poor prognosis for the Nazca boobies may apply to other predator species in the region which will also face stiff challenges adjusting to rapid climate change in the tropics due to their typically long generation times and little capacity for adaptive evolution.
“We can expect similar consequences for food webs everywhere under climate change, with unfamiliar combinations of predators and prey being thrown together by the changes in habitat,” says Anderson.
© 2017 Francis Flisiuk. All rights reserved.
Previously in The Revelator:
Lobsters in Hot Water: Climate Change Threatens Maine’s Most Valuable Fishery
Francis Flisiuk
is a photographer and news editor at the Portland Phoenix, the last surviving alternative weekly in the once-mighty Phoenix brand. His stories can also be found in the Bangor Daily News and Motherboard, covering topics from culture and art to city government and social issues. Lately, he's been interested in the environmental beat, writing about clean energy, the effects of climate change, and sustainability efforts in his coastal home of Portland, Maine.
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In x-radiography, filters are often used in order to improve the overall image quality. Filters achieve this by making the x-ray beam have less energy spread, resulting in a cleaner image. Step wedges of different materials were used to compare radiographic density with and without a copper filter to identify the effect of the copper filter at different energies and exposure times. The step wedges used were CRS 1018 (cold rolled steel), Stainless Steel 304L, Al 1100, Al 6061 T6, titanium, copper, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene or Teflon), brass, carbon, magnesium, phenolic, tungsten, and tantalum. Out of the 14 step wedges tested, only 12 produced useful data, as tungsten and tantalum were both too dense to produce any useable images and data points. In the given time, we were able to run a total of 6 different series of tests at the following parameters: 130kV for 15min, 130kV for 5min, and 70kV for 5min; all with and without a copper filter. From the resulting data we were able to identify certain trends and patterns of the copper filter that held true across all materials. In every case the use of a copper filter lowers the radiographic density of every step on every material under any conditions.
Other Physics
Bernice Mills
Lab site
Sandia National Laboratory/California (SNL)
Funding Acknowledgement
Included in
Other Physics Commons
URL: https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/star/278
you may Download the file to your hard drive.
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LLNL Discovery Museum
Cloud Rings
Cloud Rings uses a mist generator and a large rubber membrane with a hole in the middle to launch a ring of vapor up to the ceiling. The ring is generated by the friction between the hole's edge and the vapor flowing through the hole, which forms a swirling pattern known as a vortex.
Blow soap bubbles over the center of the exhibit then launch a cloud ring through the bubbles. Note how the bubbles orbit the vortex moving up in the center and down around the edges.
Ask students to make a slow moving cloud ring.
Then have them make a slow ring followed by a fast ring. The fast ring will overtake and collide with the slow one and destroy it.
Hold a hand over the hole and blow a cloud ring. The cloud ring will fall apart before it reaches the ceiling.
Notice the dark donut shaped core in the center of the cloud ring.
The ring is like a tornado vortex curled into a circle "eating its own tail."
Here is a smoke ring blown by Mt. Etna during a volcanic eruption the rings are up to 200 m in diameter.
Coupled Resonant Pendulums
Drawing Board
Rift Zone
Check my website: http://www.exo.net/~pauld
Scientific Explorations with Paul Doherty
© 2006
7 March 2006
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Crogen 1165AD
IMGP8746“Yn nechrau Awst 1165, y bu un o frwydrau enwocaf Owain Gwynedd, yng nghoed Crogen uwchlaw Dyffryn Ceiriog.” 1
At the beginning of August, 1165AD, Henry II invaded Powys to wage a campaign against the Cymry who had united under the leadership of Owain Gwynedd. Despite the time of year, the rain trapped the English army in the woods and uplands near the Ceiriog Valley. Enraged by the failure of his effort to defeat Owain’s army, Henry II mutilated twenty-two of his hostages, blinding Cadwallon and Cynwrig, Owain’s sons and Maredudd Ddall, the son of Arglwydd Rhys. 2
A small band of the Cymry were selected to attack Henry’s large army. Ferociously, the Cymry threw themselves into the center of the English army, striking mercilessly at the heart of Henry’s invaders.
The battle remains one of the most famous in the defense of Cymru against the English kings. The bravery and skill of the greatly outnumbered Cymry against Henry’s army was remembered and admired for years afterward. English soldiers used the word, ‘Crogen’ as a euphemism for ‘courage.’
In September, I am offering a short course in the history of Cymru for Hearts Through History, Seiri Cenedl Cymru / Nation Builders of Wales, concentrating on the individuals who contributed to this small country and its many significant contributions to world history.
1 Alamanc y Teulu, Gwasg Carreg Gwlach, 1990
2 The Journey Through Wales/The Description of Wales, Gerallt Cymro, 1978
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Filed under Cymraeg/Welsh Language, Hanes Cymru/Welsh History, Y Cymry/Welsh People
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Quantitative Reasoning – Practice – Bill and John walk towards each other!
PSA_PRACTICE_QNR29. John and Bill walk towards to each other’s house. If both leave at 10 am, they meet 10 minutes later. If Bill leave 3 minutes later then John, they’ll meet 9 minutes after Bill leaves. How long does it take for Bill to walk to John’s house?
1) 10 minutes
2) 12 minutes
3) 15 minutes
4) 16 minutes
Let, John’s and Bill’s houses be A & B respectively and they meet at ‘M’ in the first scenario.
Let, John’s and Bill’s speed be ‘j’ and ‘b’ units/minute.
AB= AM+ MB= 10j + 10b= 10(j+b) ……….. (Y)
Let, in the second case both meet at point ‘N’; when they meet, John has walked for 12 minutes and Bill for 9 minutes.
AB= AN + NB = 12j + 9b ………..(Z)
From, (Y) & (Z),
10j + 10b = 12j + 9b
=> b= 2j
Using (Y)= AB= 10(3b/2) = 15b
Since, Bill’s speed = b, time taken to cover this distance= 15 minutes. Option (3).
Leave a Reply
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"url": "http://onlinepsa.in/index.php/2015/08/12/psa_practice_qnr29/"
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Stanford House
The Cuyahoga Valley's early settlers from New England arrived to find their purchased properties hidden beneath a wilderness of dense forest. By the early 19th century, small hamlets and townships developed where farm families cooperated and exchanged goods. James Stanford, who moved his wife and children from Pennsylvania to Ohio around 1802, participated in surveying parties who gathered information about communities throughout Summit County. After surveying near Boston Township, James decided to move his family to a nearby 169 acre property on the western bank of the Cuyahoga River. James and his wife Polly continued to live on and work the farm for the rest of their lives. Later owners included James' son George, and grandson George C. Stanford.
Creating a new and successful farm required hard work, perseverance, and patience. Farmers often waited up to five years for their farm to become self-sustaining, and even longer for their land to become prosperous. By the 1880s, George C. Stanford cultivated about 100 acres of the farm, and focused his efforts on raising wheat, hay, cattle, and sheep. Like all farmers in the valley, the Stanford family also kept a garden where they grew a variety of fruits and vegetables.
The history of the Stanford family illustrates the importance of participation in local communities during the early years of valley townships. George Stanford and his son George C. Stanford served in a variety of offices in Boston Township. Both father and son were elected as justice of the peace during their lifetimes. George C. Stanford additionally served as township assessor and Boston postmaster. Each generation's active community involvement lent prominence to the Stanford family name.
Like many of the valley's properties, the Stanford farm and house witnessed many occupants throughout the centuries before becoming a part of the Cuyahoga Valley National Park. The Stanford House now serves as lodging for the national park's visitors, who can eat, sleep, and explore the valley's past within the walls of this historic house.
A Day on the Stanford Farm
Rena Fiedler describes an average day for her grandfather and his hired workers on the Stanford Farm in the 1930s.
View File Record
Life as a Farmer
Rena Fiedler, a Stanford family descendant who lived on the Stanford Farm in the 1930s, talks about how her grandparents managed the farm.
View File Record
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"url": "https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/336?tour=20&index=6"
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The Anciet Synagogue
From 1969 to 1974 the work of the archaeologists V. Corbo and S. Loffreda focused on the areas underneath the walls and floor of the monumental Byzantine white stone synagogue.
In the excavation trenches on the left flanks of the prayer room, beneath the gallery and the eastern portico, the remains of the residences destroyed to make space for the synagogue were found, showing that the synagogue had not been built on vacant land. These remains consist of stone floors, basalt walls, doors, staircases, water channels and fireplaces.
In contrast, beneath the large central nave a wide basalt cobblestone pavement from the first century AD was found. Based on its dimensions, this must have belonged to a public building, perhaps the actual synagogue built by the Roman centurion, which would explain the continuity in use of the same space for the purpose of worship.
Formidable walls made from squared and well-finished basalt blocks were used for the foundations of the white stone synagogue. The walls supported the perimeter of the prayer room and, in a more discontinuous manner, the internal stylobate within that same room. The Franciscan archaeologists Corbo and Loffredo were in agreement that these walls belonged to the remains of a synagogue that had preceded the fifth century one.
The walls of this synagogue in black basalt are visible today along the external perimeter of the synagogue and represent a different alignment with respect to the white limestone synagogue, which is most apparent at the southwest corner of the structure.
The dating of this synagogue remains a point of contention. Father Corbo believed that it was part of the same first century building to which the basalt cobblestone pavement found under the central nave had belonged, while Father Loffreda thought it represented an intermediate stage between the first and fifth century synagogues.
The Anciet Synagogue
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M.I.T. Researchers Create Molecular Chips
Before you read on, take a guess what the image above might be. Go on, I’ll wait.
Nope, it’s not a fence seen from above, or a close-up photo of some spaghetti.
It’s a magnified picture of a computer chip made up of hundreds of tiny molecules.
As devices continue to get smaller, universities and private technology companies have continued to build smaller computer chips. But the miniaturization techniques they use now, which date back more than 50 years, are reaching their limits and may not continue to work for much longer.
To keep technology moving forward, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have developed a new technology using what they call “copolymers” that will allow chip manufacturers to take molecules and arrange them into complex patterns on silicon chips.
Karl Berggren, an associate professor of electrical engineering, describes the copolymer technique with an analogy from the movie “Midnight Run,” in which a bounty hunter and white-collar criminal “are handcuffed together but can’t stand each other.” Mr. Berggren explains that the molecules make an attempt to stay away from each other and “arrange themselves into predictable patterns.”
In the past, the idea of self-assembling molecular chips would require a place for the molecules to go, sometimes including a trench etched into the chip. This new technique uses what researchers call “hitching posts,” which give the molecules somewhere to attach to make the needed shapes.
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The Flag of the European Union
When was it adopted? Why does it have 12 stars? What do they represent? Here are the answers
The History of a symbol
1955 - The Assembly of the Council of Europe chooses its symbol: a flag with 12 golden stars on a blue background
1979 - The European Parliament presents a resolution on the adoption of a flag for the European Community
1983 - The European Parliament decides that the flag of the Council of Europe will be adopted by the Community
1984 - The European Council stresses the importance of promoting the identity and the image of Europe among European citizens and at a global level
1985 - The European Council approves the use of the flag as the official emblem of the European Union (EEC at the time)
1986 - The Community institutions start to use the blue flag with 12 golden stars
Some curiosities
- The EU flag is the symbol of the European Union and represents the Community identity
- The 12 stars have nothing to do with the number of member states
- Each of the stars has five points, one of which is constantly directed upwards
- On the blue background are 12 golden stars in a circle indicating the union of the European peoples
- The number of stars does not vary. They are the emblem of perfection, completeness, harmony and unity
- The colours used are: Pantone Reflex Blue RGB: 0/51/153 ; Pantone Yellow RGB: 255/204/0
Last update: 03 June 2014
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the dwarf as a symbol in gothic literature
The figure of a dwarf appears as the center of two gothic tales, Henry Clay Lewis's "A Struggle for Life" and Edgar Allan Poe's "Hop-Frog." A dwarf also plays a role in Harriet Prescott Spofford's "The Amber God." These dwarf characters share striking similarities, which are embodiments of fears and suspicions held by White Europeans of the time against other races. The three characters therefore represent the racial Other for the dominant White Europeans of the time period.
A physical comparison is the most obvious tie between Lewis's and Poe's dwarves. Lewis's is described as "a Negro dwarf of the most frightful appearance... with legs and arms of enormously disproportionate length; his face" is "hideous: a pair of tushes (tusks)" project "from either side of a double hare-lip" (66). The dwarf is then said to look like a cross between a monkey and a devil. The protagonist "could not look at him without feeling disgust" (Lewis 66). This degrading description is nearly identical to the bits of description the reader receives about Poe's dwarf, Hop-Frog.
Hop-Frog is a "professional jester," commonly called a fool. He came "from some barbarous region... that no person ever heard of," very similar to the origins of the Negro slave (Poe 72). His arms were incredibly muscular, although this was due to the fact that his legs were crippled, and he possessed "fang-like teeth," a direct parallel to the "tushes" of Lewis's dwarf (Poe 76). The narrator of the story comments that, "many monarchs would have found it difficult to get through their days... without both a jester to laugh with, and a dwarf to laugh at," implying that the dwarf is funny-looking by nature (Poe 72). Hop-Frog's name itself also marks him as odd-looking because he is named after the sort of movement he has to make to move across the floor, a hop like a frog. When he has something to climb, though, he resembles "a squirrel, or a small monkey" (Poe 72). Lewis's dwarf is also compared to a monkey, an "ourang outang" to be exact. It is apparent that at the very least the dwarf had a consistent physical representation in authors' minds at the time, from the nearly identical descriptions. The mutual traits in themselves lend to the symbolism of the dwarf.
Spofford's dwarf is not described in so much physical detail, yet she still shares some qualities with the other dwarves. She is Asian, definitely an exotic country of origin (as far as Europeans of the time were concerned), and "the heigh of a yardstick" (Spofford 202). Her other characteristcs are really what align her soundly with her counterparts in Lewis's and Poe's stories. Her nature is "like a thing of the woods," and she is incredibly wild and uncontrollable when her captors bring her to New England. Lewis's dwarf is also a slave, as is Hop-Frog, who is given as a gift to his king. Spofford's Asian dwarf is also a gift to a New England housewife. Now it can be firmly established that the dwarf represents the Other in its racial-Other aspect, by the different origins but similar ugliness of the characters, their animal-like qualities and natures, and the fact that they are all slaves.
All three dwarves lack proper names. Lewis's and Spofford's dwarves have absolutely no proper name, being referred to as the Negro dwarf or Asian dwarf, respectively. Poe's dwarf has a name, Hop-Frog, but it isn't a true first or last name and is obviously demeaning. As mentioned earlier, Hop-Frog is named after the way he is forced to move due to his crippled legs, definitely not a flattering nickname. This lack of names in combination with the mutual physical disfigurements establishes a definite state of hegemony throughout all three texts. The character of the dwarf is obviously the lowest culture.
The phyiscal attributes and lack of names are not the only common threads, though. Lewis and Poe's dwarves react almost exactly the same when drinking alcohol. Lewis's dwarf receives two sips of brandy from the doctor, who then fails to notice the "wild sparkle of his (the dwarve's) eye" (66). When lost in the swamp, the doctor realizes the dwarf's condition and the narrative comment is that he "had given him too much brandy for his weak brain" (Lewis 67). As the dwarf demands more brandy his eyes are "flashing and sparkling with electric light" (Lewis 68). The doctor was unaware of the effect of alcohol on his Negro dwarf, but Hop-Frog's king delights in the same effect in Hop-Frog. Wine excites "the poor cripple almost to madness" (Poe 73). A single cup and the king exclaims, "Why, your eyes are shining already!" (Poe 73). The narrator furthers this with, "Poor fellow! His large eyes gleamed, rather then shone; for the effect of wine on his excitable brain was not more powerful but instantaneous" (Poe 73). This is an exact replay of Lewis's drunken dwarf, with the quick effect, the bright eyes, the weak/excitable brain and the rising temper, although Hop-Frog's temper is more provoked.
The anger of all three dwarves has profound consequences. Lewis's dwarf attacks and kills the doctor in the swamp (although whether the doctor truly died or not is debatable). The doctor was at first confident that he could take on such a small creature, but the strength of the enraged dwarf proved more then his match. The dwarf ends in the fire, apparently passing out in it while he was drunk and burning to cinders.
Hop-Frog's revenge is more successful. With a great deal of irony he has the king and his advisors dress as "ourang outangs" during a costume party, chaining them together as slaves were at the time. The costumed court is hoisted into the air with Hop-Frog clinging to the chain above them, pretending to play along with the game. He then sets fire to the group as they hang, in a way mirroring the death of Lewis's dwarf, and escapes with his companion.
Spofford's Asian dwarf has a much more indirect, but no less deadly, effect. She has carried with her most of her life a string of amber beads carved in the shapes of her gods. The the Pope himself blessed the beads, which are in the form of a rosary, when they are to be given up to her former owners, the Willoughbys, the Asian dwarf curses them. While this curse may not be the direct cause of Giorgione Willoughby's death it seems to be distinctly implied that it is what set in motion the events that lead to her death.
The death of all three dwarves' captors (or former captors, or representatives of captors as in the doctor's case) displays the fear that White Europeans had of the Other, in its racial form. The interpellation that the dwarves experienced resulted in acts of violence and the dominant culture is left wondering if they were truly the roots of the outburst. Although Lewis' dwarf perishes in the end, it still remains that he killed a "white man" (68). The "dwarf's attack did not surprise the family," a significant indication that violence from their slaves was an expected outcome (Lewis 70). The family can be seen to represent the general population, and therefore this was a very real fear of the times. Lewis is more optimistic in allowing the doctor to live in the end, unlike Poe's tale.
The death of the king and his advisors, while they are dressed as monkeys, brings out another aspect of the fear of the other races. Already the dwarf, as a slave turning on his master, is established. By dressing the king and company as monkeys and chaining them like slaves, Poe expresses the fear that not only could other races turn on the White Europeans, they could subjugate White Europeans as White Europeans have done to them. The finality of the death in flames suggests the extreme depth of this fear. There is no returning for the king and his entourage.
A final aspect of the fear is represented in the symbol of the racial dwarf as written by Spafford. The curse left by her Asian dwarf also kills the master, although in this case it is the descendant of the master. This represents the potential danger of the influence theses races and their culture could have. Giogione's father willingly allows her to have the amber necklace and Giorgione is fascinated with it, as anyone would be with something new and exotic. Giorgione has admitted to being closer to nature, by following her own nature, so it is no real surprise that she may have succumbed to the pagan curse. The possibility that White European children could be corrupted or harmed by other races and their cultures was a very real and frightening thing to many parents.
Through the three considered texts the Other symbol of the dwarf is clearly revealed. Racial fears are focused into this character, warping his body to make him easy to hate, shortening him so that he can be looked down upon and giving him an animal nature that we can also disdain. By the outcomes of the stories, though, true worries are revealed and so the dwarf becomes a symbol of the feared racial Other.
Works Cited
Althusser, Louis. "Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses." Literary Theory: An Anthology. Ed. Julie Rivkin, Michael Ryan. Maldan, Mass.: Blackwell, 1998. 294-304.
Gramsci, Antonio. "Hegemony." Literary Theory: An Anthology. Ed. Julie Rivkin, Michael Ryan. Maldan, Mass.: Blackwell, 1998. 277.
Lewis, Henry Clay. "A Struggle for Life." American Gothic An Anthology. Ed. Charles L. Crow. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 1999. 65-70.
Poe, Edgar Allan. "Hop-Frog." American Gothic An Anthology. Ed. Charles L. Crow. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 1999. 71-76.
Spofford, Harriet Prescott. "The Amber Gods." American Gothic An Anthology. Ed. Charles L. Crow. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 1999. 197-226.
thanks to: Node your homework
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Confederate Rear Admiral, b. 1809 d. 1877.
At the age of 17, Semmes became a midshipman in the United States Navy. While in the service, he studied law while on leave and eventually became a practicing lawyer while remaining in the Navy. He fought in the Mexican War and served as special naval aide to the U.S. Army during their campaign against Mexico City.
With secession and the Civil War coming into the frame, Semmes resigned his position as a commander in the U.S. Navy in order to accept the same position with the Confederacy... despite the fact that he was born in Maryland and was a practicing lawyer in Ohio.
He was given command of the C.S.S. Sumter, the first Confederate cruiser commissioned by the Confederate Navy. In six months, he captured or sank fifteen Union vessels while attacking northern shipping lanes. The C.S.S. Sumter was then caught and blockaded by the U.S. Navy while trying to pass through the straits of Gibraltar. Before the ship and its crew were captured, Semmes escaped and made his way to England.
Knowing that a vessel was being built for the Confederacy at Laird's shipyard in Birkenhead, England, Semmes decided that this new vessel was his route back to the high seas. He took the vessel, named it the "Alabama" and almost single handedly took control of the Atlantic Ocean. Attacking mostly merchant ships, Semmes sank or captured another ten Union vessels in the next six months, including the Union warship U.S.S. Hatteras.
The Union labeled Semmes a pirate and offered a price for his capture. They would not recognize him as a naval officer because his conduct was "not befitting an officer in any naval command." His raids, designed to disrupt Union trade routes and to finance the economically troubled Confederacy, took him as far as the Indian Ocean and the China Sea.
The C.S.S. Alabama was destroyed on June 19, 1864 by the Union warship U.S.S. Kearsarge. After the Alabama sank, Semmes again returned, escaping both capture and death. He was picked up by an English yacht, which then returned him to the Confederacy. It was then that he was promoted to rear admiral.
During his Confederate naval career, Raphael Semmes compiled an impressive record. He captured eighty-two Union merchant vessels with a net cargo of six million dollars. He boarded at least 386 different ships and took over 2,000 prisoners during his twenty-two month command of the Alabama. He never returned to the north, retiring to Point Clear, Alabama where he died in 1877.
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Roblox Weld C1 Script, Plugin, Tool & Tutorial
In Basic
Welds are a joint which rigidly holds their parent part and another part in a fixed position relative to each other. Those can be used in places where parts must be held together at odd angles but it is still can move such as for a vehicle. It means that they cannot work with anchored parts. The prerequisities of this are being able to use a basic CFrame and knowing how to index and change the properties of an object, using a script. The object of weld is put in a part. And a property is arranged to decide that other part must be welded to the genuine part. And then, two CFrames that is the C0 and the C1 tell the weld how the parts must be put.
Part0: the property of a weld is an object and it has to be set to the part the weld is in for the weld to work.
Part1: the property of a weld is an object and tells in which part it has to be attaching its parent to.
C0: it determines how the [offset point] must be attached to the Part0.
C1: it determines how the Part1 must be attached to the [offset point].
Because C0 and C1 are offsets this equation means that the weld has to satisfy the condition that each part CFrame multiplied by the respective offset must end up being equal to each other. Considering what to set the C0 and C1 to is a little bit choosy. But, if you get good at it, it is able to go quite quickly. For welds, you must not be worried about the C1 because it is set to a “unit” automatically or unrotated CFrame. You just have to deal with C1 when you work with motors. So, you have to ignore it for now. The C0 is going to tell the weld how it must attach itself to the other part. For example, [weld].C0 =, 2, 0). It tells the weld that it has to hold the part1 in a position 2 studs above the part0. It is so simple, isn’t it?
If you want to rotate the CFrame, you have to use the command below, that is case sensitive.
CFrame.fromEulerAnglesXYZ(#, #, #)
CFrame.Angles(#, #, #)
It is used as follows:
weld.C0 =, 2, 0)*CFrame.fromEulerAnglesXYZ(0, math.pi, 0)
It tells the weld to attach the part1, two studs above the part0 and rotate the part 1 by 180 degrees relative to the part0. You use math.pi as the number to rotate by, use it in the fashion below.
• math.pi = 1/2 of a turn
• math.pi/2 = 1/4 of a turn
• math.pi/4 = 1/8 of a turn
Well, that’s all explanation about weld that we can give to you. Hopefully, this article can be helpful and informative for you all. Thank you very much for your reading and see you later. Do not forget to share this article to others.
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Health and Medical News and Resources
General interest items edited by Janice Flahiff
How Muscle Fatigue Originates in the Head
From the 5 December 2011 Science Daily news item
Researchers from the University of Zurich have now studied in detail what sportsmen and women know from experience: The head plays a key role in tiring endurance performances. They have discovered a mechanism in the brain that triggers a reduction in muscle performance during tiring activities and ensures that one’s own physiological limits are not exceeded. For the first time, the study demonstrates empirically that muscle fatigue and changes in the interaction between neuronal structures are linked…
“The findings are an important step in discovering the role the brain plays in muscle fatigue. Based on these studies, it won’t just be possible to develop strategies to optimize muscular performance, but also specifically investigate reasons for reduced muscular performance in various diseases.” Prolonged reduced physical performance is a symptom that is frequently observed in daily clinical practice. It can also appear as a side effect of certain medication. However, so-called chronic fatigue syndrome is often diagnosed without any apparent cause.
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This Infographic Reveals Whether You Earn More Than Einstein, Curie, or Newton
We've got to say, we're not impressed.
14 APR 2016
Throughout history, scientists have totally changed the way we see the world. From the theory of general relativity that helps us understand our Universe to the discovery of radioactive elements used throughout medicine today, without the work of people like Albert Einstein and Marie Curie, the world would be a very different place.
But just how well compensated were these great minds for their pioneering research? Stephen Pritchard from Adzuna did some digging into the salaries of history's best-known scientists, and updated them to today's currency, based on inflation rates. And the results are pretty surprising.
Not only are the salaries overall pretty low when you consider just how influential these researchers were - Einstein earned the most at US$173,000, which is pretty impressive, until you compare it to what today's lawyers are earning - they're also incredibly inconsistent.
For example, while the undeniably impressive Galileo Galilei earned around US$141,155 back in the 1600s for his contributions to astronomy, German astronomer Caroline Herschel was only paid $7,199 for discovering eight comets in the late 1700s.
Obviously sexism was an issue back then, but even between the guys, things don't really add up, with astronomer Edwin Hubble earning just $20,559 in 1919.
But before you get too mad, a lot of that inconsistency can be explained by the fact that these salary estimates were taken at different points in each of the researchers' careers - and only reflect one year, not a lifetime, of earnings.
"Einstein’s genius was well-established when he arrived at Princeton University for example, while Newton was almost 20 years away from publishing his theory on gravity," writes Pritchard.
Also, simply using inflation data to convert money from hundreds of years ago to today has its problems, so the comparisons aren't as straightforward as they appear.
But even as a rough guide, the infographic is still fascinating insight into how scientists were valued back in their day, and how our earnings today compare. You can see a zoomable version here.
Modern Day Salaries of Famous Scientists from History dollar 1-01
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"Houston, I've got a question about the GoPro real quick?"
39 minutes ago
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After the primary structure comes the secondary structure. The original chain begins to twist. It's as if you take a piece of string and twist one end. It slowly begins to curl up. In the amino acid chain, each of the amino acids interacts with the others and it twists like a corkscrew or a flat folded sheet.
Let's move on to the tertiary structure of proteins. By now you're probably getting the idea that proteins do a lot of folding and twisting. The third step in the creation of a protein is the tertiary structure when the amino acid chains begin to fold even more and bond using more bridges (the disulfide bridges).
We can finally cover the quaternary structure of proteins. Quaternary means four. This is the fourth phase in the creation of a protein. In the quaternary structure, several amino acid chains from the tertiary structure fold together in a blob. They wind in and out of each other. You heard it right. Blob is the scientific term.
In our class, we often talk about reactions and the molecules that change in those reactions. Those changes don't happen on their own. If you leave a blob of protein in a Petri dish, will it just break down to the amino acids? No. What will do it? Enzymes! Enzymes are the biological substance (proteins) that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life.
When you go home at night and the door is locked, can it open itself? Nope. You need a key that is just the right shape to fit in that lock. Otherwise, you're stuck in the cold. (to fit= to be the right size and shape for (someone or something) ▪ The suit fits him perfectly. ▪ I hope this key fits the lock. ▪ The two pieces fit each other perfectly. ▪ These shoes fit perfectly. ▪ This calculator will fit nicely/neatly in your shirt pocket. ▪ pants that fit tightly/loosely = tight-fitting/loose-fitting pants ▪ The two pieces fit together perfectly. ◊Something that fits (you) like a glove fits (you) very well.
▪ That suit fits him like a glove). Enzymes work in a similar way (locks and keys). Enzymes complete very specific jobs and do nothing else. They are very
specific locks and the compounds they work with are the special keys. In the same way there are door keys, car keys, and bike-lock keys, there are enzymes for neural cells, intestinal cells, and your saliva.
Here's the deal: there are four steps in the process of an enzyme working.
2. The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with a special area called the active site. The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The active site is the keyhole of the lock.
4. The enzyme lets go. Big idea. When the enzyme lets go, it returns to normal, ready to do another reaction. The substrate is no longer the same. The substrate is now called the product.
Good question! We know what you're thinking. What if enzymes just kept going and converted every molecule in the world? They would never stop... like a monster! There are many factors that can regulate enzyme activity, including temperature, activators, pH levels, and inhibitors.
Date: 2016-01-03; view: 559
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AMINO ACID STRUCTURE | Intrinsic Semiconductors
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Day 141: How Big is the Sun?
College-Prep Physics: It was sunny out today! So we poked a hole in the side of a copy paper box to make a pinhole camera. Aimed our cameras at the sun and measured the resulting image in order to determine the true size of the sun. The copy paper box worked beautifully: the sides with the hole and the screen are always parallel; it’s easy to aim the camera directly at the sun — lay box on ground and lift up/turn until box shadow is square; for the size of the box, the image of the sun is exactly 1/2 cm across (so it fits perfectly within 1/2 cm graph paper). We didn’t do anything fancy with foil like I’ve seen for other pinhole cameras on the internet. Should we have? Why?
Conceptual Physics: Students finished the diode circuit simulation activity from yesterday. One group came up with a possible bike generator circuit that will charge the battery and light the bulb while pedaling, and will also use the battery to light the bulb when the pedaling stops.
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About Frank Noschese
HS Physics Teacher constantly questioning my teaching.
2 responses to “Day 141: How Big is the Sun?”
1. Brad Wysocki says :
I’ve used the foil for a pinhole camera as a way to model the particle nature of light. The foil is nice because you can easily change the size and number of holes without ruining the whole box, just a piece of foil. Then we remove the foil, replace and make a new hole. That works pretty well.
In describing your experiment I don’t see any reason you would need the foil.
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The Science Of Disney Imagineering Series
Students learn the definition of gravity and explain the relationship between gravity, mass, and distance. Best of all, they will be able to apply an understanding of forces to explain the feeling of weightlessness on a roller coaster ride. Cool!
Subject Area:
Grade Level:
Episode Tags:
Star Rating:
Your rating: None Average: 4.3 (6 votes)
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"url": "https://wimedialab.org/series/episode/gravity-0"
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Figurative Language
Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Idiom, Hyperbole
Simile- A comparison of two unlike things using the words like or as.
Metaphor- A comparison of two unlike things by saying that one thing is a dissimliar object or thing
Personification- Giving human qualities to nonhuman things
Idiom- a group of words whose collective meaning is quite different from their individual, literal meaning
Hyperbole- An exaggeration that cannot possibly be true
One time my cousins and I went to the ball diamonds with my mom. When Elizabeth suggested we go we all had smiles a mile wide.(Hyperbole) While we were putting all of our equipment in the trunk we lost a bat and my mom said, " It grew legs and walked away."(Personification)
When we found the bat it was right in front of us and if it were a snake it would have bit us in the face. Then after we found the bat we went to the ball diamonds. While we were getting the equipment out of the trunk my cousin Danny ran to the park. So my mom said, "Why don't you give us a hand."(Idiom)
My cousin and I started throwing a softball and we were working so well together we very rarely droped the ball. We were like two peas in a pod.(Simile)
After practicing for a while we went back to our grandparent's house. When we got there they had food ready. So we washed our hands and got ready for dinner. We were all so hungry we could eat a horse.(Hyperbole) My cousin had three servings of pasta. So I said, "You are such a pig."(Metaphor)
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SuperScience for grades 3-6 inspires students to make scientific discoveries as they read fascinating news stories, engage in hands-on activities, learn about current science topics, and more!
Silky Secrets
An ancient mystery hits the road.
Courtesy American Museum of Natural History.
Courtesy American Museum of Natural History.
About 2,000 years ago, traders dazzled ancient Romans with a shimmering cloth from faraway lands in the East. The material was strong but soft. It kept wearers cool in hot weather and warm in cold weather. Romans had never
seen anything like it — and they were hooked.
Traders charged high prices for the fabric and brought riches back east. What was this miracle material that had ancient Romans dishing out their gold? Silk! But when the Romans tried to make this treasure for themselves, they were stumped. They knew of other cloths, such as linen and cotton, that were made from plants. So they mistakenly guessed that silk came from a plant. Why was silk-making such a mystery?
Mystery Material
Romans didn’t know the people who made silk. The glistening material came from China over a network of trading pathways called the Silk Road. The route stretched from Asia through the Middle East and into Europe. But merchants didn’t make the whole trip themselves. “People would take their goods a couple hundred miles, they’d trade it for other things, and then they’d go back in the other direction,” explains Mark Norell, curator of Traveling the Silk Road, an exhibition at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. Merchants at one end of the Silk Road could only guess what happened at the other end.
Since China’s rulers were making a fortune on the silk trade, they forbade their people to teach sericulture to others. “It was a penalty of death if you shared silk-making secrets with foreigners,” Norell says.
When Romans looked to plants for the answer, they were barking up the wrong tree. Far away, tiny animals were spinning the mysterious material.
Spinning a Secret
At least 5,000 years ago, the Chinese discovered the secret—that caterpillars spin cocoons of silky filaments. The practice of silk farming was born.
Silk farmers cared for a type of insect called the domestic silk moth. Each female moth would lay up to 500 pinpoint-size eggs before she died.
Silk farmers placed the eggs in shaded trays. Ten to 12 days later, the larvae, in the form of tiny caterpillars, crawled out. Because these caterpillars, known as silkworms, are picky eaters, their caretakers served up their favorite food—mulberry leaves. The caterpillars molted, or shed their skin, as they grew. Their weight multiplied 10,000 times in one month!
After several molts, farmers set up frames of twigs. Each caterpillar climbed a twig and produced a silky filament from glands in its head. The caterpillar spent days wrapping itself in this filament, which hardened as it was exposed to air. The result: a white, puffy cocoon made of pure silk.
Normally, the pupae inside the cocoons would transform into moths. But silk farmers couldn’t let this happen. “If it changes into a moth, the threads are broken as the animal climbs out,” Norell says. So the farmers baked or steamed the cocoons and soaked them in salt water to kill the pupae. Then they dumped the cocoons in boiling water to loosen the filament. Each cocoon unraveled into a single silken strand 600 to 900 meters (1,970 to 2,950 feet) long. That’s twice the height of the Empire State Building!
But the strands were so fine that workers had to wind several filaments together to make one silk thread. One silk robe, for example, required 2,500 cocoons.
The Secret’s Out
The Chinese couldn’t keep the secret of silk-making forever, and over time, sericulture spread to other lands. According to one legend, in 522 A.D., two monks hid silk moth eggs inside their walking sticks and smuggled them to Europe.
But the finest silk still came from China. The Silk Road reached its peak during China’s Tang Dynasty (618 to 906 A.D.). Traders used this network not only for silk but also other goods, technologies, and ideas. “Just about everything that could be traded was traded,” Norell says.
After thousands of years, the steps for making silk haven’t changed, although machines now do some of the work. When you wear a silk shirt, sleep with silk sheets, or use a silk-lined sleeping bag, you’re benefiting from an ancient discovery that’s still popular.
Check It Out
Experience thousand-year-old adventures by Traveling the Silk Road: Ancient Pathway to the Modern World. This new exhibition from the American Museum of Natural History opens November 14, 2009, and features several life-size models of camels. These animals were knows as “boats of the desert.”
Camels sweat very little but can lose up to 30 percent of their weight in water . . . and can then slurp it all back in less than 15 minutes. Learn more about camels and ancient trade routes by asking your teacher or by visiting
Words to Know
Sericulture—The practice of silk production.
Filament—A fine thread.
Larvae—Insects in an immature stage of development.
Molt—To shed the skin.
Gland—An organ that produces and secretes chemicals.Pupae—Insects in the transformation stage between larvae and adults.
Privacy Policy
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68 Cards in this Set
• Front
• Back
what causes caries
host resistance
bacterial plaque
diet (sugars)
how does caries progress
1. acids from bacterial plaque cause demineralization
2.bacterial invasion
3.demineralization proceeds to cavitation (enamel)
4. demineralization proceeds to root softening (cementum/dentin)
what are the classificaton of carries according to G.V. Black
classify according to...
1. locations in permanent teeth
2. number of surfaces prepared
3.location of tooth prepared
what is a class I caries lesion
pit and fissure caries
what surfaces does class I cover
facial and lingual surfaces
posterior occlusal surfaces
lingual pits of anterior teeth
buccal pits of molars
if the progression of caries is 2 cones base to base, what type of caries is it
fissure caries
when is restoration indicated
when cavitation occurs with slight enamel demineralization
what are the stages of caries management (classifying lesions by appropriate care)
1. sub-clinical initial lesions in a dynamic state of progression/regression (no active caries)
2. lesions detectable with additional diagnostic aids (radiographs)
3. clinically detectable enamel lesions with INTACT surfaces
4. clinically detectable "cavities" limited to ENAMEL (preventive care advised)
5. clinically detectable lesions into DENTIN
6. lesions into PULP (preventive or operative care)
what does preparation equal
caries diagnosed extension, into pits and fissures
*diagnosis is in the form of radiographs and clinical diagnosis
what classifies as a class 2 caries
smooth surface caries on the proximal surfaces of POSTERIOR teeth (interproximal caries)
*no pit caries
if the progression of caries is 2 cones TIP to BASE, what kind of caries is it
class 2
what is one big factor you have to consider when doing class 2 caries (in terms of carving)
what classifies as class 3 caries
smooth surface caries on proximal surfaces of ANTERIOR teeth
if the progression of caries is 2 cones TIP to BASE, what type of caries can it be
class 2 caries
class 3 caries
class 5 caries
what classifies as a class 4 caries
lesions on the proximal surface of anterior teeth that include the INCISAL EDGGE
*usually due to traumatic fracture
*looking at the occlusal will help when restoring this type of tooth
what classifies as a class 5 caries
smooth surface caries on the FACIAL or LINGUAL surface for both ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR teeth at the GINGIVAL THIRD
*may involve cementum, dentin, or enamel surfaces
what does root surface carious lesion (class 5) follow when it is progressing
carious lesion is a softening of root surface that progresses following the dentinal tubules
does class 5 only cover carious lesions
class 5 also describes NON-CARIOUS smooth surface LOSS OF TOOTH SUBSTANCE lesions on facial and lingual surfaces
*due to bone loss, acid erosion, etc.
what causes non-carious lesions (aka Notch Lesions)
what classifies as a class 6 caries
lesions are PIT or WEAR DEFECTS on:
-lesions can be caries but don't have to be
define primary caries
original lesion on tooth
-pit and fissure caries
-smooth surface caries
define residual caries
caries left in a cavity preparation either by intent or omission
define secondary caries
caries occurring at the margin of an existing restoration (like an existing filling)
define incipient caries
initial lesion that is reversible
define cavitated lesion
(not remineralizable)
progressed lesion that must be restored (enamel cavitation - cavity)
what is attrition
(a type of non-carious tooth defect)
loss of tooth structure due to wear (ex: wear due to bruxism)
what is erosion
(a type of non-carious tooth defect)
loss of tooth structure due to chemical processes, like acid
*tooth appears to be rounded and saucer shaped
what is abfraction
(a type of non-carious tooth defect)
stress corrosion of the cervical enamel margin of tooth caused by non-axial forces on the incisal, occlusal, and palatal surfaces of the tooth placing the hard tissue in tension and then compression
what is a fracture caused by
loss of tooth structure due to TRAUMA
what is abrasion caused by
mechanical force
what are line angles
intersection of 2 walls
(either internal/internal or internal/external)
what are point angles
intersection of 3 walls
what are Black's Steps of Cavity Preparations
1. obtain outline form
2. obtain resistance form
3. obtain retention form
4. obtain convenience form
5. remove remaining carious dentin
6. finish enamel walls and cavosurface margins
7. clean the preparation
what is Outline Form
based on the location and EXTENT of the carious lesion, tooth fracture, or erosion
-established after penetrating into carious dentin and removing the enamel overlying it
-final outline is established once all carious denting and overlying enamel is removed
what is Resistance Form
the design of the cavity prep so that the tooth and restorative material resist fracture when they are in function
what are the cutting instruments
1. Chisels
a. Hoes
b. Angle Forming Chisels - makes a well defined line
2. Hatchets
a. Gingival Margin Trimmers
what are the 3 parts of an instrument
shank - between the handle and tip
what are the 3 types of Shanks found on an instrument
1. straight
2. curved
3. angled
a. Mono-angle
b. Bin-angle
c. Tern-angle or Triple-angle
what are the parts of the Blade part of an instrument
body of the blade
cutting edge
which instruments are your non-cutting instruments
what do the numbers correspond to in a 3 Number Formula of the Blade for instrument formulae?
(ex: 12-8-16)
1. First Number - WIDTH of the blade in tenths of mm (so 12= 1.2mm width)
2. Second Number - LENGTH of blade in mm
3. Third Number - ANGLE of blade RELATIVE TO HANDLE in degrees centigrade
what do the numbers correspond to in a 4 Number Formula of the Blade.
(ex: 13-95-8-14)
1. First Number - WIDTH of blade in tenths of mm (so 13= 1.3mm)
2. Second Number - ANGLE of the CUTTING EDGE relative to the handle when the cutting edge is NOT 90 degrees to the handle
3. Third Number - LENGTH of the blade in mm
4. Fourth Number - ANGLE of the blade relative to the handle in degrees C
in a #17/23 Explorer, which end is 17 and which is 23
17 = triple angle shaft
23 = the rounded part
how can u ensure effective cutting and long usefulness of tungsten carbide burs
by making sure the bur is rotating rapidly prior to contacting the tooth
what is a burr
a steel or tungsten carbide rotary instrument that customarily has FLUTES or BLADES on the head
what are the 5 main groups of cutting burrs
round bur
inverted cone bur
straight fissure bur
tapered fissure bur
pear shaped bur
what are the 6 common sizes of round burs
1/4, 1/2, 2, 4, 6, 8,
what are the small sizes and large sizes of the round burs used for
small sizes (1/4, 1/2) - used for retention in tooth prep.
Larger sizes - used with slow speed for removing caries
what is the size range and uses of the inverted cone bur
sizes = #33.5-#39
1. used in both high and slow speed
2. used for retention and cavity definition
3. used to make:
-smooth pulpal walls
-convergent vertical walls
-create sharp internal
which bur comes in plain or crosscut
straight fissure burr and tapered fissure bur
(crosscuts are little notches that allow for cutting efficiency)
what are the sizes of the crosscut and plain straight fissure burs
crosscut= #555 to #558
plain= #55 to #58
what does #1155-#1158 and #1555-#1558 correspond to.
#1155-#1158= plain straight fissure bur w/a rounded end
#1555-#1558= crosscut straight fissure bur w/rounded end
what are tapered fissure burs used for
1.inlays create DIVERGENT walls in cavity preps.
what are the sizes for tapered fissure burs
#669-#703= crosscut
#169-#172= plain
#271 OR #272= ROUNDED NOSE tappered fissure burs
what are the sizes for pear shaped burs
Shorter-head style= 1.5mm (size #330 and #331)
Elongated-head style= 3.0mm (#245)
What are pear shaped burs used for
-use for all tooth preps that receive direct filling materials.
-initial penetration of enamel
-all aspects of cavity preps.
**similar to inverted cone burs but no crosscuts and rounder
what are multi-fluted burs used for and how many flutes do they have
-have 12 to 40 flutes
-used for finishing restorative materials
-beveling tooth structure
-finishing cavity walls
**all tasks that require SMOOTHER surfaces
the coarseness of a diamond bur depends on what
diamond particle size
what are the 3 parts of a diamond abrasive (bur)
a metal blank (shaped similar to a bur)
the powdered diamond abrasive
a metallic bonding material
what are diamond burs used for
abrading (reducing) large areas
(like in crown preps)
what are the 4 primary grasps for rotary instruments
pen grasp
modified pen grasp
inverted pen grasp
palm and thumb grasp
what is the safe-sided diamond disc used for
laboratory trimming of INTERPROXIMAL AREAS of fixed partial dentures
what is a mandrel
a shank that fits into either a straight or a contra-angle handpiece and has a tip that attaches to a center hole of the abrasive
all enamel rods should be supported by what to ensure a successful restorative
must be supported by DENTIN
7 factors to ensure resistance for a class 1 filling
box shape
flat pupal wall
dentin support to all enamel
adequate bulk amalgam (1.5mm thick)
defined and rounded internal line angles
marginal ridge integrity (1.5 for molars; 1.2 for premolars)
weak tooth structure is removed
to ensure maximum effectiveness for amalgam, what degree should the cavosurface be?
90 to 110 degrees celcius
what 2 techniques will produce a divergent proximal wall
1. use a tapered straight fissure bur
2. use a plain straight fissure bur but tip it proximally
in amalgam what is the weakest phase which allows corrosion
gamma 2 phase
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Not a stick
This week in English Year One have been looking at the book ‘Not a Stick’. They have been using their imagination to write labels and captions to tell the rest of the class how they would use their stick. They really enjoyed reading the book and writing their own version of ‘Not a Stick’.
Can you use your imagination and write how you would use a hat?
For example, it is a black, stripy magician’s hat
Miss Oomer
This entry was posted in Latest Blogs. Bookmark the permalink.
3 Responses to Not a stick
1. 0212015ek says:
a purple, spotty old man’s hat
2. 0212015im says:
I would use a green, emerald cap if it was a hot day.
3. 0212012km says:
It will de a rainbow collersd hat
Leave a Reply
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Piet Mondrian
"Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue"
This issue is based on one of the works of the artist Piet Mondrian. We purposely do not speak of a "puzzle" as this suggests a specific picture content.
Further material for this article.
Piet Mondrian - "Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue"
The new material packet "Piet Mondrian: Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue" for art lessons.
Artistic painting with the Pelikan Opaque Paint Box K12
With this issue of "Pelikan K12 - the Original" we would like to present an exclusive idea for working with the Pelikan opaque paint box in your art lesson. It is based on one of the works of the artist Piet Mondrian.
a copy of Klee's original image: Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue 1921; Oil on canvas,
can be found at: http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/mondrian/
Required material for this art class:
Water colour paint box K12, artist pad and a Pelikan paint brush.
Lesson plan "Piet Mondrian: Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue"
To help the children become involved in the lesson, the teacher starts with stencils. The coloured pieces help to visualise the task ahead. We purposely do not speak of a "puzzle" as this suggests a specific picture content.
After this introduction it is possible to allow the pupils freedom of composition. This leads most often to the best results. Support can and should be given if required. In the course of the lesson the stencil pieces can be used for differentiation.
1. Download the material packet "Piet Mondrian: Composition with Red, Yellow and Blue" from the Internet.
2. Print the individual pieces on stiff paper or card.
3. Present the stencils to the pupils by means of a non-verbal impulse: let the children sit in a circle and place the stencils in the middle.
Stencils from the download to the lesson "Mondrian"
1. Let individual pupils form figures with the stencils.
2. Discuss the resulting "pictures" with the pupils. You may find the following considerations helpful:
1. What is recognisable?
2. How do the perspectives differ within the circle?
3. How do the colours relate to each other?
4. How do the forms relate to each other?
5. How do the colours harmonise?
6. What effect do the colours have on the observer?
7. What titles would you give to the pictures?
8. Discuss the titles with the pupils.
3. After the discussion, let the pupils paint their own picture with the specified forms.
Important: all the coloured forms should be used only once, however the black lines may be used as often as required.
4. Once the pictures have dried, the pupils may choose a title for their work.
5. Finally each pupil presents its picture to the group. If they wish, the children can also write a story about the development of the picture.
Tip: It is always important that the assignment is made perfectly clear to the pupils! Choose your own path for the lesson and combine with the preferred materials.
Possibilities of Differentiation
Stencils for the pupils
If your pupils experience difficulty in building a chain of association during the exercise as they are sitting in a circle, give them the stencils to hold in their hands. The downloaded stencils can be printed as often as necessary for this.
Before the pupils start to paint, they should be allowed to place their stencil "picture" where they are sitting and paint their interpretation in their own time.
Print painting stencils
If the pupils experience difficulty in painting the black lines or shaping the coloured areas, give them the stencils to use.
Here's how:
Coloured stencils (for colour printers only): Print the stencils on white card in the required quantity and cut out the coloured shapes.
Black stencils: Print the stencils on coloured card and cut out around the outlines.
Teachers' Info offers you both: The stencils as downloads for printing on either coloured or white card.
Working with the stencils
This is the way to work with the stencils in the download.
Clean results can be obtained with our painting templates. These aids can be used immediately once they have been cut out.
For a rough and basic picture structure the children should initially use the black stencils, whereby they should be placed on the painting block and painted over accordingly. Once these lines have dried, the coloured shapes can be added in any order. The colour of the stencil indicates the colour of paint which is required.
Mixing indentation in the paint cake
Generally speaking, the paint should be mixed with a little water only. For this purpose, the Pelikan opaque paint box offers a unique paint cake. Place just a couple of drops of water in the indentation, the paint dissolves and can be applied easily.
Examples of pupils' paintings
transmission interference, cat
no title, laser
space ship, dog
windmill, flag
armchair, sheep
Piet Mondrian
• 1872: On 7th March 1872 Piet Mondrian was born in the Dutch town of Amersfoort. He was given drawing lessons by his father and uncle.
• 1886-97: From 1886 to 1892 he trained as an art master and studied painting to 1897 at the Rijks Academy in Amsterdam.
• 1911: Mondrian took part in the first exhibition of the art group "Modern Art Ring". Along side of works from Picasso and Braque, Mondrian's paintings in the spirit of the age were displayed. In the same year, Mondrian moved to Paris.
• 1916: Together with Theo van Doesburg, Mondrian published the newspaper "De Stijl" in Holland and one year later they founded the artists' movement of the same name. Mondrian's first abstract paintings in black, white, red, yellow and blue originated in this year.
• 1919: Back in Paris, Mondrian developed his own style whereby the primary colours and a severe, right-angled framework formed the basis of his pictures. This radical break started a hefty discussion in the "De Stijl" group. The other members doubted that Mondrian would be able to integrate his concepts into popular procedure.
• 1924: Mondrian published his latest art theories in "De Stijl" and parted with the group completely one year later.
• 1931: Piet Mondrian became a member of the group "Abstraction-Création".
• bis 1938: Up until 1938 Mondrians works were classified as degenerate by the Nazis and his pictures were removed from the museums. Later the National Socialists sold many of his paintings abroad.
• 1938: Finally Mondrian took flight to London and 2 years later, to New York.
• 1940: In the meantime, influenced, among other things by American art, Mondrian's paintings were basket-works of colour, which more and more displaced his rigid abstracts. Mondrian's development emerged in the dissolution of the previous linear structures. In his last work "Victory Boogie-Woogie", spots displaced the lines and criss-cross the picture vertically and horizontally.
• 1944: On 1st February 1944 Piet Mondrian died in New York.
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New Netherland and Beyond
New Netherland
Delaware River
Colonial New York
New York State
Delaware before 1699
by William Montgomery Clemens
Editor of Genealogy Magazine, ©1926
Delaware was first settled at Cape Henlopen by a colony of Swedes and Finns in 1627. They laid out a small town near Wilmington in 1631, but it was destroyed by the Dutch. They were at first subject to a governor under a commission from the King of Sweden. In 1655 they were subdued by the Dutch from New York and they continued under this government until the Dutch were subdued by the English in 1664, when they passed under the authority of the English governor of New York.
In 1682 this colony was united to Pennsylvania under William Penn, and the inhabitants enjoyed all the benefit of the laws of the province. They were from this time to be considered as the same people. The freemen were summoned to attend the assembly in person, but they chose to elect representatives. In the settlement of this country under the government of Penn the lands were purchased and not forcibly taken from the natives. The Dutch had previously adopted a similar practice. In 1692 the government of Pennsylvania and Delaware was assumed by the Crown and was entrusted to Colonel Fletcher, Governor of New York. But in the latter end of 1693 the government was restored to Mr. Penn, who appointed William Markham Lieutenant Governor. During his administration, in 1696, another frame of government was adopted, which continued to be the constitution of Pennsylvania and Delaware during the whole time of their union in legislation. When the next charter was accepted by the province of Pennsylvania in October, 1701, it was totally rejected by the members of the three lower counties of Delaware and separation followed. By the new charter the principles of the first constitution were essentially altered.
Copyright ©1999-2012
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Sal's flamenco soapbox
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Flamenco history
The Christian reconquest
When Ferdinand and Isabella captured the last Muslim stronghold of Granada in 1492, Jews had three choices: conversion, exile or the Inquisition. Their history in the peninsular was a long history of persecution. Enough was enough already. The 20,000 or so Jews in Granada at the time did the wise thing and left Spain for good.
The "capitulation" of the Catholic Kings, which took the form of the "Treaty of Granada" and outlined 69 articles of religious tolerance, was enough to woo the Moslems into surrendering peacefully. For a few short years there was a tense calm in the province but the inquisitors were never happy with the deal. The Church advisors, using religious justifications, convinced Ferdinand and Isabella to break the treaty and force the Moslems to become Christians or get the hell out of Spain.
Moslems and Gypsies head for the hills
Indian elements
There are those who believe that the Gypsies brought the flamenco style with them from Hindustan. This argument is supported by the strong resemblance found in the ragas, the nuances of the Indian dance and similar arm and hand movements.
In 1499, 50,000 or so Moslems were coerced into taking part in a mass baptism. It didn't work. During the uprising that followed, those who refused the choices of baptism or officially sanctioned deportation to Africa, were systematically and brutally "eliminated", to put it mildly. The bulk of the Arabs had already packed up their bags and left for greener pastures during the previous few years.
Not surprisingly, the 300,000 remaining Muslims fled the populated towns and villages and headed for the hills. In the same year, Gypsies were treated to a royal decree designed to make them leave the country or face terrible penalties. Again, it comes as no surprise that many Gypsies joined the fleeing Muslims and took refuge in the mountain regions and caves.
The birth of flamenco
These cultures had little in common with each other but they found themselves united against a common enemy. Christian dissidents who had little stomach for what was going on also joined them. The various folkloric traditions would have already experienced some cross-pollination before the fall of Granada. It was in this underground environment of forced exile however, that the first flamenco forms were most likely created and developed.
The Gypsies did not invent flamenco as we know it, but they certainly played a significant role in its distilling and development.
Although they borrowed the bits they liked from the various cultures around them and adapted them to suit their purposes, it would be stretching credibility to say that everything was borrowed.
It is reasonable to assume that Gypsies already possessed music and dance traditions of their own when they entered Spain. Centuries of wandering through strange lands would have infused their psyche with dance and musical echoes which reach back all the way to India. The early songs and dances of flamenco, many of which were used in rituals connected with Gypsy customs such as wedding ceremonies or the forging of iron, continued to be modified and refined over time. Flamenco is that collection of songs and dances, Gypsy and non-Gypsy, which made it into the 20th century.
(You may close your history books now)
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Devilish ice-age record.
With a name like Devils Hole, it's no wonder this flooded fissure in Nevada keeps stoking the flames of discord. Some five years ago, researchers used the climate clues locked within Devils Hole to launch a debate over the cause of the ice ages. Now, the same evidence has come back to haunt them.
Over the millennia, the walls of Devils Hole have become plastered by layer upon layer of calcite, which contains information about rainfall changes in the area. This record first attracted attention in 1988, when scientists studying the calcite reported that the Devils Hole evidence refutes the Milankovitch theory, the standard explanation for the ice ages (SN: 12/3/88, p.356; 10/10/92, p.228).
Named after Yugoslav/an mathematician Milutin Milankovitch, the theory holds that wobbles in Earth's orbit set the pace for the growth and disappearance of the great glacial sheets that have spread over parts of North America, Asia, and Europe every hundred thousand years or so. In the 1970s, research on oxygen isotopes in seafloor sediments provided strong support for the Milankovitch theory.. But scientists who studied Devils Hole suggested that the timing of climate fluctuations recorded in Nevada did not correspond with orbital changes, indicating that some other factor must provide the pacemaker for the ice-age cycle.
Supporters of the Milankovitch theory are now using the Devils Hole record to support the orbital idea. In the June 10 NATURE, John Imbrie of Brown University in Providence, R J. and his colleagues report that the changes recorded at Devils Hole contain hints of cycles lasting 100,000, 40,000, and 23,000 years. These periods match those of the orbital cycles, suggesting that such variations controlled the timing of climate changes at Devils Hole. Imbrie and his co-workers also show that the Devils Hole calcite and the seafloor sediments record inherently different aspects of the climate, which do not change in sync with each other. For that reason, the timing discrepancies between Devils Hole and the orbital shifts need not contradict the Milankovitch theory, they say,
COPYRIGHT 1993 Science Service, Inc.
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Title Annotation:data from Devils Hole, NV, supports theory that wobbles in Earth's orbit caused global climate fluctuation
Publication:Science News
Article Type:Brief Article
Date:Jul 17, 1993
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Mathematical English Usage - a Dictionary
by Jerzy Trzeciak
There are N vertices of the 24-cube which have a 1 in the ith coordinate and a total of five 1s.
Now X can be taken as coordinate variable on M.
This explains why we chose 9 rather than, say, 1 for the second coordinate.
Keep only those vertices whose coordinates sum to 4.
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Black History: The Ocoee Massacre
The Ocoee massacre, considered the “single bloodiest day in modern American political history,” was a violent race riot that broke out on November 2, 1920. African-American-owned buildings and residences in northern Ocoee, a city in Orange County, Florida, were burned to the ground. The African-Americans residing in Ocoee who were not direct victims of the race riot were later driven out by threats or force. A total of 330 acres plus 48 city lots owned by 18 Black families living in Ocoee, Florida, were lost. In 2001, the land lost by the 18 Ocoee families, not including buildings now on it, is assessed by tax officials at more than $4.2 million, according to the AP report. Ocoee would then become an all-whyte town and remain as such “until sixty-one years later in 1981.”
Ocoee was founded in the 1850s as a camp for laborers working the farms around southern shores of Lake Apopka. By 1920 there were just over 1,000 residents; and almost half of them were African Americans. Two distinct Black communities developed in Ocoee. The southern Black community — known locally as the Baptist Quarters — which sprung up around the Friendship Baptist Church, founded in 1896. The northern Black community, commonly known as the Methodist Quarters. Its namesake Ocoee African Methodist Episcopal Church held its first services in 1890.
July Perry was a well-respected godfather of the northern Black community, who served as a deacon in the church and the local labor leader. It was said that anyone seeking to employ Black laborers needed to speak with him first. Perry who encouraged young Blacks to be educated and stand up for themselves as first-class citizens, was an admired civil rights leader.
Mose Norman was a well-known and prosperous man. Norman and wife Elisa owned a 100-acre family orange grove. It was said that he was once offered $10,000 for his groves — a huge sum for the time — but refused to take it.
Orange County, as well as the rest of Florida, was originally “politically dominated by Southern whyte Democrats.” However, in the weeks leading up to the presidential election of 1920, African-Americans throughout the South were registering to vote in record numbers. Judge John Moses Cheney, a Republican running for the Florida Senate, started a voter registration campaign to register African Americans to vote in Florida. July Perry and Mose Norman, led the local voter registration efforts in Orange County, even paying the poll tax for those who could not afford it.
However, the mass registration coincided with the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in the early twentieth century, providing a tense racial and political climate. Before the election, the Klan sent threatening letters to Cheney and other Republican leaders, ordering them to stop the voter registration campaign or face the consequences. The KKK held rallies in the streets of cities like Orlando, Daytona, Miami, and Jacksonville, in attempts to intimidate any Blacks from voting.
On November 1st, the day before the election, with robes and crosses, the Klan paraded through the streets of the two Black communities in Ocoee late into the night. With megaphones they warned that “not a single [African American] will be permitted to vote” and if any of them dared to do so there would be dire consequences.
On election day, African-Americans were met with resistance from the white community when they attempted to vote. Black voters were turned away either by threats of violence or by poll workers who found their names “mysteriously” absent from the voter registration rolls.
Mose Norman, who would not be deterred. After being prevented from voting, Norman rode to Orlando to seek the council of Judge Cheney, who told him that interference with voting is illegal, and instructed him to take down the names of all of the African-Americans who were denied their constitutional rights, as well as the names of the whites who were violating them.
Norman returned to Ocoee with these instructions, along with a handful of Black citizens seeking to vote. After again being forcibly turned away, he demanded the poll workers names and exclaimed: “We will vote, by God!” At the time Norman had a loaded shotgun (either on his person or in his car) and an altercation ensued. Overpowered and beaten by the butt of his own gun, he was driven away by whites.
The white community then began to form a mob and paraded up and down the streets, growing “more disorderly and unmanageable.” The rest of the African-Americans gave up on trying to vote and left the polling place. Later during the evening, Sam Salisbury, a white leader of the town who was a native-New Yorker as well as former chief of police of Orlando, is called upon to lead a lynch mob to “find and punish Mose Norman.”
The white mob was marching to the home of Mose Norman when someone informed them that Norman was seen visiting the home of July Perry. The mob, which numbered about one-hundred men, arrived at Perry’s house, demanding that Perry and Norman surrender themselves. They received no answer and attempted to break down the front door. Perry, who had been warned about the mob in advance, fired gunshots from inside the home in self-defense. The Perry family so valiantly defended their home that some were convinced there was a large group inside. The whites estimated that there were several armed African-Americans while Zora Neale Hurston writes that Perry defended his home alone. Sam Salisbury got shot in the arm, becoming the first whyte casualty. Two of Salisbury’s men, were killed when they tried to storm the house by kicking in the backdoor. Their bodies would be found in the backyard hours later.
Defeated, the mob retreated temporarily to get reinforcements and additional manpower from Klan members in surrounding cities. The Perry family used the two or three hour respite to escape the house. Perry had been seriously wounded during the incident and fled, with the help of his wife, into a nearby sugar cane patch. His daughter, Coretha remained in the house to tend her injuries alone, while his two young sons hid in the barn.
Around 50 cars full of Klan members flooded into Ocoee from towns such as Winter Garden, Orlando, and Sanford. Finding only 22-year-old Coretha in the house, a manhunt ensued and Perry was later found by the whyte mob at dawn and arrested. After being taken to Orlando General Hospital on Kuhl Avenue for treatment of the gunshot wound to his arm, Perry was released into sheriff custody and taken to the jail in Orlando that night, probably near the old courthouse at Central and Magnolia.
A lynch mob descended upon the jail to which Sheriff Frank Gordon handed over the keys to Perry’s cell. They wasted no time in seizing and beating Perry. They dragged him through the streets behind a car before arriving at the entrance to Orlando Country Club near Lake Concord, where Judge Cheney’s home stood.
The mob strung up the by now near-dead Perry to a telephone pole along the highway. His hanging body was riddled with bullets. This gruesome scene was left there as a warning both to Cheney and African Americans, with a chilling note saying “This is what we do to niggers who try to vote.”
Some time later Perry was cut down by Black undertaker Edward Stone — against the wishes of the KKK, who threatened Stone afterwards — and brought to Greenwood Cemetery, south of Orlando, where his body was buried in the Black section of the graveyard. He remained in an unmarked grave until November 2002 when a movement led to locating his gravesite and adding a headstone to memorialize him.
A local photographer took photos of Perry and sold them for 25 cents each; several stores placed the photo on exhibition by their windows. The men who killed Perry were not arrested. Perry’s wife, and their daughter survived the massacre, and the authorities sent them to Tampa for treatment and “to avoid further disturbance.”
After the white mob lynched Perry, their vengeful lust spread to the rest of the African-American Ocoee community. The mob surrounded the northern Ocoee black community and laid siege to it.” Fire was set to whole rows of African-American houses; those who were inside were forced to flee and get shot by the white mob. At least 20 buildings were burned in total, including every African-American church, schoolhouse and lodge room in the vicinity. African-American residents fought back in an evening-long gunfight lasting until as late as 4:45 A.M., their firearms later found in the ruins after the massacre ended. Eventually, the residents were driven into the nearby orange groves and swamps, forced to retreat until they were completely driven out of town.
The siege of Ocoee claimed numerous African-American victims. Langmaid, an African-American carpenter was beaten and castrated. One mother, named Maggie Genlack, died with her pregnant daughter while hiding in her home, their bodies found partially burned under their home. Roosevelt Barton, an African-American hiding in July Perry’s barn, was shot after the mob set fire to the barn and forced him to flee. Hattie Smith was visiting her pregnant sister-in-law in Ocoee when her sister-in-law’s home was set on fire. Smith fled, but her sister-in-law’s family was killed while they hid and waited for help that would never come.
The African-American residents of southern Ocoee, the Baptist Quarters, while not direct victims of the massacre, were later threatened away. J. H. Hamiter, an African-American woman residing in southern Ocoee suspected that the massacre was planned so that whytes could seize prosperous African-American homes for nothing. According to Hamiter, people to the south were coerced with the threat of being shot and burned if they did not “sell out and leave.” About 500 African-Americans in total were driven out of Ocoee, making Ocoee a practically all-white town. White citizens would later have to harvest the citrus crop in Ocoee themselves due to the lack of African-American labor.
Walter White, the African American civil rights activist who led the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People arrived in Orange County a few days after the event. White used his light complexion (he had blonde hair and blue eyes), to work undercover as a white northerner interested in buying orange grove property in Orange County. He found that the whites there were “still giddy with victory.” While talking to a local real estate agent and a taxi cab driver, White learned that about 56 African-Americans were killed in the massacre. The exact number could never be determined because some of the victims had been burned to death. He also learned that the massacre may have been precipitated by the white community’s jealousy of the prosperous African-American landowners, including Mose Norman and July Perry.
Mose Norman escaped the massacre. He never returned to Florida. After visiting with friends in Apopka and Stuckey on November 3–4, 1920, he left town for New York City (presumably with his wife) where he lived out the rest of his life until his death in 1949.
For a nearly a week after the incident, KKK troops set up an embargo around the town. No one was permitted to enter or leave without their permission. Specifically they sought to keep the now homeless African Americans from entering Orlando to the east and Winter Garden to the west.
The third of Ocoee’s black population who owned their own land were never able to return to their properties. Those who were offered any compensation at all were forced to sell their land for pennies on the dollar.
Within weeks of the incident, only two African Americans remained in town. And by the 1930 census there were none. In fact, not a single African-American dared live in Ocoee for sixty years until 1981. The city didn’t hire its first black worker until 1986. And for 18 years following the 1920 massacre, not a single black vote was cast in all of Orange County.
Article from The Weekly Challenger
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DataGridView.CellClick Event
Occurs when any part of a cell is clicked.
Namespace: System.Windows.Forms
Assembly: System.Windows.Forms (in System.Windows.Forms.dll)
public event DataGridViewCellEventHandler CellClick
This event occurs when any part of a cell is clicked, including borders and padding. It also occurs when the user presses and releases the SPACE key while a button cell or check box cell has focus, and will occur twice for these cell types if the cell is clicked while pressing the SPACE key.
To determine when the cell contents are clicked, handle the CellContentClick event.
This event does not receive information about the mouse position. If the event handler needs information about the mouse position, use the CellMouseClick event.
For clicks in a DataGridViewCheckBoxCell, this event occurs before the check box changes value, so if you do not want to calculate the expected value based on the current value, you will typically handle the DataGridView.CellValueChanged event instead. Because that event occurs only when the user-specified value is committed, which typically occurs when focus leaves the cell, you must also handle the DataGridView.CurrentCellDirtyStateChanged event. In that handler, if the current cell is a check box cell, call the DataGridView.CommitEdit method and pass in the Commit value.
The following code example shows a CellClick event handler in a Tic-Tac-Toe game implementation that uses image columns in a DataGridView control. Unless the game is over or the cell has already been clicked, the event handler sets the cell value to one of two Bitmap objects represented by the variables x and o.
This code is part of a larger example shown in How to: Work with Image Columns in the Windows Forms DataGridView Control.
private void dataGridView1_CellClick(object sender,
DataGridViewCellEventArgs e)
if (turn.Text.Equals(gameOverString)) { return; }
DataGridViewImageCell cell = (DataGridViewImageCell)
if (cell.Value == blank)
if (IsOsTurn())
cell.Value = o;
cell.Value = x;
if (IsAWin())
turn.Text = gameOverString;
.NET Framework
Available since 2.0
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Ota Benga
Ota Benga (circa 1883 – March 20, 1916) was a Congolese man, an Mbuti pygmy known for being featured in an anthropology exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri in 1904, and in a controversial human zoo exhibit in 1906 at the Bronx Zoo. Benga had been purchased from African slave traders by the white supremacist explorer Samuel Phillips Verner, a businessman hunting Africans for the Exposition. He traveled with Verner to the United States. At the Bronx Zoo, Benga had free run of the grounds before and after he was “exhibited” in the zoo’s Monkey House. Except for a brief visit with Verner to Africa after the close of the St. Louis Fair, Benga lived in the United States, mostly in Virginia, for the rest of his life.
Displays of non-Western humans as examples of “earlier stages” of human evolution were common in the early 20th century, when racial theories were frequently intertwined with concepts from evolutionary biology. African-American newspapers around the nation published editorials strongly opposing Benga’s treatment. Dr. R.S. MacArthur, the spokesperson for a delegation of black churches, petitioned the New York City mayor for his release from the Bronx Zoo.
The mayor released Benga to the custody of Reverend James M. Gordon, who supervised the Howard Colored Orphan Asylum in Brooklyn and made him a ward. That same year Gordon arranged for Benga to be cared for in Virginia, where he paid for him to acquire American clothes and to have his teeth capped, so the young man could be more readily accepted in local society. Benga was tutored in English and began to work. When, several years later, the outbreak of World War I stopped ship passenger travel and prevented his returning to Africa, he became depressed. He committed suicide in 1916 at the age of 32.
Early life
The American businessman and explorer Samuel Phillips Verner traveled to Africa in 1904 under contract from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (St. Louis World Fair) to bring back an assortment of pygmies to be part of an exhibition. To demonstrate the fledgling discipline of anthropology, the noted scientist W. J. McGee intended to display “representatives of all the world’s peoples, ranging from smallest pygmies to the most gigantic peoples, from the darkest blacks to the dominant whites” to show what was commonly thought then to be a sort of cultural evolution. Verner discovered Ota Benga while ‘en route’ to a Batwa village visited previously; he negotiated Benga’s release from the slavers for a pound of salt and a bolt of cloth. The two spent several weeks together before reaching the village. There the villagers had developed distrust for the muzungu (white man) due to the abuses of King Leopold’s forces. Verner was unable to recruit any villagers to join him until Benga spoke of the muzungu saving his life, the bond that had grown between them, and his own curiosity about the world Verner came from. Four Batwa, all male, ultimately accompanied them. Verner recruited other Africans who were not pygmies: five men from the Bakuba, including the son of King Ndombe, ruler of the Bakuba, and other related peoples – “Red Africans” as they were collectively labeled by contemporary anthropologists.
As exhibit
St. Louis World Fair
The group arrived in St. Louis, Missouri in late June 1904 without Verner, who had been taken ill with malaria. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition had already begun, and the Africans immediately became the center of attention. Ota Benga was particularly popular, and his name was reported variously by the press as Artiba, Autobank, Ota Bang, and Otabenga. He had an amiable personality, and visitors were eager to see his teeth, which had been filed to sharp points in his early youth as ritual decoration. The Africans learned to charge for photographs and performances. One newspaper account, promoting Ota Benga as “the only genuine African cannibal in America”, claimed “[his teeth were] worth the five cents he charges for showing them to visitors”.
When Verner arrived a month later, he realized the pygmies were more prisoners than performers. Their attempts to congregate peacefully in the forest on Sundays were thwarted by the crowds’ fascination with them. McGee’s attempts to present a “serious” scientific exhibit were also overturned. On July 28, the Africans’ performing to the crowd’s preconceived notion that they were “savages” resulted in the First Illinois Regiment being called in to control the mob. Benga and the other Africans eventually performed in a warlike fashion, imitating American Indians they saw at the Exhibition. The Apache chief Geronimo (featured as “The Human Tyger” – with special dispensation from the Department of War) grew to admire Benga, and gave him one of his arrowheads. For his efforts, Verner was awarded the gold medal in anthropology at the close of the Exposition.
American Museum of Natural History
Verner eventually arranged for Benga to stay in a spare room at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City while he was tending to other business. Verner negotiated with the curator Henry Bumpus over the presentation of his acquisitions from Africa and potential employment. While Bumpus was put off by Verner’s request of the prohibitively high salary of $175 a month and was not impressed with the man’s credentials, he was interested in Benga. Wearing a Southern-style linen suit to entertain visitors, Benga initially enjoyed his time at the museum. He became homesick, however.
The writers Bradford and Blume imagined his feelings:
What at first held his attention now made him want to flee. It was maddening to be inside – to be swallowed whole – so long. He had an image of himself, stuffed, behind glass, but somehow still alive, crouching over a fake campfire, feeding meat to a lifeless child. Museum silence became a source of torment, a kind of noise; he needed birdsong, breezes, trees.
The disaffected Benga attempted to find relief by exploiting his employers’ presentation of him as a ‘savage’. He tried to slip past the guards as a large crowd was leaving the premises; when asked on one occasion to seat a wealthy donor’s wife, he pretended to misunderstand, instead hurling the chair across the room, just missing the woman’s head. Meanwhile, Verner was struggling financially and had made little progress in his negotiations with the museum. He soon found another home for Benga.
Bronx Zoo
At the suggestion of Bumpus, Verner took Benga to the Bronx Zoo in 1906. There the Mbuti man was allowed to roam the grounds freely. He became fond of an orangutan named Dohong, “the presiding genius of the Monkey House”, who had been taught to perform tricks and imitate human behavior. The events leading to his “exhibition” alongside Dohong were gradual: Benga spent some of his time in the Monkey House exhibit, and the zoo encouraged him to hang his hammock there, and to shoot his bow and arrow at a target. On the first day of the exhibit, September 8, 1906, visitors found Benga in the Monkey House. Soon, a sign on the exhibit read:
The African Pigmy, “Ota Benga.”
Age, 23 years. Height, 4 feet 11 inches.
Weight, 103 pounds. Brought from the
Kasai River, Congo Free State, South Cen-
hibited each afternoon during September.
“Our race, we think, is depressed enough, without exhibiting one of us with the apes … We think we are worthy of being considered human beings, with souls.” Gordon thought the exhibit was hostile to Christianity and a promotion of Darwinism: “The Darwinian theory is absolutely opposed to Christianity, and a public demonstration in its favor should not be permitted.”
A number of clergymen backed Gordon.
We do not quite understand all the emotion which others are expressing in the matter … It is absurd to make moan over the imagined humiliation and degradation Benga is suffering. The pygmies … are very low in the human scale, and the suggestion that Benga should be in a school instead of a cage ignores the high probability that school would be a place … from which he could draw no advantage whatever. The idea that men are all much alike except as they have had or lacked opportunities for getting an education out of books is now far out of date.
After the controversy, Benga was allowed to roam the grounds of the zoo. In response to the situation, as well as verbal and physical prods from the crowds, he became more mischievous and somewhat violent. Around this time, an article in The New York Times stated, “It is too bad that there is not some society like the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. We send our missionaries to Africa to Christianize the people, and then we bring one here to brutalize him.”
The zoo finally removed Benga from the grounds. Verner was unsuccessful in his continued search for employment, but he occasionally spoke to Benga. The two had agreed that it was in Benga’s best interests to remain in the United States despite the unwelcome spotlight at the zoo. Toward the end of 1906, Benga was released into Reverend Gordon’s custody.
Later life
Gordon placed Benga in the Howard Colored Orphan Asylum, a church-sponsored orphanage which he supervised. As the unwelcome press attention continued, in January 1910, Gordon arranged for Benga’s relocation to Lynchburg, Virginia, where he lived with the McCray family. So that Benga could more easily be part of local society, Gordon arranged for the African’s teeth to be capped and bought him American-style clothes . Tutored by Lynchburg poet Anne Spencer, Benga could improve his English, and he began to attend elementary school at the Baptist Seminary in Lynchburg.
Once he felt his English had improved sufficiently, Benga discontinued his formal education. He began working at a Lynchburg tobacco factory. Despite his small size, he proved a valuable employee because he could climb up the poles to get the tobacco leaves without having to use a ladder. His fellow workers called him “Bingo.” He often told his life story in exchange for sandwiches and root beer. He began to plan a return to Africa.
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Explore BrainMass
Mechanics: Multiple Choice Questions
1. An offensive lineman weighs twice what you weigh, and has three times your arm strength. You are trying to push him out of the way. The magnitude of the force he exerts on you will be:
A. six times the force you exert on him.
B. three times the force you exert on him.
C. twice the force you exert on him.
D. the same as the force you exert on him.
2. When catching a ball:
A. the ball performs positive work on the glove and the glove performs negative
work on the ball.
B. the ball performs negative work on the glove, and the glove performs positive work on the ball.
C. positive work is performed on both the ball and the glove.
D. no work is performed on either the ball or the glove.
3. The kinetic energy of a baseball traveling at 80 mph, compared to the same ball traveling at 40 mph, is:
A. twice. B. four times. C. half. D. None of the above.
4. A pitcher exerts an average horizontal force of 60 N against a baseball while moving it through a horizontal displacement of 2.0 m before he releases it. The horizontal velocity the ball acquires is 40 m/s. If the pitcher were to exert only 30 N, how much horizontal displacement of the ball would be needed for it to acquire the same horizontal
A. 1.0 m. B. 2.0 m. C. 4.0 m. D. 30 m.
5. Bill lifts a 1000 N barbell 1.5 m in 1 second, while Bob lifts a 1400 N barbell 2.0 m in 2 seconds. Whose average power output is greater?
A. Bill's B. Bob's. C. They are equal. D. Who cares.
6. The moment arm of a muscle is:
A. the distance from the joint to the point where the nearest tendon attaches to bone.
B. the distance from the joint to the point where the farthest tendon attaches to bone.
C. muscle length × tan(joint angle).
D. None of the above.
7. The weight of your forearm, hand, and an additional weight is 50 N, and this total weight, which tries to extend your elbow, has a moment arm of 20 cm about the elbow joint. The biceps is the only muscle in the elbow which is contracting, its force being 500 N. The moment arm of the biceps is 2 cm. What is the net torque about the elbow?
A. 500 N.m.
B. 10 N.m.
C. Zero.
D. Can not be determined from the information provided.
8. Three forces act on an object, whose resultant is not zero. If the net torque due to the three forces is zero, then:
A. equilibrium is possible.
B. the object will spin at an increasing rate.
C. the object will accelerate.
D. None of the above.
9. In equilibrium, muscle force is usually much larger in magnitude than the external force on a body segment. The net force on the segment is nevertheless zero because:
A. the net torque due to the external and muscle forces is zero.
B. there are contact forces at joints.
C. gravitational forces should not be included in equilibrium conditions.
D. muscle moment arms are small.
Solution Preview
1. By Newton's third law of motion, the forces of action and reaction are equal and opposite. The pushing force exerted on the lineman being the action, the lineman will exert an equal and opposite force on the pusher.
2. The ball pushes against the glove and its kinetic energy is lost in the process. The glove being cushioned, gets compressed. Hence, the force exerted by the ball results in displacement of the glove in the same direction. Hence, positive work is done by the ball on ...
Solution Summary
The following posting helps with problems involving mechanics. Step by step calculations are provided for each.
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The Ides of March
Although March (Martius) was the third month of the Julian calendar, in the oldest Roman calendar it was the first month of the year. The Romans did not number days of a month sequentially from the first through the last day. Instead, they counted back from three fixed points of the month: the Nones (5th or 7th, depending on the length of the month), the Ides (13th or 15th), and the Kalends (1st of the following month). The Ides occurred near the midpoint, on the 13th for most months, but on the 15th for March, May, July, and October. The Ides were supposed to be determined by the full moon, reflecting the lunar origin of the Roman calendar.
The Ides of each month were sacred to Jupiter, the Romans’ supreme deity. The Flamen Dialis, Jupiter’s high priest, led the “Ides sheep” (ovis Idulius) in procession along the Via Sacra to the arx, where it was sacrificed. The Ides of March was also the occasion of the Feast of Anna Perenna, a goddess of the year (Latin annus) whose festival originally concluded the ceremonies of the new year. The day was enthusiastically celebrated among the common people with picnics, drinking, and revelry. Mamuralia may also have taken place on the Ides of March.
In the later Imperial period, the Ides began a “holy week” of festivals for Cybele and Attis. The Ides was the day of Canna intrat (“The Reed enters”), when Attis was born and discovered as an infant among the reeds of a Phrygian river by either shepherds or the goddess Cybele, who was also known as the Magna Mater (“Great Mother”). 22 March, the day of Arbor intrat (“The Tree enters”) commemorated the death of Attis under a pine tree. Another festival involves A college of priests called dendrophoroi (“tree bearers”) who cut down a tree,suspended from it an image of Attis, and carried it to the temple of the Magna Mater with lamentations. A three-day period of mourning followed, culminating with the rebirth of Attis on 25 March, which corresponds with the date of the vernal equinox on the Julian calendar.
The Ides of March is best known as the date on which Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC. Caesar was stabbed to death at a meeting of the senate. As many as 60 conspirators, led by Brutus and Cassius, were involved. According to Plutarch, a seer had warned that harm would come to Caesar no later than the Ides of March. This meeting is famously dramatised in William Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar, when Caesar is warned by the soothsayer to “beware the Ides of March.” The Roman biographer Suetonius identifies the “seer” as a haruspex named Spurinna.Caesar’s death caused a crisis in the Roman Republic, and triggered the civil war that would result in the rise to sole power of his adopted heir Octavian (later known as Augustus). Since Caesar was also the Pontifex Maximus of Rome and a priest of Vesta. On the fourth anniversary of Caesar’s death in 40 BC, after achieving a victory at the siege of Perugia, Octavian executed 300 senators and knights who had fought against him under Lucius Antonius, the brother of Mark Antony to avenge Caesar’s death.
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Old New Synagogue
The Old New Synagogue (Czech: Staronová synagoga; German: Altneu-Synagoge) situated in Josefov, Prague, is Europe's oldest active synagogue. It is also the oldest surviving medieval synagogue of twin nave design.
Completed in 1270 in gothic style, it was one of Prague's first gothic buildings. A still older Prague synagogue, known as the Old Synagogue, was demolished in 1867 and replaced by the Spanish Synagogue.
The synagogue was originally called the New or Great Synagogue and later, when newer synagogues were built in the 16th century, it became known as the Old-New Synagogue.
Nine steps lead from the street into a vestibule, from which a door opens into a double-nave with six vaulted bays. This double-nave system was most likely adapted from plans of monasteries and chapels by the synagogue's Christian architects. The molding on the tympanum of the synagogue’s entryway has a design that incorporates twelve vines and twelve bunches of grapes, said to represent twelve tribes of Israel. Two large pillars aligned east to west in the middle of the room each support the interior corner of four bays. The bays have two narrow Gothic windows on the sides, for a total of twelve, again representing the twelve tribes. The narrow windows are probably responsible for many older descriptions of the building as being dark; it is now brightly lit with several electric chandeliers.
The vaulting on the six bays has five ribs instead of the typical four or six. It has been suggested that this was an attempt to avoid associations with the Christian cross. Many scholars dispute this theory, pointing to synagogues that have quadripartite ribs, and Christian buildings that have the unusual five rib design.
The bimah from which Torah scrolls are read is located between the two pillars. The base of the bimah repeats the twelve vine motif found on the tympanum. The Aron Kodesh where the Torah scrolls are stored is located in the middle of the customary eastern wall. There are five steps leading up to the Ark and two round stained glass windows on either side above it. A lectern in front of the ark has a square well a few inches below the main floor for the service leader to stand in.
The twelve lancet windows in the synagogue, which directed light towards the bimah, apparently led members to compare the structure with Solomon’s Temple.
The synagogue follows orthodox custom, with separate seating for men and women during prayer services. Women sit in an outer room with small windows looking into the main sanctuary. The framework of the roof, the gable, and the party wall date from the Middle Ages.
An unusual feature found in the nave of this synagogue is a large red flag near the west pillar. In the center of the flag is a Star of David and in the center of the star is a hat in the style typically worn by Jews of the 15th century. Both the hat and star are stitched in gold. Also stitched in gold is the text of Shema Yisrael. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor awarded the Jewish community their own banner in recognition for their services in the defense of Prague during the Thirty Years War. The banner now on display is a modern reproduction.
Golem of Prague
It is said that the body of Golem (created by Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel) lies in the attic where the genizah of Prague's community is kept. A legend is told of a Nazi agent during World War II broaching the genizah, but who perished instead. In the event, the Gestapo apparently did not enter the attic during the war, and the building was spared during the Nazis' destruction of synagogues. The lowest three meters from the stairs leading to the attic from the outside have been removed and the attic is not open to the general public.
• Pražské Synagogy/Prague Synagogues, Arno Pařík, Jewish Museum in Prague, 2000, ISBN 80-85608-33-2.
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Tuesday, April 9, 2013
April 9, 1942 - The Bataan Death March begins
Thousands of American and Filipino service members were forced by Japanese forces to walk through an 80-mile stretch of land without being able to stop for a drink of water or rest. Immediate death came to those who fell or showed signs of weakness. The Allied troops who survived endured much more suffering as prisoners of war. Up to 10,000 Filipino and 650 American prisoners of war died (some totals go to 15,000 for both forces) before they could reach Camp O'Donnell.
In June 2001, Dana Rohrabacher, a U.S. congresswoman, described and tried to explain the horrors and brutality that the prisoners experienced on the march:
Already suffering from battle fatigue, The Filipino and Americans troops were strained to utter exhaustion by this long march on foot, as many were physically ill as well. Filipino townspeople risked their lives by slipping food and drink to the POWs as they went by.
POWs who could not keep up were summarily executed. Stopping to relieve oneself could bring death, so many chose to continue walking while doing so.
Some guards made a sport of hurting or killing the POWs. Most of the POWs got rid of their helmets because some Japanese soldiers riding on passing trucks hit them with rifle butts. Enemy soldiers savagely toyed with POWs by dragging them behind trucks with a rope around the neck. Guards also gave the POWs the "sun treatment" by making them sit in the sweltering heat of the direct sun for hours at a time without shade.
POWs only received a few cups of rice, and little or no water. Thirst began to drive some of the men mad, but if a POW tried to drink stagnant, muddy water at the side of the road, he would be killed. Artesian wells along the route poured out clean water, but the POWs were not allowed to drink it.
From The Official Site of the National Museum of the USAF :
The POWs marched roughly 65 miles over the course of six days until they reached San Fernando. There, groups as large as 115 men were forced into boxcars designed to hold only 30-40 men. Boxcars were so full that the POWs could not sit down. This caused more to die of heat exhaustion and suffocation in the cars on the ride from San Fernando to Capas. The POWs then walked seven more miles to Camp O'Donnell. At the entrance to the camp, the POWs were told to lay out the few possessions they still had; any POW found with any Japanese-made items or money was executed on the spot.
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an estimated value or worth.
public valuation of the importance of education.
Read Also:
• Self-vindicating
verb (used with object), vindicated, vindicating. 1. to clear, as from an accusation, imputation, suspicion, or the like: to vindicate someone’s honor. 2. to afford justification for; justify: Subsequent events vindicated his policy. 3. to uphold or justify by argument or evidence: to vindicate a claim. 4. to assert, maintain, or defend (a right, cause, […]
• Self-vindication
noun 1. the act of vindicating. 2. the state of being vindicated. 3. defense; excuse; justification: Poverty was a vindication for his thievery. 4. something that vindicates: Subsequent events were her vindication. noun 1. the act of vindicating or the condition of being vindicated 2. a means of exoneration from an accusation 3. a fact, […]
• Self-violence
• Self-vulcanizing
verb (used with object), vulcanized, vulcanizing. 1. to treat (rubber) with sulfur and heat, thereby imparting strength, greater elasticity, durability, etc. 2. to subject (a substance other than rubber) to some analogous process, as to harden it. verb (transitive) 1. to treat (rubber) with sulphur or sulphur compounds under heat and pressure to improve elasticity […]
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What is a fontanelle?
The soft parts of the newborn baby’s skull are known as fontanelles. While there are six fontanelles found in the skull of a newborn, only two are commonly known. The one in the middle of the head, on the top portion is known as the Anterior fontanelle. It is shaped like a diamond and takes about a year to close. The one in the rear portion of the head is called the posterior fontanelle. It is triangular in shape and closes within a couple of months after birth.
newborn baby head
How is a fontanelle formed?
The newborn human baby has a skull that consists of six different bones. These are also called cranial bones and include a frontal bone, an occipital bone, two parietal bones and two temporal bones. The six cranial bones are held in place by strong and flexible tissues known as sutures. Over a period of time these tissues tend to solidify, knitting the different bones of the cranium together to form the skull.
The six different fontanelles are formed along the lines of these six bones. Besides the anterior and posterior fontanelles, there are also two mastoid and two sphenoid fontanelles formed at birth. However these four fontanelles quickly seal up to form the skull leaving just the anterior and posterior fontanelles open for a few months longer.
Why do the fontanelles exist?
The primary reason for the existence of fontanelles is for child birth. The flexible and elastic sutures let the cranial bones overlap into a smaller and more compact form to allow it safe passage through the birth canal. The brain is protected from any pressure during the birth process and is not damaged due to the protection of the bones.
As the infant begins to hold his head up, rolls onto his stomach and even tries to sit up, the neck muscles are not developed enough to support the weight of the head. This results in a fair number of minor impacts to the head. Fontanelles are essential for the proper development of the baby’s brain as they are held together by the flexible sutures which protect the brain from the head impacts.
Also the skull bones or cranium grows along with the brain. This happens as the suture lines increase. By the age of two the baby’s skull would have achieved two third of its adult size. The bones continue to reposition themselves as growth adds new layers to the edge of the suture tissue. Finally by the second decade of the child’s life the brain reaches maximum size and the sutures get fused to the bone growth forming a whole skull structure.
How fontanelles help doctors
Doctors can actually trace the growth and development of the baby by feeling the cranial sutures. The fontanelle must feel firm and be flat when touched. Should there be a bulging of the fontanelle it may be indicative of an increase in pressure inside the brain. The swelling of the fontanelle could be due to an infection of the membrane covering the brain. This condition is also known as meningitis and can be harmful to the normal development of the child.
The bulge may be caused by a fluid build up inside the skull. The condition is called hydrocephalus. It is also possible that the fontanelle is sunken or shrunk inside. This could be an indication that the baby is dehydrated and needs more fluids. It can also be an indication of malnutrition in a newborn. Thus, the fontanelle can tell the health care provider a lot about the internal health of the baby.
Caring for the fontanelle
The shape of the baby’s skull is constantly changing for the first couple of months. This is due to the shifting of the cranial bones as the flexible sutures hold them in position. The two primary soft spots on the skull are located on top of the skull and behind the head. Since the bone there is yet to knit into a solid skull, these are vulnerable regions where the baby may get hurt.
The baby’s head should be handledcarefully at all times. When lifting the head of the baby the adult’s hand should support the neck and cover the posterior fontanelle. Also since the soft spots may not be enough to keep out the chill, it is advisable to cover the head of the baby with a soft cap when the temperature drops. That way both anterior and posterior fontanelles are afforded protection from the cold.
The skin of the skull should be kept clean to prevent infection. The cranial bones of most babies are sealed by the time they reach about 18 months of age. After that, the sutures will remain somewhat flexible to accommodate the continued growth of the brain and expansion of the skull.
Reviewed by Catherine Shaffer, M.Sc.
1. Medline Plus, Cranial Sutures,
2. Babycentre, Soft Spots,
3. American Family Physician, The Abnormal Fontanelle,
Further Reading
Last Updated: Jan 26, 2017
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MathBench > Statistical Tests
Chi-square Tests
Detour stop #2: what's a Lookup Table?
So, so far we have a chi-square-calc, which has a p-value associated with it. This would be fine and dandy IF we actually knew what that p-value was. But we don't. And in fact, finding out the p-value for any given chi-square-calc would involve a complicated mathematical formula. Believe it or not, biologists are not actually big on complicated mathematical formulas (or formuli either). So instead we have a lookup table. Or as I like to say, a Magic Lookup Table, because for our purposes, it might as well have appeared magically.
What the lookup table tells you is, for your specific dataset, what the chi-square calc is that would correspond with p=0.05. This special number is called the "chi-square-crit", as in the critical value or threshold value of the chi-square-calc.
chi-square lookup table
And how do you know that this chi-square-crit is the one and only chi-square-crit that fits your exact dataset? It turns out that you only need to know one thing about your dataset, which is how many rows are in the chi-square table. If your chi-square table has 2 rows (like ours), then you look up the chi-square crit under df = 1 (cuz 2-1 = 1, more about that on the next page).
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Two Eyes in One
+ See all authors and affiliations
Science 10 Sep 2010:
Vol. 329, Issue 5997, pp. 1259
DOI: 10.1126/science.329.5997.1259-a
CREDIT: STOWASSER ET AL., CURR. BIOL. 20, 1482 (2010).
Nearly 500 million years ago, schizochroal trilobites roamed the oceans, guided by compound eyes with bifocal lenses. In extant animals, the structures of the eye range from those with accommodating lenses (us) to those with multilayered retinas, such as the complex eyes of jumping spiders. Now, to add to these varieties, Stowasser et al. have described a bifocal lens in the larva of the sunburst diving beetle Thermonectus marmoratus. Of its six pairs of eyes, the E2 eyes are tubular and face directly forward. They contain two retinas that are positioned at unequal distances from the lens, with photoreceptors oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the light path. Using a microscope to observe images formed by isolated lenses, the authors measured optical performance and determined that two distinct and well-focused images are produced on the proximal and distal retinas, indicating a true bifocal lens. Moreover, the images are separated vertically, leading to an improved contrast for each of the focused images.
Curr. Biol. 20, 1482 (2010).
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"url": "http://science.sciencemag.org/content/329/5997/1259.1"
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Spanish Era
Spanish Era
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Spanish Era. The policy of the Spanish government was to recognize all lands in the Philippines as part of the public domain. During this era the Spanish crown was free to give vast tracts of Philippine land, including the resources and inhabitants, to loyal civilians and military servants asrewards. During this period Encomienda System was practiced with respect to how land isdistributed.
1. Encomienda
In 1570, the encomienda was introduced to the Philippines when Legaspi distributed lands in Cebuto loyal Spanish subjects.The word encomienda is derived from the verb meaning to commend or to charge one’s care.The encomienda is a labor system that was employed by the Spanish crownduring theSpanish colonization of the Americasand thePhilippines. In the encomienda, the crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. Thereceiver of the grant was to protect the natives fromwarring tribesand to instruct them in theSpanish languageand in the Catholic faith. In return, they could exact tribute from the natives inthe form of labor, gold or other products, such as in corn, wheat or chickens. Originally, theencomiender was e feudal institution used in Spain during the reconquista to reward deservinggenerals and conquerors. The encomienda system was not a land grant. It was an administrativeunit for the purpose of exacting tribute from the natives. Each encomiendero had a threefoldresponsibility: to protect the natives by maintaining peace and order within thr encomienda; tosupport the missionaries in their work of converting the people to Catholicism; and to help in thedefense of the colony. In return to these services, the Crown authorized the encomiendero tocollect tribute of eight reales annually from all males inhabitants of his encomienda between agesof nineteen and sixty.
The Dominican fathers having leased their lands to mestizos, these hold them as inquilinos oncondition of each one paying for three or four years, after which they were to pay five cavans of rice for every cavalita of irrigated land. The estate owners are not allowed to increase the groundrent, even though the prices of everything else have increased enormously. Neither are theyallowed to lease the land to others, unless the leaseholders fail to pay the rent for two consecutiveyears. This is a policy of which the inquilino play unfairly by disposing of the lands as though theyowned them.They sell them, or mortgage it to those wealthier than they pay; and by the mere factof being inquilinos, without doing a stroke of work, they make more than the estate ownersthemselves.
3.Friar lands
A large part of the land of the islands was in the hands of three orders of friars, theDominicans, Recoletos and Augustinians. Associated with these orders was that of theFranciscans, which, however, is not permitted to hold property, except convents and schools.The land held by the three orders in question was officially estimated as follows:Dominicans 161,593 acresAugustinians 151,742 acresRecoletos 93,035 acres
4.Early rebellion
Resistance against Spain did not immediately cease upon the conquest of the Austronesian cities.After Tupasof Cebu, random native nobles resisted Spanish rule. The longest recorded native rebellion was that of Francisco Dagohoywhich lasted a century.During the British rule in the 1760s,Diego Silangwas appointed governor of Ilocosand after his assassination by fellow natives, his wifeGabrielacontinued to lead the Ilocanos. Resistance againstSpanish rule was regional in character, based on ethnolinguistic groups.Hispanization of sorts, did not spread to the mountainous center of northern Luzon, nor to theinland communities of Mindanao. The highlanders were more able to resist the Spanish invadersthan the lowlanders.The Moros, most notably the sultanates, had a more advanced political system than their counterparts in the Visayas and Luzon. Spanish cities in Mindanao were limited to the coastalareas of ZamboangaandCagayan de Oro. Why all these revolts failed?=Absence of national leader Lukewarm spirit of nationalism among Filipinos= Inadequate training and preparation for warfare
5.Phillipine Revolution
By 1896 the Katipunan had a membership by the thousands. That same year, the existence of theKatipunan was discovered by the colonial authorities. In late August Katipuneros gathered inCaloocan and declared the start of the revolution. The event is now known as the Cry of Balintawak or Cry of Pugad Lawin, due to conflicting historical traditions and official government positions.Andrés Bonifacio called for a general offensive on Manila
and was defeated in battle at the town of San Juan del Monte. He regrouped his forces and was able to briefly capture the towns of Marikina, San Mateo and Montalban. Spanish counterattacks drove him back and he retreated tothe mountains of Balara and Morong and from there engaged inguerrilla warfare. By August 30,the revolt had spread to eight provinces. On that date, Governor-General Ramon Blanco declaredastate of war in these provinces and placed them under martial law. These wereManila,Bulacan,Cavite, Pampanga,Bataan,Laguna,Batangas, andNueva Ecija. They would later be represented in the eight rays of the sun in theFilipino flag.Emilio Aguinaldo and theKatipuneros of Cavite were the most successful of the rebels and they controlled most of their province by September-October. They defended their territories withtrenchesdesigned byEdilberto Evangelista.Many of the educatedilustradoclass such asAntonio LunaandApolinario Mabinidid not initially favor an armed revolution. Rizal himself, whom the rebels took inspiration from and had consulted beforehand, disapproved of a premature revolution. He was arrested, tried and executed for treason, sedition and conspiracy on December 30, 1896. Before his arrest he had issued a statementdisavowing the revolution, but in hisswan songpoemMi último adióshe wrote that dying in battle for the sake of one's country was just as patriotic as his own impending death.While the revolution spread throughout the provinces, Aguinaldo's Katipuneros declared theexistence of an insurgent government in October regardless of Bonifacio's Katipunan, which hehad already converted into an insurgent government with him as president in August.Bonifaciowas invited to Cavite to meditate between Aguinaldo's rebels, theMagdalo, and their rivalstheMagdiwang, both chapters of the Katipunan. There he became embroiled in discussionswhether to replace the Katipunan with an insurgent government of the Cavite rebels' design. Tothis end, theTejeros Conventionwas convened, where Aguinaldo was elected president of the newinsurgent government. Bonifacio refused to recognize this and he was executed for treason in May1897.By December 1897, the revolution had resulted to a stalemate between the colonial governmentand rebels. Pedro Paterno mediated between the two sides for the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9509451389312744,
"url": "http://www.scribd.com/doc/111208054/Spanish-Era"
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Spirochete Causes And Treatment
When it comes to a potential spirochetes bacteria infection, many things need to be taken into consideration before classifying it as such. Spirochaetes, also known as spirochete disease, belong to the Gram-negative bacteria family, which are comprised of long, helically coiled cells. Spirochetes are considered chemoheterotropic in nature, forming lengths between 5 and 250 µm, with a diameter of around 0.1-0.6 µm. The location of their flagella is how spirochetes are distinguished. These flagella, also known as axial filaments, run lengthwise between the cell wall and the cell’s outer membrane. These axial filaments cause a twisting motion within the cell, allowing the spirochete to move about from place to place. Spirochete reproduce asexually, by means of a transverse binary fission.
The majority of spirochete disease are anaerobic and free-living, however there are numerous exceptions that are known. Spirochetes are related to rat bite fever in the aspect that the bacteria that causes rat bite fever is classified as a spirochete, as it is also a gram-negative bacteria with long, helically coiled cells. Rat-bite fever is an acute, febrile human illness, caused by bacteria that is transmitted by rodents, usually rats, which is passed from rodents to humans by means of the rodent’s urine or mucous secretions. Rat-fever is most commonly found in Asia, and in Japan where is also referred to as Sodoku.
Symptoms of the disease do not tend to show themselves until a good two to four weeks into the infection process, and the wound in which the bacteria entered will exhibit a slow healing process, along with inflammation. Sometimes the fever may be recurring, even for months in some cases. Individuals infected tend to also experience rectum pain, along with gastrointenstinal symptoms. Penicillin is the most common form of current treatment. The most common means of coming into contact with a spirochete infection is by changing out mouse traps. Be very careful when changing mouse traps, and if it calls for it, wear gloves to avoid coming into contact with a possible spirochete infection. It is always better to be safe than sorry. Also, always be certain to wash you hands after handling mouse traps.
All known spirochetes are divided up between three different families, and are placed in a single order, known as spirochaetales. The three families that spirochetes are classified into are known as Brachyspiraceae, Leptospiraceae, and Spirochaetaceae. Brachyspiraceae is a spirochetosis of the appendix, caused by Brachyspira aalborgi, which can present itself as acute appendicitis. One particular study showed spirochetosis in 0.7 percent of all known appendicies removed due to clinical acute appendicitis. Leptospiraceae includes the genus Leptospira. Spirochaetaceae is most notable for the genus that causes such sicknesses as Lyme disease and relapsing fever.
In conclusion, spirochetes are bacteria comprised of helically coiled cells with flagella which allow them to move and relocate. Spirochetes are classified within three different families, which include Brachyspiraceae, Leptospiraceae, and Spirochaetaceae. Always consult a physician in regards to a possible spirochetes bacteria infection.
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"url": "http://www.rat-bitefever.com/spirochetes.html"
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Crossing number (graph theory)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In graph theory, the crossing number cr(G) of a graph G is the lowest number of edge crossings of a plane drawing of the graph G. For instance, a graph is planar if and only if its crossing number is zero.
The mathematical origin of the study of crossing numbers is in Turán's brick factory problem, in which Pál Turán asked to determine the crossing number of the complete bipartite graph Km,n.[1] However, the same problem of minimizing crossings was also considered in sociology at approximately the same time as Turán, in connection with the construction of sociograms.[2] It continues to be of great importance in graph drawing.
During World War II, Hungarian mathematician Pál Turán was forced to work in a brick factory, pushing wagon loads of bricks from kilns to storage sites. The factory had tracks from each kiln to each storage site, and the wagons were harder to push at the points where tracks crossed each other, from which Turán was led to ask his brick factory problem: what is the minimum possible number of crossings in a drawing of a complete bipartite graph?[4]
Zarankiewicz attempted to solve Turán's brick factory problem;[5] his proof contained an error, but he established a valid upper bound of
for the crossing number of the complete bipartite graph Km,n. The conjecture that this inequality is actually an equality is now known as Zarankiewicz' crossing number conjecture. The gap in the proof of the lower bound was not discovered until eleven years after publication, nearly simultaneously by Gerhard Ringel and Paul Kainen; see [6]
The problem of determining the crossing number of the complete graph was first posed by Anthony Hill, and appears in print in 1960.[7] Hill and his collaborator John Ernest were two constructionist artists fascinated by mathematics, who not only formulated this problem but also originated a conjectural upper bound for this crossing number, which Richard K. Guy published in 1960.,[7] namely
\textrm{cr}(K_p) \le \tfrac{1}{4} \left\lfloor\tfrac{p}{2}\right\rfloor\left\lfloor\tfrac{p-1}{2}\right\rfloor\left\lfloor\tfrac{p-2}{2}\right\rfloor\left\lfloor\tfrac{p-3}{2}\right\rfloor,
which gives values of 1, 3, 9, 18, 36, 60, 100, 150 for p = 5, ..., 12; see sequence (A000241) in the OEIS. An independent formulation of the conjecture was made by Thomas L. Saaty in 1964.[8] Saaty further verified that the upper bound is achieved for p ≤ 10 and Pan and Richter showed that it also is achieved for p = 11, 12.
If only straight-line segments are permitted, then one needs more crossings. The rectilinear crossing numbers for K5 through K12 are 1, 3, 9, 19, 36, 62, 102, 153, (A014540) and values up to K27 are known, with K28 requiring either 7233 or 7234 crossings. Further values are collected by the Rectilinear Crossing Number project.[9] Interestingly, it is not known whether the ordinary and rectilinear crossing numbers are the same for bipartite complete graphs. If the Zarankiewicz conjecture is correct, then the formula for the crossing number of the complete graph is asymptotically correct;[10] that is,
\lim_{p \to \infty} \textrm{cr}(K_p) \tfrac{64}{p^4} = 1.
As of January 2012, crossing numbers are known for very few graph families. In particular, except for a few initial cases, the crossing number of complete graphs, bipartite complete graphs, and products of cycles all remain unknown. There has been some progress on lower bounds, as reported by de Klerk et al. (2006).[11]
The Albertson conjecture, formulated by Michael O. Albertson in 2007, states that, among all graphs with chromatic number n, the complete graph Kn has the minimum number of crossings. That is, if the Guy-Saaty conjecture on the crossing number of the complete graph is valid, every n-chromatic graph has crossing number at least equal to the formula in the conjecture. It is now known to hold for n ≤ 16.[12]
In general, determining the crossing number of a graph is hard; Garey and Johnson showed in 1983 that it is an NP-hard problem.[13] In fact the problem remains NP-hard even when restricted to cubic graphs[14] and to near-planar graphs[15] (graphs that become planar after removal of a single edge). More specifically, determining the rectilinear crossing number is complete for the existential theory of the reals.[16]
On the positive side, there are efficient algorithms for determining if the crossing number is less than a fixed constant k — in other words, the problem is fixed-parameter tractable.[17] It remains difficult for larger k, such as |V|/2. There are also efficient approximation algorithms for approximating cr(G) on graphs of bounded degree.[18] In practice heuristic algorithms are used, such as the simple algorithm which starts with no edges and continually adds each new edge in a way that produces the fewest additional crossings possible. These algorithms are used in the Rectilinear Crossing Number[19] distributed computing project.
Crossing numbers of cubic graphs[edit]
The crossing number inequality[edit]
The very useful crossing number inequality, discovered independently by Ajtai, Chvátal, Newborn, and Szemerédi[23] and by Leighton,[24] asserts that if a graph G (undirected, with no loops or multiple edges) with n vertices and e edges satisfies e > 7n then we have
\operatorname{cr}(G) \geq \frac{e^3}{29 n^2}.
The constant 29 is the best known to date, and is due to Ackerman;[25] the constant 7.5 can be lowered to 4, but at the expense of replacing 29 with the worse constant of 64.
The motivation of Leighton in studying crossing numbers was for applications to VLSI design in theoretical computer science. Later, Székely[26] also realized that this inequality yielded very simple proofs of some important theorems in incidence geometry, such as Beck's theorem and the Szemerédi-Trotter theorem, and Tamal Dey used it to prove upper bounds on geometric k-sets.[27]
For graphs with girth larger than 2r and e ≥ 4n, Pach, Spencer and Tóth[28] demonstrated an improvement of this inequality to
Proof of crossing number inequality[edit]
To prove this, consider a diagram of G which has exactly cr(G) crossings. Each of these crossings can be removed by removing an edge from G. Thus we can find a graph with at least e − cr(G) edges and n vertices with no crossings, and is thus a planar graph. But from Euler's formula we must then have e − cr(G) ≤ 3n, and the claim follows. (In fact we have e − cr(G) ≤ 3n − 6 for n ≥ 3).
To obtain the actual crossing number inequality, we now use a probabilistic argument. We let 0 < p < 1 be a probability parameter to be chosen later, and construct a random subgraph H of G by allowing each vertex of G to lie in H independently with probability p, and allowing an edge of G to lie in H if and only if its two vertices were chosen to lie in H. Let e_H denote the number of edges of H, and let n_H denote the number of vertices.
Since H is a subgraph of G, this diagram contains a diagram of H; let crH denote the number of crossings of this random graph. By the preliminary crossing number inequality, we have
\operatorname{cr}_H \geq e_H - 3n_H.
Taking expectations we obtain
\mathbf{E}[\operatorname{cr}_H] \geq \mathbf{E}[e_H] - 3 \mathbf{E}[n_H].
Since each of the n vertices in G had a probability p of being in H, we have E[nH] = pn. Similarly, since each of the edges in G has a probability p2 of remaining in H (since both endpoints need to stay in H), then E[eH] = p2e. Finally, every crossing in the diagram of G has a probability p4 of remaining in H, since every crossing involves four vertices, and so E[crH] = p4cr(G). Thus we have
\operatorname{cr}(G) \geq \frac{e^3}{64 n^2}.
See also[edit]
2. ^ Bronfenbrenner, Urie (1944). "The graphic presentation of sociometric data". Sociometry 7 (3): 283–289. JSTOR 2785096. "The arrangement of subjects on the diagram, while haphazard in part, is determined largely by trial and error with the aim of minimizing the number of intersecting lines."
4. ^ Pach, János; Sharir, Micha (2009). "5.1 Crossings—the Brick Factory Problem". Combinatorial Geometry and Its Algorithmic Applications: The Alcalá Lectures. Mathematical Surveys and Monographs 152. American Mathematical Society. pp. 126–127.
6. ^ Guy, R.K. (1969). "Decline and fall of Zarankiewicz's Theorem". Proof Techniques in Graph Theory (Ed. by F. Harary), Academic Press: 63–69.
8. ^ Saaty, T.L. (1964). "The minimum number of intersections in complete graphs". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 52: 688–690. doi:10.1073/pnas.52.3.688.
9. ^ Oswin Aichholzer. "Rectilinear Crossing Number project".
10. ^ Kainen, P.C. (1968). "On a problem of P. Erdos". Journal of Combinatorial Theory 5: 374–377. doi:10.1016/s0021-9800(68)80013-4.
15. ^ Cabello S. and Mohar B. (2013). "Adding One Edge to Planar Graphs Makes Crossing Number and 1-Planarity Hard". SIAM Journal on Computing 42 (5): 1803–1829. doi:10.1137/120872310.
16. ^ Schaefer, Marcus (2010). "Complexity of some geometric and topological problems". "Graph Drawing, 17th International Symposium, GS 2009, Chicago, IL, USA, September 2009, Revised Papers". Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5849. Springer-Verlag. pp. 334–344. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11805-0_32. ISBN 978-3-642-11804-3. .
17. ^ Grohe, M. (2005). "Computing crossing numbers in quadratic time". J. Comput. System Sci. 68 (2): 285–302. doi:10.1016/j.jcss.2003.07.008. MR 2059096. ; Kawarabayashi, Ken-ichi; Reed, Bruce (2007). "Computing crossing number in linear time". "Proceedings of the 29th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing". pp. 382–390. doi:10.1145/1250790.1250848. ISBN 978-1-59593-631-8.
20. ^ Weisstein, Eric W., "Graph Crossing Number", MathWorld.
21. ^ Exoo, G. "Rectilinear Drawings of Famous Graphs".
22. ^ Pegg, E. T.; Exoo, G. (2009). "Crossing Number Graphs". Mathematica Journal 11 .
23. ^ Ajtai, M.; Chvátal, V.; Newborn, M.; Szemerédi, E. (1982). "Crossing-free subgraphs". "Theory and Practice of Combinatorics". North-Holland Mathematics Studies 60. pp. 9–12. MR 0806962.
25. ^ a b Ackerman, Eyal (2013), On topological graphs with at most four crossings per edge . For earlier results with worse constants see Pach, János; Tóth, Géza (1997), Graphs drawn with few crossings per edge, Combinatorica 17 (3): 427–439, doi:10.1007/BF01215922, MR 1606052 ; Pach, János; Radoičić, Radoš; Tardos, Gábor; Tóth, Géza (2006), Improving the crossing lemma by finding more crossings in sparse graphs, Discrete and Computational Geometry 36 (4): 527–552, doi:10.1007/s00454-006-1264-9, MR 2267545 .
28. ^ Pach, János; Spencer, Joel; Tóth, Géza (2000). "New bounds on crossing numbers". Discrete and Computational Geometry 24 (4): 623–644. doi:10.1007/s004540010011.
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Forficula auricularia
These long, glossy brown insects can be recognised by the characteristic pincers at the hind end of their body. Although there are about 1,000 known species worldwide, only four are native to the UK – this is the commonest.
Earwigs are generally nocturnal, and seek out dark cracks and crevices to rest during the day. They are mainly vegetarian scavengers, but will eat carrion and other insects.
Although they have wings, earwigs are usually reluctant to fly. Unlike most insects, a female earwig is a good mother. She lays 20-30 eggs and protects them through the winter. When they hatch, she feeds and tends the nymphs until they are able to fend for themselves.
Despite their name, earwigs are unlikely to venture into a human ear!
What does it eat?
Plant matter, flowers, carrion and small insects.
When will I see it?
Most likely in spring, summer and autumn.
Where will I see it?
Throughout the garden hiding in dark places, such as under pots. They also hide in flowers.
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"fasttext_score": 0.3556387424468994,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9672633409500122,
"url": "http://www.rspb.org.uk/makeahomeforwildlife/wildlifegarden/atoz/e/earwig.aspx"
}
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Thursday, January 1, 2009
Physiology of Female Design and Purpose
Women, on the average, have more stored and circulating white blood cells. They
have more granulocytes and B and T lymphocytes for fighting infection. They produce
more antibodies faster and thus have a more rapid and effective response to infectious invaders. They will develop fewer infectious diseases and succumb to them for shorter periods of time. Ethologists argue that for females caring for multiple offspring and interacting with other females and their offspring in social groups, where communicable diseases can spread rapidly, this is a particularly advantageous trait.
Women, whose metabolism favors fat storage, have more trouble eating enough to
maintain their needed vitamin and amino acid requirements without putting on fat as
well. There seems to be some relationship between a certain minimum level of body fat
and fertility in women. Women athletes, body builders, or those who are particularly thin have higher levels of infertility.11 It may be that a certain level of fat sufficient to carry the developing fetus and provide milk after birth is necessary before pregnancy will occur. This would be a logical, God-given feminine provision to prevent pregnancies during periods of unstable food supply or even famine.
Sex Differences in the Peripheral Nervous System
The ability to discriminate two simultaneous pin pricks placed at close proximity on
the skin is called the two-point discrimination test. Using this type of test, researchers find that women, on the average, have a more acute sense of touch. Females have finer body hair, on the average, which is more easily moved and results in finer sense perception. Females, likewise, have more acute senses of hearing, smell, and taste.14 It has been argued that females are generally more perceptive and aware of context. Perhaps their more responsive sensory system allows them to monitor their environment more completely and with more discrimination. Such a system would give women an advantage in child care and social interaction. They would be able to pick up subtle environmental cues, such as a baby’s cry or cough, or telltale odors or sounds that might escape the less discriminating male system. There have been reports that females have finer discrimination of color, particularly in the red end of the spectrum, can tolerate brighter lights, and see better in dim light,while men can read finer print and are better at night vision.15 Again, advantages in color
discrimination might aid females in detecting rashes or slight flushes in infants and
children that might indicate fever or diseases. They might be better able to detect slight facial flushing of peers or spouse, which may indicate anger or other emotional upset. Studies suggest that females are better able to read the emotional content of faces such as anger, sadness, or fear. These more acute senses may give females a general advantage in social interactions. If males have better ability to read fine print or in general discriminate detail on which they are focusing, it may have been an advantage while hunting, tracking, or in other historically male pursuits requiring good hand-eye coordination.
Females have more sensitive hearing than males.
Females have a higher sensitivity to pain than males in facial tissue.
Males have a more developed sense of direction.
Males have a more developed sense of spatial awareness.
Females' voices are usually of a higher pitch than males'. Female screams carry further than males'. Females respond to danger with screaming vocalization and emotional response (Put functional MRI Scan here) and males with a fight or flight response. (Put male functional MRI scan response to female scream vocalization here)
Female fertility declines after age 30 and ends with the menopause.
No comments:
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"url": "http://rebukingfeminism.blogspot.com/2009/01/physiology-of-female-design-and-purpose.html"
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Earth Day, Every Day
These picture books focus on the relationship between humans and the environment. For nonfiction books that emphasize Earth Day, please visit the 333 and 363s.
Click here for a print-friendly version of this list.
Author Title Call Number
AschThe Earth and I
This introduction to environmentalism describes a child's friendship with the earth.
JE Asch
BaseUno's Garden
Uno's magnificent forest home attracts so many visitors that it becomes overrun with tourists.
JE Base
BergerOK Go
Car drivers get stuck in traffic, so they seek greener alternatives such as bike riding or walking.
JE Berger
BrownThe Curious Garden
Liam tends a hidden garden and adds color to the gray city.
JE Brown
Bunting Someday a Tree
JE Bunting
CherryThe Great Kapok Tree: A Tale of the Amazon Rain Forest
Animals ask a man with an ax not to cut down their home in a kapok tree.
JE Cherry
ChildWhat Planet Are You From, Clarice Bean?
Clarice and her family become eco-warriors in an attempt to save a tree.
JE Child
ColeOn Meadowview Street
Caroline and her parents cultivate a meadow in their yard so their street can live up to its name.
JE Cole
GarlandSummer Sands
A beach community uses old Christmas trees to help restore the local dunes.
JE Garland
Rundi and Coati journey north to escape expanding human settlement.
JE Hamilton
HutchinsOne Duck
A farmer moves an imperiled duck's nest to a safe place so that the duck can hatch her eggs.
JE Hutchins
JohnstonIsabel's House of Butterflies
Isabel hatches a plan to provide her family with an income while protecting local butterflies.
JE Johnston
JoslinThe Tale of the Heaven Tree
A young girl plants a tree that grows so tall it reaches to paradise.
JE Joslin
KrollStuff! Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Pinch the pack rat discovers the beauty of recycling.
JE Kroll
LewisEarth & Me, Our Family Tree
Diverse creatures converse about their habitats, which make up the ecosystem.
JE Lewis
MacKayButterfly Park
A girl finds a way to return the butterflies to Butterfly Park.
JE Mackay
MartinI Love Our Earth
Lyrical text sets the context for Earth Day by celebrating nature's colors, climates, landforms, and seasons.
JE Martin
MeserveNo Room for Napoleon
Napoleon the dog has built a house that takes up too many resources. How can he make things right with his neighbors?
JE Meserve
RandFighting for the Forest
A boy and his father, who enjoy hiking in an ancient forest, try to save the trees from being cut down.
JE Rand
SchnetzlerEarth Day Birthday
Verses feature animals that illustrate the wonders of the wild world. Includes a factual section about Earth Day.
JE Schnetzler
SeussThe Lorax
The Once-ler describes effects of greed and the pollution it causes.
JE Seuss
SpinelliMiss Fox's Class Goes Green
Miss Fox and her class practice conservation and make choices that help keep the planet healthy.
JE Spinelli
Van AllsburgJust a Dream
After a series of dreams, Walter begins to understand the importance of taking care of the environment.
JE Van Allsburg
WrightEarth Day, Birthday!
Monkey's birthday is Earth Day, and his animal friends suggest ways he can celebrate.
JE Wright
Last Updated: 6/15
• Inside Block Kids' E-books
E-Books & E-Audiobooks
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My Media Mall
TumbleBook Library
Animated, talking picture books in multiple languages.
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"url": "http://wilmettelibrary.info/books-and-more/recommendations/kids-book-lists/annotated-list?bib_title_id=305"
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The Tower Bridge in Sacramento, California Getting Started
What is a Parser?
Latest News
Getting Started
Screen Shots
About GOLD
How It Works
Why Use GOLD?
Revision History
Freeware License
More ...
What is a Parser?
Backus-Naur Form
DFA Lexer
LALR Parsing
More ...
What is a "Parser"?
While the text of a program is easy to understand by humans, the computer must convert it into a form which it can understand before any emulation or compilation can begin.
This process is know generally as "parsing" and consists of two distinct parts.
Lexical Analysis
The first component is called the "lexer" - sometimes also called the "scanner". The lexer takes the source text and breaks it into the reserved words, constants, identifiers, and symbols that are defined in the language.
Lexical analysis is concerned with a grammar's terminals.
The result of the lexical analysis is a series of "tokens" which contains the text of the source broken into individual pieces of data. While terminals are used to represent the classification of information, tokens contain the actual information.
Essentially, a token is an instance of a terminal. For instance, the common identifier is a specific type of terminal, but can exist in various forms such as "Value1", "cat", "Sacramento", etc...
Syntactic Analysis
Syntactic analysis is concerned with a grammar's productions.
After the text is broken into a stream of tokens, the system needs to determine which groups of symbols form the meaningful constructs and groups used in the language.
The second component is called the "parser". This is where the terminology gets a tad confusing. Since a parser requires a lexer to function properly, the term "parser" is often used to refer to both.
The "tokens" created by the lexer are subsequently passed to the actual 'parser' which analyzes the series of tokens and then determines when one of the language's syntax rules is complete.
The result of the lexical and syntactic analysis components is a tree that follows the structure of the grammar and contains all the tokens created by the lexer. Essentially, nonterminals function as the tree's nodes while tokens represent the tree's leaves.
In this form, the program is ready to be interpreted or compiled by the application. This can be in the form of compiling it to a new program, running it through interpretation or translating the text to another programming language.
Next: How Parsers Work
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.895389974117279,
"url": "http://goldparser.org/getting-started/4-parsers.htm"
}
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Prehistoric Kite Runner Carried Its Babies Like Tethered Kites
Scientists in the US and UK have discovered fossils of a 430 million years old arthropod that carried its younglings in capsules tethered to its body. Since the babies are tethered to the parent’s body like tiny, swirling kites, researchers named the creature the Kite Runner after the 2003 best-selling novel by Khalid Hosseini. The animal measured only half an inch in length, according to a study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Prehistoric Kite Runner Carried Its Babies Like Tethered Kites
The Kite Runner’s parenting strategy wasn’t very successful
The arthropod, called Aquilonifer spinosus, lived on the sea floor during the Silurian period alongside worms, sponges, snails and other mollusks. Derek Briggs of the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History said in a statement that the juveniles would have looked like decorations or kites as the parent moved around. It indicates that arthropods had evolved a variety of brooding strategies.
Researchers believe that the Kite Runner’s parenting strategy was probably less successful, and it went extinct. While studying the fossils, scientists found ten capsules tethered to the parent’s back that contained juveniles. Each juvenile progeny was in a different stage of development. The eyeless creature is not related to any living species, according to David Legg of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History.
Did the tethered pouches contain parasites?
The remains were found in Herefordshire, England. It was the only fossilized specimen scientists have found of the species. Scientists computerized the fossils to create a 3D reconstruction, and categorized it using “compositional phylogenetics.” They concluded that it belonged to the same group as crustaceans, modern insects, and centipedes, but it was not a direct ancestor.
Scientists considered a variety of other possibilities before concluding that the Kite Runner indeed carried its juveniles in miniature pouches tethered to its body. For instance, these pouches could have contained parasites of a different species. But it would be extremely difficult for a parasite to live tied to the Kite Runner’s tough and inedible shell. Using computer simulations, researchers found that as the ten tethered babies develop, they begin to resemble more and more with their parent.
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9404610991477966,
"url": "http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/04/kite-runner-babies-tethered-kites/"
}
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Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms
2015 Edition
| Editors: Henrik Hargitai, Ákos Kereszturi
Reference work entry
Streamlined hill, typically ovoid to elongate, in previously ice sheet/glacier affected terrains.
A type of subglacial streamlined hill.
A streamlined hill that occurs mostly in glacial sediments (Menzies 1979; Clark et al. 2009; Shaw 2002; Stokes et al. 2011). They are ubiquitous on the now-exposed beds of former ice sheets, where they form fields or “flow-sets” that contain hundreds to thousands of individual drumlins with their long axis orientated parallel to the former ice flow direction (Boulton and Clark 1990; Fig. 1). Geophysical techniques have also detected their presence and formation beneath extant ice sheets, e.g., in Antarctica (King et al. 2007; Smith et al. 2007), and they have also been seen to emerge from receding glacier margins (Johnson et al. 2010).
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25. Smith AM, Murray T, Nicholls KW, Makinson K, Aoalgeirsdottir G, Behar AE, Vaughan DG (2007) Rapid erosion, drumlin formation, and changing hydrology beneath an Antarctic ice stream. Geology 35:127–130CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Copyright information
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Authors and Affiliations
1. 1.Department of GeographyDurham UniversityDurhamUK
2. 2.Earth and Space Physics, Department of PhysicsUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
3. 3.Arctic Planetary Science InstituteRovaniemiFinland
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Rapport is a good sense of understanding and trust. If you have good rapport with your neighbors, they won't mind if you kick your ball onto their property every now and then.
If you have rapport with someone, you two communicate with trust and sympathy. The word is often used to mean good interaction between people in different positions or roles such as parent and teacher, teacher and student, doctor and patient, supervisor and worker, or speaker and audience. It is always important to establish rapport with people you come into contact with regularly. Pronounce this borrowed word from the French ra-POOR.
Definitions of rapport
n a relationship of mutual understanding or trust and agreement between people
Type of:
affinity, kinship
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Forget Twitter wars, Andrew Jackson challenged more than 100 men to duels (but only killed one)
Andrew Jackson killing Charles Dickenson in 1806. Woodcut print, 1834. (Library of Congress)
Andrew Jackson, the controversial seventh president of the United States, was notoriously thin-skinned. He had a temper that landed him the reputation of a volcano that “only the most intrepid or recklessly curious cared to see it erupt,” according to biographer H.W. Brands. Jackson seemed to recognize that about himself, once saying, “I was born for a storm, and a calm does not suit me.”
But Jackson didn’t settle his scores in 140 characters or less. He challenged his foes to duels — more than 100 of them (one opponent even died!). However, for the most part, people would stand and fire their gun in the air or purposefully miss their opponent, making the duel more about a test of courage when one’s honor was at stake or their reputation was threatened.
And those involved in duels selected “seconds,” people to accompany them to the duels to certify that it was conducted legitimately and to make sure it was reported accurately — but they also found themselves acting as peacemakers as a last ditch effort.
Not every time Jackson lost his cool with a gun in his hand is documented, but here are four that helped give him his reputation as a rage-filled lunatic — and a few that left his body rattling “like a bag of marbles.”
Waightstill Avery was an adversary and friend of the argumentative Jackson.
In 1788, Jackson, then a young lawyer, was facing in a civil suit Waightstill Avery, a successful attorney and veteran of the American Revolution. During the trial, Avery, who outmatched Jackson considerably, took one of Jackson’s arguments and turned it around on him so forcefully that Jackson felt he had been intellectually insulted.
Seeking revenge against Avery, who would often proclaim “I refer to Bacon” — meaning Francis Bacon’s noted text The Elements of the Common Laws of England — when making a point, Jackson replaced a copy of the text with an actual slab of bacon in Avery’s saddlebags.
When Avery criticized Jackson for pulling a childish stunt, Jackson leapt to his feet and yelled, “I may not know as much law as there is in Bacon’s Abridgement, but I know enough not to take illegal fees!” Avery shot back, “It’s false as hell!”
Jackson issued a challenge to a duel by immediately writing it in a page of an old law book, tearing out the page and handing it to Avery. The senior lawyer didn’t take the challenge seriously. The next day at court Jackson challenged him again and a time and place were set for the two to duel later that evening.
By the time the two had met at the place where they were to duel Jackson had cooled down a bit. The seconds of both men assured each of them that their honor would remain intact if they chose not to shoot one another. Nevertheless both men stepped off but ultimately fired their single shots in the air. Jackson and Avery considered themselves satisfied without bloodshed and remained on friendly terms afterwards.
President Andrew Jackson’s dueling pistols, on display at the National Museum in 1926. (Library of Congress)
Bad Bet
Andrew Jackson and Charles Dickinson, a lawyer and famous duelist, were rival horse breeders and southern plantation owners who had a longstanding hatred of each other. But it became even more personal when Dickinson accused Jackson of reneging on a horse bet with $2,000 at stake and the two traded insults in the press.
After Jackson challenged Dickinson to a duel, the two met Harrison’s Mills on the Red River in Logan, Kentucky on May 30, 1806. Paces apart, Jackson and Dickinson stood opposed to one another. At a mere 24 feet from one another, many thought that Dickinson would easily shoot and kill Jackson. But Jackson figured his best chance against a duelist who had already shot and killed 26 men was to let him shoot first.
Within the first few seconds, Dickinson fired, putting the first bullet into Jackson’s chest next to his heart. Jackson put his hand over the wound to staunch the flow of blood. Despite smoke and dust billowing from Jackson’s coat and his hand touching his chest, Jackson remained standing, puzzling Dickinson: “My God! Have I missed him?”
The duel’s protocol required stated that Dickinson to remain in place while Jackson aimed to take his shot. Jackson fired, but the flint hammer stopped half-cocked, not counting as a legitimate shot. Jackson aimed again–ever so carefully–and fired a second time. This time, the shot was good and the bullet hit Dickinson in the chest and he dropped to the ground.
Reflecting on the duel, the doctor remarked to Jackson, “I don’t see how you stayed on your feet after that wound.” To which Jackson responded, “I would have stood up long enough to kill him if he had put a bullet in my brain.”
In the end, Dickinson succumbed to his wounds later that night. Jackson was not prosecuted for murder and Dickinson would be the only man he ever killed in a duel — something that did not prevent him from becoming president in 1829.
Vote with a pistol
In 1803, when John Sevier — an American soldier, politician and one of the founding fathers of Tennessee — was re-elected as governor of Tennessee, it was a thorn in the side of Jackson, his political rival.
In the election, Jackson accused Sevier of bribery and fraud because he believed that Sevier had changed the original land claims for Tennessee. But with Sevier now the governor again, and Jackson serving as the commander of the militia, both men saw each other on a regular basis. During a heated exchange in the courthouse square in Knoxville, Sevier, who had not forgotten Jackson’s accusations during the election, accused Jackson of adultery because his wife was still married to another man.
“I know of no great service you rendered to the country, except taking a trip to Natchez with another man’s wife.” Sevier snarled at Jackson, to which he replied, “Great God! Do you mention her sacred name?”
John Sevier, Tennessee governor, delayed dueler. (Knox County Public Library)
The accusation led to shots being fired and Jackson having to be pulled away from Sevier. The next day Jackson sent Sevier a letter challenging him to a duel. Sevier accepted. The next day, Jackson arrived at the location first, waiting several hours for Sevier who had been delayed. After awhile, Jackson, believing Sevier was not going to show up, began to head back to Knoxville when he encountered Sevier on the road heading to the agreed location. Both men began exchanging insults on the road, and during the argument Sevier’s horse ran off with his firearms. Jackson pulled out his firearm and began chasing Sevier who had to hide behind a tree while their seconds tried to calm them down. Eventually, Jackson was calmed down and both men parted ways without any bloodshed.
Supporters of Jackson and Sevier spent the next several months insulting each other in the papers, and debating each other in the bars. The dispute between the governor and the commander of the militia actually helped advance Jackson’s reputation as a man of principle.
The Scene at the Capitol after Richard Lawrence’s unsuccessful attempt on Jackson’s life. (Library of Congress)
Let me alone!
On January 30, 1835, as Jackson was leaving a congressional funeral on Capitol Hill, he became the target of the first known assassination attempt on an American president. A 35-year-old house painter by the name of Richard Lawrence, just steps from Jackson, pulled out a pistol. When that gun misfired, he pulled out another. That one, too, misfired.
While it may not have been a duel in the traditional sense, Jackson didn’t see it that way and charged at the would-be assassin with his hickory cane. Although, at the age of 67, Jackson was frail from a variety of illnesses and injuries, he viciously beat Lawrence, yelling, “Let me alone! Let me alone! I know where this came from,” according to Library of Congress archives.
Jackson was convinced the attempt on his life was a conspiracy among his political enemies in the Whig party, but Lawrence turned out to be a mentally ill man acting alone. Lawrence, who was born in England, believed that he was King Richard III and that Jackson had killed his father and was withholding his family fortune. At his trial, Lawrence dressed royally, in a shooting jacket and cravat, and proclaimed himself above the proceedings. As the jury prepared to announce their judgment after just five minutes of deliberation, Lawrence interrupted, “It is for me, gentlemen, to pass upon you, and not you upon me.” He was found not guilty by reason of insanity and spent the remaining 25 years of his life in asylums.
Excerpted from Forget Twitter wars, Andrew Jackson challenged more than 100 men to duels (but only killed one)
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Class #1 Bi372 Text
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Notes & Transcripts
The Parables of Jesus
Class #1
Introduction and Parables of the Triple Tradition
Before getting down to the actual analysis of the literary form of parable, I would like to begin with a contemporary piece of music that illustrates the meaning of parable that I will be presenting. It is the Irish rebel song, “Four Green Fields.” Some of you may have heard it, but I would suspect that many have not. That makes it a good candidate for this exercise.
(Hand out the words, and play the tape of “Four Green Fields”)
Can anyone tell me what this song is about? Can anyone tell me what this song means? [Continue discussion] What is the point of the Song? [continue discussion] In the song, we have seen that the situation of a woman with four fields has been used to illustrate the contemporary situation of Ireland. The woman is Ireland, the fields are the four provinces of Ireland, one of which is in bondage. The sons are the Irish people who have fought, and will continue to fight to release the province in bondage and allow a united Ireland to rise once again. To those who know the secret of the parable, this can be a very powerful, and very emotional song. To those who do not, it is simply a nice little song.
The Literary Form of Parable
That is precisely what a parable does it takes something which is ordinary and commonplace and uses it to illustrate something which is hidden or unknown. That is precisely the meaning of the Greek word from which the English parable comes—parabolh\. The Greek preposition, para\ means beside, and the Greek verb ba/llw means to throw, or more gentilely, to put. Hence parabolh/ is a putting, or a placing of two things beside each other for the sake of comparison, or illustration. There are thus three components to a parable—a) the unknown that is being illustrated known in German as Die Sache “the matter (to be explained)”, b) the known that is compared to it for illustration known in German as Das Bild “the picture” (which illustrates). And the point of comparison, known as the tertium comparationis which is the point of communality between the “matter” and the “picture”. In other words, the tertium comparationis is the meaning of the parable. Thus we can say that a parable “is a recounting of a common incident from daily life in a concise, figurative form to illustrate a truth.”
In our lyric example, the matter, Die Sache would be the situation of Ireland vis-à-vis England and the current situation of the North. The picture, Das Bild, would be the woman with four green fields. The tertium comparationis would be the desire for a United Ireland brought about by the song.
In ancient rhetoric, as well as English grammar comparisons have taken two forms, the simile and the metaphor. In a simile one thing is compared to another through the expressed term of comparison “as”. Jesus sends his disciples out “as lambs in the midst of wolves.” (Luke 10:3) Or from ancient literature. “Achilles rushed on like a lion.” In both of these examples, the two things being compared are explicitly named, (disciples/lambs), (Achilles/lion). There can be no error in interpretation. Lambs can expect trouble when they wander into a pack of wolves. Thus, Jesus’ disciples can expect trouble when they go out on the mission. A lion is quick, strong and ferocious. So also is Achilles as he rushes into battle.
The second form of comparison in the metaphor from the Greek, metaferei=n, to carry over or across. In a metaphor the qualities of one thing are ascribed to another without explicit comparison. Again from the Jesus tradition, “You are the salt of the earth,” “You are the light of the world” referring to the disciples. Or from the classical tradition, in speaking of Achilles, the text would say “a lion rushed on”. IN the metaphor, two things are compared but only one is named. The hearer must know the missing term of comparison in order to grasp the meaning. Without the proper contextual information to fill in the second term, the metaphor becomes a mystery. Hence, a metaphor needs to be deciphered.
Another way of looking at the parable would be to say that it is an extended simile. Note that many of the Gospel parables are introduced with the formula, “…the kingdom of heaven is like….” The object of the parable’s comparison is not a single word but rather the entire situation that is envisioned, a farmer sowing seed, a merchant in search of fine pearls, a mustard seed, a king who settles accounts, etc. In each of these situations, a comparison is made. But it would wrong to say that the kingdom is like a king. Rather the parable compares the kingdom of God to the process of generous forgiveness exhibited by the king who settles accounts.
It has been understood by parable interpreters that a parable as an extended simile would have one and only one point of comparison. Thus, the parable requires that one take the central idea or dominant theme from the known or familiar picture and apply it to the comparable matter that up to that momen was unclear to him.
If a parable is an extended simile, then an extended metaphor would be an allegory. An allegory has as many points of comparison as it has metaphors. Thus an allegory must be decoded. As with a single metaphor, one need a key to decipher the meaning in order to express the meaning non-allegorically. Parables thus have a single point of comparison, tertium comparationis while allegories have many. The only problem is that both the New Testament and the early church have tended toward interpreting Jesus’ parables as though they were allegories. Let’s take a quick look at Augustine’s interpretation of the parable of the Good Samaritan
As one can see, there is a multiplicity of metaphors in this allegorical interpretation of Augustine. For the most part, we shall be looking at the parables seeking a single point of comparison, rather than looking at them allegorically.
The Synoptic Problem
Having looked at the literary form of parable, one more introductory point remains before we can launch into the Parables of Jesus. That is the relationship between the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke, which is known in scholarship as the “Synoptic Problem.” Let’s first take a look at this word Synoptic. It comes from two Greek words, the preposition su\n meaning ‘with’, or ‘together’, and the verb o(ra/w which means to ‘look’ or to ‘see.’ Hence Synoptic means looking or seeing together.
This refers to the practice of many scholars since the 17th century of producing a text in which the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke are laid out in parallel columns. Such a text is known as a “synopsis” not because it is a summary, but because you can see the texts of the three Gospels together. When they are laid out in this manner, one discovers striking word-for-word similarities in the Gospel text. This raises the question of the literary relationship between these three texts, a question known as the “Synoptic Problem.” Put plainly, was one of the Gospels a source for the other two? Or was there a common source which was utilized by the authors of all three?
The arguments that have been put forth in solution to the “Synoptic Problem” are intricate and complex. For our purposes here, I will present some basic threads of argument. The arguments in favor a common source such as a primitive version of Matthew in Aramaic are at most conjectural and as such, I will not present them here.
Matthaean Priority
The other possible solution is that one of the existing gospels is the source for the others. Two possibilities have emerged—Matthew and Mark. The argument for Matthaean priority has been strong since the time of Augustine who was its first proponent. In contemporary scholarship it is held by W.R. Farmer, Bernard Orchard, and C.S. Mann who draw heavily upon the arguments of J.J. Griesbach. One of the primary arguments in favor of Matthaean priority is the explanation of what have come to be known as minor agreements, i.e. texts in the triple tradition (Matthew, Mark, and Luke) where Matthew and Luke agree against Mark.
Against the thesis of Matthaean priority is the fact that almost 95% of Mark’s text appears in Matthew, Luke, or both. When Matthew and Luke disagree with each other in order of a text in the triple tradition, one of them always agrees with Mark. Finally, if Matthew preceded Mark, then the author of Mark would have to have purposely eliminated many of the great texts of Matthew i.e. the Lord’s prayer and the Beatitudes.
Markan Priority
As a result, most scholars today will posit Mark as the first of the Gospels to be written. This is the thesis of Markan priority. Mark thus becomes the source for the common material in Matthew and Luke. This can be diagrammed as follows.
Matthew Luke
Such a hypothesis acknowledges the independence of Matthew and Luke, while at the same time explaining the common sections or “literary dependence” between the three Gospels.
The Q Source
A further question remains in our discussion of “literary dependence” in the Synoptic gospels. That is the question of the common elements of Matthew and Luke that do not appear in the text of Mark. This is known as the “double tradition” There are several texts in Matthew and Luke which are word for word the same that do not appear in the Markan text. Hence, they cannot have Mark as their source. How does one explain them? Is there yet another common source that would have been used by the authors of Matthew and Luke in addition to Mark in the composition of their gospels? Scholars have posited that there is such a source, the “hypothetical” source Q. It receives its name from the German word for Source, “Quelle.” This produces the classic “Two source theory” It can be diagrammed as follows.
Mark Q
Matthew Luke
The “two source theory” is a plausible solution to the Synoptic Problem as long as one does not push it too far. Scholars have lined up the texts of Matthew Mark and Luke in parallel columns and have isolated the sections of Matthew and Luke which are word for word the same. Through such “hypothetical reconstruction” they have isolated (what they think is) the source Q. That is well and good. However, there are some who then submit that hypothetical reconstruction to further analysis seeking to discover its sources etc. This seems a bit constrained. How can one do a source analysis on a hypothetical document.
Some have theorized that this “hypothetical” document must predate the Gospels and thus be a source of early Christian understanding. It contains neither infancy narrative, nor resurrection narratives. Hence the infancy and the resurrection traditions must be later traditions “invented” by the early Christian community. It seems to me that by very definition, the document cannot contain them. They must not appear in Mark, and they must be word for word the same in Matthew and Luke. Is it not possible that Matthew and Luke had more sources at their disposal? They could thus choose infancy and resurrection traditions that were from different sources. Does that mean the events they narrate are a community invention? I really don’t think so.
The Four Source Theory
The question of material in Matthew and Luke not accounted for in the two source theory led scholars to posit that indeed they had other sources. For lack of a better nomenclature, they chose to identify these sources as M (Matthew’s specific material) and L (Luke’s specific material). Joining these to Mark and Q, we have the classic “four source theory.” It can be diagrammed as follows.
Mark Q
M Matthew Luke L
The generally accepted solution to the Synoptic Problem today is the Four Source theory. It allows for Markan priority, it explains the common material between Matthew and Luke not in Mark, and it accounts for the material that is unique to Matthew and Luke. Further, there is nothing in the theory that would preclude some material from M or L being in Q. However, by definition of Q, that would not be possible. You now can see how the division of our series came about. It is based on the four source theory. Each week we will look at parables in one of the four sources.
The Parable of the Sower
So on to the parables of the triple tradition. Our prime focus will be on the parable of the Sower which is found in Mark 4:3-9. As I read the parable, I would ask that you put out of your heads any thoughts that may come from prior experience of this parable; rather, listen to it anew and ask the following questions. What is the “picture” of this parable? What is the “matter” of this parable? What is the “point of comparison?” And, what is this parable trying to tell me?
(Read the Parable)
So what is the “picture” of this parable?
It is a sower going to sow seeds. It is taken from a farming milieu. (By the way, a great number of Jesus’ parables are taken from either a farming or a business milieu). Jesus is speaking to people who have an understanding of farming. The moment that he says that the sower goes to his field to sow, several images come into the listeners’ heads. Jesus has evoked a real life situation which the listeners can identify with readily
Now what is the “matter” of this parable? What is it that Jesus is using the situation of the sower to illustrate?
Ultimately it is the Kingdom of God. The question may be asked, why doesn’t he just come out and explain the kingdom and leave the story of the sower out of it? Well, let me ask you, how many of you would be that straightforward in discussing the kingdom of God? When we talk about God, the kingdom etc, we necessarily adopt a parable type mode of expression. When we want to get across God’s great love and concern for us, we refer to God as father—a parable mode of expression. Even the notion of kingdom of God has a certain parable force to it. We all know what a kingdom is—a particular form of government, rule. And so we speak of God’s rule over our lives in terms of kingdom. Here we have yet another comparison to further illustrate what God’s rule is like.
What is the “point of comparison”, the meaning of the parable? Or in this case, what does this parable tell us about God’s rule?
! Four Green Fields
What did I have? Said the fine old woman
What did I have? This proud old woman did say
I had four green fields, each one was a jewel
but strangers came and tried to take them from me.
I had fine strong, sons, they fought to save my jewels.
They fought and died and that was my grief said she.
Long time ago, said the fine old woman
Long time ago, this proud old woman did say
There was war and death, plundering and pillage
My children starved by mountain, valley and sea
And their wailing cries, they shook the very heavens
My four green fields ran red with their blood said she.
What have I now? said the fine old woman
What have I now? this proud old woman did say
I have four green fields, one of them’s in bondage
in strangers’ hands, who tried to take it from me
But my sons have sons, brave as were their fathers
My four green fields will bloom once again, said she.
[1] Augustine, Quaestiones Evangeliorum, II, 19 –slightly abridged as cited in Dodd, C.H., The Parables of the Kingdom (New York: Scribners, 1961), pg. 1-2.
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Lesson 38 - Clive's "Duvet Coat" - Exercise 6
Watch the video, then answer the question.
Clive is not very precise. He says that he is wearing a "duvet coat", but in fact, he is wearing a down coat. A duvet is a "comforter" to put on top of a bed.
His coat and a duvet contain down. What is down? If you look for down in a dictionary, we see it has 25 meanings as an adverb and an adjective. But "down" is also a noun. Look at the picture. Down is soft, fluffy feathers, perfect for making warm clothing and duvets!
A duvet is a
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Montessori at Franklin
District-Wide Elementary
Essential Outcomes
Montessori Kindergarten End of Year Goals
The student will:
1. Write a letter when given the sound of that letter
2. Write 3-letter phonetic words
3. Write first and last name correctly
4. Form letters correctly in lower and upper case
5. Write a sentence beginning with a capital letter and ending with a period.
The student will:
1. Recognize letter sounds
Student says the sound of the letter when looking at the letter.
2. Blend Sounds; Begins to Read
Student reads 3 and 4 letter phonetic words by blending the sounds of the letters together.
3. Read each of the 134 sight words
4. Read at Level 5-6 on the Rigby Running Records
5. Comprehend
Student retells a story including beginning (characters and setting), middle (problem), and end (resolution)
The student will:
1. Count to 120
2. Read #s 0-120
3. Write #s 0-120 (in order and when dictated randomly)
4. Count backwards from 20
5. Add 4 digit #s using Montessori materials (bead material and stamp game)
6. Name two-dimensional and three-dimensional shapes
(triangle, circle, square, rectangle, hexagon, pentagon, trapezoid, oval, ellipse, rhombus, cone, sphere, cube, cylinder, rectangular prism, triangular prism, triangle-based pyramid, square-based pyramid, ovoid, ellipsoid)
The student will:
1. Sort objects representing living and non-living.
2. State what living things need: food, water, air, shelter, space, and sun.
3. Sort objects representing plants and animals.
4. Sort objects representing vertebrates and invertebrates and state the difference between the two groups.
5. Sort pictures of animals into the 5 classifications of vertebrates (fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals). State which groups are warm blooded.
6. Trace, color and label puzzles/make booklets for the whole plant (tree) and parts of the plant (flower, leaf, root.)
7. Sort objects that sink/ float.
8. Sort objects according to senses
The student will:
1. Name bodies of land (continents) and bodies of water (oceans) on the Earth
2. Trace, color and label world map
3. Name the 7 continents
4. Name the land and water forms: island, lake, gulf and peninsula
The student will:
1. Name the months of the year in order
2. Name the days of the week in order
3. Tell time to the hour on digital and analog clocks
4. Identify coin names and values
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Journal Notes
Lima is the capital of Peru and it is located in South America. During the colonial period Lima assigned a role of primary importance to convents in social and cultural life. Their impact on urban life appears as a constant historical phenomenon. Lima was founded in 1535 and was called "the City of Kings". Its function was to consolidate the process of Spanish dominion in the vast South American territory. As a matter of fact, when Lima was established as the capital of the Viceroyalty in Peru, its jurisdiction included extensive regions which went even beyond the limits of the ancient Inca Empire.
The new city concentrated all relations of the Spanish metropolis, thus establishing itself as the center of political, economic and cultural activities of the Viceroyalty.
The image of the European royal court in Lima was reflected in city planning where the "Plaza Mayor" (Main Square) symbolized the merger of civil and religious functions as the expression of social and cultural life in the city.
About the core as a starting point, administrative and residential areas were then laid out which in turn were linked to the large convents of the religious orders, determining the urban profile of the vicinity. The convents, in addition to their evangelization mission, assumed a variety of functions in the colonial society -education and social work, for example- consolidating the nuclei of cultural influence in that period.
Originally, the Convent of San Francisco, subject of this journal, was assigned a place near Santo Domingo, but subsequently the Marquis Francisco Pizarro, conqueror of Peru, granted a larger area closer to the Rimac river, which crossed the city. Where there would be streets from where one might enjoy the view.
Nevertheless, early efforts in this respect were not easy construction was postponed due to the lack of human and economic resources. Moreover, the lands assigned to the Convent were occupied by neighboring Spaniards, resulting in a lawsuit to obtain restitution.
In 1546, Friar Francisco of Santa Ana was finally able to crystallize the actual founding in representation of the Custodian of the Province of Quito, the Franciscan Friar Jadocko Ricke, whose deeds were memorable in the Andean region.
The available land had an area equivalent to eight "solares" starting from the boundaries to the property of Marquis Pizarro and extending downstream. Indeed, part of the lands were recovered only in 1550.
When the construction of the Convent of San Francisco started, religious callings also increased. It was therefore necessary to obtain new urban lands, a process initiated through the acquisition of the old Pizarro orchard from Juan Baez in 1559.
The "Cabildo" (Municipality) of Lima granted to the Franciscans the public street between both properties on the condition that it be kept open until another "royal street" was built with access to the river.
Later, in 1609 Fernando de Tejada donated "solares" along the river, close to the infirmary, and in 1652, the "Cabildo" granted an extension of 4.2 feet for a street behing the Soledad chapel. Even though this great expansion of urban areas was consolidated in the middle of the 17th century, it benefitted from a few small additions in the course of the 18th century, and above all, was subjected to some changes in their use during the 19th.
The Temple of San Francisco constitutes a very important place that any tourist must visit in Lima. There you can find a vast artistic and cultural heritage, cultural goods, real estate and chattles which lend testimony to the various societal manifestations throughout history. The convents passively accumulated diverse expressions of European and American art, thus acquiring their own cultural identity. They constitute tangible developments and reveal their historical background. Don't hesitate to take a walk downtown Lima and visit this important historical temple.
Written by: Rocio Elizabeth Zegarra Torres (Lima, Peru).
Please log in to comment.
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to the tune of One LIttle Slip
On a boot-shaped peninsula
A city sat in seven hills
By and bend in the Tiber river
Where Romulus had Remus killed
• The Appennine (Italian) Peninsula, on which Rome is located, is shaped like a boot.
• Rome is located near the Tiber River and the Seven Hills.
• Rome is named for its founder, Romulus.
• He and his twin, Remus, were ancestors of Aeneas, who fled Troy in the Iliad.
To rule from Rome to Tuscan
Were seven legendary kings
The last one was Etruscan
Who did all kinds of evil things.
• Romulus was the first of seven legendary kings of Rome.
• They had names like Pompilius, Hostilius, Marcius, Priscus, Tullius, Superbus
• The last one, Superbus, was an Etruscan
• He used violence, murder and terrorism
Romans rebelled
Etruscans expelled
And so they sent to represent
Some senators and two consuls.
• The Senate voted to expel the monarchy and never have another king
• They formed a "representative democracy" or a Republic.
• Republic means "Public thing."
• Athens had a democracy where everyone had a vote.
• In a Republic, you choose people (Senators) to represent and vote for you.
• Senator comes from the Latin word senex which means "old."
• Consuls are kind of like Presidents, from a word meaning "to consult."
Warring with their neighbors
Caused the Romans much fatigue
And tired by their labors
They joined to form the Latin League
• The Roman were surrounded by hostile neighbors
• They joined with nearby cities to form the Latin League.
• At one point, the other cities of the Latin League became jealous of Rome's success.
• They fought and Rome won, becoming the supreme authority in the region.
The army's apparatus
Was run in times of need with care
By a man named Cincinnatus
The dictator with curly hair.
• Cincinnatus was only one of several Roman dictators.
• They were given power, temporarily, by the Senate in times of crisis.
• Once the crisis was over, they returned power.
• The symbol of power was the fasces (which means bundle). It was a bundle of sticks tied together.
• It symbolized "strength through unity" or "the State is greater than the individual."
• That's where we get the modern word facism, like the Nazis.
• Cincinnatus was a nickname meaning "curly haired." His real name was Lucius Quinctius.
They conquered with ease
And built colonies
Then raised roads to tote their loads
And so now all roads lead to Rome.
• Actually, it wasn't always easy. Gaul conquered Rome at one point and Rome had to pay to get them to leave.
• However, they did add much territory and were able to keep it by building coloniae (colonies) in the conquered terriritory.
• They were able to move their army and supplies successfully by building roads.
• This is the origin of the phrase, "All roads lead to Rome."
They amassed an army corps
And then fought three Punic wars
'Till they brought the conquered people to their knees
Once they beat the Phoenicians
They conquered the great Grecians
'Cause the Greeks only had Pyrrhic victories
• The Punic wars were the most difficult wars the Roman Republic fought.
• The Second Punic war was almost won by Carthage.
• Their general, Hannibal, led his army (including war elephants) over the mountains into Italy.
• Rome only survived by running away, never meeting Hannibal in open combat.
• During the third Punic war, the Romans crushed Carthage, pouring salt in their fields and burning houses.
• Soon after that, they conquered Greece, including a successful battle at Thermopolyae.
• When the Greeks did win a battle, their losses were so great that their king, Pyrrhus, said:
• If we have another victory like this, we'll be undone.
• This is the origin of the phrase "Pyrrhic victory."
Both the brothers Gracchi
Thought helping po'folks was their job
The rich thought that was tacky
And so they killed them with a mob.
The military leaders
Like Marius and Lucullus
Were conquered by another
A nasty general named Sullus
Crassus, Pompey
And Caesar did say
That they'd create a better State
And formed the first Trimverate.
The General Julius Caesar
Fought his foes down to their hilts
He conquered Gauls and Celtics
Who waged war naked or in kilts.
The Senators all scurried,
To say to him, "Don't come back home."
But Caesar wasn't worried
And so he crossed the Rubicon
When he had won
He helped plebians
But his short reign would end in pain
Although his fame lasts to this day.
The historian Plutarch
Said that on the Ides of March
The noble Caesar would be by his friends betrayed
A group of several Senators
Who called themselves Liberators
And as he died he said, "Et tu, Brute."
Julius jolly nephew
Whose name, Octavian, means "eight"
Joined with two guys named Marcus
To form a new Triumverate
Octavian was ready
For a final coup detat
He conquered Mark Antony
And the queen Cleopatra
Augustus became
The Emperor's name
He said, "I wanna Pax Romana
that will last 200 years."
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Suggested Wordlists
This wordlist is generally used by students preparing for GRE.
Page No.
Short Definition : hardened; unfeeling; without sympathy for the sufferings of others; unkind
(verb) make insensitive or callous; deaden feelings or morals
Synonyms : cauterise , cauterize
(adj) emotionally hardened
Synonyms : indurate , pachydermatous
Example Sentence
• a callous indifference to suffering
• cold-blooded and indurate to public opinion
(adj) having calluses; having skin made tough and thick through wear
Synonyms : calloused , thickened
Example Sentence
• calloused skin
• with a workman's callous hands
Mnemonics (Memory Aids) for callous
callous sounds like khallas so jiski sub kuch khallas ho gayi hai..that person becomes hard, insensitive and unfeeling.
81 8
by sonamina
call(CALL)o(OH)US(U.S)..Oh U.S Please Call Us for MS and dont be so unkind,hardened and unfeeling..!!!
32 7
by jammy4u
callous - call out,someone who pretends didn't listen when you call his name,callous
7 11
by it's_me
callous sounds like KHALLAS(Hindi)....so jiski sensitivity khallas ho gayi hai
6 15
by nehaMD
Kallis (Jacques Kallis, SA) is such an insensitive (callous)batsman. He would beat Indian bowlers like anything.
6 3
by subhasish
read it like CARELESS so when a person is pinched or pierced if he doesn't react its bcuz his skin is insensitive may be due to some anesthesia (Just imagine)
5 0
by BNS
police says call-o-us if somebody is callous towards you
5 0
by pspr
2 5
by userdce
Man, how insensitive you are, just tell are you going to CALL-US or not......?
2 3
by bugmenot
callous- hell on us. he was so heartless.he thought " hell on us"
1 1
by Lgvi
remember colosseum in italy were barbaric cruel fights were fought(gladiator mvie)
1 1
by Adithya.R.Kumar
1 0
by pspr
it's sounds like south african batsman KALLIS who has no emotion for indian bowler
1 0
call ous(aswath) who is hardened unfeeling for others.
1 0
by sansecretcp
Engineering students become callous to education after graduation because that is teh maximum any human brain can handle lol
0 1
by jzzshade
sounds like "kaala" in hindi.so,"dil se kaala" means insensitive,unkind
0 0
by torres9
sounds like carlos ... so you can imagine the unkind and unfeeling villian ;)
0 0
by pintu89
Callous comes from Callum means skin or Khaal in Indian languages. Any one who has hard rough khaal is unfeeling even in emotion...
0 0
by fahad18g
doctor call us to say that we had insensitive thick skin
0 0
by blvrmanindra
Short Definition : youthful; immature; inexperienced
(adj) young and inexperienced
Synonyms : fledgling , unfledged
Example Sentence
• a fledgling enterprise
• a fledgling skier
• an unfledged lawyer
Mnemonics (Memory Aids) for callow
Callow = Cal + low; caliber is low. (madness) as well as cal-low= YOUTH N IMMATURE PPL DO THAT!
85 5
by rizvi
callow-->cow--->milk Paal vadiyum mugam unakku means naive, inexperienced, immature.
12 45
by astute
callow - c+allow : immature person can not allow to do this
7 15
by Administrator
callow - call low, NO i can't call them, they are just to low,immature, to be invited to the party.
7 9
by it's_me
Childish + shALLOW = CALLOW
6 2
by dshefman
CALLOW also means immature....SHALLOW rhymes with CALLOW...callow people are shallow(immature) from within....
6 1
by nileshdive
callow is similar to~kalou who is a player of Chelsea who is one of the inexperienced player in the side..
5 3
by bishalbhatt
callow == c + allow == cidds(kids)+ allow == kids r not allowed here because they r so immatured.
3 6
by nasri
CAL(calories)+LOW(less).If we have less calories we look young and then we are YOUTH.
3 4
by moorthy_ragha
c-allo(allu)-w: allu in kannada means milk.so kids drink milk..kids are immature and inexperienced
2 9
by kruthikamurthy
My servant Kaloo (callow here) is very immature.
2 15
by userdce
call+low....Inexperienced employee gets low(less) calls from companies...
2 2
by nileshdive
A callow sparrow alway flies low! How is it ;)
1 10
by bavanantht
opposite to mellow
1 2
by pr
Callow rhymes with shallow. Imagine a scuba diver diving with his gear, because it is his first time swimming. He is immature, as he does not know the basics of swimming. You do not need a scuba suit to jump into a shallow pool.
1 0
by singha
all are allowed in the pub. P.s-Immatures and inexperienced youth are prohibited.
0 11
by sriharisharma
callow resemble to COW like which do not where to go
0 10
by hemantrathee19
Callow: Calf: who is a immature.
0 6
by shootdemup!
callow= KAL + LO . A guy saying the other guy k ye saman mere se KAL LO, because today i m unsexperienced an immature..
0 8
by guswidgutts
when she saw me getting a call she made a sound OWW>> how callow she is
0 4
by yasha
callow rhyms with shallow.. a shallow sea has got nothing in it..
0 3
by Adithya.R.Kumar
0 2
by h_buzz
call low. Low/less calls. Ppl with less experience get less calls
0 3
by aroraraman309
callow sounds like Kalilo i.e. they are young,immature and inexperienced
0 1
by laaptu
Callow - Hallow thats empty inside, lacking adult maturity, in experienced
0 2
by srinathshetty
callow- "kal aao...aaj inexperienced ho"
0 0
by torres9
Short Definition : area of thick hard skin
Synonyms : callosity
(noun) bony tissue formed during the healing of a fractured bone
(noun) (botany) an isolated thickening of tissue, especially a stiff protuberance on the lip of an orchid
(verb) cause a callus to form on
Example Sentence
• The long march had callused his feet
(verb) form a callus or calluses
Example Sentence
• His foot callused
Mnemonics (Memory Aids) for callus
callous is hardened person callus is hardened skin !!
27 0
by friendofafriend
doctors(skin specialists) say call+us- in case of hardened skin
7 11
by nehaMD
callus rhymes with kallis,the s.a cricketer..he is muscular n made up of thick hard skin:-)
5 0
by Adithya.R.Kumar
cantankerous - focus on 'ankerous' sounds like angerous
0 0
by shalnew
Callus: cal = calcium. If we(us) are full of cal, we’re certainly hard --- hard skin.
0 0
by davidzws
Short Definition : heat-producing; N. calorie
(adj) heat-generating
Example Sentence
• the calorific properties of fuels
Mnemonics (Memory Aids) for calorific
calorie is the term used for energy.........and heat is a form of energy as well...so calorific is heat producing
9 1
by udai_riddle04
Short Definition : malicious misrepresentation; slander
(noun) a false accusation of an offense or a malicious misrepresentation of someone's words or actions
Mnemonics (Memory Aids) for calumny
calumny, sounds like kalmuhi, which is a harsh remark given by a saas to her bahu. So its a kind of slander.
137 15
rhymes with ALUMNI--imagine urself slandering n defaming some of ur cllg ALUMNI
27 14
by soumen
calu-muy: calu means legs in kannada and mny sounds like muri which means to break ...parents will tel i ll BERAK UR LEG(CALUMNY) which is a SLANDER
14 18
by kruthikamurthy
Calumny sounds like columns, imagine if some one write bad thind aboute you ll be defamed.
7 2
by lakshmihs
Cal (californians) talk shit about NY (new yorkers)...SLANDER!!!!
4 0
by jayTmoney
Calumni = Calikh malna on somebody's character
3 0
by G_P
A calumny can upset a calm discourse.
1 2
by thebookie3
This is along similar lines as to one above... "I considered it a CALUMNY when someone said I was an ALUM of CAL State."
1 0
by bugmenot
calumny-sounds like alumnia who is the goal keeper of arsenal..he abuses the opposition team mates..
1 3
by Ani
cALUMNY : criticise alumni. critise/bad remarks
1 1
by balajicoolstar
CALUMNY ...Call Um n e name...pronounced Kaa Luhm nee
1 3
by msrn
Calumny printed in newspaper column
1 0
by rawaldelhi@gmail.com
1 0
by vineethyoung
0 6
by bugmenot
CALLUMNY= call+u+money,one can make wrong remarks on u for getting money,so its slandering.
0 0
by alok1988
Remember, how they used to tie people who were accusing in something bad to the COLUMN of shame?
0 0
by Anais-anais
Calumny - Think of a Column written about you that you are CALculating to steal MoNeY. Clearly a malicious lie.
0 0
by xgator1992
friend calls u to ask (mny) sounds like money
0 0
by blvrmanindra
Short Definition : good-fellowship; CF. comrade
(noun) the quality of affording easy familiarity and sociability
Mnemonics (Memory Aids) for camaraderie
break it up.. Camara + de + rie.. you give or share your room with your friends with whom you have mutual trust.. good-fellowship..
76 5
by Jyoti.Chhibber
You can use the casual statement in Hindi "CAMERA DEY REY"(Give me the Camera) with someone who are having a good relationship with/good friend.
39 2
by dornap
camaraderie = you use camera and take pictures of people you have friendship and mutual trust
16 5
While addressing any communist meetings or any strikes or raastaroko....the activists r addresses as comrades....comrades follow good fellow ship...
2 0
by harsha999
camera de rahi hai ..which is a mark of good fellowship!
2 0
by sandy1278
camara(Kamara: Hindi)+derie(Darie: Hindi): With whom u share ur Kamara and Darie, means ur good friend.
1 0
by anugnair
camaraderie: Similar to comradeship
0 0
by bugmenot
kamra+dari=>sharing of a room should involve camaraderie
0 0
by mit006
Camara + der . Use the camera to capture there your best friend
0 0
by Gurubharan
0 0
by shaktipada
Love us on FB !
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Activities > Photo Lesson >
posted Mar 26, 2011, 1:05 PM by [ updated Apr 20, 2011, 5:44 PM by Tony Le ]
Zones are levels of light and dark.
A Zone System is a system control every level of light and dark, it works in digital just as it does for film.
A system allows you to understand and be in control, instead of taking whatever you get. The Zone System is one way to get a handle on everything. The Zone System applies as much to color, digital and black-and-white.
Visualization exercise for ICS members and photo friends.
The Zone System allows you to get the right exposure every time without guessing. Set proper exposure will make your digital photographs as good as they can be
Identify and photograph subjects that have tonal equivalents to the various NINE zones.
Take a light reading 8 to 12” from the subject.
Set the exposure by placing the value of the subject into the appropriate zone.
Zone 5 basic represents a middle-tone in the scene. Anything darker one stop will render as
Zone 4, two stops darker.
Zone 3, and so on… Anything lighter one stop will render as
Zone 6, two stops lighter.
Zone 7, etc
Almost DSLR digital cameras can hold details in Zones 3 and Zone 7.
Zone 8 and above are washed out, and
Zone 2 and below are black.
A light color will lose saturation above Zone 6, and
A dark color can’t go below Zone 4 without becoming muddy.
Visualization exercise
ZONE 1: Four stops less exposure than ZONE 5.
• Solid black; the darkest tone a print can yield.
ZONE 2: Three stops less exposure that ZONE 5.
• The first tone that begins to reveal some degree of texture or sense of volume. A hint of detail.
ZONE 3: Two stops less exposure than ZONE 5.
• The darkest shadows with full detail.
ZONE 4: One stop less exposure than ZONE 5.
• A medium dark tone such as found in open shade.
ZONE 5: The MIDDLE-TONE that the light meter interprets everything it reads;
ZONE 6: One stop more exposure than ZONE 5.
• A medium light tone such as Caucasian skin.
ZONE 7: Two stops more exposure than ZONE 5.
• The brightest highlights with full detail.
ZONE 8: Three stops more exposure than ZONE 5.
• The last tone that still reveals some degree of texture in the highlights.
ZONE 9: Four stops more exposure than ZONE 5.
• Solid white; the lightest tone a print can yield.
Zone 5 meter reading (Aperture and Shutter speed).
Zone placement:
(Zone the Subject was placed into, and the changed Aperture and Shutter speed that you used for the exposure).
Frame number and Subject identification.
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How Many Placentas Are There in a Twin Pregnancy?
Twins may share a placenta or each have their own
Ultrasound Examination In Doctors Office
vgajic / Getty Images
When twins or multiples are born, each baby has the same needs for oxygen, nutrients, and waste removal—but does each baby get its own placenta?
The placenta is an important organ. During pregnancy, its function is to provide a fetus with oxygen and nutrients and take away waste. It forms along the uterine wall of the mother and connects to the fetus via the umbilical cord.
With multiples, the number of placentas can vary.
There can be multiple placentas, one per baby, or there can be a single placenta that is shared by both babies. The number of placentas can be an indicator of the zygosity of the twins, a term that refers to whether they developed from the same egg or from different eggs.
Two Placentas for Dizygotic or Fraternal Twins
Dizygotic or fraternal twins will always have two placentas. Dizygotic twins form from two separate egg/sperm combinations and each embryo will develop a placenta. Sometimes, however, placentas that grow in close proximity may overlap or fuse and can appear to be a single organ when viewed by ultrasound. In fact, the Minnesota Center for Twin & Family Research says fraternal and identical twins are frequently misidentified, with this confusion being a factor.
Monozygotic or Identical Multiples Differ in Placenta Number
Monozygotic or identical twins can have individual or shared placentas, so the number of placentas can vary.
Monozygotic multiples form from a single egg/sperm combination that splits after conception. If the split happens right away, within a few days post-conception, they will form much like dizygotic twins, implanting separately in the uterus and developing separate placentas.
However, if the split is delayed for a few days, the embryos will develop with a single, shared placenta.
In the majority of cases, these multiples will be enclosed within a shared chorion (the outer layer of the sac that contains a fetus) but most will develop individually within separate amnions (the inner membrane surrounding the sac of amniotic fluid). The term monochorionic-diamniotic (MoDi) is used to describe this situation.
Monochorionic twins may be at risk for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). This happens to about 20 percent of monochorionic twins. In this condition, the blood vessels allow unequal blood flow to each twin. One twin has decreased blood flow and slower growth and less amniotic fluid. The other twin has excess blood flow and too much amniotic fluid, which can result in heart strain. This condition can be managed, with laser surgery being performed in some cases.
Rarely, monozygotic twins split a week or more after conception and develop with not only a shared placenta and chorion but contained within a single amnion. Monoamniotic-monochorionic (MoMo) twins occur in less than 1 percent of twin births. They are at risk for cord entanglement, cord compression, and other complications, and the pregnancy must be closely monitored. This is because they each have an umbilical cord but are in the same amniotic sac, allowing them to become intertwined and possibly damaged.
Benirschke K, Kaufmann P. Pathology of the Human Placenta. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 2013. Print.
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What Is Solifluction?
When Waterlogged Soil Flows, Geologists Call It Solifluction
Solifluction is the name for the slow downhill flow of soil in arctic regions. It occurs slowly and is measured in millimeters or centimeters per year. It more or less uniformly affects the whole thickness of the soil rather than collecting in certain areas. It results from the complete waterlogging of sediment rather than short-lived episodes of saturation from storm runoff.
When Does Solifluction Occur?
Solifluction happens during the summer thaw when the water in the soil is trapped there by frozen permafrost beneath it.
This waterlogged sludge moves downslope by gravity, helped along by freeze-and-thaw cycles that push the top of the soil outward from the slope (the mechanism of frost heave).
How Do Geologists Identify Solifluction?
The major sign of solifluction in the landscape is hillsides that have lobe-shaped slumps in them, similar to small, thin earthflows. Other signs include patterned ground, the name for various signs of order in the stones and soils of alpine landscapes.
A landscape affected by solifluction looks similar to the hummocky ground produced by extensive landsliding but it has a more fluid look, like melted ice cream or runny cake frosting. The signs may persist long after arctic conditions have changed, as in subarctic places that were once glaciated during the Pleistocene ice ages. Solifluction is considered a periglacial process, as it only requires chronic freezing conditions rather than the permanent presence of ice bodies.
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Your Citation
Alden, Andrew. "What Is Solifluction?" ThoughtCo, Feb. 8, 2017, thoughtco.com/what-is-solifluction-1440847. Alden, Andrew. (2017, February 8). What Is Solifluction? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-solifluction-1440847 Alden, Andrew. "What Is Solifluction?" ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-solifluction-1440847 (accessed March 24, 2018).
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Helsinki Agreement
In 1971, the Warsaw pact countries proposed a conference with NATO to discuss European Security. The conference began in Helsinki in 1973 with thirty three countries attending. A series of meeting followed over the successive months with an agreement reached in 1975. This agreement covered three 'baskets'
Basket one
This contained an acceptance that the borders of European countries were 'inviolable'; they could not be altered by force.
Basket two
This promoted links and exchanges across the Iron curtain in the areas of trade and technology.
Basket three
This included an agreement to respect human rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of movement across Europe. The West saw the acceptance of these issues by the communist states of Eastern Europe as a significant step forward. In reality, the Soviet bloc governments ignored or paid lip service to the human rights agreement.
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"url": "http://www.nationalcoldwarexhibition.org/schools-colleges/national-curriculum/detente/helsinki-agreement.aspx"
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Stark effect
The Stark effect is the broadening or splitting of a spectral line that results when an electric field slightly changes the energy levels of a radiating atom or ion. Stark broadening is proportional to the ion and electron density in a plasma and is therefore a good indicator of pressure in a stellar atmosphere and hence of the star's luminosity. The effect is named after the German physicist Johannes Stark who discovered it in 1913.
The Stark effect follows from the electron theory of Hendrik Lorentz and is the electrical analogue of the Zeeman effect.
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Study Guides
Study Guide –
The Bremen Town Musicians
– The Brothers Grimm
adapted for Maritime Marionettes by Darryll and Heather Taylor
B E F O R E T H E P E R F O R M A N C E
1. Have the children discuss or write about any puppet shows they have seen. This can be puppets they saw live in a theatre, at an event, or at school or in the movies or on television.
a. Our show is performed with marionettes, (string puppets) and shadow puppets. Have they seen or have they tried marionettes or shadow puppets? What was their impression of them?
b. Do they have any puppets at home? What kind of puppets? (Hand puppets, rod or stick puppets, giant sized puppets, finger puppets, sock puppets, or ventriloquist dummies.)
2. Find a story of The Bremen Town Musicians, by the Brothers Grimm and read it in class. Look for other versions, that are told, from other countries.
3. Do the students think this story would be interesting to watch as a puppet show?
a. Why, why not?
b. What part of the story are they most interested in seeing in a puppet show? ie: (any action parts, seeing the animals and how they move, hearing the sounds the animals make, watching the animals form the pyramid , seeing the Robbers and their loot)
4. Find a picture of the statue of the Bremen Town Musicians in Bremen,
A F T E R T H E P E R F O R M A N C E
1. Together in class, list the characters in the play.
a. Which character was their favorite and why?
2. Next, list some of the main moments in the play.
a. Have each student pick a few of these moments and write or
discuss how they felt while watching them. (Happy, sad, angry,
sleepy, excited etc.)
3. Have the students draw a picture of their favorite part, and write how
they felt while watching it and what they liked about it.
4. Questions for discussion or journalling:
a. The animals did not become Town Musicians, but became good friends on their journey and found a place to live happily together.
Did you like how the story ended?
b. On their journey, the four animals had compassion for each other, helped each other along, and made decisions together. In what situations have you done these same things? (Ie: In your family, in your school, working on a group project for class, playing on a
c. How are your friendships valuable to you?
d. Explore this idea: The journey the animals made together is more important than reaching their goal of becoming town musicians?
Questions for the students:
1. Do you have a pet at home. Is it older? If so, do you continue to treat it with respect as it gets older?
2. What local organizations who can help animals that are abandoned or
in trouble?
3. Why should you always be careful when you see a strange animal, (one you do not know)? (What happened to the robber when he went back inside the house?)
4. How are animals important to us today? (companionship, food, guide dogs, working animals…)
DRAMA- (Adapt according to grade)
1. Together in class, list the different elements in the play, (what helped to tell the story. )
Elements of the play:
puppetry movement
Now, make a second list of what the audience learned from the above
list. ie:
the location of a scene
the time of day, or the general era
the mood of each scene
The personality of the characters.
The emotions of the characters
Give specific examples of this from the play, using this sentence structure if needed.
ie: From _(element of the play), I learned that _____________________.
From the movement of the robbers, (always looking around) I learned that they were nervous.
CREATIVE WRITING- Suggestions for students
1. Write a story about what happens next in the lives of the Bremen Town Musicians.
a. Draw a picture to go with your writing.
2. Consider writing this story in a different location, in a different time, maybe with different animals in different situations they want to leave.
What if the Donkey started the journey from a place you know?
What places might they travel on their journey?
What dangers might there be for the animals in the time and place
you choose?
a. Draw a picture of the new version of the story you have imagined.
1. Have the students make their own puppets from mismatched socks and cut out props from cardboard. They can present their own plays in class. Keep the plays short and simple.
2. Have the students create their own shadow puppets, cut out of black construction paper, with popsicle sticks for controls, taped on the back. Use a white sheet for a screen, in front of a window, or with a light behind it for the screen. They can present their own plays in class. Keep the plays short and simple.
*Please email or mail us any work the students wish to share with us.
Thank you Heather and Darryll Taylor
Maritime Marionettes
111 Young St.,
NS B2N 3X2
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Why was Paul Revere so important to American history?
Expert Answers
pohnpei397 eNotes educator| Certified Educator
Paul Revere is best known in American history for being one of the men who tried to ride to Lexington and Concord to warn that British troops were moving in that direction on April 18, 1775. However, his actions that night were exaggerated and are not Revere's main importance.
Instead, Revere is most important as a political organizer and propagandist. Revere was a member of the Sons of Liberty and did such things as helping to plan the Boston Tea Party. Perhaps his biggest contribution was his engraving of the Boston Massacre. This engraving was very biased and was used as a way of stirring up anger against the British.
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Arteriovenous Fistulas
An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein. When there is a fistula in the brain, we call it an arteriovenous malformation (AVM). When a fistula occurs near the dura (the covering material of the brain), it is a dural arteriovenous fistula. Sometimes AVFs are present at birth (congenital) or develop after birth, and sometimes they are the result of an injury (acquired).
An AVF can occur anywhere in the body, though we mostly find them in the head, neck, spine, and liver. The connection between a high-pressure artery and a low-pressure vein can increase the blood flow through the area, which often expands both the artery and the vein. Often, people with an AVF experience some swelling, pulsing, or vibration in the spot where the AVF is. When a doctor listens to the location with a stethoscope, there is often a bruit, or continuous murmur.
Here are some of the most common forms of artervenous fistulas:
• Acquired arteriovenous fistulas are not present at birth. They usually happen when a sharp object goes through your body tissue, such as during a gunshot or stabbing injury. These rarely result from a medical procedure.
• Arteriovenous fistulas in the face or neck cause swelling and abnormal pulsing. In extreme cases among infants, it can overload the heart. They rarely cause serious problems with brain development.
• Dural arteriovenous fistulas occur within the dura, which covers the brain. Sometimes we see symptoms at birth while other times, the condition does not become apparent until later in childhood. A large dural AVF can cause cardiac failure at birth. Smaller ones can cause increase in the pressure in the veins inside the head, resulting in hydrocephalus or enlargement of the cerebral ventricles (spaces within the brain that hold fluid). A dural AVF can also cause a bruit, or a pulsing noise or, less often, bleeding or damage to the brain tissue.
• Peripheral arteriovenous fistulas occur outside of the head, neck, and spine. When present at birth, these are most likely in the liver (called hepatic AVF). There are two types of hepatic AVF. A fistula between the hepatic (liver) artery and the hepatic vein is called a hepatic AVF and one between the hepatic artery and the portal vein (the vein that conducts blood from the veins draining the bowel to the liver) is an arterioportal fistula. Both types of AVF can occur within an infantile hemangioma.
• Pial or cerebral arteriovenous fistulas occur in the brain. A large one can cause heart failure at or even before birth. Smaller ones can damage the brain around the fistula because it diverts blood flow away from the brain tissue and into the draining vein. We treat these conditions as soon as we discover them, to minimize the amount of brain damage. Some cerebral AVFs rupture, causing bleeding in the brain.
• Spinal arteriovenous fistulas happen in or next to the spinal cord, within the spine, or in the muscles adjacent to the spine. These fistulas can compress the spinal cord, leading to numbness or weakness.
• Vein of Galen arteriovenous fistulas usually appear in infancy or early childhood. They drain into the vein of Galen, which is part of the deep venous drainage system of the brain. These fistulas can cause cardiac failurehydrocephalus, or damage to the developing brain.
Treatment Options
Like arteriovenous malformations, we can treat arteriovenous fistulas with endovascular embolization, microsurgery, or stereotactic radiosurgery. Our multidisciplinary team, which evaluates every complex case, will determine the best approach for you. This team consists of experts in all of our treatment approaches, so can work together to prescribe the safest, most effective treatment plan for your arteriovenous fistula without bias towards one particular treatment.
• Endovascular embolization is the most common form of treatment for an AVF. We perform this procedure by inserting a catheter into an artery (usually the femoral artery in the front of the hip). Then, guided by fluoroscopic or X-ray imaging, we move it to the location of the fistula. We inject contrast so that we can see the exact location of the AVF. Then we inject material into the exact location where the artery and the vein meet, to stop the blood flow. We use a variety of types of devices, including coils, detachable balloons, embolization glue, embolization particles, embolization material (called Onyx), and vascular plugs. Once we have closed the connection between the artery and the vein, the AVF is cured and usually does not reoccur.
Occasionally, when the fistula happens between the side of an important artery and the vein next to it, we insert a covered stent (a wire mesh tube covered with fabric) into either the artery or the vein. This technique typically cures the AVF while keeping the artery and vein intact. A third option is to surgically close the fistula.
• Microsurgery is the most appropriate treatment for a dural, brain, or spinal AVF, either alone or in combination with endovascular embolization. We usually can tell you before we begin treatment if we think microsurgery will be necessary. With microsurgery, we perform a neurosurgery to visualize the AVF under a microscope and we place a titanium clip over the abnormal connection to prevent blood from flowing abnormally from the artery to the vein. During the procedure, we can see the abnormal blood flow stop and the abnormal vein changes from red (when it is carrying arterial blood) to blue, which is the normal color of veins. Immediately after the procedure, we usually repeat the angiogram to confirm that the AVF has been completely treated.
• Stereotactic radiosurgery is appropriate if an AVF is located too close to important brain structures for us to safely perform embolization or microsurgery. This is a painless, outpatient procedure that takes place in the radiation oncology department. We position a stereotactic head frame on you using lidocaine. Music therapy makes the process as comfortable and pain-free as possible. Once the head frame is in place, you undergo a computed tomography (CT) scan of the head. The treatment is very similar to a CT scan and often lasts about 30 minutes. Then we remove the head frame and you can go home.
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Luciferase: Shining a Light to See Inside Living Animal Models
Wed, 01/30/2013 - 16:11
The luciferase reporter is a valuable tool for research into physiology and disease. Light emitted from luciferase enables the monitoring of xenografted tumors, specific cell types, gene expression and pathogens within live animals over time using bioluminescence imaging (BLI) technology. Further detail can be revealed through the use of luciferase antibodies.
Luciferases are a class of enzymes (produced by a variety of organisms) that generate light by acting on substrates (called luciferins). This is a form of chemiluminescence, where the source of the energy emitted as a photon is a chemical reaction, as opposed to absorption of light as in fluorescence.
Immunofluoresence: Luciferase Antibody
Luciferases are commonly utilized as reporter genes, particularly the luciferase from firefly. One interesting application of this in recent years has been bioluminescence imaging (BLI), a noninvasive technique that measures the location and brightness of luciferase reporters in whole, living small animals, typically mice. This is exciting because changes in the luciferase luminescence can be tracked in individual mice (by measuring at multiple time points, e.g. hours, days or weeks), enabling accurate monitoring of dynamic biological processes (such as pregnancy or bacterial infection), and avoiding the need to euthanize numerous mice for invasive analysis at each time point. BLI is sensitive (with very low background) and inexpensive.
The expression of the luciferase reporter gene is dictated by the particular regulatory sequences (such as promoters) of the designed DNA constructs. For example, tumors may be labeled using a constitutively expressed luciferase transgene, implanted into mice, and then monitored using BLI (e.g. to study metastasis or drug response); specific cells in the body (for example pancreatic beta cells, which secrete insulin) may be visualized by linking the luciferase gene to a promoter of a gene only expressed in those cells; and activation of a particular gene by certain conditions (hypoxia, for instance, relevant to cancer research) can be examined by linking the relevant response element to the luciferase reporter gene.
BLI does have limitations, such as a relatively low resolution; but the luciferase reporter can also be detected using complementary techniques. This is where the traditional antibody applications really shine, providing valuable additional detail. For instance, a luciferase antibody can be used to identify the precise location of specific luciferase-expressing cells in tissue sections (mammary stem cells in the mouse mammary gland, for example). IHC staining patterns obtained with the luciferase antibody can also be compared to sections probed for other molecules (analysis of colocalization/coexpression). Western blotting with a luciferase antibody can similarly confirm/determine the location (e.g. particular tissue) of luciferase expression, as well as allowing comparison of the expression of the luciferase reporter with that of other genes of interest. Furthermore, bioluminescence imaging is still a relatively new technology, so IHC and western blots etc. are employed to verify BLI systems and findings.
The future is bright for biomedical research with luciferase!
1. PMID: 18172337
2. PMID: 19946375
3. PMID: 18703592
4. PMID: 16108006
Written by Carly Hammond
Blog Topics
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Demos: 1Q-08 Center of Percussion
If an impulsive force is applied at an arbitrary point on a suspended object, there will, in general, be a reaction force at the suspension point. If the distance from the suspension point to the point of impact is chosen carefully, no such reaction force will occur. This point of impact is called the center of percussion.
The demonstration consists of a suspended baseball bat and a baseball that is allowed to swing through an arc and strike the bat at different points. When the center of percussion is struck, the suspension point shows no reaction force. At other points the reaction force is evident from the rapid movement at the suspension.
Analysis shows that the distance for the center of percussion is
where I0 is the moment of inertia about the axis and d is the distance to the center of mass. If the bat were a uniform cylinder of length L, then the center of percussion would be located at 2/3 L.
Directions: The bat will be set up by the lecture-demo staff. In performing the demo, stand behind the swinging ball so you can be sure of aligning the arc of swing so the ball hits the bat. Begin by choosing lengths of the cord will cause the bat to strike above and below the center of percussion.
Suggestions for Presentation: Ask the students if they have heard the term "sweet spot" as it relates to sports. You will likely get answers that relate to such a point on baseball bats, tennis racquets, etc. Then ask how you know when the ball has hit this spot as opposed to some other spot. (For a baseball bat, the reaction force at the handle causes what is referred to as a "sting.") Show the origin of the "sting" by allowing the ball to hit the bat at some point other than the center of percussion. Point out the visible reaction at the suspension point. Then let it hit the sweet spot and show that the reaction is minimal. Use this to discuss how you know when you've hit the sweet spot.
Applications: Sports equipment such as baseball bats, tennis racquets, etc.
Add to Cart | View Cart
Last Updated: May 9, 2016 11:44 AM
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Cheaper animal
A very large type of cattle had been living in most of Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia, and India before they become extinct in the first quarter of the seventeenth century in 1627, and the cheapest in the name is derived from the Latin name Arab translator for German "Oroks" (German: Auerochse in or Urochs), which means - is also believed error - Taurus as primitive and cheaper is also known as the bull wild or wild cattle. It is worth mentioning that the cheapest is the wild ancestor of domesticated cattle, from which descended all cows Allowed today.
It was cheaper than beef domesticated ones by far, has been believed that this species shoulder altitude up to about 200 cm for males and 180 cm for females. But now scientists have concluded on the basis of the length of the humerus that the height of these animals was between 160 and 180 cm in males and about 150 cm in females. Male coat color ranged between cheaper black and black to brown as the batsman had a narrow white line on the back, while females and calves was throwing brown to reddish, and believed that he was a male and female pale area surrounding Balkhtm. The centuries cheaper straight and directed forward, as was the arch slightly inward, and despite the fact that the form of the centuries of the most important characteristics of this species but there were some differences in the length of the centuries, thickness,a degree and location for the front of the animal. Udder female cheapest small and barely visible, as udder female buffalo and wild bulls, on the contrary, from the current cows
The complex system of confirmed information relating to the classification of animals (ITIS) that the scientific name for the cheapest is not true, where making such on the basis that the same family of cows domesticated under the scientific name Bos taurus. However, in 2003, the World Council of terminology animal to maintain the use of 17 names scientifically different factions of the animals, which had been issued prior to or in conjunction with the issuance of scientific names of animals domesticated descendants of them, and so the Bos primigenius remains a name scientifically cheaper. And using scientists who assume that the animal domesticated cow breed name B. primigenius taurus, while using others who see the cow platoon independent scientific name for these animals B. taurus.
Scientific classification
Range: eukaryotes
Kingdom: Animals
Division: Chordata
Sect: Mammals
Rank: Artiodactyla
Family: bovids
Gender: Taurus
Type: cheaper
Scientific name:
Bos primigenius
Origin of species and evolution
For the cheapest skeleton in a museum in Denmark, note the different colors and circles that show the areas hit by the animal Bermah Stone Age hunters
The evolution of species
Supposed scientists at the Museum of Archaeology at the University of Oslo that cheaper originated and evolved in India since the nearly two million years and then emigrated to Central Asia and the Middle East and arrived in Europe South since about 250,000 in crossing south and then spread across Europe Central and down to Russia, and Some say that the cheapest in Spain appeared 700,000 years ago, one study has shown that the oldest found cheaper in Germany dates back to 275,000 years. The oldest fossil has been found that belonged to an animal *** "bull" (Latin: Bos) found in 1898, and believes that all bulls current descended from the animal named in Latin Bos acutifrons Lydekker, have lived this animal in India until the mid-era Pleistocene (Pleistocene). Since about two million or a million and a half million years totally split the cheapest for this species.
He was seen as the cheapest in the past that different species of cow domesticated, but recent studies have rejected this idea and became cheaper longer is the same platoon cow domesticated, but that all cattle breeds of domesticated today is smaller Qaeda than its predecessor wild, Flo's largest cattle of 1.5 meters (5 feet) while a cheaper altitude of about 1.75 meters (5.75 feet). As and had the cheapest several aspects rarely seen in cows domesticated, Vkaronh was straight heading towards the front and form an angle towards the top at the end, in addition to the line baht along the back and a difference between the color of the sexes Males were black and has a line lackluster along her back while females and calves were red. Scholars have described the Greeks and Romans cheaper as a very aggressive animal, African Kaljamos today, killing one of them was an act of great courage for ancient civilizations Khoudarat Mesopotamia, Greece and the country of Canaan and the Romans as well as the peoples of Gaul and Teutons.
Fee for the cheapest return for the year 1556
If the cheapest may be able to access one of the islands within the scope of his homeland, it is determined in view of the accessibility accessible from the mainland and the size of the island, and these animals were current as cows are able to swim, but not for long distances. Did not reach cheaper to Japan and the islands of Cyprus, Crete, and Malta in the Mediterranean, but Sicily were containing a crowd of them. After that vanished land bridge that connected the island, Italy reduced the size of the cheaper became smaller by about 20% of his relatives on the mainland.
Extinction of species
Was the home of the cheapest original extends from the British Isles and most of Europe, India and Central Asia, and the Arab region was cheaper to settle Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and mentioned him in the Torah that of animals wild that inhabited the land of Palestine and which analyzed the God caught and eaten and used the name wild bull in the Bible to describe cheaper, and continued existence of the cheapest in some Arab countries until the first millennium BC. AD. In Europe another Vnfq the cheaper by the year 1627.
* In Asia: The information about the cheapest in Asia are very rare, and believed that the population of these animals in Asia and Central and Eastern had been extinct since the Pleistocene. Allegedly scientist effects of Abno Jay and so wee they found a skeleton for the cheapest in China dates back to the era of the current era, however, this claim can not be delivery to his health because the body was found at the bottom of a river that could have Garfa from its primary, which may be due his history of the oldest of those identified by scientists much. However, it is almost confirmed that the Indian population of this species continues to exist beyond the Pleistocene era, because cattle or Alderbana is rooted in that region. The history of one of the old photos of Brahman cattle, that civilization Ristimtha "Almohnju Darrow", to between 4000 and 2000 years BC. AD. In that period the people of India know the other strains of domesticated cattle and European breeds like.
* In the Middle East and North Africa: As in Asia, the information about the cheapest in all of the Middle East and North Africa is rare, but it's still available are greater than those for Asia. The last mention of the cheapest in Egypt book is by Pharaoh Ramses II who described a fishing trip to the latter between the years 1197 and 1165 BC. AD. However, it appears that this trip was in northern Iraq is likely, where many kings appeared in multiple drawings and they hunt huge cattle, and receive one of the sculptures by a fishing trip King Assyrian Snharib in the (704 - 681 BC.). In the north of the country between Mesopotamia. In Libya Male cheaper for the last time by the Greek historian Herodotus, when he said that there is a class of cattle in that country and that as much as it is to sponsor walk backwards because horns curling prevent it from going forward, but it is uncertain if he meant by this is cheaper or an African cattle breeds domesticated the Allowareis. It can be said that the aurochs became extinct in the Middle East and North Africa during the first millennium BC. AD.
* In Europe: taking cheaper disappearing from Europe starting from the south and west of the continent and down to the north-east and end Bbulendh. In the countries of southern Europe, such as Spain, South and mid-Italy, the southern Balkans, the remains of bones and names of the drilling sites and different specifications did not indicate any cheaper continued period to be in those areas. In the United Kingdom, not found any bones dating back to the oldest period of 1300 years BC. AD. (Ie, during the early Bronze Age). One historian said that nearly a year 30 BC. AD. These animals were still living in the north of Italy, where he was arrested and is tamed, and knows about the Romans they Cano make great Mujahad in order to capture different wild animal species, including cheaper, and moved to Rome and other cities in the Roman Empire for use in Roller Amajaldh rinks, and this information assumes that the aurochs became extinct in Italy at the beginning of the century history. In Denmark disappeared cheaper in the beginning of the command from the islands of the state, and then extinct in the period where Christ was born almost, in the Netherlands there is no fossils dating back to the period of the latest of the old Roman period (after the year 400 BC. M.). In France, stated that Charlemagne baited in 802 AD Er_khasa centuries "giant", and is likely that the cheaper continued presence in France for a long time because many of the herds were moving there from Germany and Switzerland, where he stayed reports indicate the presence of the cheapest in the country in the year 1000 AD . According to Adam van Bremen world that cheaper continued presence in Sweden until the eleventh century, but it is uncertain whether this information is true or it is based on some general tales, and one of the other scientists say that extinct cheaper in Sweden long before that too, around the year 4500 BC. AD. And is one of the closest to the health reports and the effect that these animals had been extinct in that country by the year 1555. Cheaper disappeared from Russia by the second century the thirteenth or more likely, in Hungary the oldest bones date back to the twelfth century, but that some of the information likely extinction by the year 1250. In Germany, according to some reliable sources that the cheapest disappeared between 1406 and 1408
By the thirteenth century was the home of the cheapest restricted to Poland, Lithuania, Moldova and Transylvania and East Prussia, where he was the right hunting prey huge confined to families property only, but the decreasing population cheaper led to the cessation of these acts in order to preserve the animals remaining, so she royal families using guards forests to protect the rest of the cheaper herds of illegal hunting. In 1564 the guards counted only 38 according to property records indicate, 22 female, 6 imago animals, calves, 5, and 8 males seriously. In 1566 there were only 24 Er_khasa alive, and since 1602 until the 1620 and 1630 reports were guards only cheaper deal without other wildlife species, according to a report in 1620 that only 4 animals remained alive (3 males and one female), but that during that year, all males died and remained the only female. In 1627 the female died in Forest Jctoro in Poland, where the text of the report in 1630 that residents Jctoro village reported that Last cheaper died before three years, has been the Swedish army to take the skull to Stockholm during the Swedish invasion of Poland (1655 - 1660.
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Write a review of the film portrayal of the Battle of Agincourt by Kenneth Branagh and Lawrence Olivier, for a GCSE history revision guide.
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Write a review of the film portrayal of the Battle of Agincourt by Kenneth Branagh and Lawrence Olivier, for a GCSE history revision guide. Finished reading GCSE History textbooks? Well done but now lets look at the film Portrayal of it from Lawrence Olivier and Kenneth Branagh. This review should help you determine which film is more relevant, and what aspects of it will help you with your history GCSE. The Battle of Agincourt is portrayed in completely different ways in the two films. The first film of the Battle of Agincourt was directed by Lawrence Olivier and acted by him. It was released in 1944 and it is widely believed that it was released with an aim to boost moral during the Second World War as propaganda. With this in mind you can predict what the film would generally be like; it would try to not make war look horrific and distressing to watch, it would try to make it look noble. ...read more.
The Battle of Agincourt by Lawrence Olivier is on the whole very advanced for it's time and to its audience clearly very successful, however a modern day audience (you) would not enjoy it as much as Kenneth Branagh's. But remember, you don't want to enjoy it, you want to study it. Lawrence Olivier was fairly clever in how he released his film in a time more likely to catch people's attention, and gain popularity. The British people were feeling beaten up and needed a sense of worth; Lawrence Olivier gave them this by elaborating British patriotism and giving the British a reason to be proud of their country. By doing this he made his film very successful and didn't the high budget for it's time wasn't important as the British Government helped funding it. Lawrence Olivier's film is not historically factual and should only be shown as the British perception of the war. Kenneth Branagh's portrayal of the Battle of Agincourt was in general; more realistic, bloodier and more exciting. ...read more.
In 1989 cinema was more independent from theatre, therefore Kenneth Branagh could remake The Battle of Agincourt more realistically and in general more convincingly. In comparison Lawrence Olivier's film was far more patriotic and the scenery and general mood was more colourful but is less realistic. Here is an image from Kenneth Branagh's version. The armour and clothing is more like it was in the year 1415 (date of the Battle of Agincourt), the producer or directors have clearly researched this. Also there faces are bloody and muddy like they should be after a battle. This picture is of Lawrence Olivier's film, as you can see the skies are blue and the scene is very colourful. Even after the battle the people are clean. In conclusion both films have a bias view towards the British during the battle, so none are true sources of evidence, remember it's just a movie and its main aim is to entertain NOT to be an official piece of historic evidence. You should only watch these films to give you some sort of vision of the Battle; the British perception. ?? ?? ?? ?? Tom Burgess Year 11 set 1 English Coursework ...read more.
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Free Printable Lessons for English Teachers
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ESL English Lesson: Orlando shootings
D.J. Robinson
Writing/speaking: In pairs – think of three key points about the Orlando shootings. Write them below. Discuss! -- Speaking/Roleplay: In pairs - Student A is a journalist. Student B is Jeh Johnson. Discuss gun controls in the USA following the Orlando massacre. 3 mins. -- Discussion: 1) Did the headline make you want to read the article? 2) Why did the gunman do what he did? 3) What do you think of Jeh Johnson’s comments? Explain. 4) What will the American government do about gun control following this massacre? Explain. 5) What has been the reaction from the NRA – the National Rifle Association? -- Sentence starters, Homework, Etc.
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Sunday, May 26, 2013
Hide the peanut butter...cockroaches change their preferences
This image made from video provided by Ayako Wada-Katsumata shows glucose-averse German cockroaches avoiding a dab of jelly, which contains glucose, and favoring the peanut butter. For 30 years, people have been getting rid of cockroaches by setting out sweet-tasting bait mixed with poison. But in the early 1990s, a formerly effective product stopped working. Later studies showed that these roaches were specifically turned off by the sugar glucose in the syrup and that the key is an altered behavior of certain nerves that signal the brain about foods.
"How cockroaches evolved so as to bypass 'roach motels'"
Chalk up another point for the nearly invincible cockroach. Some roaches have lost their sweet tooth for certain sugars, commonly used to bait poison traps, through genetic adaptation.
Pete Spotts
May 24th, 2013
The Christian Science Monitor
If you're a cockroach whose ancestors have scurried across the planet essentially in modern form for the past 146 million years, it's a safe bet you've learned a thing or two about survival.
For its part, the North Carolina State University team has focused on the taste mechanisms that cockroaches employ. The study is the first to show how an insect's cellular tools – in this case, taste receptors – control its ability to adapt to changes in its environment. In this case, the change is the arrival of baited poison.
A roach's taste buds actually are tiny hairs on appendages near its mouth. Some hairs are sensitive to sweet, others to bitter. But even the hairs responsive to sweet have a mix of sensors on them – one for sweet, one for bitter, and two that sense both tastes. The hairs most sensitive to sweet also can distinguish between glucose and another sweetener, fructose.
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A herbarium (Lat herba, "herb," formerly any medicinal plant) is a collection of dried specimens of plants mounted on sheets of heavy paper and stored in cabinets or bound in book form, as well as the building that houses such a collection. The term replaced (Lat Hortus siccus, "dried garden"), which was used until the late 1700s.
Herbaria hold the original material that all plant species are based on and identified by (the type specimen); they are a depository of material for genetic and comparative analyses, including studies that utilize DNA. They are used as databases for studies of BIODIVERSITY and are invaluable biological resources in that they hold the documentation for the world's plant and fungal species.
Specimens of any group of plants (ALGAE, bryophytes, FERNS, gymnosperms and angiosperms) and all groups of FUNGI can be found in herbaria. Herbarium staff not only curate and maintain the specimens under proper conditions, but also pursue research activities in plant and fungal taxonomy and BIOGEOGRAPHY. They write regional and national floras and attempt evolutionary-based revisions of plant and fungal groups. Much of our horticultural and ecological knowledge is based on these research activities.
The oldest herbaria are in Kasses, Germany (founded 1569), and Bologna, Italy (founded 1570). The world's herbaria hold over 273 million specimens in more than 2600 herbaria in 147 countries. The largest herbarium in the world, the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris, France, holds 8.9 million specimens.
The herbaria in Canada contain about 2.5% of the world's specimens, holding over 6.8 million specimens. Seven of them have over 250 000 specimens: the Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa (1 204 000); the Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Ottawa (1 050 000); Université de Montréal, Montréal (730 000); University of British Columbia, Vancouver (500 000); Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (455 000); Université Laval, Québec City (327 000); and University of Alberta, Edmonton (290 000).
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Srivijaya was a kingdom developed in Sumatra during the 600s and was a leading sea port kingdom. Not only that, Srivijaya was also considered one of the richest kingdoms at that time. Most certainly because of Srivijaya's strategic location, its economy consisted of a lot on maritime trade but not a lot on agriculture. As early as 500 AD, Srivijaya emerged as a flourishing power kingdom and occupied and dominated the coasts of the Straits of Malacca for approximately 640 years! The reasons to this were probably because Srivijaya had the shortest sea route via the Strait of Malacca and that they built on alliances with the Malay coastal population.
external image img04.jpg
Palembang was the political center and capital of Srivijaya. In addition, Palembang also served as a central for economic redistributions. The crucial explanation of why Srivijaya was able to maintain its economy standards was because of their well-developed relationship with other groups such as the upriver tribesmen and coastel sea nomads. The alliance with the upriver tribesmen permitted a flow of goods from the interior to the ports which provided Srivijaya with both economic and political power.
Srivijaya also created the primary trade route between China and India and the kingdom traded widely with them. In the eyes of the Chinese, Srivijaya was an excellent trade partner because the Chinese was able to keep their goods moving into South China ports and voyaging through the Southeast Asian archipelago. However, some say that Srivijaya's economy prospered because of the fluctuations of the Chinese economy. They also say that when the Chinese ports were flourishing, the Srivijayan ports thrived. And when the Chinese ports were closed, the Srivijayan ports were not able to maintain their standards for political authorities.
Srivijaya was also capable of controlling piracy in its territory and made sure that the Southeast Asian zone on the international commercial route was secured and safe. Recognizing Srivijaya's maritime power, China suggested that a privilege would be awarded to other nations who used the Srivijaya's ports when entering Chinese ports. As time passed, the Srivijayans started charging other nations for more money for using port facilities. This action angered many of the trading nations and at the end Srivijaya was conquered due to submission.
In 1025, Srivijaya's economic control almost came to an abrupt. It was when the Malacca region's port was successfully attacked by the South Indian Chola dynasty and as a result, the Srivijaya's authority over the straits was shattered. Unfortunately, Srivijaya was never able to regain its authority and control after the raid. After the raid, Sirvijaya changed its capital from Palembang to Jambi, central Sumatran port, because of a series of attacks by the Javanese.There, the kingdom was able to function independently
(Diagram above shows the boudaries of Srivijaya)
Source: "Sotheast Asia" Asian History on File. New York 1995. 5.06
Works Cited
"Indonesia - History" World Book 2001. Vol 10. Chicago, 2001. 236.
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Wednesday, February 28, 2007
C++ Objects Part 5: Virtual Base Classes
A virtual base class is a class that is included only once in your derived class no matter how many base classes refer to it. How does this happen?
The answer is two-fold:
First, the actual layout of a class with a virtual base depends on the full class. Consider this case:
class R { };
class B1 : public virtual R { };
class B2 : public virtual R { };
class D : public B1, public B2 { };
In this case R is a virtual base that is included twice in D. The location of R will be different for B1, B2 and D. Each time one of these classes is set up, R is placed in the class once. Since R cannot be in D twice, clearly the location of R relative to B1 and B2 can't be the same when B1 or B2 is the final class vs. D. (If both B1 and B2 took R with them, we'd have two copies in D, which is not acceptable!)
To get around this, we hit the second part of our answer: classes contain pointers to their virtual bases. With non-virtual containment, bases are contained, e.g. a fixed chunk of the derived class's memory is used for the base class. With a virtual base, the derived class simply contains a pointer to the base class. This lets us move R around and adjust the pointer to R (in B1 or B2) at runtime in a way that lets us use different memory layouts for R with various classes that contain B1 or B2.
It should be noted that in D while there is only one copy of R, there are multiple pointers to R - one in B1 and one in B2. This is what assures that the memory layout of B1 and B2 don't change when they are used in a derived class. Only the contents of the layout of B1 and B2 change. The compiler generates code to set up these pointers for us.
For CodeWarrior, pointers to virtual bases come before the pointer to the vtable. This means that to find the vtable we have to know how many virtual bases a class has. Fortunately this information is dependent only on class info that is available at compile time - it never changes.
Here's a C version of what we have above:
struct R {
R_vtable * vtbl;
// R data
struct B1_partial {
R * vbase;
B1_vtable * vtbl;
// data for B1
struct B1_final {
B1_partial self;
R vbase;
struct B2_partial {
R * base;
B2_vtable * vtbl;
// data for B2
strut B2_final {
B2_partial self;
R vbase;
struct D {
R * vbase;
R vbase_data;
B1_partial base1;
B2_partial base2;
One of the interesting things to note here is that B1 and B2 as included in D are not as large as B1 and B2 when used by themselves. This is because B1 and B2 must have storage for the virtual base R at their end when used by themselves. But when used in D, that storage is provided by D.
Now we can see why dynamic cast first goes to the most derived base. Given a ptr to R we have no
idea where the rest of the object is -- position of R varies with the actual final type - that is, the relative position of R in the object is not the same relative to B1 if the real object is B1 or D.
Fortunately the vtable of any object tells us where the final object's real start is. So when R is a virtual base, depending on its final type, it will refer to a vtable that takes into account the actual full class's layout, letting us recover the full type and figure out the true relationship between the virtual base and the whole object.
Note that a static down-cast from a virtual base will cause a compiler error. This is the compiler telling us that it can't even speculate what the memory layout of the virtual base in the final class might be without inspecting the real type at runtime. But dynamic down-casts and even cross-casts are legal, since all dynmic casts are a maximum down cast followed by a possible up-cast.
1 comment:
1. good work. even though c# take out virtual base from c++, the other cost related to multiple inheritance remains.
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Introduction to Ectoparasites
The flashcards below were created by user Anonymous on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
1. What type of skin disease do ectoparasites often cause?
(Allergic) dermatitis
2. What is pruritus?
3. What type of ectoparasite causes 'worry'?
4. What is the name of the condition where ectoparasite larvae invade the body of an animal and cause tissue destruction?
5. What disease can some obligate blood feeder ectoparasites cause in animals?
6. What is the difference between mechanical and biological vector disease transmission?
Mechanical transmission takes place when a vector simply carries pathogenic microorganisms on (or in) their body and transfers them to the host. There is no development of the parasite life cycle within the vector. Whereas biological transmission involves the multiplication and growth of a disease-causing agent inside the vectors body.
7. What are the two classes of ectoparasites? And what features define each class?
Insecta and arachnida. Insects have a head, thorax and abdomen, and 6 legs. Arachnids have a fused head and thorax and abdomen.
8. What type of ectoparasites fall into each class?
• Insecta - flies, lice, fleas
• Arachnida - mites and ticks
9. What type of mite causes sheep scab?
Psorptes ovis
10. What is the proper term for 'sheep scab'?
Ovine Psoroptic mange
11. True or false: sheep scab is highly contagious?
12. True or false: sheep scab is a notifiable disease in Scotland?
13. The pathogenesis of sheep scab is cause by a ... reaction to mite antigens (present in mite faeces)?
allergic, type I hypersensitivity
14. What does the reaction to the mite antigens generate? What does this form on the sheep?
Inflammation and serous exudate. The exudate dries to form a scab surrounded by a moist border and inflamed skin.
15. Where on the sheep are the mites active?
The mites are active in the scab border so as the population expands the scabs spread
16. What are the clinical signs of sheep scab?
Lighter wool is first visible sign, usually over shoulders. Sheep are restless, rub and scratch. Wool becomes ragged/stained. Large areas of wool loss along with open bleeding wounds and thickened skin.
17. Where would you take skin scrapings from to confirm it was sheep scab?
From the edge of the lesion
18. Describe the difference between P. ovis and lice
• P. ovis - 8 legs, rounded body, pointed head
• Lice - 6 legs, elongated abdomen, definite rounded head
19. What family of flies cause fly worry?
20. Why type of flies are part of the muscidae family?
Musca (house fly), Hydrotea (head fly) and Stomoxys (stable fly)
21. What type of ectoparasite causes worry/irritation in sheep?
22. What do musca (house) flies feed on?
Secretions from the eyes, nose and mouth, as well as blood left in wounds caused by other flies
23. How does 'worry' affect production animals?
Animals become so distressed by the presence of flies swarming around them that they will eat less and therefore have a reduced weight gain, leading to production losses. Animals may also move suddenly to try and escape the flies, causing self trauma.
24. What is the difference between obligate and facultative myiasis?
Obligate myiasis is when the parasitic development of the larvae on a living host is a necessary stage within the life cycle. Whereas facultative is opportunistic - they have the ability to exploit living tissue but this is not a required stage in the life cycle.
25. What can myiasis result in?
• Serious tissue damage often accompanied by putrid discharge
• Ulceration
• Loss of tissue function
• Secondary infections
• Death
26. All ostridae flies cause obligate/facultative myiasis?
27. What are the three types of flies whose larvae are parasitic and host specific?
• Hypoderma (warble flies)
• Oestrus (nasal bots)
• Gastrophilus (bot flies)
28. What type of fly causes facultative myiasis?
Blow flies
29. What species are affected by blow flies?
Sheep mainly, but also rabbits
30. What condition is associated with blowflies?
Blowfly strike
31. Describe the difference between the role of primary and secondary flies during blowfly strike
Primary flies can initiate a strike on living sheep whereas secondary flies cannot initiate a strike but can only attack areas of existing strike or damage
32. Describe the life cycle of a blowfly
• Eggs are laid on fleece. Flies are attracted to areas that are wet, contaminated with faeces or necrotic. Eggs hatch within 10-12 hours.
• New larvae quickly grow, develop oral hooks and produce enzymes.
• The larvae drop to the ground, burrow into the soil and pupate.
• Adult flies emerge from pupa and have a lifespan of ~30 days.
• The whole life cycle last for 3-4 weeks.
33. What can secondary bacterial infection of a blowfly strike lesion lead to?
34. What areas of the body do you get blowfly strike on?
Body, breech, penile sheath, tail, poll
35. What effect do blowflies have on sheep productivity?
• Downgrading wool
• Reducing reproductive potential and lamb crops
• Increasing time to market for lambs
• Reducing leather quality
36. Give examples of ectoparasites that are obligate blood feeders
Ticks, Dermanyssus gallinae (poultry mite), Gad flies, keds, sucking lice
37. What type of disease do the following ectoparasites transmit? a) Midges b) Sandflies c) Tetse flies d) Fleas
• a) Blue tongue, Schmallenberg
• b) Leishmania
• c) Trypanosoma
• d) Myxomatosis virus, Yersinia pestis (plague), Dipylidium canium
38. What genus is the major european species of tick?
39. What is the latin name for the a) european sheep tick b) british dog tick c) hedgehog tick
• a) Ixodes ricinus
• b) Ixodes canisuga
• c) Ixodes hexagonus
40. Why is Ixodes ricinus a great vector?
It is a great vector because all stages are obligate blood feeders and feed on multiple hosts in the life cycle
41. Describe the life cycle of Ixodes ricinus
Adults mate on the host and the female completes a large blood meal over 14 days. She then drops to the ground and converts the blood meal into eggs. Eggs hatch into larvae in the autumn. The following spring the larvae actively quest for a host. They attach and feed for 6 days. After, they drop to the ground and moult to a nymph. Nymphs overwinter and feed the next spring.
42. What are the main symptoms of secondary infection of Ixodes ricinus lesions caused by a) Blow fly strike b) Tick pyaemia c) Red water d) Tick-borne fever e) Louping ill f) Lyme disease
• a) Tissue destruction/anorexia
• b) Septicaemia/abscesses/arthritis
• c) Fever/anaemia/haemoglobinuria
• d) Fever/abortion
• e) Encephalitis/abnormal gait/death
• f) Persistant fever/arthritis/lameness
43. List reasons why ectoparasites can be difficult to control
• Resistance to drugs has emerged
• Proliferation of ectoparasite populations is prodigious
• Large reservoir of host spa
• Infestations can be highly contagious
• Huge populations in the environment - some can be localised and targeted (e.g. fleas) but others are more difficult (ticks, flies)
Card Set:
Introduction to Ectoparasites
2015-01-04 18:52:17
Vet Med - Module 7
Show Answers:
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Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Wikipedia.
Related to Phyle: Phile
in ancient Greece, originally a clan tribal association; subsequently a territorial division.
The ancient kinship phylae were the center of Greek political, military, and religious life during the clan period. Each phyle was divided into phratryes. Power in the phyle was shared by the following: an elected phylarch, who had religious, judicial, and military authority; a popular assembly; and a council of elders.
As slaveholding states evolved, territory replaced kinship as the basis of the phyle. In Attica, Cleisthenes introduced a reform in 510 and 509 B.C. that substituted ten territorial phylae for four kinship phylae. Each of the ten territorial phylae consisted of three parts, with one part, or trittys, from each of the three regions of Attica: the mountain, the coastal, and the interior. Attic democracy was based on the territorial phylae.
References in periodicals archive ?
Although it is known that phyles in the Old Kingdom rotated through different kinds of work, they may have been initially more confined to one occupation.
Phyles in the Old Kingdom: the evolution of a system of social organization.
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Squiggles in Hellas Planitia
At around 2,200 kilometers in diameter, Hellas Planitia is the largest visible impact basin in the Solar System, and hosts the lowest elevations on Mars’ surface as well as a variety of landscapes. This image covers a small central portion of the basin and shows a dune field with lots of dust devil trails.
In the middle, we see what appears to be long and straight “scratch marks” running down the southeast (bottom-right) facing dune slopes. If we look closer , we can see these scratch marks actually squiggle back and forth on their way down the dune. These scratch marks are linear gullies.
Just like on Earth, high-latitude regions on Mars are covered with frost in the winter. However, the winter frost on Mars is made of carbon dioxide ice (dry ice) instead of water ice. We believe linear gullies are the result of this dry ice breaking apart into blocks, which then slide or roll down warmer sandy slopes, sublimating and carving as they go .
The linear gullies exhibit exceptional sinuosity (the squiggle pattern) and we believe this to be the result of repeated movement of dry ice blocks in the same path, possibly in combination with different hardness or flow resistance of the sand within the dune slopes. Determining the specific process that causes the formation and evolution of sinuosity in linear gullies is a question scientists are still trying to answer. What do you think causes the squiggles?
Written by: Matthew Maclay (audio: Tre Gibbs) (23 October 2017)
This is a stereo pair with ESP_051836_1345 .
More info and image formats at http://hirise.lpl.arizona.edu/ESP_051770_1345
Image: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
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4 Ekim 2013 Cuma
Nevada State Mammal
Nevada State Mammal
Desert Bighorn Sheep (common name)
Ovis canadensis nelsoni
(scientific name)
Bighorn sheep are named for the large, curved horns borne by males. The species originally crossed over the Bering land bridge from Siberia. The population in North America peaked in the millions, and the bighorn sheep entered into the mythology of Native Americans. However, the populations of the desert bighorn sheep declined drastically with European colonization of the American Southwest. The characteristics and behavior of desert bighorn sheep generally follow those of other bighorn sheep, except for adaptation to the lack of water in the desert. The desert bighorn has been the state animal of Nevada since 1973.
The desert bighorn sheep has a solid, stocky, and muscular body on short legs. Desert bighorns are similar in size to mule deer. Their muzzles are narrow and pointed, while their ears are short. Due to their unique padded hooves, bighorn are able to climb the steep, rocky terrain of the desert mountains with speed and agility. Their fur is smooth and composed of an outer coat of brittle guard hairs and short, gray, crimped fleece under-fur. The summer coat is a rich, glossy brown, which becomes quite faded by late winter. Both rams and ewes develop horns soon after birth, with horn growth continuing more or less throughout life. However, the ewes' horns are much smaller and lighter and do not tend to curl.
SizeLength with tail: 50–62 inchesLength with tail: 50–62 inches
WeightMales are 125–200 lb (55–90 kg); ewes are somewhat smaller. The horns of rams can weigh as much as 30 lb (14 kg).Males are 125–200 lb (55–90 kg); ewes are somewhat smaller. The horns of rams can weigh as much as 30 lb (14 kg).
Average lifespan in the wild is 6–15 years
Range: from Nevada and California to west Texas and south into Mexico
Conservation Status: In 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a proclamation that established two desert areas in southwestern Arizona to help preserve the desert bighorn sheep. As of 2004, the numbers of desert bighorn sheep were still very low, although the overall population trend has increased since 1960.
Desert bighorn sheep are social animals and are typically found in small scattered bands adapted to a desert mountain environment with little or no permanent water. Some of the bighorn may go without visiting water for weeks or months, sustaining their body moisture from food and from rainwater collected in temporary rock pools. They may have the ability to lose up to 30 percent of their body weight and still survive.
After drinking water, they quickly recover from their dehydrated condition. Desert bighorns utilize two mechanisms for cooling: perspiring and panting. Their acute eyesight helps them gage distances when jumping from rock to rock and enables them to detect potential predators such as mountain lions, coyotes, and bobcats.
The typical diet is mainly grasses, sedges, and forbs (herbaceous flowering plants).
Breeding interval: Annual
Birthing period: late February to May
Average litter size: 1–2 lambs
• The subspecies name nelsoni commemorates the American naturalist Edward William Nelson.
• Combat between rams can last for longer than a full day.
Click to enlarge an image
State Animal
Male Bighorn Sheep (Ram)
State Animal
Juvenile Bighorn Sheep
State Animal
Female Bighorn Sheep (Ewe)
Species:O. canadensis
Subspecies:O. c. nelsoni
Data Source: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Author: World Trade Press
Hiç yorum yok:
Yorum Gönder
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Sunday, April 27, 2014
The Hawksbill Turtle
The hawksbill is one of the smaller sea turtles. Head is narrow and has 2 pairs of prefrontal scales (scales in front of its eyes). Jaw is not serrated. Carapace is bony without ridges and has large, over-lapping scutes (scales) present and has 4 lateral scutes. Carapace is elliptical in shape. Flippers have 2 claws. The carapace is orange, brown or yellow and hatchlings are mostly brown with pale blotches on scutes.
Relative Size
Not particularly large compared with other sea turtles, the adult hawksbill sea turtles have been known to grow up to 1 m (3 ft.) in length, weighing around 80 kg (180 lb.) on average. The heaviest hawksbill ever captured was measured to be 127 kg (280 lb.).
Did You Know
Young hawksbill turtles are unable to dive deep and spend their early years floating amongst sea plants near the water’s surface. The mechanisms that aid hawksbill turtles in returning to their nesting beaches are still unknown. It has been thought that these turtles are guided inland by magnetic fields and lunar phases/position.
Scientific Classification
Other Names
Echte Karettschildkröte
Tortue imbriquée
Tortuga carey
The hawksbill turtle is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List, and is listed on Appendix I of CITES, and Appendix I of the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS or Bonn Convention). The United States Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries Service have classified hawksbills as endangered under the Endangered Species Act since 1970.
Hawksbills are solitary nesters and, thus, determining population trends or estimates on nesting beaches is difficult. The largest populations of hawksbills are found in the Caribbean, the Republic of Seychelles, Indonesia, and Australia. Each year, about 500-1000 hawksbill nests are laid on Mona Island, Puerto Rico and another 100-150 nests on Buck Island Reef National Monument off St. Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands. In Mexico, about 2,800 hawksbills nest in Campeche, Yucatán, and Quintana Roo each year. Lutz et al. estimate the number of adult hawksbills living in the Caribbean today is 27,000.
The largest nesting population of hawksbills appears to occur in Australia. Approximately 2,000 hawksbills nest on the northwest coast of Australia and about 6,000 to 8,000 off the Great Barrier Reef each year. Additionally, about 2,000 hawksbills nest each year in Indonesia and 1,000 in the Republic of Seychelles.
The Hawksbill sea turtles have a wide range, found predominantly in tropical reefs of the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. They have a circum-global distribution throughout tropical and, to a lesser extent, subtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. Hawksbills are migratory and individuals undertake complex movements through geographically disparate habitats during their lifetimes.
Hawksbills are omnivorous and will also eat mollusks, marine algae, crustaceans, sea urchins, fish, and jellyfish. They feed mainly on sponges by using their narrow pointed beaks to extract them from crevices on the reef, but also eat sea anemones and jellyfish. In the Caribbean, as hawksbills grow, they begin exclusively feeding on only a few types of sponges, and they can eat an average of 1200 lb. (544 kg) of sponges a year. Aside from sponges, hawksbills feed on algae, cnidarians, comb jellies and other jellyfish, and sea anemones. They also feed on the dangerous jellyfish-like hydrozoan, the Portuguese man o' war.
Male hawksbills mature when they are about 27 inches (70 cm) long. Females mature at about 30 inches (80 cm). The ages at which turtles reach these lengths are unknown (They reach maturity after 30 years.). Female hawksbills return to the beaches at night, where they were born (natal beaches) every 2-3 years to nest. They usually nest high up on the beach under or in the beach/dune vegetation. The nesting season varies with locality, but in most locations nesting occurs sometime between April and November. A female hawksbill generally lays 3-5 nests per season, which contain an average of 130 eggs. Eggs incubate for around 2 months.
The baby turtles usually hatch at night after around two months. They instinctively crawl into the sea, attracted by the reflection of the moon on the water (possibly disrupted by light sources such as street lamps and lights). While they emerge under the cover of darkness, baby turtles that do not reach the water by daybreak are preyed upon by shorebirds, shore crabs, and other predators. The normal lifespan of hawksbill turtles is thought to be about 30 to 50 years.
Hawksbill turtles have a hard shell that discourages predators from trying to eat them. Adult turtles are consumed by sharks, crocodiles, large fish, and octopi. Directly after hatching, hawksbill turtles face the most dangerous time of their lives: the journey to water. Although this scramble only lasts a few minutes, countless hatchlings are preyed on by flocks of gulls and large crabs.
The most important threats to Hawksbill turtles are
(ii) Egg Collection - Intense levels of egg exploitation continue in many parts of the world, especially Southeast Asia, where it approaches 100% in many areas.
(iii) Destruction of Nesting Habitat - Tropical coastlines are rapidly being developed for tourism which often leads to destruction of nesting habitat. Because Hawksbills prefer to nest under vegetation they are particularly impacted by beach-front development and clearing of dune vegetation.
(iv) Destruction of Foraging Habitat - Hawksbills are typically associated with coral reefs, which are among the world’s most endangered marine ecosystems. Climate change has led to massive coral bleaching events with permanent consequences for local habitats.
(v) Entanglement and Ingestion of Marine Debris - including Fishing Gear. Hawksbills are particularly susceptible to entanglement in gill nets and capture on fishing hooks.
Conservation Measures
In 1982, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species first listed E. imbricata as endangered. This endangered status continued through several reassessments in 1986, 1988, 1990 and 1994 until it was upgraded in status to critically endanger in 1996. The data given by the MTSG (Marine Turtle Specialist Group) showed the worldwide hawksbill sea turtle population had declined by 80% in the three most recent generations, and no significant population increase occurred as of 1996.
Hawksbill turtles are protected by various international treaties and agreements as well as national laws. They are listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), which means that international trade of this species is prohibited. In the U.S., NOAA Fisheries and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) have joint jurisdiction for marine turtles, with NOAA having the lead in the marine environment and USFWS having the lead on the nesting beaches. Both federal agencies, and a number of state agencies, have promulgated regulations to eliminate or reduce threats to sea turtles.
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African Strategies
Faced with destructive raids, wars and kidnapping, Africans devised numerous strategies to protect and defend themselves from the slave trade, and to attack it. They abandoned vulnerable areas and relocated in hard-to-reach places. They surrounded their towns with ramparts and ditches covered with spikes. They built villages behind dunes or close to the sea or the woods to escape raids more easily. They posted sentinels and organized militias and work teams for protection. Some populations killed indiscriminately anyone who ventured close to their territory so as to discourage any incursion. Young men attacked caravans and slave pens to free the captives; and burned down slave ships and Europeans' warehouses.
In some regions of Africa, as a French trader wrote in 1785, as soon as the locals approached the European boats, "the crew is ordered to take up arms, the cannons are aimed, and the fuses are lighted… One must, without any hesitation, shoot at them and not spare them. The loss of the vessel and the life of the crew are at stake." And when everything else had failed and whenever feasible, relatives pooled resources to buy back the freedom of loved ones held on the coast; and captives revolted in the barracoons (slave pens). The fortification of the forts and barracoons dotting the African coast attested to the Europeans' anxiety. They had to protect themselves, an official explained, "from the foreign vessels and from the Negroes living in the country."
While traders and rulers participated in the slave trade for personal gains, some Africans engaged in it in order to acquire firearms or iron bars with which they forged the weapons and tools necessary to defend themselves -- and sometimes, to attack the raiders and slavers.
Revolt Aboard Slave Ship, 19th century
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Exploring with Finch
Imagine that Finch is going on a trip. It is your job to program Finch to reach your assigned destination. Once you get there, give some facts about that place before moving on to the next stop!
You may choose to program Finch to move to your destination on its own (autonomously), or you can write a script that allows you to drive the Finch with the keyboard (remote control).
Finch Tales
The Finch Tales Program was created to combine the topics of writing and robotics. The Finch Tales Program Guide Parts 1 and 2 provide an outline for implementing the Finch into the writing curriculum. While these guides were originally created for students in first and second grade and mapped to Common Core ELA standards for these grades, they can be modified for students of all ages. Program Guide Part 1 is designed for working with narrative writing.
Finding Speed with Finch
This activity is based on one by Chris Pautler of Goddard Middle School (Littleton, CO).
As you have learned to make the Finch move, you have varied the speed of the motors and the wait time. You may have spent some time trying to choose exactly the right amount of time to make your Finch travel a particular distance. In this activity, you will use math to find an easier way to make your Finch move whatever distance you choose!
Building Shapes with Loops
This activity was created by Laurie Gallagher of Washington Elementary School (Levittown, PA).
In this activity, you will explore using loops in your programming.
Begin by writing a program to make Finch draw a square. After writing and testing the program, take a look back at what you created. Did you use a repeat block? If not, how could you include one to create a loop in your program?
Finch Patterns
This activity is based on an activity by Lisa Ledford, Debi Williams, and Jo Ray Van Vliet of Towns County Elementary School (Hiawassee, GA).
In this activity, you will use the Finch to practice creating and identifying number patterns. In math class, you may have learned about different number patterns which involve adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing. Here is an example of an add two number pattern:
2, 4, 6, 8, 10…
What would the rule be for a pattern like this?
14, 11, 8, 5, 2…
Finch Tells Time
Teacher Note: Start by creating a large clock face on posterboard, as shown below. This activity uses Snap! Level 3 but could be modified to use another level.
In this activity, the Finch will be the minute hand of a clock!
Place your Finch in the center of the clock face with its beak pointing at the 12.
Fractions with Finch
In this activity, you will use the Finch to practice what you know about fractions. Start by writing a short program to make the Finch turn in a circle with one wheel at speed 0 and the other at speed 30. How many seconds does it take for the Finch to make exactly one circle?
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, , , , , , ,
In our last session of The Norman World we briefly looked at the Welsh Marches. As we can see from the Wikipedia entry on the subject: ‘the English terms “Welsh March” and “the March of Wales” (in Medieval Latin Marchia Walliae) were originally used in the Middle Ages to denote a more precisely defined territory, the marches between England and the Principality of Wales, in which Marcher lords had specific rights, exercised to some extent independently of the king of England.’
The question arose of what, exactly, was a ‘march’. Again, I quote, : ‘the word “march” derives ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European root *mereg-, meaning “edge, boundary”. The root *mereg- produced Latin margo (“margin”), Old Irish mruig (“borderland”), and Persian and Armenian marz (“borderland”). The Proto-Germanic *marko gave rise to the Old English word mearc and Frankish marka, as well as Old Norse mörk meaning “borderland, forest”, and derived form merki “boundary, sign”, denoting a borderland between two centres of power.’
A march was, therefore, a medieval European term for any kind of borderland, as opposed to a notional “heartland”.
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Open main menu
Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden
Norwegian nationalistic aspirations in 1814 were frustrated by Sweden's victory in a brief, but decisive war that resulted in Norway entering into a personal union with Sweden. The Norwegian constitution was largely kept intact. Norway legally had the status of an independent state, with its own parliament, judiciary, legal system, armed forces, and currency. However, Norway and Sweden shared a common monarch and conducted a common foreign policy through the Swedish ministry of foreign affairs. There were largely feelings of goodwill between the two peoples, and the King generally tried to act in the interest of both Kingdoms.
In addition, Norwegian politics were increasingly dominated by liberal tendencies characterized by the extension of parliamentary democracy, while Swedish politics tended to be more conservative. Under the Norwegian Constitution, the Norwegian Parliament, the Storting, was the most powerful legislature on the Continent. The king only had a suspensive veto in Norway, and the Storting resisted numerous royal attempts to be granted the absolute veto that the monarchy had in Sweden. Additionally, by 1884, the Storting's power had grown to the point that a king could no longer appoint a Norwegian government entirely of his own choosing or keep it in office against the will of the Storting. In contrast, the king remained a near-autocrat (at least on paper) in his Swedish domains until 1905, just before the end of the union.
When free trade between the two countries was restricted in 1895 by the abolition of the "Interstate laws" (Mellomrikslovene), the economic reasons for the continued union were also diminished.
The conflict came to a head over the so-called "consul affair" in which successive Norwegian governments insisted that Norway should establish its own consular offices abroad, rather than rely on the common consulates appointed by the Swedish foreign minister. As the longstanding practice for the conduct of joint foreign policy had been that a Swede always hold the office of foreign minister, the Swedish government and king opposed this insistence, seeing it as a rejection of the throne's right to set foreign policy.
Prelude to dissolutionEdit
The Norwegian Storting passes the "revolutionary" resolution
Karlstad negotiationsEdit
Choosing a Norwegian kingEdit
In its resolution of 7 June, the Storting had made what is called the "Bernadotte Offer," invited King Oscar II to allow one of his younger sons to assume the Norwegian throne. The offer was at one level an attempt by the Norwegian government to demonstrate goodwill towards Sweden and its royal house, notwithstanding the separation of the two countries. At another, more significant level, it was also intended to reassure the other European powers that the secession of Norway was not a radical revolutionary project, despite the influence of socialists. The continuation of the monarchical system would signal that tradition, continuity and order would be cherished as before in the new country. In this way, Norway aimed to gather support from the other large European countries which, with the exception of France, were all hereditary monarchies.
Unlike the declaration of independence, the Bernadotte Offer was a matter of contention and controversy within the Norwegian government. Five socialists in the parliament voted against the idea of having a monarchy, and the finance minister Gunnar Knudsen, a republican member of the cabinet, resigned over this issue. It was known that King Oscar II was not amenable to accepting the Bernadotte offer, but the issue remained unsettled until the offer was formally declined by the king when he renounced his claim on 26 October.[2]
The King's rejection of the Bernadotte offer had been anticipated months earlier, and already during the summer a Norwegian delegation had approached Denmark with a proposal regarding the 33-year-old Prince Carl of Denmark, the second son of Crown Prince Frederick. Prince Carl's mother, Louise of Sweden, was the only child of King Charles XV of Sweden and niece of King Oscar II himself, and therefore a link to the royal house of Sweden would be preserved. Also, Carl was married to Maud, daughter of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom. By bringing in a British-born queen, it was hoped that Norway could court Britain's support. Another advantage was that Prince Carl was already the father of a son, the two-year-old Alexander, which provided security of succession to continue the line. The Norwegian parliament considered other candidates but ultimately chose Prince Carl.
Following the November plebiscite affirming Norwegians' desire for a monarchy, the Norwegian parliament by an overwhelming majority offered Carl a clear mandate to the Norwegian throne on 18 November, by electing Carl and his descendants as the new royal dynasty of Norway. On that same date, the President of the Norwegian parliament sent Prince Carl a telegram formally informing him of his election. After obtaining formal permission from his grandfather Christian IX of Denmark, Prince Carl replied that same evening, accepting the Norwegian throne and choosing the name Haakon, a traditional name used by Norwegian kings. The last king with that name was Haakon VI, who died in the year 1380. The new king therefore became Haakon VII, while his son Alexander was renamed Olav and became crown prince. Haakon VII became King of Norway immediately upon accepting his election, and therefore 18 November 1905 is counted as the first day of his reign.
After a three day journey, the new royal family arrived in the capital Kristiania (later renamed Oslo) on 25 November.
Haakon VII took the constitutional oath as king of Norway before parliament on 27 November.
Important individuals in the dissolutionEdit
Importance of the events of 1905Edit
Statue of King Haakon VII in 7th of June Square, Oslo
See alsoEdit
1. ^ Kvinneaksjon for unionsoppløsning Archived 2015-05-05 at the Wayback Machine (In Norwegian) Arkivverket, retrieved January 24, 2013
2. ^ Haakon VII Biography of King Haakon VII in connection with NRK's series "Store norske" (Great Norwegians) (in Norwegian)
External resourcesEdit
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The triumph and trials of Sandakan
Situated at the east coast of Sabah, Sandakan was found by Scottish arms smuggler William Clark Cowie, where he set-up the first European settlement there. Many names were considered and cycled throughout the years, but it eventually was coined in Sulu language as “Sandakan”, meaning the place that was pawned.
Previously under the control of the Sulu Sultanate during the 1700s, they sold their land away for reasons unknown. But the first British resident of Sandakan, Willian B Pryer, took control of the administration, and established law and order for residents and incoming traders, which led to Sandakan being nicknamed “little Hong Kong”.
The birthplace of “little Hong Kong” in Malaysia
The origin starts off when Sandakan was made capital of North Borneo in 1884, turning Sandakan into a flourishing commercial port for early settlers.
The Chinese began entering Sabah in larger numbers only after 1881, because the British North Borneo Company (BNBC) managed this newly established town, and required a sizable population to supply labour to aid development.
The BNBC wanted to strategically encourage the Chinese from Hong Kong to plant their roots in Sandakan, in hopes to economically develop the mushrooming settlement. To achieve their objective, the BNBC came up with three main immigration schemes.
In one of the schemes, the BNBC decided to offer free passage to Hong Kong residents who wanted to migrate to Sabah. Gradually in batches, the plan effectively brought in at least 1000 Chinese immigrants. This was a jump start to their following schemes.
Successful pioneers of the previous immigration scheme were sent back to Hong Kong to encourage them to migrate to Sabah. This worked out well, and Sandakan eventually was made up of one fifth of Chinese people, with well over 30,000 Chinese.
But the BNBC decided they needed more, so they also came up with a free passage “pass” for those with a sizable land to invite any of their bona fide Chinese relatives to settle in Sandakan.
The challenges of trading and migrating to Sandakan
Although well populated and self-sustaining, Sandakan still faced heavy competition from more developed ports in Malaya, especially Singapore and Labuan. Moreover, the new migrants were city-folk, and were unaccustomed to the jungles surrounding Sandakan. They eventually moved to Singapore or Labuan to seek a more urbanised lifestyle.
Another challenge they faced was giving a fix salary every month to Chinese labourers. Because this turned them into unproductive workers who only worked for bare minimum rather than profit.
Nevertheless, the establishment did not lose all its migrants and still attracted traders from Hong Kong and Singapore. Hence why most who reside there now could speak the Cantonese and Hakka dialect fluently, giving the town a vibrant multicultural atmosphere.
But that all took a heavy downturn when World War II begun.
The beginning of thousands of deaths
Graves of the victims. Source
Every 25 April, a public holiday in Australia and New Zealand called ANZAC Day (Australia and New Zealand Army Corps) is held to commemorate all fallen soldiers and veterans during World War II.
Although Malaysians do not share this holiday, it’s infamously related to an event that happened between the roads of Sandakan and Ranau. The east coast town of Sandakan also holds a memorial service in Sandakan Memorial Park to remember the same ANZAC Corps of almost 1,900 prisoners of war.
As the prosperity of Sandakan plummet when World War II began, the Japanese Occupation arrived in Sandakan shores on 19 January 1942, and the war’s outbreak invited bombers from Allied Forces that nearly destroyed the whole town.
They were met with resistance at first, but the Allied forces soldiers were defeated and used as slaves. At the height of it, there were 1,500 Australians and 770 British soldiers captured.
The Japanese soldiers forced these strategically malnourished prisoners of war to build an airport on top of Sandakan. But that didn’t last very long because their efforts were destroyed by another Allied forces attacks mid-construction. Since there was nothing else left in Sandakan, they were forced to relocate.
The unintended path for the war prisoners
Initially, their plan was to get the prisoners to walk all the way to Jesselton (now known as Kota Kinabalu). Since the Japanese were unfamiliar with Sabah’s terrain, a local was assigned to carve out their pathway.
But little did they know, the pathfinder chose the roughest parts of the jungle to cross.
The plan backfired massively when the local pathfinder was unaware the path was to be travelled by the prisoners of war as well. The path is said to be 192 kilometres long, while the prisoners were abused, starved, and forced to carry equipment for the Japanese along the way.
Death March. Source
Although their final destination was Jesselton, the Japanese were forced to stop and settle in Ranau, because the pathway was too gruesome to trek, even for the Japanese. As a result of this terrible journey, only 6 out of 1900 prisoners survived or escaped along the long harsh trail.
The event was infamously termed as the “Sandakan Death March”. Now, their deaths are part of Sandakan history. It’s even being turned into a tourist attraction, where expert jungle trekkers guide tourist along the path of the Death March.
When the Japanese surrendered and left Sandakan on 19 October 1945, only then the war-torn town got a chance to gradually repopulate and rebuild. BNBC returned to control after to assist their re-development.
Unfortunately, after looking at the unrepairable destruction left by the Japanese, the BNBC decided to relocate their administrative capital to Jesselton. But insisted to develop Sandakan’s fishing industry, which similarly attracted Hong Kong fishermen and traders as before.
Sandakan death march history might have forgotten, but history never leave without a trace. Little Hong Kong might not be the name it was known for to this day, the same cultural atmosphere as it was during its establishing prime was very much alive.
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Kamiakin: the history of a brave Indian Chief
The Chief Kamiakin statue on the school campus.
Taylor Hunzeker
The Chief Kamiakin statue on the school campus.
Taylor Hunzeker, Editor-in-Chief
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Kamiakin is not only our proud school name, but a name of history and a great past. Kamiakin comes from a young Native American leader who fought bravely in battles as a chief of the Yakama tribe.
Near Starbuck, Wash. in the early 1800s, Chief Kamiakin was born with mixed tribe ancestry. His father, Ki-yi-yah, was the son of a Nez Perce father and a Spokane mother. Kamiakin married a young woman named Sal-kow in 1825, who was also part of the Yakama. Her father, Te-i-as, and grandfather Weowikt were the leaders in the Yakama tribe before Kamiakin took their place. He later married another woman named Colestah, who was part of the Yakama too.
In the 1800s, American settlers were forcing their way through the plains in search of new land, gold, and more freedom. There was an automatic clash between the Indians and the settlers, stemming from problems with communication and cultural differences. Settlers became hasty in gaining control over the Native Americans in the west, including Kamiakin’s territory.
In 1855, the first Washington territory governor Isaac Stevens wanted to have all tribes sell their lands to European Americans, who would build and expand on those acres. Convincing the Natives was out of the question, so he resorted to threatening the tribe leaders, saying that if they did not move and sell their land, he would have soldiers forcefully move them and would also border up the Columbia river, which was a major source of food and water for a majority of Washington tribes. Kamiakin immediately took action. He gathered tribes from the border of Idaho to the Cascades, creating a total of 14 alliances. The leaders of all these tribes along with Kamiakin agreed that the settlers were evil. A resistance had begun, causing a battle that would later be called the Yakama Indian War of 1855.
Kamiakin and the allied tribes would meet at a small northern Oregon tribe, where they would discuss how to handle the government and soldiers. Stevens became informed of these meetings by a Nez Perce traitor, and he forced Kamiakin into signing a treaty that would create the Yakama Indian reservation.
This still didn’t stop Kamiakin. On Oct. 4-5 of 1855, he and his warriors were able to defeat a force of 84 soldiers led by Major Granville Haller. On Sept. 5, 1858, Colonel George Wright, with the help of 700 soldiers, took down Kamiakin and his warriors at the Battle of Four Lakes. Kamiakin was supposedly wounded when he became stuck under a pine tree that had fallen due to cannon fire.
His second wife Colestah was able to save him from U.S. soldiers. After all his attempts, Kamiakin’s fights were not successful. He refused to surrender and ran for Kootenai, B.C. He then left for Montana, where he lived with the Flathead Indian tribe.
Kamiakin is a name that comes from the brave chief of the Yakama tribe, who was a proud leader with years of history on his shoulders. His name was adopted by Kamiakin High School in 1970, and has been the school’s official name ever since.
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The John Day basin remained largely unexplored by non-natives until the mid-19th century. Lewis and Clark noted but did not explore the John Day River while traveling along the Columbia River in 1805.
In the 1840s, thousands of settlers, attracted in part by the lure of free land, began emigrating west over the Oregon Trail. Leaving drought, worn-out farms, and economic problems behind, they emigrated from states like Missouri, Illinois, and Iowa in the Midwest to Oregon, especially the Willamette Valley in the western part of the state. After passage of the Homestead Act of 1862 and the discovery of gold in the upper John Day basin, a fraction of these newcomers abandoned the Willamette Valley in favor of eastern Oregon.
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An overview of the three classes in england during the mid victorian period
These were generally old stage stations, were better equipped, housed at least two riders, the station keeper, and from two to four stock tenders. Beowulf is the most famous work in Old English, and has achieved national epic status in England, despite being set in Scandinavia.
The risks, depending on the object, include light, insects and mold, handling and misuse, contaminants, normal use, temperature and moisture. They needed fresh mounts poised from beginning to end at these intervals.
Localism undoubtedly stymied many public health initiatives at least until the last two decades of the reign. The strongest stomachs of the party made tea, and found some milk which was not more than one quarter flies. It was, indeed, the precursor of the modern era. In the early s, a cotton picker was designed that would pick approximately 8, pounds of seed cotton in one day.
The Victorian Age
Polluted water and damp housing were the main causes. Many colonial administrators took on their duties with a fierce determination to do good.
History of Anglo-Saxon England
They were performed in the city of Yorkfrom the middle of the 14th century until Byfew argued - as had frequently been asserted against the Chartists in the s and s - that to allow working men to vote would be to cede power to an ignorant, insensate and unworthy majority.
But even this era could not survive itself from the social class system. Skilled Class — They had unskilled labors working under their supervision.
Preserved in the same manuscript with Sir Gawayne were three other poems, now generally accepted as the work of the same author, including an intricate elegiac poem, Pearl. The inside was divided into two rooms by canvas partition.
Darwin took his Voyage of the Beagle, and posited the Theory of Evolution. King Charles reigned from and was executed It was also a time, which today we associate with "prudishness" and "repression". Hosts, sometimes with families, were former military men, disengaged Overlanders, local merchants, and established farmers of American, French, Scottish, English, German, Irish, Native American half breeds, and French Canadian descent.
Shreds of cotton cloth and cotton bolls have been discovered in a Mexican cave that are at least 7, years old. A number of colonial wars were fought and insurgencies put down as bloodily as the colonisers considered necessary.
Victorian Children's Toys and Games
It would be a gross exaggeration to claim, as many contemporaries did, that those living in a British colony felt privileged to be ruled by a people anxious to spread the virtues of an ordered, advanced and politically sophisticated Christian nation to those 'lesser breeds' previously 'without the law'.
Women did, however, play an increasingly influential role both in locally-elected school and poor law boards and in local government from the s onwards. Women did, however, play an increasingly influential role both in locally-elected school and poor law boards and in local government from the s onwards.
He put these words into the mouth of a spoof peer of the realm in the comic opera 'Iolanthe', which he wrote with Arthur Sullivan in The mid-Victorian period () is the relevant period for this term paper.
Mitchell points out that “England enjoyed domestic stability, progress and growing prosperity” [4] during this era.
Period Introduction Overview The Victorian Age, During the Victorian Age, England changed as much and as dramatically as it had in all of its previous history. Old English literature, or Anglo-Saxon literature, encompasses the surviving literature written in Old English in Anglo-Saxon England, in the period after the settlement of the Saxons and other Germanic tribes in England (Jutes and the Angles) c.
Victorian era
A mental health history including asylum and community care periods, with links to Andrew Roberts' book on the Lunacy Commission and other mental health writings, and the asylums index and word indianmotorcycleofmelbournefl.comd on England and Wales, it reaches out to the rest of the world with links to the general timeline of science and society, America timeline, crime timeline, and the (embryo) sunrise.
The Guide to the Seven World Wonders. Iguazu is a waterfall with a difference; it isn’t a singular waterfall; it isn’t one massive drop from the top; it’s a collection of waterfalls that spans a. Food Timeline: history notes--pioneer, Civil War, cowboy and Victorian foods.
Overview: Victorian Britain, 1837 - 1901 Download
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Female Medal of Honor Recipient: Mary Edwards Walker
Instructor: Eve Levinson
Eve has taught various courses of high school history and has a master's degree in education.
Mary Edwards Walker was the first female recipient of the United States Medal of Honor, recognized for her work in Civil War hospitals as well as her service as a prisoner of war. Dr. Walker was also known for her advocacy of women's rights.
When Mary Edwards Walker was born in 1832, women's roles in society were fairly limited. From the earliest stages of her life, she pushed the expected boundaries by graduating from the Syracuse Medical College and practicing medicine in Ohio. When the Civil War started in 1861, this background made her well prepared to volunteer for the war effort on the Union side. She began as a nurse in a temporary hospital in Washington, DC, and then worked in battlefield tent hospitals in Virginia. After earning a second medical degree, she was named the assistant surgeon of the Army of the Cumberland in Tennessee. Toward the end of the war, Walker was assigned to the Ohio 52nd Infantry, with which she continued her role of assistant surgeon.
Mary Edwards Walker wearing Medal of Honor
Mary Edwards Walker wearing Medal of Honor
Medal of Honor
At the conclusion of the war, Walker was awarded the Medal of Honor, which is the highest Armed Services award given to an individual for bravery when confronted with the enemy. She demonstrated this bravery in 1864, when she was assisting with a surgery on a Confederate soldier in a battlefield hospital tent and was captured by the Confederate Army. Though fulfilling her medical obligation to treat all wounded people, she was held prisoner in Richmond, VA, for several months. Some believe she might have purposefully been captured to act as a spy, but there is little evidence to prove this action.
A couple years before Walker's death in 1919, the United States government changed the parameters that determined who would be eligible to be awarded the Medal of Honor. Unfortunately, she fell outside of the new considerations and her name was removed from the list of honorees. Still, as the strong woman she was, Walker kept the metal and continued to wear it for the rest of her life. In 1977, President Jimmy Carter reinstated Walker to the list of recipients.
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The Australian Boer War Memorial
Anzac Parade Canberra
Blockhouses of the Boer War
The tactic of building a chain of forts came from the American war in Cuba in 1898. This campaign, which had settled down to a series of inconclusive actions, had demonstrated effectively that forts could not prevent guerrilla action. But it was the blockhouse and the concentration camps that were to be major factor contributing to ending of the war.
Lord FS Roberts had set up a series of forts to guard the railway, when Gen CR de Wet started systematically blowing up his lines of communication in June 1900. The railway line was the only effective and fastest means of communication. The forts were a series of trenches reinforced with stone walls or sangers surrounded by barbed wire. The reason being that the Boers still possessed a few artillery pieces capable of destroying any fixture that might be built. As the war lingered on the Boers discarded their artillery pieces paving the way for more permanent structures to protect railway bridges and the railway itself.
Roberts handed over the command of the British Army in South Africa to Lord H. Kitchener on 29 October 1900 thinking the war was over and only a few rebels roaming the country. It was during November and December that wrecking of the railways had reached its maximum during the war and construction of the masonry blockhouses started in December that year. Each masonry blockhouse took up to three months to erect costing between £800 and £1,000 each. Realising that thousands of blockhouses would be needed Kitchener resorted to prefabricated forts. Kitchener being a military engineer had found his métier! Several prototypes were constructed but the one developed by Major S. R. Rice was to be adopted.
Kitchener's strategy was to divide the country into small areas by fortified lines preventing the Boers from crossing from one area to the next. It would be possible to move British columns by train into areas of Boer activity and attack them with precision and rapidity. Later on Kitchener started his "Land Clearance" policy were his columns could completely clear an area and deny the Boer commando's food and rest. As the war dragged on the hunted Boer would have three choices. To try and break through the blockhouse line, to break back through the mounted infantry pursuing them or to give up the hopeless struggle and voluntary pay the toll to the bag.
In the end there were over 8 000 blockhouses of all different types constructed during the war. Some 50 000 men were deployed to guard all the blockhouses. The length of blockhouse lines covered up to 6 000 KM. The whole cost of erecting the blockhouses with all their entanglements, was over £1 000 000. Gen de Wet called Kitchener's blockhouse system the blockhead system.
Masonry Blockhouses go to top of page
Most of the 441 masonry blockhouses were constructed between December 1900 and the early part of 1901. They were mostly built to the standard three-storyed blockhouse design by Major-General E. Wood (Chief Engineer) using mortared stonework or reinforced concrete. They were erected at important points such as railway bridges, railway stations and towns.
The standard three storey masonry blockhouse housed between seven and forty men, commanded by a subaltern (Army officer below the rank of Captain) or senior NCO. The use of the ground floor was for storage, the first floor as a living area and the second floor for observation over the countryside. The gap between the eaves of the pyramid shaped timber and corrugated iron roof and the top of the parapet wall on the second floor was closed by canvas "drops" during foul weather. Two steel machicouli galleries were placed at two diagonally opposite corners to allow flanking fire along the walls in case of an attack. They could also be used as a mounting platform for a machine gun. Access to the blockhouse was by means of a ladder to a steel stable type door situated on the first floor. The ladder could be drawn up inside in an event of an attack. Trap doors were situated in the middle of each wooden floor and access to the next floor was by means of a wooden ladder. The interior walls and woodwork were lime whited, this increases light and preserves the timber and makes for cleanliness.
Each loophole was numbered to facilitate the speedy dispersal of each soldier to his post in an event of an attack. The roof was fitted with galvanised gutters, which discharged rainwater through internal downpipes to circular corrugated iron water tanks on the ground floor. The tanks were topped up regularly in dry weather by train or water cart. Food, water, ammunition and mail was also delivered by train or cart
Corrugated Iron Blockhouses go to top of page
The first metal blockhouse was built at Nelspruit, January 1901. This was a rectangular building that consisted of an inner and outer corrugated iron supported by wooden poles imbedded in the ground. The inner and outer skins of corrugated iron were separated by 25 centimetres filled with stone and sand. Small loopholes were made by cutting openings in the wall. This provided sufficient protection from rifle fire.
By February Major Rice had developed his circular corrugated iron blockhouse. He retained the idea of two corrugated iron skins to be separated by shingle sufficiently to stop rifle fire. The circular design provided good all round visibility and the lack of corners did away with the need for wooden posts. Wood rots and splinters when hit by bullets or shrapnel putting the occupants at greater risk. The steel door to the blockhouse was sheltered by another piece of corrugated iron. The Major Rice blockhouse could be erected in six hours by six trained men. The only change to his successful design was the replacing of the square gabled roofs by a circular one that gave rise to the name of "Pepperpot blockhouse". With mass production the cost to build a blockhouse dropped from £44 down to £16.
Each blockhouse was surrounded by a stone wall about 0.6 meters high. Circular and radiating trenches were dug and stone sangers erected. This allowed the garrison to get in and out and fight from the prepared defensive position. Barbed wire entanglements were fashioned to provide a seemingly impregnable defence. A typical corrugated blockhouse garrison consisted of seven men, one junior NCO and six men. A lieutenant would have charge of three to four blockhouses and a captain ten to twelve. A battalion could occupy up to 60 blockhouses. Stores and food were kept in the space under the roof.
Kitchener's Maginot Line go to top of page
Blockhouses were at first put up at 2.5 Km intervals on the main railway lines. This had an effect in stopping the disruption of the railway lines and bridges. The large intervals between blockhouses did not stop Boer commandos from crossing the railway lines at night. As the war progressed the interval between blockhouses was reduced and on the Ermelo - Standerton line the interval was reduced down to 700 meters. The longest protected line was the 280 Kilometre Komatipoort to Wonderfontein railway line. Kitchener also resorted to building 34 cross-country blockhouses. Though independent of the blockhouse system, some Royal Engineer companies fitted up shields on ox-wagons and thus converted them into mobile blockhouses for use with convoys, or for "stopping" some point where the Boers crossed the line.
Barbed wire fortifications were placed between adjacent blockhouses. Later on stronger annealed wire was used which could not be severed by simple wire cutters. Bells and various noisy items were placed on the fence to sound an alarm when being tampered with. Even loaded rifles that fired automatically by trip wire and chemical alarms producing a flare were being employed by the end of the war. Blockhouses were arranged with their loopholes angled away from each other so that rifle fire from one blockhouse would be directed away from its neighbours. When a number of blockhouses opened up with rifle and machine gun fire, the whole surrounding area would be swept systematically with bullets. Under such conditions it was almost impossible for Boers to slip between the Blockhouses. This made it difficult for Boer leaders to unite their commandos for co-ordinated action.
Life in a Blockhouse go to top of page
Life in the blockhouse was very dull and tedious. The routine was simple and unchanging, the possibility of Boers trying to cross the blockhouse line always present. There was little scope for amusement on the veldt. A common diversion was the erection of dummy sentries. Blockhouse sentries, especially at night, were understandably nervous and tended to shoot at any sound.
Apart from sentry duty, there was nothing to do, and Tommy Adkins the ordinary British soldier became jumpy and ill tempered. They made the best of the blockhouse. They planted petunias in Bully-Beef tins. They chalked up the usual facetious names like Krugers Castle, Rundle's starving eight and Chamberlain's innocent victims. And they wrote letters for the weekly mail wagon to take back home. There was little gossip about on the telephone that connected every blockhouse to its neighbours. There were pets to be looked after, dogs, goats, pigs and lizards. There were the convoys that passed from time to time.
A summer night storm would rattle all those tin cans connected on the trip wires. This caused Tommy Adkins to fire a fusillade of shot into the darkness. When one of the automatic flares was tripped, all blockhouses that saw the signal began to fire even when nothing was visible in the dark. Unfortunately the flares could be activated by animals wandering into the fence. In one such occasion the firing spread up and down the line for about 160 Kilometres.
The English poet and author Rudyard Kipling (1869-1936) of the Jungle Book fame describes the men manning the blockhouse in his poem BRIDGE GUARD IN THE KARROO.
No, not combatants - only details guarding the line.
The blockhouse was part of a successful strategy that eventually brought the 'bittereinder' Boers to the negotiating table. Although the Boer general, Christiaan De Wet, thought they prolonged the war because the great expansion of the blockhouse system in mid-1901 allowed the Boers to regroup and fight on.
go to top of page
by Mike Hanslow
photos: author's collection
© Royal Australian Armoured Corps Association NSW, ABN 49709547198
Click to contact
website designed and maintained by cibaweb Site Disclaimer
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RUSI of NSW Boer War Battlefields
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520 | Researching information about Little Penguins!
21 June 2019
In 520 we have been learning how to research information and write it down as ‘key phrases’. We then sorted these phrases into different categories! For our informational reports on Little Penguins, our categories are:
1. General information (the classification)
2. Diet and Eating Habits
3. Habitat and Lifestyle
4. Size and Appearance.
Children have also been researching their different adaptations: structural, behavioural and physiological. We will include these in our texts and categorise them into the correct paragraph.
We can’t wait to finish our informational texts and put them on display!
-Matt Johns, Year 5 Teacher
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Apprentice Engineering of Medieval Times Register View Cart
In medieval times, there was a huge number of engineering and innovations. Crossbows, drawbridges, towers, cranes, the compass and more were invented during those times. The lands then were ruled by feudal courts in a castle, with each castle having a great deal of land around it that was ruled by the lords and ladies of the castle. Because owning land meant more power, many lords and ladies went to battle with other lords and ladies, trying to take their castle and control their land. This led to many incredible devices being engineered, such as catapults. Students will split into groups forming their own feudal courts of lords and ladies. They will try to beat out the other teams in various challenges to show their prowess and crowned kings and queens of the lands with the Engineering for Kids Crown.
• Please bring a snack
• INSTRUCTOR: Engineering for Kids
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Emptiness is the key notion of the Madhyamika school of Mahayana Buddhism, one of the two main Mahayana schools. Often over-simplified by conflation with anatman (no-self), it goes deeper: not just things, but actions, relations, constituents of mind and matter — everything is empty of intrinsic existence. Emptiness is what allows the interpenetration of co-dependent origination. The great expositor of emptiness and the founder of Madhyamika philosophy was the second century Indian monk Nagarjuna.
A word about Madhyamika: Madhyamika literally means “the middle way.” In popular discourse, this phrase is often interpreted like the story of Goldilocks and the three bears — neither too much nor too little but just right. While Buddha did speak, for example, of practice being not too tight or too loose, etc., that’s not what “middle way” means. The middle way of the Mahayana is a technical philosophical position denying the truth of any sentence and its negation. For example, reality cannot be captured by “it is raining” and it cannot be captured by “it is not raining.” This notion of the middle way is deeply connected to sunyata.
Note that Madhyamika and the other main Mahayana school, Yogacara, are not mutually exclusive. The Zen tradition freely takes from both systems, depending on context.
For more information see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyata. Also see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhyamaka.
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Decorative image - Primary
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The Ant and the Dove
To think about how we can behave more selflessly. To consider that even the smallest of good deeds deserves one in return.
by Jude Scrutton
Suitable for Whole School (Pri)
Preparation and materials
• Cast:
Narrator (big part - can be a teacher)
The Ant (small speaking part)
The Dove (small speaking part)
Birdcatcher (non-speaking part)
• Time will be needed to brief children on the script and to enable them to rehearse in advance. In addition to the words, they should practise miming to the narrated sections.
• For notes on drama in assemblies, please refer to our Resources section.
1. Welcome the children and introduce the theme for the assembly - fables: stories that give you something to think about. Explain that we will be retelling a well-known fable by Aesop.
2. Discuss the features of fables: stories that are mostly told using animals (with human characteristics). They all have a moral or meaning.
3. Perform the play:
The Ant and the Dove
Narrator: One day an ant was enjoying a mid-afternoon walk. The sun was shining, the birds were singing. It was a beautiful day.
Ant: All this sun is making me very thirsty.
Narrator: So the ant went off in search of some water. Soon he came to a river. He stood on the bank and started to drink. As his thirst began to subside, a gust of wind blew him into the river. The ant, who could not swim, began to panic. He was close to drowning.
Ant: Help! Help!
Narrator: A dove was flying by and saw the ant struggling in the water. She flew down onto a nearby tree. She used her beak to break a leaf from a branch and dropped it near the ant.
Dove: Here, get onto this leaf and float to safety!
Narrator: So the ant struggled onto the leaf and sure enough, he floated to safety. The ant was very relieved to still be alive and was very thankful for the dove's help. However, the dove was nowhere to be seen.
Later that day, the dove was minding her own business, looking for some food to take back home for her children. Little did she know that a birdcatcher was lurking. He had set his trap for the dove and was ready to pounce, when …
(The ant creeps up and bites the man on the foot.)
The birdcatcher shouted in pain. The dove, realizing what had happened, flew away to safety. She looked down at the ant and waved. She was free.
4. After the play, ask the children what the moral (meaning) of the story was. Discuss how the ant returned the good deed by saving the dove.
5. Discuss with the children times where they have been helped by others. Do they remember these occasions, and have they helped them back?
6. Ask the children to think about times where they have been selfish. Ask how they think they might stop themselves being spiteful or selfish another time.
Time for reflection
Dear God,
Please help us to be kind to others.
Help us to help others when we can.
Help us to be grateful and always say thank you
and help us not to be selfish or unkind.
'If I had a hammer' (Come and Praise, 71)
Publication date: May 2002 (Vol.4 No.5) Published by SPCK, London, UK.
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"url": "https://www.assemblies.org.uk/pri/160/the-ant-and-the-dove"
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1877 Thomas Edison Cylinder Recorder
There is no doubt that Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) played a major role in the development of recorded sound.
There is no doubt that Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) played a major role in the development of recorded sound. Besides holding patents for more than 1,300 inventions such as incandescent lighting, the stock-ticker, fuses, electrical distribution systems and the kinetoscope “peep show” viewer, Edison’s landmark patent (USA #200,521) filed on Christmas Eve, 1877, eventually gave rise to an entire industry—even though the cylinder format that he developed was comparatively short-lived.
According to legend, Edison replayed the words “Mary had a little lamb” on the prototype “phonograph/speaking machine.” This first device was crude, using a diaphragm with a sharp point to etch variable-depth indentations in tinfoil wrapped around a hand-cranked cylinder, and the sound was replayed by a lighter diaphragm/needle combo tracking those same grooves. The cylinders were not removable, although Edison proposed removable foil sheets that could be reproduced by creating masters from Plaster of Paris molds.
In later patents, including the British BP 1644/1878 in late 1878, Edison proposed dozens of other phonograph concepts, including using discs rather than cylinders, wax materials rather than tinfoil, double-sided discs, electromagnetic recording/playback, electroplating and pressing manufacturing/replication, and even an amplification system based on compressed air. However, Edison was late in filing for Stateside protection on these claims and his U.S. patent was refused, leaving these concepts unprotected.
Meanwhile, Bell unveiled its Graphophone based on removable wax-paper cylinders; Edison countered with his 1888 “Perfected Phonograph,” which used a removable solid-wax cylinder. Other than making archival recordings, the main use of the Edison recorders was for transcription. All of this changed around the turn of the century, when molded cylinders became a reality and suddenly the market for music recordings opened up. Eventually, the popularity of cylinders began to fade (although Edison made them until 1929), and Edison reluctantly debuted his first commercial disc phonograph in 1912.
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"url": "https://www.mixonline.com/technology/1877-thomas-edison-cylinder-recorder-383579"
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How to Make Electricity Using an Orange
••• Jupiterimages/ Images
Citrus fruits, such as oranges, lemons and grapefruits, can be used to generate electrical currents. The acid in these fruits combines with electrodes, such as copper and zinc, to generate electricity. Acting as a battery, these fruits can power small devices such as LED lights and basic digital clocks. Creating an orange battery as a science project is a valuable way for children to gain hands-on experience with how electricity functions.
Squeeze the sides of the orange to loosen the juice inside and prepare it for the experiment.
Insert both the copper and galvanized zinc nails into the orange. The nails should be 2 inches away from one another with the tips in the center of the orange.
Take a small light bulb and remove the insulation from the leads, or bulb wires, which must be at least 2 inches in length; the bare wires must be exposed. An LED holiday light works well for this purpose.
Wrap one of the exposed wires around the galvanized zinc nail that is sticking out of the orange. Secure it with electrical tape if necessary. Repeat with the other end of the wire, wrapping it around the copper nail.
Watch as, once the second wire is attached, the orange generates enough electricity to make the small light bulb light up.
• Measure the amount of electricity being generated by attaching a Micro Ammeter to the orange battery. Attach one terminal to the copper nail and one to the galvanized zinc nail using crocodile clips.
Photo Credits
• Jupiterimages/ Images
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"fasttext_score": 0.019577980041503906,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8970673680305481,
"url": "https://sciencing.com/make-electricity-using-orange-8160788.html"
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