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Attica c. 480 BCE
Map Code: Ax01569
When the Persian king, Xerxes I, invaded Greece in 480 BCE he was at the head of a vast Persian force of close to 300,000. Xerxes’ juggernaut army struck fear and terror in the Greek city-states. After the Spartan defeat at Thermopylae, Xerxes’ land route to Athens was undefended. It was only a matter of time before he lay siege to Attica and its capital city, Athens. Attica was seized by panic and it was decided to take guidance from the Oracle of Delphi whose prophecy was apocalyptic: ‘Why sit you doomed one? Fly to the ends of the earth. All is ruin…’ Many Atticans fled from the region, leaving behind the old and infirm. Xerxes’ army swept through Attica, burning and sacking cities as they advanced towards Athens. The border fortifications at Gyphotokastro, Kavasala and Phyle had only small garrisons and were ineffectual in blocking the Persian advance.
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Mathematical Resources
Popular Resources
When was a computer matched against humans on a television game show?
In 2011, Ken Jennings, the contestant famous for winning 74 games in a row on the television quiz show Jeopardy! played against a computer. The IBM machine, called Watson, named after IBM’s founder, Thomas J. Watson, is actually a question answering machine. This artificial intelligence comes complete with software and technologies that allowed it to understand and answer encyclopedic questions posed in a natural language. The researchers working on Watson needed to program the machine to not only answer the question, but wager bets (in something called a “daily double”), and even make educated bets on the final round.
In the end, Watson beat not only Jennings at Jeopardy, but a third player, Brad Rutter, with the final tally at $77,147 to Watson, $24,000 to Jennings, and $21,600 to Rutter. But the researchers also admitted that the machine may have benefited from what is called the “buzzer factor”—humans anticipate the buzzer to answer a question, and if they buzz too early, they can be locked out of the ability to answer by about a quarter of a second. Watson could hit the button in as little as 10 milliseconds, a time difficult for a human to beat, and in the second round Watson beat the others to the button 24 out of 30 times.
Overall, it was a victory for the field of artificial intelligence (called “the study and design of intelligent agents”), a computer science subfield that has had its share of failures over the past decades. Watson’s calculating abilities will not go unused: The researchers at IBM are now using the machine’s skills to develop a physician’s assistant service that will allow doctors to call on a “cybernetic assistant” and will eventually add voice recognition software to the service.
The architecture of the decision tree used by IBM’s Watson computer to reach conclusions based on inputted data.
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When Queen Anne of England declared war on France and Spain in 1702, the people of South Carolina were overwhelmed with anxiety about the security of Charleston, the colonial capital. Fortifications built along the town’s eastern waterfront provided some protection against potential invaders, but the rest of the community was undefended. After a Carolina military expedition failed to capture Spanish St. Augustine, the provincial government adopted an emergency plan in late 1703 to build an entrenchment around Charleston—an earthen wall and moat to encompass the capital’s urban core.
“Entrenchment” is a term used in military architecture to describe a pair of linear defensive components often used to protect a specific area like a town. First, workers excavate a perimeter trench or ditch or moat to slow or deter attackers on foot or on horseback. Second, workers pile the excavated earth next to the ditch to form a defensive berm. The resulting berm or “entrenchment” serves as a protective barrier to shield defenders and repulse attackers who might approach or traverse the ditch. Due to the nature of the materials involved, entrenchments are relatively inexpensive and simple to create, but they are inherently impermanent works. They are best suited for temporary occasions, like sieges, in which an attacker arrives at the perimeter of a town or castle and rapidly constructs a line of entrenchment to defend its approach. To render such earthworks more permanent, builders can add rigid materials like bundles of sticks (fascines), boards, bricks, or stones to hold the earth in place. These materials provide reinforcement, or “revetment,” that can extend the lifespan of an entrenchment indefinitely if properly maintained.
Inset from the “Crisp Map” of 1711
The earthen entrenchments constructed within urban Charleston during the early years of eighteenth century endured on the landscape for a single generation, but they have long formed one of the most iconic and misunderstood features in the narrative of local history. The so-called “Crisp Map” of South Carolina, published in London in 1711, depicts Charleston as what we might describe as a “walled city,” outlined by a trapezoid-shaped network of walls, moats, bastions, redans, and drawbridges. This illustration has been reproduced in countless books and articles over the past three centuries, accompanied by vague descriptions of the town’s early defenses. Absent among this literature, however, is any detailed discussion of when, why, and how Charleston’s earthen walls were created. Today’s program focuses solely on the historical context that triggered the decision to enclose the town behind a defensive wall and moat. In future programs, we’ll continue this narrative by examining the methods of constructing the entrenchments, the ongoing efforts to repair them, and the eventual decision to remove them from the urban landscape.
Shortly after moving the capital of South Carolina to the peninsula known as Oyster Point in 1680, the provincial legislature authorized the construction of some rudimentary fortifications made of earth and wood along the Cooper River waterfront of “new” Charles Towne (now Charleston). Work commenced in 1694 to build a brick “wharf wall” along the east side of modern East Bay Street, measuring nearly one half of a mile in length. The storm surge associated with a strong hurricane in the autumn of 1700 ruined much of the initial brickwork, but the project quickly rebounded and continued. By the summer of 1702, South Carolina’s provincial government mounted two dozen cannon at three emplacements along the unfinished brick “wharf wall”: an unfinished brick “fort” (later called Granville Bastion) at the southern end of the Bay, a small battery of unknown materials at the east end of Tradd Street; and a completed brick Half Moon Battery at the east end of Broad Street. Beyond these works along Charleston’s eastern waterfront, the south, west, and northern parts of the town remained unguarded.
In August 1702, news arrived in Charleston that King William II of England had died in March, and his successor, Queen Anne, had declared war on France and Spain in May. Historians refer to this international conflict as Queen Anne’s War, or the War of Spanish Succession, which was destined to last for eleven years. Although most of the fighting took place in Europe, the conflict extended across the Atlantic to include the various colonies in the Americas. For the first time since the settlement of the South Carolina in 1670, a state of formal warfare now existed between the English government in Charleston and the Spanish government at St. Augustine, Florida. The Floridians had recently completed an impressive stone fortress, the Castillo de San Marcos, to defend their capital, while the waterfront defenses of Charleston remained relatively weak and unfinished. After learning of the new declaration of war, South Carolina’s provincial government was compelled to consider methods of improving the fortifications around its capital as quickly and cheaply as possible.
This story continues at Charleston Time Machine. . . .
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Where are the basal ganglia located?
Where are the basal ganglia located?
The basal ganglia are a group of structures found deep within the cerebral hemispheres. The structures generally included in the basal ganglia are the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus in the cerebrum, the substantia nigra in the midbrain, and the subthalamic nucleus in the diencephalon.
Where does the basal ganglia get input from?
corpus striatum
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
What is the function of the basal ganglia quizlet?
Involved in producing essential neurotransmitters for forebrain circuits which are involved in involuntary movements and pleasure, reward, and attention.
What happens when there is damage to the basal ganglia?
Damage to the basal ganglia cells may cause problems controlling speech, movement, and posture. This combination of symptoms is called parkinsonism. A person with basal ganglia dysfunction may have difficulty starting, stopping, or sustaining movement.
What is basal ganglia in psychology?
a group of nuclei (neuron cell bodies) deep within the cerebral hemispheres of the brain that includes the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. The basal ganglia are involved in the generation of goal-directed voluntary movement. Also called basal nuclei.
What do you mean by basal ganglia?
The basal ganglia, or basal nuclei, are a group of subcortical structures found deep within the white matter of the brain. They form a part of the extrapyramidal motor system and work in tandem with the pyramidal and limbic systems.
What does the left basal ganglia control?
The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion.
Can you recover from a basal ganglia stroke?
Like most types of stroke, basal ganglia stroke is possible to recover from, especially when a consistent rehabilitation plan is followed. By exposing the brain to repetitive stimulus, you can help spark neuroplasticity to rewire the brain and regain lost functions.
What is a left basal ganglia stroke?
This type of stroke occurs when blood leaks from a burst, torn, or unstable blood vessel into the tissue in the brain. The buildup of blood can create swelling, pressure, and, ultimately, brain damage. Many basal ganglia strokes are hemorrhagic strokes, which often result from uncontrolled high blood pressure.
What causes basal ganglia stroke?
What causes basal ganglia stroke? Many of the strokes that occur in the basal ganglia are hemorrhagic strokes. A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when an artery in part of the brain ruptures. This can happen if the wall of an artery becomes so weak it tears and allows blood to leak out.
How do you fix a basal ganglia?
Neuroplasticity refers to your brain’s ability to repair itself and create new neural pathways. These new pathways are formed through repetitive, therapeutic exercise. This means one of the best ways to treat the many effects of basal ganglia damage is to exercise your affected muscles.
What is Fahr’s syndrome?
For which disorder have patients benefited from deep brain stimulation of the basal ganglia?
Over the last two decades deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a major new therapeutic modality for disorders involving the basal ganglia, specifically Parkinson’s disease and dystonia, as well as Tourette syndrome (TS), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and treatment-resistant depression (TRD).
How does deep brain stimulation work in Parkinson’s disease?
Parkinson’s disease causes irregular electrical signals in parts of the brain that control movement. DBS uses electrical stimulation to modulate these control centers deep to the surface of the brain, improving communication between brain cells. This helps to reduce symptoms such as tremor, slowness, and stiffness.
How does deep brain stimulation work?
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgery to implant a device that sends electrical signals to brain areas responsible for body movement. Electrodes are placed deep in the brain and are connected to a stimulator device. Similar to a heart pacemaker, a neurostimulator uses electric pulses to regulate brain activity.
What is stereotactic pallidotomy?
Stereotactic pallidotomy procedures allow neurosurgeons to destroy a portion of the globus pallidus, and thereby, decrease patients’ muscle rigidity from Parkinson’s disease. These surgical procedures primarily involve magnetic resonance-guided stereotactic targeting and microelectrode recording techniques.
Can surgery cure Parkinson’s disease?
Surgery is an option for some people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) to help treat the symptoms. There is no type of surgery that can cure PD; however, surgical techniques may relieve symptoms from PD in some patients.
What is the surgery for Parkinson’s?
Currently, the most common surgical treatment for Parkinson’s disease is deep brain stimulation (DBS). This treatment strategy is typically reserved for bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor in patients who no longer respond to medication in a predictable manner or who suffer medication-induced dyskinesias.
Can surgery make Parkinson’s worse?
In the weeks after surgery, PD symptoms may be temporarily worse due to the stress of surgery. Recovery can be slow as compared to someone without PD. Be patient, as typically everything will return to baseline if given enough time.
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Why don't ants die when falling from a high distance? Sharon, Moose Jaw, Canada
It's a hot muggy day on the steep slopes of a Malaysian rainforest.
About 20 metres above the jungle floor, a small brownish-red acrobat ant clambers out of a nest hidden under the whitish-grey bark of a macaranga tree. Locking clawed back feet into the tree trunk, she follows an ant-laid chemical trail down the trunk to forage for insects. A monkey hurtles past, brushing her off. Falling, the ant wildly splays her legs like a parachute to slow her descent, and spirals downward, picking up speed. In less than a second, she reaches terminal velocity, about 6.4 kilometres an hour, and falls at that speed until she hits ground. She crawls away - unhurt - to search for a chemical path back home, high above.
How do ants fall such vast distances and survive? Easy. Two factors save them:
- They have so little mass relative to their air resistance that they fall slowly and, therefore, have little energy to dissipate when they hit.
- Their bodies are tiny deformable tanks, well designed to absorb blows.
Falling slowly
Ants, like all objects falling through the atmosphere, have a terminal velocity that depends on their shape, size, and mass. An ant picks up speed as she falls through the air. The air, in turn, resists her movement with a force proportional to the square of her speed. Eventually she reaches a speed at which the upward drag forces exactly balance her downward weight and she stops accelerating. That speed is her terminal velocity.
The terminal velocity of a small to medium ant is about 6.4 km/h, according to the physics department of the University of Illinois. An ant would fall faster, given a ball-like shape, but the ant's no dummy. She thrusts her legs out, presenting more surface to the air, to fall slower, like a flat sheet of paper instead of a balled-up sheet. Indeed, a man has a terminal velocity of about 200 km/h with arms and legs fully extended to catch the wind like a parachute and about 320 km/h when curled into a ball. An ant slows similarly.
But, it isn't falling that hurts, it's the sudden stop. Hitting ground, however, reaps the big benefits of falling slowly. When the ant hits, she must dissipate her falling (kinetic) energy in order to halt. That kinetic energy depends on the square of the velocity - not just velocity. So she must dissipate much less energy on impact, than say a man falling at a higher velocity. An ant goes 4 mph when she hits - about 1/30th times slower than a falling man on impact. She absorbs only 1/26,000,000th (1/26 millionth) times the energy of the man (assuming an ant weighs 1/10th of an ounce (0.3 g) and a man 180 pounds (82 kg)). No wonder the man probably dies and the ant walks away, unhurt.
"Sufficiently small animals cannot be hurt in a fall from any height: A monkey is too big, a squirrel is on the edge, but a mouse is completely safe," says biologist Michael C. LaBarbera of the University of Chicago.
But an ant has even more advantages to survive falls. She isn't built like a human.
Sturdy bodies
An insect's skeleton surrounds its body like armour. But, unlike a tank's steel plating, an insect's armour is deformable to absorb and dissipate blows. It is made up of several layers; the outer layer is made of a tough substance called chitin (which is similar to the keratin that makes up our fingernails).
Even if impact with the ground rips a hole in the ant's exoskeleton, the ant is unlikely to bleed much, because insect blood has excellent clotting characteristics, Mr. LaBarbera says.
The nervous system is distributed throughout an ant's body, so the head can take blows, unharmed, that would probably knock a vertebrate unconscious or kill him.
Concrete ants and others may well impact concrete, but as Meyers points out, not so tree ants: "An ant falling 18 metres from a tree in the Malaysian rain forest is not likely to hit its head on a concrete sidewalk. The forest floor of vegetation and decaying leaves would make for a pretty soft landing!" emails entomologist John Meyer , professor at North Carolina State University.
The circulatory system is likewise distributed. An ant has a long tube 'heart' that runs the length of her abdomen. The exoskeleton protects the fragile tube from impact.
Finally, some ants glide!
Glider ants of the Amazon have adapted an ant's slow fall into a glide to better survive the return trip.
When a glider ant falls from 30 metres, she doesn't fall to the forest floor. Instead, she falls a little bit, slows down, twists for a backward approach, swoops to the tree trunk (like a kid on a rope swing), hits on the back of her armor-plated abdomen, and plunks her clawed feet on the trunk - only about 10 metres from where she started.
Had she fallen to the ground, how could she possibly find an ant-laid chemical trail leading home among the litter? Worse: predators abound. She'd be unhurt from the fall, but would die, nevertheless.
Almost certain death from predators is the major evolutionary driving mechanism behind the gliding behaviour, says insect ecologist Stephen P. Yanoviak of the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, the discoverer of such ants.
Further Reading:
April Holladay lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Her column, WonderQuest, appears every second Monday of the month on To read April's past columns, please visit her website . If you have a question for April, visit this information page .
You can also comment on this article at Google Groups
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5th Grade Science - Bottle Flip Challenge
If you have a middle school student, then you know about bottle flipping. Ms. Jay sure knows about bottle flipping and decided to use the students' obsession with it to teach about the physic concepts of gravity and angular momentum.
So what is this bottle flipping fad? Kids spend hours trying to toss a mostly empty plastic water bottle so that it lands exactly upright. Landing it on the bottom is good. Landing it on its lid seems to make the kids go bonkers.
The key science concepts involved in bottle flipping are in the center of gravity and angular momentum. Center of gravity is where the mass of an object is centered and more importantly the point around which the object spins. Angular momentum is the tendency of an object to continue spinning. It depends on the mass, size of the object and how fast it is spinning.
As part of the project, 5th graders got to flip lots and lots of bottles, record their results, and understand the science behind it all.
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Emperors’ funeral ceremonies
This post is also available in: Polish (polski)
Funeral of the Roman Emperor
Vintage Design Pics
With the uprising of the empire, the first person in the Roman state became the emperor, who gradually became equivalent to the Roman gods. Therefore, in the second century CE there was created the whole funeral ceremony, which was aimed at a worthy farewell to the beloved emperor.
Once the Nerva–Antonine dynasty rules, the process of deification of emperors, where all family members became gods, was disseminated. Previously, only the Augustus and Claudius (Julio-Claudian dynasty) and Vespasian (Flavian dynasty). To emphasize the divinity of the deceased emperor, it was necessary to create all the symbolism on the occasion of the funeral.
In the event of the Emperor’s death, his body was twice cremated. First, the body was burnt in the environment closest to the family, leaving this moment in the private sphere. After burning the corpses at the stake, the remains of the bones were laid in a mausoleum.
The second cremation had a symbolic dimension and was a public demonstration of the emperor’s apotheosis. Ceremonies of this type usually took place on the Field of Mars, outside the city. At that time, the wax effigies of the Emperor were burned, imitating the deceased. Those were treated as real; even it happened in 193 CE at the funeral of Pertinax that slaves pretend to drive away the flies from the doll. In turn, the effigy of Septimius Severus for almost seven days was exposed to public view, pretending to be a sick emperor. Sometimes even doctors were invited to check the health of the “ruler”.
After the funeral ceremonies, the effigy was burned at the stake, at the top of which was a cage with an eagle. As the mannequin burned through the fire, the bird was released from captivity and flew to the sky, symbolizing the soul of the deceased emperor. The wax figure, in turn, melted completely, leaving no trace of the “emperor”.
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Alfred Russel Wallace was a British naturalist who lived from 1823 to 1913. He is recognized for independently forming the theory of evolution through natural selection. In 1858, before Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species, Wallace’s paper on the subject was published jointly along with some of Darwin’s writing. Throughout his lifetime of exploration and study, Wallace became the world’s foremost expert on the geographical distribution of animal species.
Wallace was fascinated by the biodiversity in Malaysia and Indonesia, wherein 1859 he charted to an exact physical boundary the separation between fauna which is native to Asia and that which is found in Australia. ‘The Wallace Line’ runs between Bali and Lombok and between Borneo and Sulawesi.
A map showing Wallace’s route taken from his book The Malay Archipelago (1869)
Photo credit: Asian Geographic
It is estimated that as recently as 15,000 years ago, sea levels were more than 110 metres lower than they are today. Most of the islands that comprise present-day Indonesia and Malaysia were one landmass, now referred to as Sundaland. Nearby Australia and Tasmania also comprised a single landmass which is sometimes called Sahul.
That Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali were once connected is commonly accepted among Indonesians without the need for scientific evidence. Ask an Indonesian how Bali came to be its own island; you may hear a tale about how a giant magic dragon isolated a dishonest gambler.
Lombok was not connected to Bali, either by ancient lands nor legend. Although the distance between Bali and Lombok is only 35 kilometres, the Lombok Strait is so deep that it has been filled by water for millions of years.
A parrot
Lombok is east of Wallace’s Line, in the region known as Wallacea, consisting of islands which were not connected to either ice age continent. This area shows a history of inhabiting animals which were capable of island-hopping. Present-day islands including Lombok and the Lesser Sunda Islands have much of the same Australasian fauna as SahuI, but not the same animals as Sundaland and mainland Asia.
Wallace identified the 250m depth of the Lombok Strait as the single most compelling explanation for the differences between Asian and Australian animals. It caused various species to remain isolated from each other on opposite sides of the Lombok Strait through centuries of migrations and evolution.
Many bird species are demonstrative of the division between animal life on both sides of The Wallace Line. Bali has thrushes, woodpeckers, barbets, trogons, paradise flycatchers and paradise shrikes, minivets, blue drongos, pheasants and jungle fowl, but hardly any exotic colourful birds. The opposite is true in Sulawesi, Papua and Timor, where you find parrots, cockatoos and lories.
A thrush
Wallace inferred that the species of birds specific to Bali, being primarily flightless and weak-flying birds, must have descended from Asiatic birds which arrived in Bali when it was an eastern point connected to mainland Asia 15,000 years prior. Rising sea levels then stranded populations of birds which could not fly over open water.
According to Wallace, the region’s transformative climate history could also explain the presence of large land mammals from Asia such as tigers on Bali and Borneo. There was a tiger population in Bali at the time of Wallace’s research (hunting and agriculture lead to the extinction of Bali tigers in the 1930s). However, there were no tigers in Borneo, possibly ever. Wallace believed that tigers must have been in Borneo and the Sunda Islands after the last glacial maximum even if they had not survived. The Dayak people of Borneo shared the belief that tigers once lived in their midst, but they, like Wallace, did not have evidence.
A tiger
The Wallace Line is accepted as a faunal boundary. Wallace continued fieldwork in Asia, the Amazon and the Americas. He went on to develop a breadth of groundbreaking discoveries including warning colouration in animals but also continued to study and defend the theory of natural selection. After evolution was widely accepted by the scientific world, many arguments have been voiced. Wallace wrote one of the most celebrated books on evolution in 1889: Darwinism. He was among the first biologists to write seriously about the potential of life on other planets and to publish concerns about the negative impacts of human activity on our natural environment.
In 2015, scientists presented the most convincing evidence of Borneo tigers to date. Research published in ‘Genetic Ancestry of the Extinct Javan and Bali Tigers’ references mitochondrial DNA analysis as proof of tiger colonies in Borneo and the Sunda Islands approximately 11,000 – 12,000 years ago.
Discover and enjoy the wonderful flora and fauna of Indonesia from the comfort of your own luxury villa in Bali or Lombok.
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Where do shags come from?
Written by
Reconstructing the family tree of New Zealand’s blue-eyed shags has enabled scientists to unravel their past—and may help determine their future.
The blue-eyed shag family includes bird species from all around the country: the rare king shag from the Marlborough Sounds, the Otago shag, the Foveaux shag, the extinct (but recently discovered) kōhatu shag from Northland, and species on the Chatham, Auckland, Campbell and Bounty islands, plus more-distant relatives on other subantarctic islands and in South America.
Nic Rawlence from the University of Otago set out to track the evolution of the entire group, and his team’s genetic research revealed the birds evolved in South America. This is unusual for New Zealand birds, which most often arrive from Australia on the westerly winds. Blue-eyed shags were probably blown off course into the Southern Ocean and island-hopped around the subantarctic before arriving here around 2.5 million years ago and rapidly diversifying.
That there are so many different species here is because of a paradoxical personality trait of blue-eyed shags. Though shags are obviously prone to accidental oceanic travel, once they find somewhere they like, they don’t stray far from home. That meant each small population was isolated from the rest and evolved independently.
Then the ice ages struck, and Antarctic sea ice expanded all the way up to the more southerly subantarctic islands, spelling the end for the blue-eyed shags living there (the birds feed in shallow waters near their colonies, and when those froze over, they would have starved). When the ice retreated during a warmer period, blue-eyed shags recolonised the Southern Ocean from South America—but that later wave of migrants couldn’t get a foothold in New Zealand, as shags on the mainland had survived. “There were already blue-eyed shags that were happy, that were filling the job vacancy for blue-eyed shag,” says Rawlence.
Genetic evidence confirms what biologists already knew about the family: “They are very, very prone to disturbance,” says Rawlence. “Whether that is human disturbance, polluting the oceans, or overfishing.”
That makes them sentinels for the health of the Southern Ocean. “Working out how they evolved and how they’ve responded to past climate change can help us think about how they will respond into the future.”
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Perpetual Beacons? Lighthouses & The Civil War
Old Point Lighthouse was built in 1855 along the California Coast.
During a political campaign speech in 1860, John C. Breckinridge — the current vice presidential and one of the Democratic Party’s candidates for the executive office — addressed rumors that circulated about him and his views on slavery and states rights. He took the stance that duly elected leaders’ will had to be accepted and avowed his support of the U.S. Constitution, saying:
“Yes, the truth will prevail. You may smother it for a time beneath the passions and prejudices of men, but those passions and prejudices will subside; and the truth will reappear as the rock reappears above the receding tide. I believe this country will yet walk by the light of these principles. Bright and fixed, as the rock-built lighthouse in the stormy sea, they will abide, a perpetual beacon, to attract the political mariner to the harbor of the Constitution.”[i]
The imagery that he invoked pointed to the tempestuous politics and his firm hope that the Constitution would serve as a guiding light. How familiar would his audience have been with the visual of a lighthouse? While the land-locked Kentuckians that he addressed in 1860 might not have seen a coastal lighthouse in person, 19th Century Americans were familiar with the nautical beacons and their importance to maritime ventures. Just eight years earlier, the Federal government had taken active measure to improve the signal points, but the coming Civil War — prompted in part when Breckinridge lost the presidential election to Abraham Lincoln and the secession crisis began — challenged the “perpetual beacons” that lined the coastlines.
The first lighthouse in the United States stands in Boston Harbor, first erected in 1716 and later rebuilt after the Revolutionary War.[ii] The pattern established with the Boston Light unfortunately played out with many lighthouses decades later with the Civil War: constructed, intentionally destroyed in war, rebuilt.
As the United States formed as a nation and trade increased again, maritime beacons came under the direction of the Federal government by act of Congress in August 1789. Oversight of the lighthouses fell to the newly formed Treasury Department and by 1820 they were the responsibility of the Fifth Auditor of the Treasury.[iii] Stephen Pleasonton served as Fifth Auditor from 1820 until 1852, providing a period of stability and growth. (Stephen Pleasonton’s sons, Alfred and Augustus, both became generals during the Civil War.)
Under Pleasonton’s control lighthouse establishment grew from 55 lighthouse in 1820 to 331 lighthouses and 42 lighthouse ships by 1852.[iv] Pleasonton committed himself, his clerks, and his lightkeepers to frugality. Everything was accounted for and explained. While Pleasonton ran a tight and department, but his frugality became his downfall; he refused to explore innovations that would keep the American shore lights on the cutting edge of technology which could have saved lives at sea. To Pleasonton, the investment in the new Fresnel lenses developed in France and known for their concentrated light beams or exploring new fuels for the all-important lamps was a waste of time and money.[v] In 1851, Congress launched an investigation.
A First Order Fresnel Lens (the largest type) displayed at the Newport News Mariners’ Museum. (photo by author)
Dissention and complaints had been arriving for years about the condition of the American lighthouse system, particularly from the Army Corps of Engineers. Congress’s 1851 investigation led to a 760-page report and the recommendation to follow new best practices and technologies already adopted by Great Britain and France.[vi] Stephen Pleasonton was out, and Congress approved the adoption of the Fresnel Lens for American lighthouses. Made from crystal, these cut-glass lenses varied in size and concentrated the light from lamps burning inside the lens to create beams of light that could be seen miles away at sea. To oversee the modernization of the American lighthouses, Congress created the Lighthouse Board in 1852, a nine member establishment that would oversee the operations, effectiveness, and improvements of this maritime safety system.
One of the Lighthouse Board’s first acts was to divide American coastlines — which now included the East Coast, Gulf Coast, Great Lakes, and West Coast — into twelve districts. Captain George G. Meade spent part of the antebellum years building lighthouses in New Jersey and Florida and surveying the Great Lakes’ shoreline, providing valuable information that could be used by the Lighthouse Board. Each district had an inspector who oversaw new constructions and enforced the standards of lightkeeping on the lighthouse keepers.[vii] With lives depending on the lighted beacons, the role of a lightkeeper was not a romanticized life of ease by the sea; instead, long night watches, daily cleaning, repairs, and other tasks filled his or her time. The Board also started publishing Light Lists which located and gave details about every lighted point or location along the coast, providing valuable information for mariners.[viii] During the Civil War, many of the lighthouses along the Southern coastline “went dark.”
Confederates targeted lighthouses during the war for two main reasons. First, they were Federal establishments. Like forts and arsenals, lighthouses were a symbol of the Federal government and power. Turning a cannon on a lighthouse’s structure or shooting the valuable crystal lens seemed like a fun way to show some rebellion. Secondly, as the Union blockade of the Southern coastline gained power, Confederates destroyed or at least removed keepers from the lighthouses to deactivate the bright navigational guides. Ironically, destroying the lighthouses also meant that the Confederacy’s blockade runners no longer had warnings of shoals, reefs, inlets, or rocks. Sometimes the on-shore supporters of blockade runner would show small lights on the beach as a signal, but these were not as effective as the powerful warning beams from a lighthouse.
Taken after the Battle of Mobile Bay, this image shows the damages to Mobile Point Light (Alabama Department of Archives and History)
Ironically, the Confederacy established its own Lighthouse Bureau, divided its shoreline into districts and promptly realized destroyed structures and the need for a darkened coast to annoy the Yankee blockaders left a limited role for their bureaucratic office. Raphael Semmes — who later gained fame as the commander of the commerce raider CSS Alabama — proposed the bureau during the early days of secession and the Confederate Congress made him the head of the department on March 6, 1861. By April 18, however, Semmes hurried off to outfit his first commerce raider, leaving the Confederate States Lighthouse Bureau existing but drowning. Events at the lighthouses and the actions of local customs officers to remove keepers, destroy structures, or sometimes safely stow away the valuable equipment left the clerks scrambling to keep up. By 1862, the Bureau had little to do.
Union forces did their share of lighthouse destruction as well. Sometimes intentionally with a raid on the location. Other times, the lighthouses were just in the way of a bombardment. At some locations, the abandoned lighthouses became temporary shelters or places of morally questionable recreation for bored Union soldiers.[ix]
After the Confederacy’s defeat, the Federal Lighthouse Board took charge of the navigational aids again. The task of rebuilding and appointing keepers along the Southern coastline mirrored the Reconstruction Era. It also opened a valuable opportunity for Union veterans or their widows.
Lightkeeping was hard work that required dedication, but it also ensured a place to live, the guarantee of food for the keeper, and steady pay. Union veterans, including some who had been partially disabled by the war, applied for the positions of keeper or assistant keeper. Sometimes, they received the post and the payment to provide for the family and their wives assisted with the work they could not physically perform due to war injuries. In other cases, women appealed to the Lighthouse Board asking to stay or to be appointed lightkeeper due to their husband’s service and sacrifice during the Civil War. Other lightkeepers were mothers who had lost sons during the war, and this was a way that the Federal government could support them through providing work and payment. Remarkably for the era, female lightkeepers received the same amount of pay as male lightkeepers. The Board did not discriminate and sometimes district inspectors preferred to hire female lightkeepers since their attention to detail (and house keeping!) tended to be better. Changes in the early 20th Century reduced the number of female lighthouse keepers as the job became “professionalized” and electricity changed the nature of the work.[x] But for some Civil War veterans, widows, or grieving mothers, the opportunity of lightkeeping was a financial lifeline along with the opportunity to give their lives a new heroic purpose.
Like the “perpetual beacon” that John Breckinridge envisioned in his political address, the real lighthouses along the American coastlines added the maritime commerce of the antebellum period. During the Civil War years, thousands of dollars of Federal property at the lighthouse locations were destroyed by intention, accident, or circumstance of war. However, as the country rebuilt and changed after the war, the lighthouses rekindled their flames, shining on under the watchful eyes and skillful hands of the keepers — sometimes men or women recovering from the loss of war. Though nearly all American lighthouses are electrified and automated in the modern era, the legacy of lighthouses and lightkeeping has left a trail of courage, organizational lessons, and personal stories that still intrigue and enlighten today.
[i] William C. Davis, Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol, (Lexington: The University of Kentucky Press, 2010) Page 239.
[ii] Francis Ross Holland, Jr., America’s Lighthouses: An Illustrated History, (New York: Dover Publications, 1988) Pages 8-10.
[iii] Ibid, 27
[iv] Ibid., 32
[v] Ibid., 28
[vi] Ibid., 34
[vii] Ibid., 36
[viii] Ibid., 36
[ix] “Confederate States Lighthouse Bureau” published by the United States Lighthouse Society. Accessed 1/13/2022.
[x] Mary Louise Clifford and J. Candace Clifford, Women who Kept the Lights, (Alexandria: Cypress Communications, 2001).
About Sarah Kay Bierle
3 Responses to Perpetual Beacons? Lighthouses & The Civil War
1. Scott Shuster says:
Very interesting, thanks!
2. Very interesting. I wonder if the reason Confederates equated lighthouses with government power/control had to do with the controversy decades prior regarding the funding of internal improvements. Lighthouses might have constituted as internal improvements, which Southern Democrats believed should not have been subsidize by the federal government, for the reason that it might have set a precedent for government intervention in commerce and trades across states/countries. Just learning about this in school, so my brain automatically went there, haha.
• Interesting. That sounds like something that would interesting to explore at the district level of the lighthouse administration and see if there are some records. It would make sense…
Please leave a comment and join the discussion!
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Witchcraft: The Spell that Didn't Break
Witches by Hans Baldung Grien (Woodcut, 1508)The advent of industrialisation and the rise of the so-called 'Enlightenment' during the eighteenth century has often been portrayed as a watershed in British cultural life. Advances in the field of science and medicine are presumed to have rapidly dispelled 'superstitious' beliefs, as the spread of rational knowledge gradually trickled down to the masses. The dark days of the witch-trials were left behind and the people were freed from the everyday fear of the witch. However, historians are starting to realise that the history of witchcraft does not end with the execution of the last witch or the legal denial of their existence.
The Witchcraft Act of 1736 repealed the English Statutes against witchcraft of 1563 and 1604, and also the Scottish Statute of 1563 (the Irish statute of 1587 remained fossilized in legislation until its belated repeal in 1821). From thenceforth the law dictated that
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Quick Answer: When did kentucky become a state?
What year did Kentucky gain statehood?
• Nov 9, 2009. Kentucky was granted statehood in 1792, becomingthe first U.S. state west of the Appalachian Mountains. Frontiersman Daniel Boone was one of Kentucky’s most prominent explorers and many immigrants followed the trail he blazed through the Cumberland Gap, known as the Wilderness Road.
What number state is Kentucky?
Overview of Kentucky Famous frontiersman Daniel Boone created a trail known as The Wilderness Road in the late 1700s that allowed settlers to move westward and into Kentucky. By 1792, Kentucky became the 15th state and the first west of the Appalachian Mountains.
What was Kentucky before it became a state?
After the Revolutionary War, Kentucky became a part of the state of Virginia. Soon the people of Kentucky wanted to make their own government. They applied for statehood and on June 1, 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state. During the Civil War, Kentucky was a border state and also a slave state.
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Why did Kentucky separate from Virginia?
Several factors contributed to the desire of the residents of Kentucky to separate from Virginia. First, traveling to the Virginia state capital from Kentucky was long and dangerous. Second, offensive use of local militia against Indian raids required authorization from the governor of Virginia.
What was the first town in Kentucky?
Harrodsburg, Kentucky’s oldest town, was established (as Harrodstown) near the head of Salt River by… Kentucky, constituent state of the United States of America. 7 дней назад
What is the most dangerous animal in Kentucky?
If you’re behind the wheel, it’s a deer. The most dangerous animal in the state of Kentucky is not a rattlesnake or black bear. It is the docile, beautiful but-oh-so-deadly whitetail deer.
What are people from Kentucky called?
People who live in Kentucky are called Kentuckians, Kentuckers and Kentuckeyites.
Who was the first person to live in Kentucky?
In April 1750, Dr. Thomas Walker and his small group of pioneers ventured into southeastern Kentucky. They became the first white men to enter the area, even before Daniel Boone.
What is the best place to live in Kentucky?
The top 10 best places to live in Kentucky for 2020 are: Fort Thomas. Edgewood. Villa Hills. Fort Mitchell. Wilmore. Fort Wright. Cold Spring. Bellevue.
Was Kentucky underwater?
During most of the Devonian, Kentucky was covered by shallow tropical seas (Fig. 15), although some lands may have been dry at times in what became central Kentucky. During the latter part of the Devonian, deep seas covered Kentucky, and the water was poorly oxygenated at depth.
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Why did Virginia split into two states?
West Virginia was born out of sectional differences during the Civil War. The schism that split the United States in two during the Civil War did the same to Virginia. Although Virginia joined the Confederacy in April 1861, the western part of the state remained loyal to the Union and began the process of separation.
What state did Kentucky split from?
Kentucky was admitted into the Union as the 15th state on June 1, 1792, splitting from Virginia in the process. It is known as the ” Bluegrass State “, a nickname based on Kentucky bluegrass, a species of grass found in many of its pastures, which has supported the thoroughbred horse industry in the center of the state.
Is Kentucky good place to live?
Many outdoor lovers consider moving to Kentucky after visiting attractions like Mammoth Cave National Park, Red River Gorge and Lake Cumberland. Cities in Kentucky celebrate the state’s rich history and agricultural ties. Lexington, Danville and Louisville are among the best places to live in Kentucky.
What is the oldest county in Kentucky?
Kentucky County Formation Chart
County Founding Date Founding Order
Jefferson County 1780 1 of 3 original counties
Lincoln County 1780 1 of 3 original counties
Fayette County 1780 1 of 3 original counties
Nelson County 1785 4
What Indian tribes lived in Kentucky?
Tribes and Bands of Kentucky Cherokee. Chickasaw. Delaware. Mosopelea. Shawnee. Wyandot. Yuchi.
Who helped build one of the first communities in Kentucky?
Harrodsburg, Kentucky’s oldest town, was established (as Harrodstown) near the head of Salt River by James Harrod and a party of 37 men in 1774. Other settlers also founded towns, and before long they began to call for separation of the judicial district of Kentucky from Virginia.
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House by The Railroad, 1925 by Edward Hopper
Hopper frequently used a straight. horizontal motif, usually a road or railroad track. to construct the space within the picture and to emphasize the division between the picture space and the viewer's world. Indeed, the more the viewer tries to penetrate the depths of a Hopper painting, the more impenetrable it becomes. What holds the viewer is that the artist's vision seems under control and yet, on closer inspection, the viewer realizes that the visible surface is a tissue of improbabilities and unreadable shifts in space. Hopper's view that nature and the contemporary world were incoherent contributed to his artistic vision.
The sunlight illuminating House by the Railroad is bright enough to cast deep shadows on the stately Victorian mansion, but not to chase away an air of sadness.
The painting expresses Edward Hopper's central theme: the alienation of modern life. Instead of happy, anecdotal pictures celebrating the energy and prosperity of the Roaring Twenties, Hopper portrayed modern life with unsentimental scenes of either physical or psychological isolation. Most are set in the city, where people often look uncomfortable and out of place. Others, like House by the Railroad, picture solitary buildings in commonplace landscapes. Hopper's House by the Railroad is symbolic of the loss that is felt when modern progress leaves an agrarian society behind.
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King Henry VIII Defends the Seven Sacraments
Henry VIII, King of England (1491–1547, r. 1509–1547).
Assertio septem sacramentorum adversus Martinum Lutherum, aedita ab invictissimo Angliae et Franciae rege, et domino Hyberniae Henrico eius nominis octavo.
London: Richard Pynson, 1521. (00630)
In response to Luther’s critique of indulgences and his 1520 De captivitate Babylonica ecclesiae, King Henry VIII issued the theological treatise “Defense of the Seven Sacraments,” dedicated to Pope Leo X. The pope responded by assigning King Henry the title of Fidei Defensor (“Defender of the Faith”), a status later revoked following the king’s own break with the Catholic Church in the 1530s.
A highly successful example of early anti-Protestant polemic, the work appeared in at least twenty editions during the sixteenth century, including two different German translations published by 1522. Exemplifying the ongoing debate in print around these issues, Luther responded to King Henry’s critiques with his 1522 Contra Henricum Regem Anglie(“Against Henry, King of the English”).
Controversies and Critiques, Polemics and Creeds
King Henry VIII Defends the Seven Sacraments
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The Galloway horse is an extinct breed that at the turn of the seventeenth century played a remarkably political role in English popular culture. As this chapter will show, the landrace was on one hand thought desirable and profitable to breed, while on the other hand it was negatively associated with its Scottish origins. This contradictory reputation was used by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson to reflect upon English-Scottish relations, and in the case of Jonson, to explicitly comment upon the character of England’s new king, James I. What these playwrights’ use of the Galloway name indicates is that at the end of Elizabeth I’s reign horses were used as shorthand to represent regional, national, and in the case of James, personal identities.
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1) The Calvin Cycle cannot take place in photosynthetic cells at nighttime. Why is this the case? [Hint: you must describe what happens to the proton gradient in chloroplasts at night].
2) Rubisco is an important Calvin Cycle enzyme that is required for Calvin Cycle reactions to take place. The molecule CA1P is a potent and specific inhibitor of the enzyme Rubisco. In photosynthetic cells where CA1P is present, the Calvin Cycle is blocked, but the light-reactions are also subsequently blocked. Provide an explanation as to why the light-reactions are blocked by CA1P
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What is a MONOLOGUE?.
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Presentation on theme: "What is a MONOLOGUE?."— Presentation transcript:
1 What is a MONOLOGUE?
The purpose of a monologue is to convey important information to the audience that will be needed to understand the overall storyline. This information is called exposition.
4 (A popular tool used by Shakespeare.)
TYPES OF MONOLOGUES A direct monologue is when a character recognizes that an audience is present and speaks to them directly. An indirect monologue occurs when a character speaks to another character on stage without recognizing the presence of an audience. A soliloquy is when a character speaks their inner most thoughts out loud as if there is no one there to hear them. (A popular tool used by Shakespeare.)
5 The key to good acting is making
6 The only WRONG CHOICE an actor can make is to make NO CHOICE at all.
There are no right or wrong choices. There are only good choices and better choices The only WRONG CHOICE an actor can make is to make NO CHOICE at all.
7 THE CHOICES YOU MAKE The choices an actor makes about a character and a scene are too numerous to count. However, There are some common choices that are most important. WHAT IS THE SITUATIONS? Where is the actor…who are they talking to… why are they saying what they are saying. WHAT IS THE CHARACTER FEELING? WHAT DOES THE CHARACTER WANT? HOW WILL THE CHARACTER GET WHAT THEY WANT? WHAT DOES THE CHARACTER GET OR ACCOMPLISH?
8 SAMPLE MONOLOGUE LOUIS is a picky eater. He only eats hot dogs. He’s over at his friend Jack’s house, and Jack’s mom, Mrs. Jones, doesn’t have any hot dogs. No, I’m sorry, Mrs. Jones, I don’t eat that. I only eat hot dogs. You don’t have hot dogs? Oh. Well, maybe I should go home then. That’s all I eat. Hot dogs for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Sometimes I eat to or three instead of just one. My mom says I’ll grow out of it someday. I doubt it. I love hot dogs. My little sister is worse. She only eats chicken soup. She sticks her pigtails in the soup and sucks it out of her hair. It’s disgusting. Well, tell Jack I’ll see him later. I’ve got to go home and have a few hot dogs. I think it’s a three-hot-dog day. See you later, Mrs. Jones!
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Trusted answers to developer questions
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Garbage collection in Java
Educative Answers Team
Garbage collection (GC) is the process of freeing up (or collecting) unused memory from the heap. This freeing-up process is necessary because as a program continues to execute, it creates objects dynamically on the heap, which decreases the amount of free space that can be allocated to a newly created object.
Garbage collection in Java has three phases:
1. Marking
In this phase, those parts of the memory which are in use, and those that are not, are identified. An object which has no reference to it is considered to be unreachable and is, therefore, marked unused. Since checking all of the memory and marking it consumes a lot of time, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) makes this process more efficient by dividing the heap into three generations:
1. Young
2. Old (or Tenured)
3. Permanent
The young generation is further divided into three spaces:
1. Eden
2. First survivor space
3. Second survivor space
2. Deletion
Initially, the survivor spaces are empty, and every new object is allocated memory in Eden. Once Eden gets completely filled, a minor garbage collection is performed; the unreferenced objects are deleted and the survivors are copied to the first survivor space.
When Eden fills up again, another minor GC is performed, both on Eden and the first survivor space. Unused objects in both these spaces are deleted, while the survivors are copied to the second survivor space. Those objects which are copied from the first survivor space have their age incremented.
This process continues, but with the survivor spaces switching, i.e., every time Eden runs out of memory, the first and second survivor spaces alternately get cleared during a minor GC. The slides below demonstrate this process:
Eden not completely filled
1 of 8
3. Promotion
Objects in the survivor spaces, whose age is above the set age threshold, are promoted to the old generation. When the need arises, a major GC will be performed on the old generation to free up space.
Objects do not get promoted to the permanent generation as it contains metadata about the classes that are in use by the Java application. Some metadata may be cleared (collected) if a class is identified as no longer being in use, or if a new class requires space in the generation.
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What is Screen Tearing: Phenomenon Explained
Screen tearing is a common problem associated with monitors. It is the disparity between the graphics processing unit’s (GPU) frames per second (FPS) and the monitor’s refresh rate (measured in Hz); Frame rate exceeds the refresh rate.
Manifesting as a horizontal line splitting the displayed image, at one or more places, screen tearing can result in a less than perfect user experience when watching videos or playing video games.
What Is Screen Tearing?
simulated screen tear
Simply put, screen tearing occurs when the display (monitor) is not synchronized with the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU).
To better understand this occurrence, you need to understand the relationship between the display and the GPU.
Basically, images are displayed on computer monitors as single still frames. To depict motion, the images are repeatedly rendered on the screen over and over again, with slight changes to each new render. The monitor receives control signals from the GPU.
Screen tearing results from the interaction between the monitor/display and the GPU. It occurs when the GPU and display are working out of sync with each other.
Whenever an image is sent from the GPU to the display, the display unit starts rendering it – this process is not instantaneous. If the GPU sends another image before the display has finished rendering the initial image, it is forced to continue the rendering process using the new input/information. This results in a torn screen or mixed image.
The rate at which the GPU sends images to the display is dependent on each video’s frame rate or FPS (Frames Per Second). On the other hand, the rate at which the display pulls images from the GPU is dependent on its refresh rate. A 60Hz display is capable of pulling up to 60 frames/images from the GPU per second.
The main reason why these two systems may not be in sync is due to the fact that monitors render images at a fixed rate while the GPU sends new images to the display at varying rates- depending on the frame rate (FPS) of different scenes on a video.
As such, it is important to note that screen tearing occurs whenever the display and GPU are not in sync, regardless of whether the monitor refreshes slower or faster than the GPU’s rate of sending new information. This phenomenon is bound to occur whenever these two are loading at different speeds.
How to Prevent Screen Tearing?
You can prevent or minimize screen tearing in a number of ways, including:
1. Monitor Refresh Rate
One of the simplest and most basic ways to prevent screen tearing is by matching your monitor’s refresh rate to the GPU’s frame rate. If you have a monitor that has a high refresh rate (frequency), and want the display to pull fully rendered images from the GPU every time it refreshes, consider capping its refresh rate to the GPU’s FPS.
This is a great solution if you are getting a torn screen simply because your GPU is not able to match your monitor’s faster refresh rate; or playing games, or videos, that also have a capped FPS which can be matched by capping your monitor’s refresh rate.
However, it is worth noting that screen tearing will still occur whenever the GPU’s frame rate exceeds the monitor’s refresh rate.
2. Frames Per Second (FPS)
Another way to prevent screen tearing is by limiting your GPUs frame rate (FPS). If you are experiencing screen tearing because your GPU’s frame rate is consistently outpacing your monitor’s refresh rate, you can eliminate it by simply capping the FPS.
Capping the frame rate by a multiple of the monitor’s refresh rate eliminates screen tearing by creating a buffer of the output from the GPU.
It is worth noting that while this solution does prevent screen tearing, it may lead to screen stuttering, where one frame/image is displayed repeatedly, as the display waits to refresh; This results in input lag.
3. G-Sync
Considered to be one of the most effective ways of preventing screen tearing without a significant impact on input lag, G-Sync is a hardware module installed in specific monitors. This technology is designed to force the display and the GPU to work in sync with each other.
This technology relies on Variable Refresh Rate to eliminate the occurrence of screen tearing. Simply put, G-Sync normally works to synchronize the GPU output with the display input by varying the refresh rate of the display to match the Graphics Processing Unit’s frame rate, dynamically.
During video playback or when playing video games, G-Sync eliminates screen tearing as long as the highest refresh rate (frequency) of the monitor is not exceeded. Furthermore, all of this is achieved with the least amount of input lag, all thanks to its variable overdrive feature.
However, it is worth noting that you need to have an NVIDIA graphics card to use G-Sync. This solution is also quite pricy as a result of the components used to manufacture it.
4. FreeSync
To eliminate screen tearing, FreeSync provides a Variable Refresh Rate by using the AdaptiveSync protocols of HDMI and DisplayPort. An AMD technology, FreeSync only works with compatible monitors and GPUs.
Just like G-Sync, this technology works to ensure that the GPU does not send any new images to the display before the rendering of previously sent images/frames is complete. To eliminate screen stuttering, which occurs when the frame rate of the GPU goes below the dynamic refresh range of the monitor in use, FreeSync turns itself off automatically – when the frame rate dips below the applicable range.
While FreeSync is not as costly as G-Sync, it is also not as effective. For instance many, G-Sync monitors are known to have a narrow dynamic refresh range. As such, buyers must be careful when shopping for these monitors, making sure that they look for those with a wider ranger.
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An A-Z Guide To The Search For Plato's Atlantis
Latest News
• Joining The Dots
Joining The Dots
Recent Updates
Edward Hull
Gulf Stream
The Gulf Stream was first identified in 1513 by Juan Ponce de León. It is a critical feature of the North Atlantic that is responsible for keeping the climate North-West Europe warmer than its counterpart at the same latitude of North America. However, it is wrong to assume that this benign feature has functioned permanently.
Gulf StreamIn 1955 Professor E.F. Hagemeister of Tallin, in Estonia, published her view that based on the disintegration of ionium, an isotope of thorium, at various depths in the Atlantic, she believed that the Gulf Stream came into existence (again) around 10,000 BC. She believed that this event, the sinking of Atlantis and the ending of the last Ice Age were interrelated and that all took place around the same time.(d)
It is generally accepted that during the last Ice Age the glaciation reached as far south as London. Otto Muck contended[098] that this would not have happened if the Gulf Stream had been functioning as it is today. His argument is that something had blocked its path and that the ’something’ was Atlantis. An early proponent of this idea was Edward Hull. Andrew Tomas advanced a similar notion a few years before Muck[348]. Wolter Smit, who is a keen student of Muck’s ideas, supports his views on the Gulf Stream(b). This idea was also adopted by Prescott Rawlings in his recent book, Atlantis, the Great Flood and the Asteroid[763]. Nevertheless, a 2016 report(c) from CAGE (Center for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Climate and Environment) offers evidence that the Gulf Stream was not cut off during the Ice Age.
>Another view was expressed in a New Scientist article in 2007, which proposed that the bursting of a glacial lake in Canada, 8,000 years ago, dumped an estimated 100,000 cubic kilometres of water into the North Atlantic, shutting down the Gulf Stream.(e)<
Gradually, evidence has been emerging that the progressive melting of the Greenland ice sheet may cause the Gulf Stream to shut down again. In 2005 data has been gathered which shows that the efficiency of the Gulf Stream has been reduced by 30% in the past 50 years and generated speculation that the Gulf Stream could shut off within ‘decades’. Such a disastrous event would, of course, seriously undermine Muck’s hypothesis, as it would demonstrate that a mid-Atlantic Atlantis was not required to generate an Ice Age. Furthermore, the Gulf Stream’s ability to absorb CO2 has also been halved(a)>between 1996 and 2005.<
>In May 2010 the Gulf Stream briefly shutdown once again without the need for an Atlantis to cause it. At last, there appears to be a greater appreciation of the number of elements that can interfere with the flow of the Gulf Stream, such as global warming, reduced salinity(f and geological heat flow(g).<
(aOcean Less Effective At Absorbing Carbon Dioxide Emitted By Human Activity — ScienceDaily (
Hull, Edward
Edward Hull (1829-1917) was a famous Irish geologist who worked for the British Geological Survey for 41 years until 1891. He was Director of the Geological Survey ofhull Ireland from 1868 and a Professor at the Dublin Royal College of Sciences. He published his memoirs in 1910 [406]+.
Hull identified the Azores as possible remnants of Atlantis following the rising of sea levels around 9000 or 10000 BC. He commented(b) “The tradition of Atlantis ‘beyond the Pillars of Hercules’ can scarcely be supposed to have originated in the mind of man without a basis of reality”.
Hull believed that Atlantis in the Atlantic deflected the Gulf Stream leading to the onset of the last Ice Age! It was over half a century before the idea was revived by other researchers such as Tomas and Muck.
In 1890 he drew a famous time chart some fifteen feet long, based on the 1650 biblical dating system[1681] of another Irishman, Dublin-born James Ussher, Church of Ireland Archbishop of Armagh (1625-1656). What is strange about this is that while Ussher dated the beginning of the world to 4004 BC, Hull’s own writings were based on more scientific data. This same chart has been republished more recently by Barnes & Noble(c) and updated in a manner that has horrified creationists.
However, it should be noted that Sebastian C. Adams (1825-1898) published a comparable wall chart in 1871(a), so it appears that the original concept was Adams’.
[0406]+;view=1up;seq=12 *
(b) London Budget, 1st Dec.1912
Mackenzie, Donald Alexander
DonaldMackeznieDonald Alexander Mackenzie (1873-1936) was a renowned mythologist of the early 20th century who referred to Atlantis on a number of occasions. He seemed to be inclined to place Plato’s island in the Atlantic and saw the submergence of land around the British Isles at the end of the last Ice Age as the most likely explanation[459.90].
In the same volume he touched on the Atlantic landbridge theories of Scharff, Hull and Brasseur de Bourbourg. However, Mackenzie did accept the previous year’s Paul Schliemann hoax.
In his Myths and Traditions of the South Sea Islands,he dismisses the idea of a lost Pacific continent as existing only “in the imaginations of writers untrained in scientific method.”[1030.5]
One of his many books, Myths of Crete and Prehistoric Europe[460], which contains a chapter on the possibility of a Cretan connection with Atlantis, is available on the internet(a).
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The rise of bicycle sharing schemes
Click here to access a Google Doc of these resources.
This graphic is a great example of how a range of fascinating data can be portrayed in one place. When you look at a graphic like this you need to take your time to make sure that you understand what it is showing and make the most of the richness of the data.
Reading the x and y axes
The x-axis (along the bottom) shows the maximum number of bikes available in each of the 150 bike sharing schemes.
The y-axis (up the side) shows the average number of times these bikes are used each day in each scheme.
Understanding the circles
The circles on this graphic are proportional symbols. They show the size of the population who live within 1km of the docking stations where the shared bikes are kept.
There are two circles for each bike sharing scheme represented. The first shows the situation in 2016 and the second in 2018. A change in their size for a place shows a change in the size of the population within 1km of a docking station.
A change in their position on the graph shows how the number of bikes in the scheme has changed and how the average number of trips per bike has changed.
Use of colour
Some of the 150 bike share schemes are labelled with places and shown in colours.
These colours indicate which part of the world the schemes are in and a key is used to explain this.
To check your understanding fill out the table below:
Change in maximum number of bikes available ’16-’18Change in number of people living within 1km of docking station ’16-’18Change in average number of trips per bike per day ’16-’18
Rio de Janeiro
In 1965 a Dutch group demanded 10,000 bikes be made available to ride for free in Amsterdam. Why does the text on the graphic say that ‘Those [schemes] moving up and to the right would make Provo proud‘?
Guided reading
silhouette of person riding on commuter bike
Photo by Flo Maderebner on
Quote 1:Once a fringe idea, bike sharing is now de rigueur
‘De rigueur’ means that something has become fashionable or seen as the right thing to do. What does this phrase tell us about the authors view of bike sharing?
Quote 2:asphalt terror of the motorized bourgeoisie
The bourgeoisie is the ruling class in society. Why did Provo think 10,000 free bicycles would combat this ‘terror’?
Look at the Revolutionary Transport graphic:
How does the graphic support the statement that the bike sharing scheme in New York is performing well?
How does the graphic support the statement that Auckland and Christchurch might want to shut their bike sharing schemes down?
Which ‘middling city’ do you think could match Rio with their bike sharing scheme if they promoted it more?
Why did you choose this city?
Global bikeshare – Co-benefits
When a scheme brings more than one benefit the additional benefits are known as co-benefits.
Bike sharing schemes are often introduced as a way of reducing traffic congestion and pollution in urban areas, helping cities become more sustainable. They also bring co-benefits for people’s quality of life.
Add the benefits below to the table. Can you add any further benefits?
1. Cycling improves mood
2. Cycling doesn’t release exhaust gases
3. Bike share schemes can help cities gain awards for sustainability
4. Bikes cost a lot less than cars and are easier to maintain
5. Cycling builds muscle
6. Use of bikes reduces traffic congestion and so cuts journey times
7. Cycling cuts risk of heart disease and cancer
8. Bikes can be used by people on low incomes and young people
9. Less material is needed to make bikes than cars and they are easier to dispose of
10. Cycle share schemes help councils to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Look at the Revolutionary Transport graphic and choose a location which needs to promote its bike sharing scheme to encourage more people to use it.
Which three points from your table would you use in a marketing campaign to promote the scheme?
Write a script for a 30 second radio advertisement to promote use of the bike scheme in your chosen location. You may like to do some research into the location to help you do this.
What obstacles are there?
Bike sharing schemes can be a great idea, but there are obstacles that need to be overcome if they are to bring benefits to the environment and people’s health.
The Bike-Sharing World Map shows you where bike share schemes can be found. This organisation estimates that there are 9.1 million bikes in sharing schemes across the world, with 8.6 million of these in China.
Too much of a good thing?
The first bike sharing schemes were usually set up by local governments and had ‘docks’ installed that bikes were taken from and returned to. Each town/ city would normally operate only one scheme, so there was no competition.
From 2016 onwards more ‘dockless’ bike sharing schemes have started. Rather than docks these use smartphone apps and GPS fitted to the bikes. This new technology reduced the cost of schemes and allowed the growth of private companies offering their services across hundreds of cities. This meant schemes had to turn a profit and competition between companies meant the prices they could charge users were driven down.
2017-18 saw some bike sharing organisations face boom and bust and many cities struggling to cope with discarded bikes as operators who failed left their bikes behind.
Target for vandals?
Dockless bikes can be left in many more places than bikes which are returned to a dock, so are harder to keep track of. They are also vulnerable to vandalism.
This has led to some providers using cheap, low quality bikes, which increases the numbers dumped. Dealing with vandalized bikes means repair teams have less time to maintain the fleet of bikes.
Can they co-exist with e-scooters?
black and orange electric scooter
Photo by Markus Spiske on
E-scooters are now available to hire in many towns and cities, sometimes as part of bike sharing schemes and sometimes in competition. E-scooters are particularly popular with young people, but don’t bring the same health benefits as cycling.
How could bike share schemes overcome these obstacles?
1. Would more local, small scale schemes make bike sharing more manageable?
2. Do bright colours and brand logos make bikes more vulnerable to vandalism?
3. Are schemes using docks better than dockless schemes?
4. Does bike sharing need to be priced differently?
5. Should bike share schemes include e-scooters?
What do you think?
How do you think bike share schemes should be run in the future? Think about:
• Economic sustainability
• Environmental sustainability
• Popularity
• Contribution to wellbeing
Return to homepage
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Saint Patrick and the Spring Equinox
Saint Patrick and the Spring Equinox
Saint Patrick's day is celebrated in Ireland and around the world on March 17th, the reputed date of his death in 461AD. It wasn't until the 1600's that Saint Patrick's feast day was placed on the universal liturgical calendar in the Catholic Church, so the date had been passed down from generation to generation for over a 1000 years.
The early Christian church in Ireland incorporated pre-christian spirituality and festivals into the 'new religion', it is conceivable that the Spring Equinox festival became christianised and rebranded as Saint Patrick's day.
The Spring Equinox is the beginning of the 'light' half of the year where the sun is strongest and the days are longer than the nights. Saint Patrick brought the 'light' of a different sun, the son of God to Ireland, the adaptable Irish Celts may have simply rebranded the Spring Equinox festival to Saint Patrick's Feast day.
Early Irish Celtic Christianity with its unique mix of Christian and pre-christian beliefs and practices continued in Ireland until the Celtic monasteries were suppressed in the 12th century. By the time the date for Saint Patrick's day was placed on the universal liturgical calendar in the 1600's the connection with the Spring Equinox would have been lost.
Saint Brigid
Another example of the christianisation of an older festival is Saint Brigid's day at the beginning of February. In pre-christian Celtic times Imbolc was a time to celebrate the Celtic Goddess Brigid, the Goddess of inspiration, healing, and smithcraft. After the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, in the 5th century AD, Saint Brigid founded a monastery in Kildare. The goddess Brigid festival was christianised to become Saint Brigid's Day. More ...
Loughcrew Equinox
Boyne Valley Private Day Tours
Boyne Valley Tours
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1.5.2 Representation Scheme
The representation scheme dimension concerns how the world is described.
The different ways the world could be to affect what an agent should do are called states. We can factor the state of the world into the agent's internal state (its belief state) and the environment state.
At the simplest level, an agent can reason explicitly in terms of individually identified states.
Example 1.4: A thermostat for a heater may have two belief states: off and heating. The environment may have three states: cold, comfortable, and hot. There are thus six states corresponding to the different combinations of belief and environment states. These states may not fully describe the world, but they are adequate to describe what a thermostat should do. The thermostat should move to, or stay in, heating if the environment is cold and move to, or stay in, off if the environment is hot. If the environment is comfortable, the thermostat should stay in its current state. The agent heats in the heating state and does not heat in the off state.
Instead of enumerating states, it is often easier to reason in terms of the state's features or propositions that are true or false of the state. A state may be described in terms of features, where a feature has a value in each state (see Section 4.1).
Example 1.5: An agent that has to look after a house may have to reason about whether light bulbs are broken. It may have features for the position of each switch, the status of each switch (whether it is working okay, whether it is shorted, or whether it is broken), and whether each light works. The feature pos_s2 may be a feature that has value up when switch s2 is up and has value down when the switch is down. The state of the house's lighting may be described in terms of values for each of these features.
A proposition is a Boolean feature, which means that its value is either true or false. Thirty propositions can encode 230= 1,073,741,824 states. It may be easier to specify and reason with the thirty propositions than with more than a billion states. Moreover, having a compact representation of the states indicates understanding, because it means that an agent has captured some regularities in the domain.
Example 1.6: Consider an agent that has to recognize letters of the alphabet. Suppose the agent observes a binary image, a 30×30 grid of pixels, where each of the 900 grid points is either on or off (i.e., it is not using any color or gray scale information). The action is to determine which of the letters {a,...,z} is drawn in the image. There are 2900 different states of the image, and so 262900 different functions from the image state into the characters {a,...,z}. We cannot even represent such functions in terms of the state space. Instead, we define features of the image, such as line segments, and define the function from images to characters in terms of these features.
When describing a complex world, the features can depend on relations and individuals. A relation on a single individual is a property. There is a feature for each possible relationship among the individuals.
Example 1.7: The agent that looks after a house in Example 1.5 could have the lights and switches as individuals, and relations position and connected_to. Instead of the feature position_s1=up, it could use the relation position(s1,up). This relation enables the agent to reason about all switches or for an agent to have knowledge about switches that can be used when the agent encounters a switch.
Example 1.8: If an agent is enrolling students in courses, there could be a feature that gives the grade of a student in a course, for every student-course pair where the student took the course. There would be a passed feature for every student-course pair, which depends on the grade feature for that pair. It may be easier to reason in terms of individual students, courses and grades, and the relations grade and passed. By defining how passed depends on grade once, the agent can apply the definition for each student and course. Moreover, this can be done before the agent knows of any of the individuals and so before it knows any of the features.
Thus, instead of dealing with features or propositions, it is often more convenient to have relational descriptions in terms of individuals and relations among them. For example, one binary relation and 100 individuals can represent 1002=10,000 propositions and 210000 states. By reasoning in terms of relations and individuals, an agent can specify reason about whole classes of individuals without ever enumerating the features or propositions, let alone the states. An agent may have to reason about infinite sets of individuals, such as the set of all numbers or the set of all sentences. To reason about an unbounded or infinite number of individuals, an agent cannot reason in terms of states or features; it must reason at the relational level.
In the representation scheme dimension, the agent reasons in terms of
• states,
• features, or
• relational descriptions, in terms of individuals and relations.
Some of the frameworks will be developed in terms of states, some in terms of features and some relationally. Reasoning in terms of states is introduced in Chapter 3. Reasoning in terms of features is introduced in Chapter 4. We consider relational reasoning starting in Chapter 12.
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Where results make sense
Topic: Moat
Related Topics
In the News (Mon 29 May 17)
Moat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Moats (also known as a Fosse) were deep and wide water-filled trenches, excavated to provide a barrier against attack upon castle ramparts or other fortifications.
A moat made access to the walls difficult for siege weapons, such as a siege tower or battering ram, that needed to be brought up against a wall to be effective.
A very important feature was that a water-filled moat made very difficult the practice of sapping or undermining, that is to say digging tunnels under the fortifications in order to effect a collapse of the defenses.
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Moats (444 words)
Excavation of the Moat of Abomey
The moat of Abomey was - according to the oral tradition - constructed by King Houegbadja (1645-1685), who moved his palace and capital to Abomey and surrounded it in a rectangular (European) manner with ramparts and moat.
In the course of the excavation it was established that the original dimensions of the moat were 12 m in width and 6.6 m in depth.
A part of the moat and rampart in Kétou city (on the Nigerian border), actually in the territory of the main local sanctuary, serves a fine example visualising the original appearance of the Abomey moat.
worldarchaeology.net /benin/excavation_moat.htm (410 words)
The surrounding moat of Stonehenge I
There is no doubt that the bottom of the moat was deliberately lined with the artificial, concrete-like material (compo) and that it provided a seal to the bottom of the moat against water seepage, whether or not that was the reason for it.
Whatever the intended purpose of the flint layer, it may not be argued that permeability of the underlying rock precludes the possibility of a moat.
Barrier/weirs are required only in the southern quadrant by the hypothesised moat, so to show that any exist in the north or west could cast doubt on their purpose, and to show they are absent in those quadrants would strengthen the argument that they were for the purpose proposed here.
orionbeadling.net /MOAT.html (3245 words)
Moat plans - Castle Quest
There are deep rock cut moats, with and without water, as well as earthen moats, also with and without water.
Moats were lined with layers of clay to stop water seepage.They most likely had a stream (or other water source) diverted to feed them.
Also a moat is an excellent place to put the pipes for a thermal heat exchanger feild, the geese and ducks will like it and the best part is you can stock the pit with your favorite type of fish.
www.castlesontheweb.com /quest/Forum6/HTML/000064.html (549 words)
Encyclopedia: Moat
Middle English is the name given by historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion in 1066 and the mid-to-late 15th century, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the...
Moat Housing Group is a leading housing association working in the south east, providing high quality affordable homes and services, including support services to people who need assistance to live independently
At first they were only simple wooden bridges that could easily be destroyed if an enemy was about to breach the fortifications.
www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Moat (1127 words)
Moat: a Virtual Private Network Appliance and Services Platform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
That is, in figure 1, the moat must be told the IP address of the ``west'' router, and the corporate security portal must be told the IP address of the ``east'' router.
Since the moat has no screen or keyboard, a filesystem inconsistency that cannot be fixed by ``fsck -a'' or other automatic procedure incapacitates the system totally and permanently.
www.av8n.com /vpn/lisa (5511 words)
Spirit's Mysterious Moat Rocks
This image shows a pair of moat rocks next to each other, yet in the larger picture (click the image to see it) all other rocks in the area are normal and do not exhibit moats.
It demonstrates that the rock itself is not the cause of the moat phenomenon.
This is the cause of the moat rock phenomenon.
www.xenotechresearch.com /moatrock.htm (1046 words)
Moat House
The Moat House is one of Appleby's most significant historic buildings, located in the heart of the village.
The original stone Moat House is believed to have been erected in 1166 by William de Appleby, and occupied by the de Appleby family until 1560.
All that remains of the original moat house is the gatehouse, through which one rode into a cobbled courtyard.
www.applebymagna.org.uk /appleby_history/moat_house.htm (691 words)
Metal Blade Records - Online
Into the Moat was eventually pieced together composed of musicians between the ages 18 and 19.
Once the line up was complete Into The Moat started playing countless shows working on their live performances, which can only be described as intense and powerful taking full command of the unsuspecting audience.
www.metalblade.com /bands/into_the_moat/index2005.html (445 words)
Moat House
During the course of the seventeenth century a series of leases of Appleby moat house by Sir Wolstan Dixie and son acting on behalf of the Grammar School, throws some light on the provisions made to maintain the building in good repair while it was being occupied.
In the 1663 constables’ returns for the hearth tax assessment, for example, it is recorded as an ‘empty house’ with six hearths in the possession of John Stanton.
The moat house continued to be let to a succession of farming tenants over the course of the eighteenth century.
www.applebymagna.org.uk /appleby_history/moat_house2.htm (1432 words)
Moat Tower
Still, the Moat and Tower is distinctive as a BEN Green Space of the Month because it is an example of an innovative, community led heritage project which can inspire other community groups by showing what can be achieved when ordinary people engage with the historic environment around them.
The moat itself was dismissed as a mere ditch by planners and `landscaped' (partly filled in, partly fenced off) in the most economical way possible.
Here at the Moat and Tower there is probably not enough left to see to make this a prestigious visitor attraction, but the residents know they are walking on layers of history, and are committed to preserving these stories in a living tradition.
www.ben-network.org.uk /participation/green_spaces/gs_more_info/Moat.html (2141 words)
GENUKI: New Moat
This place derives its name from an artificial mount, which is within a short distance of the church, and is entirely surrounded by a deep moat, which may be easily filled with water.
The parish is pleasantly situated on a branch of the river Cleddy, and comprises a considerable portion of meadow, arable, and pasture land, which is all enclosed and in a good state of cultivation.
Places, villages, farms etc within New Moat parish as shown on the parish map on the CD of Historic Parishes of England and Wales: an Electronic Map of Boundaries before 1850 with a Gazetteer and Metadata [computer file].
www.genuki.org.uk:8080 /big/wal/PEM/NewMoat (435 words)
The Chicken Moat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
www.motherearthnews.com /top_articles/1988_May_June/The_Chicken_Moat (819 words)
Moat Theatre-..at the heart of NAAS
The Moat Club was formed in the early 1950's, its object to provide Naas with suitable facilities for drama and table tennis.
It includes a 200 seater auditorium and stage with retractable seating and a fly tower, two rehearsal rooms, male and female dressing rooms and a foyer/coffee shop and bar area.The flexibility of design of the spaces inside allows for multiple use of the various spaces in the building.
The Moat Theatre development secured generous funding from the Department of Arts, Sports and Tourism and Naas Town Council.
www.moattheatre.com (179 words)
Invasion Card Spotlight: Teferi's Moat
Teferi's Moat is not as good as Moat, which cost only 2WW and stated simply 'Non flying creatures cannot attack.' Moat was an extremely broken card, while Teferi's Moat is a very good one.
By putting out Moat or The Abyss (which forces players to sacrifice a creature every turn) or Circle of Protection: Red or Disrupting Scepter, a large portion of your opponent's deck becomes useless or almost useless.
The last thing you want is the Moat ending up in the graveyard and your opponent having five new 1/1s running around to boot.
www.wizards.com /sideboard/article.asp?sb20000922a (1042 words)
BBC NEWS | World | Middle East | Israel opens bids for Gaza moat
The moat is not a new idea but it resurfaced when Israel's cabinet voted in principle to unilaterally withdraw from the occupied Gaza Strip.
Reports said the moat would be dug along the Philadelphi route - the security corridor between Gaza and Egypt.
It is not clear whether construction of the canal would mean destruction of Palestinian homes in the way, or whether the moat would be dry or filled with water.
news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/middle_east/3816591.stm (279 words)
The Moat House Hotel, near Stafford, Staffordshire UK - Conference Centre and Wedding Venue
The Moat House makes every attempt to update this website as frequently as possible but the information contained in these pages should be used for reference purposes only and details should be confirmed with the hotel prior to booking.
The Moat House is a sister hotel of The Swan, Stafford, and an associate hotel of Hadley Park House, Telford.
www.moathouse.co.uk (349 words)
Halfbakery: Moat of Doom
A moat which, instead of water, it has MOLTEN LAVA (for those who are lucky to get it on the cheap from local volcano dealers...), or, if molten lava is too expensive (I blame the inflated costs for evil geniuses.
The moat would keep running via thermo-electricity, or plain solar panels, and it will keep all opposing evil geniuses out, and your slaves in.
Or a moat of despair, with little speakers blasting the voice of Gilbert Gottfried.
www.halfbakery.com /idea/Moat_20of_20Doom (659 words)
moat. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
A deep wide ditch, usually filled with water, typically surrounding a fortified medieval town, fortress, or castle as a protection against assault.
A ditch similar to one surrounding a fortification: A moat separates the animals in the zoo from the spectators.
Middle English mote, mound, moat, from Old French, mound, or Medieval Latin mota.
www.bartleby.com /61/89/M0358900.html (127 words)
TCS Daily - Mighty Moat
In short, a moat is an attractive profit-making asset that other businesses can't easily copy.
One way to tell whether a company has a moat is to look at its profit margins compared with those of its competitors.
No moat is permanent, and even the broadest moat can be breached by clever competitors.
www.tcsdaily.com /article.aspx?id=060303C (1766 words)
Halfbakery: Spider Moat
Sure, the moat will fill with leaves, water and general nature bits; an in-built flush mechanism could help prevent this.
Collected rainwater would be stored in a tank, available for general garden purposes and the flushing of the moat.
If you suffer with ants, then this moat is perfect (as long as the nest is on the other side of the moat, of course).
www.halfbakery.com /idea/Spider_20Moat (994 words)
WorldNetDaily: Israel to build anti-terrorist moat
It was not clear whether the moat would be filled with water, as military sources had suggested last month, or would be dry.
The moat will be dug deep enough so terrorists wouldn't be able to bypass it if they try to build more underground smuggling tunnels.
The moat concept comes 11 days after Israel's security cabinet approved Sharon's plan to withdraw troops and settlements from Gaza and parts of the West Bank, and separate from the Palestinians.
www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=39013 (336 words)
James K. Glassman on Happy Stocks on NRO Financial
So, if you can find a business that has some protection against competition — that is, a moat — you may have found a happy stock.
Coca-Cola (KO) is a good example — not just because of a secret formula for syrup but because of a brand name (the most recognized word in the world after "okay"), built over a century of advertising and word of mouth.
Reputation, patents, technology — those are just some of the moats that businesses build to protect themselves from marauders.
www.nationalreview.com /nrof_glassman/glassman060503.asp (1877 words)
Moat, St John's House, Suffolk Way, Sevenoaks, Kent TN13 1TG Tel: 01732 740985
In 2005 we completed the £45 million physical regeneration programme at Pollards Hill estate, transferred in 1998 from the London Borough of Merton.
Moat to run all government low cost home ownership schemes in Kent, Sussex and Essex
www.moat.co.uk (108 words)
Re: Concept of MOAT - OrCAD Community
By analogy, a "moat" on a PCB occurs on a plane layer - a layer that is mostly all-copper, like a ground or power plane.
The moat is any continuous line of no-copper that serves to isolate one copper area from another.
Another example: the annular ring that isolates a thru-hole pad on a plane layer might be sometimes called a moat.
www.orcad.com /forums/ShowPost.aspx?PostID=9802 (172 words)
Guardian Unlimited | Special reports | Two-mile Gaza moat to foil tunnels to Egypt
Two-mile Gaza moat to foil tunnels to Egypt
The Israeli army plans to have an immense ditch dug to stop Palestinians smuggling weapons and cigarettes from Egypt into the Gaza Strip using tunnels in the border town of Rafah.
In recent months the idea of a water-filled moat had been proposed but had been rejected.
www.guardian.co.uk /israel/Story/0,2763,1241836,00.html (543 words)
Moat, a very short story
So he wallows and wallows, pitifully wallows this moat, and wallowingly complains about his lack of feet to lick.
Swallows air he does then burps, this mouth only moat, burps and pardons himself not, this mouth only moat, swallows and wallows and burps and complains of lack of feet is all he does.
So he complains again and we tease him with our feet dangle, dangle almost but not quite splash, splash and he must be getting very hungry by now licking his brown wet always lips at the sound of our feet not quite splashing still complaining as he ripples against his wet rocky shoulders.
ulfwolf.com /moat.htm (237 words)
Morningstar.com - Digging an Economic Moat
Basically, the idea of an economic moat refers to how likely companies are to keep competitors at bay for an extended period.
Obviously, assigning moats is a complicated process, and relies heavily on our analysts' knowledge of their companies and industries.
One of the first things we do when we're thinking about the size of a firm's economic moat is look at the company's historical financial performance.
news.morningstar.com /doc/article/0,,77551,00.html?ss=ye&kw=Article5 (1054 words)
The Oil Moat [Fool.com: Commentary] August 9, 2005
It is great to see new technology and a new interest in fuel efficiency in the American marketplace, but in the short term, it doesn't look like it will be enough to put a dent in demand.
Great long-term investments benefit from a moat that keeps revenues high and growing, and moats are one characteristic the team at Motley Fool Hidden Gems uses to identify superior stocks for subscribers.
If you agree that we'll be living in a world with sustained high crude oil and gasoline prices, then oil presents just that kind of moat.
www.fool.com /news/commentary/2005/commentary05080905.htm?source=eptyholnk303100&logvisit=y&npu=y&bounce=y (1111 words)
Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)
Copyright © 2005-2007 www.factbites.com Usage implies agreement with terms.
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Mark Twain
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McKettrick 2
Mark Twain’s use of irony to express a better sense humor is displayed in many of his short stories. Such as “Luck”, in this story a clergyman explains how the “hero” was able to make mistakes and receive commendations and medals because acts of stupidity turned into acts of military intelligence. “He was appointed an officer, a captain of all things” (Twain, “Luck”), the clergyman said for the reason that the stupid “hero” that had barely made it through basic training was appointed a captain. “He continued to climb up, over the dead bodies of his superiors” (Twain, “Luck”), the hero continued to make mistakes and was promoted only due to the death of his superiors and his “so called” acts of military intelligence. Twains use of irony and humor in these quotes helps display the hero’s mistakes and so called acts of intelligence in a humorous and ironic way. In many of his other short stories Twain uses humor and irony: “Concerning the difference between man and the jackass: some observers hold that there isn’t any. But this wrongs the jackass” (“Mark Twain”). A quote from Mark Twain himself showing the humor of himself outside of stories. Twain's quote seems to relate closely to the story “The Kicking Mule” “the mule raised his heels with such velocity and forces that Boggs rose in the air like a bird and alighted on all fours in a muddy ditch” (Twain, “The Kicking Mule”) This quote and Twains quote relate closely in that in the story a man is stupid enough to bet that the mule would kick him and not kick a fly off the man. The difference between man and jackass isn't any, this maybe an insult to the jackass.
McKettrick 3
“The Invalid's Story” by Mark Twain, is one of Twains best displays of the combination of irony and humor. In this story, a man leaves home to retrieve one of his old friend’s dead body so his friends family can bury him. While transporting his friend's body a mishap occurred, his pine box was mistakenly labeled to a gun...
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1945-1991: Cold War world Wiki.
GIUK gap
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GIUK gap
The GIUK gap (Greenland, Iceland, and the United Kingdom, Gap).
The placeEdit
The GIUK gap (Greenland, Iceland, and the United Kingdom, Gap) is a bottleneck between the North Atlantic and North Sea. It can be used by the UK, Iceland, Greenland and/or Ireland to blockade Scandinavian and N.W. Russia and loss of condole of it would allow those nations to send vessel out of the North Sea in to the North Atlantic unopposed. This fact was noted in WW1, WW2 and the Cold War. British fighter jets, navel fighter jets and some time navel vessels would patrol between the North Cape of Norway and Iceland as a general security measure from the early 1960s to the mid 1990s.
SOSUS sonar buoy line was set up here by NATO in the 1961. Another one was set up south of the Pacific Guam in the early 1970's.
Also seeEdit
1. Operation Northern Norway
2. Soviet invasion of Iceland
Online linksEdit
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Of Mice and Men – Context
In Section Two of your AQA English Literature exam, you will have to comment on how John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men was influenced by its social, historical and cultural context. Essentially, this means that you need to explain how the novel encapsulates the thoughts and feelings of American society in the 1930s. Like much of Steinbeck’s work, and rather a large proportion of American literature at the time, Of Mice and Men depicts the relatively poor working class of men on whom the US economy depended. The novel is set during a time known as The Great Depression, in the state of California.
The Life and Times of John Steinbeck
John Steinbeck was born in 1902 in Salinas, near the coast of California, 40 km north of the region that became the setting for Of Mice and Men. Steinbeck’s father passed on a love of nature to his son, which can be seen in the opening paragraphs of each section. Furthermore, his mother was a former school teacher who encouraged a love of reading and writing in her son. As a teenager, he spent his summers working as a hired hand on neighbouring ranches, where his experiences of rural California and its people impressed him deeply and became the inspiration for many characters in the novel. In 1919, he enrolled at Stanford University, where he studied intermittently for the next six years before finally leaving without having earned a degree. For the next five years, he worked as a reporter and then as caretaker for a Lake Tahoe estate while he completed his first novel, an adventure story called Cup of Gold, which was published in 1929.
‘Steinbeck’s best-known works deal intimately with the plight of desperately poor California wanderers, who, despite the cruelty of their circumstances, often triumph spiritually. The economic conditions of the time victimized workers like George and Lennie, whose quest for owning their little piece of land was thwarted by cruel and powerful forces beyond their control, but whose tragedy was marked, ultimately, by steadfast compassion and love.
Critical opinions of Steinbeck’s work have always been mixed. Both stylistically and in his emphasis on manhood and male relationships, which figure heavily in Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck was strongly influenced by his contemporary, Ernest Hemingway. Even though Steinbeck was hailed as a great author in the 1930s and 1940s, and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1962, many critics have faulted his works for being superficial, sentimental, and overly moralistic. Though Of Mice and Men is regarded by some as his greatest achievement, many critics argue that it suffers from one-dimensional characters and an excessively deterministic plot, which renders the lesson of the novella more important than the people in it.’ (SparkNotes)
The Great Depression
Even with an investment banker for a brother, I am still completely confuddled as to what actually caused the New York Stock Exchange to collapse in 1929, leading to what is known as The Great Depression. Wall Street’s value of shares in companies collapsed drastically, making investors sell their falling shares rapidly, which in fact just increased the speed of the crash. Consequently, businesses went bankrupt, fortunes were lost, and people became homeless, almost overnight. In the following months and years, unemployment and poverty increased dramatically, forcing men to travel great distances to find work.
The Dust Bowl
In addition to this widespread poverty, the problem was intensified by terrible drought and even worse farming techniques. In the mid-West of America, the once-fertile landscape was decimated due to over-farming and low rainfall, meaning the land became eroded and exhausted. This concoction of catastrophes is known as the Dust Bowl. Thousands of poor ranchers (farm workers) headed west to California in the hope of prosperity, just like to novel’s main characters, George and Lennie. This influx of unskilled and uneducated labourers meant they were at the mercy of the bosses, who treated the workers as they wished. Wages were low and living conditions were awful. Steinbeck tries to capture this hardship through certain characters and settings in the novel: the over-populated bunkhouse, the treatment of Crooks and the arrogance of Curley are just a few.
The American Dream
America has always been known as a ‘land of hope and opportunity’, where the likes of Dellboy and Rodney go to become mill-yan-airs. The early migrants to America went to achieve a better and happier life than the hardships they were escaping, and this mentality and faith that hard work will be rewarded with success has been passed from generation to generation. In its infancy, America was a land of rich material resources and copious amounts of space, and its society was not confined to the rigid class system of Britain. As the founding fathers had expressed, it was a land of equality, and possible for anyone to get rich as long as they were willing to work hard for it.
However, as many American novelists have portrayed in the past, in reality there is no society where only a handful of people become rich. In a depressed 1930’s California, the majority of people were poor and had very few opportunities to succeed economically. Nevertheless, the belief that the opportunities existed still created expectations and disappointments. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck cleverly shows the juxtaposition between the ideal of ‘the American dream’ and the reality of widespread poverty, loss and deprivation.
All the main characters in Of Mice and Men acknowledge, at one point or another, to envisaging a different and better life. Before her death, Curley’s wife confesses her desire to be in the ‘pitchers’. Crooks, ‘proud and aloof’ as he is, allows himself the idyllic fantasy of working on Lennie’s farm one day, and Candy latches on desperately to George’s vision of living ‘off the fatta the lan’. However, Steinbeck’s pessimistic view of the harsh reality of 1930s America is alluded to before the story begins: circumstances have robbed most of the characters of these dreams before they could become reality. Curley’s wife, for instance, has resigned herself to an unfulfilling marriage. What makes all of these dreams typically American is that the dreamers wish for untarnished happiness, for the freedom to follow their own desires. George and Lennie’s dream of owning a farm, which would enable them to sustain themselves, and, most important, offer them protection from an inhospitable world, represents a prototypically American ideal. Their journey, which awakens George to the impossibility of this dream, sadly proves that the bitter Crooks is right: such paradises of freedom, contentment, and safety are not to be found in this world.
Despite slavery being abolished in 1865, from the 1880s into the 1960s, a majority of American states enforced segregation through “Jim Crow” laws (so called after a black character in minstrel shows). From Delaware to California, and from North Dakota to Texas, many states (and cities, too) could impose legal punishments on people for consorting with members of another race. The most common types of laws forbade intermarriage and ordered business owners and public institutions to keep their black and white clientele separated. In Of Mice and Men, the theme of racism is expressed throughout by the character Crooks. The treatment of Crooks is both interesting and startling to a modern reader: he has some social contract with the rest of the ranch workers but is still persecuted by them for being black. In the routinely racist world of 1930s California, Crooks’ colour is his defining feature, as Candy explains, ‘Ya see the stable buck’s a nigger’. However, he follows this definition with an additional description of how he is a ‘nice fella’. We also learn that he is accepted into the men’s game of horseshoes, where he shoes proficiency, yet is entirely isolated in his stable room for the rest of the time. He is described as an ‘aloof’ man with ‘pain tightened lips’ connoting the harsh life of silence and deprivation he has had to endure. Finally, the racism in the novel is driven home dramatically when Curley’s wife expresses how she could ‘get [Crooks] strung up on a tree so easy it ain’t even funny’. Afterwards, what little hope of Crooks fulfilling his American Dream with George and Lennie has been extinguished, showing he has no rights at all on the ranch.
Answer any of the following questions in the comments section below. In your response, try to include quotations, zoom in on the language used by Steinbeck, analyse the effect this creates in the reader, and try to link your ideas to the historical, social and cultural context of the novel.
1. In your opinion, which how did Steinbeck’s life influence the themes, characters and narrative of Of Mice and Men?
2. How did the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl create the poverty-stricken society that is the background of the novel?
3. How is racism in the 1930s captured in the novel?
4. What is the role of the American dream throughout the novel?
5. How is the novel culturally and socially similar to modern Britain?
Finally, please watch this wonderful video by the English department at Portchester School… it’s spiffing.
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“They look like upside-down cacti that are blown from glass,” explained Dr. Andrew Thurber who had witnessed an amazing phenomenon that very few people had ever seen before. Dr. Thurber was on a research trip in Antarctica in 2011 when he discovered something brilliantly unexpected. What he witnessed was the formation of a brinicle. It is exhilarating to know that new and wondrous discoveries are still being made on our planet and the brinicle is one of them.
The best description of what a brinicle is would be to call it an underwater icicle, or ice stalactite. Believe it or not, these spindly, ice fingers form in the extremely cold ocean environments of Antarctica and the Arctic. But how does it work? Well, in the winter when the sea ice begins to form, the water molecules make up the solid ice and the salt is excluded. The expelled salt forms viscous pools of brine, or pockets inside the solid ice. Eventually the ice cracks and the more dense saline brine is released and falls downward into the sea water. The brine is super-cooled due to its high salinity. If you have ever lived in a very cold region you may be familiar with the application of salt to icy roads. This is done because salt lowers the freezing/melting point of water. The same principle applies to the brinicle and when brine begins to sink it flash freezes the seawater it comes in contact with and forms a tube of ice that sometimes grows to touch the shallow ocean floor.
In 2011, BBC aired the mini-series: “Frozen Planet” and brought the wonder of brinicles to the world through a fantastic and rare time-lapse video of one forming. The crew camped at McMurdo Sound in Antarctica and after some intense planning and a couple of failed attempts, film team Hugh Miller and Doug Anderson captured the first video of a brinicle forming and reaching the ocean floor. This formation took about 12 hours and then spread 20 feet along the seabed. While it is beautifully eerie it is also a killer. Many urchins and sea stars scurry along the sea floor and those that come in contact with the icy fingers are killed in its path.
The scientific studies of brinicles are still in its early stages, but as new and incredible things are discovered every year, the possibilities are endless.
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Restoration as science: case of the collared lizard
By Diana Lutz
Alan R. Templeton
The Ozark glades
Witness to extinction
The red cedar lag
What had happened? The answer turned out to be firefighting,
A chance encounter
A fire fight
The transformative power of fire
On the lizard’s coattails
“In conservation biology," Templeton says, “you’re always forced into a position where you have to act on incomplete knowledge because if you wait, the species you are trying to conserve may become extinct.
Diana Lutz
Senior Science Editor
(314) 935-5272
A lizard's tale
A glade on Stegall Nountain looking toward Thorny Mountain. The rock is rhyolite, ancient volcanic rock dating from the Precambrian period that was uncovered by millions of years of erosion. Hot, dry and covered only thinly with soil, the Ozark glades create their own desert-like microclimates. All photos by Alan R. Templeton unless otherwise indicated.
The Ozark glades are little islands in an ocean of trees. This panorama of Thorny Mountain was made from aerial photos taken by a graduate student as Templeton flew over the mountain in a small plane.
The eastern collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris collaris) is named for the two bands of dark pigment around its neck. Its range includes much of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The desert-adapted animal lives in Missouri only because of the unusual microclimate of the Ozark glades.
Another desert-adapted creature living on the glades is the scorpion. During the day you generally don't see them, Templeton says. But hatchling lizards, which are cannibalized by adults, hide under rocks. Templeton has been stung three times in pursuit of hatchlings because the scorpions, unfortunately, hide under the rocks as well.
Another desert-adapted glade denizen, the tarantula.
Unlike the tarantula or scorpion, the lichen grasshopper (Trimerotropis saxatilis) is found only on the glades. In fact, it is specific to glades with acidic rock because it prefers the plant communities that grow there. This grasshopper mimics the appearance of a lichen that also prefers acidic rock substrates. Once the grasshopper lands on a lichen-covered rock, Templeton says, it disappears into thin air.
The coloration of the lizards varies considerably not just according to age and gender, but also from individual to individual. Males can be predominantly emerald, turquoise or chartreuse in color.
Females are much more cryptically colored than males. The scientists called this pair of lizards Romeo and Juliet because they would see them together year after year. Usually males are interested in females only when they're trying to mate.
Females carry eggs until they are quite mature. When a female is gravid, her orange splashes become more prominent.
A gravid female whose hormones have really kicked in.
Hatchlings are quite small and tend to hang out on the edge of the glades, preferably under rocks, to avoid being eaten by adults. Even at this tender age, there is a lot of variation in coloring.
A male yearling. Regardless of sex, the yearlings tend to look like females, probably to escape being eaten.
To avoid recapturing the same lizards, the scientists sometimes mark them with water-based paint. The lizards may not lose their numbers until they shed their skins -- which might be the next day or the next year. The lizards overwinter by squeezing deep into cracks in the rocks like the one in this photo and have been known to emerge in the spring with a faded number still on their backs.
A prescribed burn in the Ozarks. Landscape-scale burning restored the "disturbance regime" with which the Ozark species had originally evolved, allowing them to recover without further assistance. Photo by Justin Vernon, National Park Service
Two shots taken in opposite directions from a burn line. The forest to the left is unburned and the forest to the right was burned once. The unburned forest has a woody understory that has been replaced, in the burned forest, by a more open understory of herbaceous plants and grasses.
Once their path had been cleared by burning, the lizards began to move out on their own. Templeton and his colleagues reintroduced collared lizards to three glades (black) on Stegall Mountain in 1984-89. These populations remained stable, but did not grow or colonize other glades. Landscape-scale prescribed burns broke the logjam. In 2003, nine years after burning began, there were 10 times as many lizards and they had colonized 51 new glades (orange).
The glades aren't the only unusual microhabitat in the Ozarks. Another is the fens, small waterlogged areas down in the valleys. Templeton didn't expect them to burn and was startled to see this wall of flame above a fen called Grasshopper Hollow. The hollow is home to the endangered Hine's Emerald dragonfly, which was being swamped genetically by a closely related forest species. Burning provided a "firebreak" between the two species, allowing the Hines to recover.
Shut-in Mountain, another Ozark fen within the burn area. Here, the surprise was the reappearance of an endangered orchid.
The snakemouth orchid, Pogonia ophioglossoides, which arose from the flames on Shut-in Mountain fen.
Photo by Jeff McMillian @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
A sad photo. This is a glade that the Nature Conservancy bought and restored and that was recolonized by lizards from glades on nearby private land. Unfortunately, it was close to a road and became known to "herpers," who came down and raided it and destroyed it. "They literally drove the population to extinction," Templeton says.
But scratch a conservationist and you'll find an optimist, Templeton says. He has already converted his three-year-old grandson, who now boasts of "running on his hind legs like a collared lizard."
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Migraine Fact Sheets
Hemiplegic Migraine
This fact sheet is intended as a general introduction to hemiplegic migraine experienced by adults.
What is hemiplegic migraine?
Hemiplegic migraine is referred to as a “migraine variant”. The word hemiplegic simply means paralysis on one side of the body. A person with hemiplegic migraine will experience a temporary weakness on one side of their body as part of their migraine attack. This can involve the face, arm or leg and be accompanied by numbness, or pins and needles. The person may experience speech difficulties, vision problems or confusion. This can be a frightening experience for the individual as these symptoms are similar to those of a stroke. This weakness may last from one hour to several days, but usually it goes within 24 hours. The head pain associated with migraine typically follows the weakness, but the headache may precede it or be absent.
What causes the symptoms of hemiplegic migraine?
To understand this, it is important to look at the mechanism of hemiplegic migraine. The brain and nervous system depend on a combination of electrical and chemical signals to function. When a nerve impulse (electrical) of sufficient strength passes down from one nerve cell towards another, it opens a so-called ‘channel’ which acts like a ‘gate’. This process releases neurotransmitters (or chemical messengers) which contact the neighbouring cells and tell them how to respond. If a channel in the brain is not working properly, neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, may be released in an abnormal way. In the case of hemiplegic migraine, the way the channel dysfunctions is known to have a role in the condition.
Types of hemiplegic migraine
There are two types of hemiplegic migraine – familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) and sporadic hemiplegic migraine (SHM).
Familial Hemiplegic Migraine
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is defined as migraine attacks occurring in two or more people in the same family who experience weakness on one side of the body as a symptom with their migraines. On average 50% of children who have a parent with hemiplegic migraine will develop this disorder.
At least three different genes have been implicated in FHM. In half of the families where FHM occurs, a gene with a defect on chromosome 19 has been identified. This causes the related calcium channel to work incorrectly from time to time, and when it does a series of biochemical changes result in a migraine attack. For other families chromosome 1 is implicated which alters the behaviour of a channel involved in cell energy and in still others a sodium channel gene on chromosome 2 is altered. Even these do not account for all cases so more genetic causes will be found during future research.
Sporadic Hemiplegic Migraine
If someone experiences all the physical symptoms of FHM but doesn’t have a known familial connection they are diagnosed as having sporadic hemiplegic migraine (SHM). The cause of SHM is unknown, some are due to new or so called ‘sporadic’ gene mutations.
Research has shown that people with SHM usually experience all four of the typical aura symptoms – visual, sensory, aphasic and motor symptoms – during their attacks. It was reported in the people who were studied that the motor weaknesses were always one sided and more often experienced in the upper limbs. For two thirds of people the symptoms lasted around an hour; whilst only 8% experienced this weakness for more than a day. None experienced the one sided weakness in their body without experiencing other symptoms as well, and the most common of these accompanying symptoms was visual disturbance. All experienced the headache of the migraine.
Getting a Diagnosis and Treatment
When symptoms of either type of hemiplegic migraine occur it is vital that a firm diagnosis be made and that you therefore seek specialist medical advice to explain the sudden onset of one sided weakness or numbness. The SHM and FHM diagnosis must always be based on a thorough evaluation of the symptoms as experienced by the individual and include a full family history.
Specialist advice will also ensure that you avoid embarking on the wrong treatment regimen. Triptans, for example, are best avoided during the aura phase of SHM or FHM, despite often being prescribed for the more common types of migraine.
There is little conclusive research as yet to establish a single best course of drug treatment for hemiplegic migraine. What has so far been published, and clinical experience also suggests, is that treatment with either flunarizine or topiramate may be the best option.
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Venn diagram
Venn diagram
Venn diagrams are very similar to Euler diagrams, but whereas a Venn diagram for n component sets must contain all 2n hypothetically possible zones corresponding to some combination of being included or excluded in each of the component sets, Euler diagrams contain only the actually possible zones in a given context. In Venn diagrams a shaded zone may be used to represents an empty zone, whereas in an Euler diagram the corresponding zone is missing from the diagram. For example, if one set represents "dairy products" and another "cheeses", then the Venn diagram contains a zone for cheeses that are not dairy products. Assuming that in the context "cheese" means some type of dairy product, the Euler diagram will have the cheese zone entirely contained within the dairy-product zone; there is no zone for (non-existent) non-dairy cheese. This means that as the number of contours increase, Euler diagrams are typically less visually complex than the equivalent Venn diagram, particularly if the number of non-empty intersections is small.
Venn diagrams normally consist of overlapping circles. For instance, in a two-set Venn diagram, one circle may represent the group of all wooden objects, while another circle may represent the set of all tables. The overlapping area (intersection) would then represent the set of all wooden tables. Shapes other than circles can be employed (see below), and this is necessary for more than three sets.
Venn diagrams were introduced in 1880 by John Venn (1834-1923) in a paper entitled "On the Diagrammatic and Mechanical Representation of Propositions and Reasonings" which appeared in the "Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science" in July 1880. The use of diagrams in formal logic is not an easy history to trace, but it is certain that the diagrams that are popularly associated with Venn, in fact, originated much earlier. They are rightly associated with Venn, however, because he comprehensively surveyed and formalized their usage, and was the first to generalize them. The term "Venn diagram" itself was first used by Clarence Irving Lewis in 1918, in his book "A Survey of Symbolic Logic"..
Venn diagrams are very similar to Euler diagrams, which were invented by Leonhard Euler (1708-1783) in the 18th century. M. E. Baron has noted that Leibniz (1646-1716) in the 17th century produced similar diagrams before Euler, however, much of it was unpublished. She also observes even earlier Euler-like diagrams by Ramon Lull in the 13th Century.
A simple example
The combined area of sets A and B is called the union of A and B, denoted by . The union in this case contains all things that either have two legs, or that fly, or both.
The area in both A and B, where the two sets overlap, is called the intersection of A and B, denoted by . For the example, the intersection of the two sets is not empty, because there are points representing creatures that are in both the orange and blue circles.
Extensions to higher numbers of sets
Venn diagrams typically have three sets. Venn was keen to find symmetrical figures…elegant in themselves representing higher numbers of sets and he devised a four-set diagram using ellipses. He also gave a construction for Venn diagrams for any number of sets, where each successive curve delimiting a set is interleaved with previous curves, starting with the 3-circle diagram.
Edwards' Venn diagrams
Other diagrams
Smith devised similar n-set diagrams using sine curves with equations y=sin(2ix)/2i, 0=i=n-2.
See also
Further reading
Tools for making Venn Diagrams
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Pre-Columbian migrations tracked with DNA techniques
By evaluating the bacteria and fungi found in fossilized feces, microbiologists are providing evidence to help support archaeologists’ hypotheses regarding cultures living in the Caribbean over 1,500 years ago. They reported their findings at the annual meeting of the American Society for Microbiology.
“Although fossilized feces have frequently been studied, they had never been used as tools to determine ethnicity and distinguish between two extinct cultures. By examining the DNA preserved in coprolites from two ancient indigenous cultures, our group was able to determine the bacterial and fungal populations present in each culture as well as their possible diets,” says Jessica Rivera-Perez of the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, who presented the study.
Various cultures inhabited the Greater Antilles thousands of years ago. The Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico have thousands of pre-Columbian settlements belonging to extinct cultures that migrated to the Caribbean at some point in history.
Archaeological excavations in Vieques, Puerto Rico, unearthed hand-made tools and crafts as well as fossilized feces, called coprolite by scientists, dating from 200 to 400 A.D. The presence of two distinct styles of craftsmanship, as well as other clues obtained from the dig sites, suggested these artifacts belonged to two distinct cultures.
“One culture excelled in the art of pottery. In fact, their signature use of red and white paint helped identify them as descendants from the Saladoids, originating in Saladero, Venezuela. In contrast, the second culture had exquisite art for crafting semiprecious stones into ornaments, some of which represented the Andean condor. This helped archaeologists identify the Bolivian Andes as possible origins of this Huecoid culture,” says Ms. Rivera-Perez.
To help confirm these archeological hypotheses, Ms. Rivera-Perez and her colleagues examined the DNA preserved in coprolites from both Saladoid and Huecoid settlements and compared the bacterial and fungal populations found in each. Major differences were detected between the fecal communities of these cultures, providing additional support that they may have had different origins. Additionally, they found fungal and corn DNA in the Huecoid coprolite that suggests the consumption of an Andean fermented corn beverage, further confirming the theory that the Huecoids originated in the Bolivian Andes.
“The study of the paleomicrobiome of coprolites supports the hypothesis of multiple ancestries and can provide important evidence regarding migration by ancestral cultures and populations of the Caribbean,” said Ms. Rivera-Perez.
This study was conducted by collaborators from the University of Puerto Rico and California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.
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Wildfire and an example of its important link to the ecosystem
Thursday, May 31, 2012 - Traveling the western U.S. state of Nevada in the 1860s, a young American writer named Mark Twain heard a "world of talk" about the beauty of Lake Tahoe and so set out one August day to see the lake perched high in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Determined to make the 11-mile journey on foot, Twain and his companions became briefly discouraged after toiling up one mountain and then another to no avail. But they trudged on until "at last the Lake burst upon us," Twain wrote in his 1872 book, Roughing It.
One hundred and fifty years later, visitors to this border region between California and Nevada still marvel at Lake Tahoe, but sadly the "jewel of the Sierra" is not the same gem it was in Twain's time. Boating on the lake during his trip, Twain said he could see rocks at least 80 feet below the surfacea degree of clarity that scientists attribute to "ultra-oligotrophic" conditions, meaning exceptionally nutrient-poor and pure. Since the 1960s, however, Lake Tahoe's renowned water quality has been in slow decline, and exactly why "is the $64,000 question," says soil scientist Dale Johnson of the University of Nevada in Reno.
Damaging blazes sweep the Tahoe region regularly, and by the time Johnson teamed up with his University of Nevada colleague, Wally Milleran expert on Tahoe's water qualityscientists already knew how catastrophic fires could affect downstream streams and lakes. Wildfire can leave slopes bare of vegetation and unprotected from erosion. Burning also releases nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfate, and other biochemicals locked in plants, wood, and soils, allowing the nutrients to run off downslope or seep into groundwater. But when Miller and Johnson began their studies, they discovered something that few, if anyone, had suspected: Not only could a major disturbance like fire affect Lake Tahoe, but so too could a lack of disturbancethe absence of fire. "The results were very surprising and therefore very hard to publish," Johnson says. "No one believed it."
But the findings also lead to a dilemma. On one hand, wildfire is beneficial in that it burns away decades of accumulated organic material, which Johnson and Miller have shown can potentially be a slow but significant source of nutrients to Lake Tahoe. On the other hand, severe wildfire can also deplete forests of nitrogen and send pulses of nutrients downstreamnot to mention the damage it does to timber and private property.
"So what do you do?" Miller asks. The answer lately embraced by forest managers is to mimic the natural, Sierran fire regime that existed before aggressive fire suppression began. Managers will purposely light small, controlled fires to burn away accumulated woody debris. Or they'll remove wood with harvesting equipment or chip it on site.
But managers don't want to remove too many nutrients from the system, since they're needed to support future generations of trees. So Miller and Johnson have been studying the practices' impacts on nutrients and on water quality, just as they earlier investigated catastrophic wildfire and fire suppression.
Contact: Teri Barr
American Society of Agronomy
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Wildfire and an example of its important link to the ecosystem
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Home > Encyclopedia > Roosevelt, Franklin D.
President Roosevelt, Franklin D.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born in 1882 and had been president for nine years before America was thrust into war by the attack on Pearl Harbor. He was fully aware of the popular resistance of Americans to becoming involved in the war in Europe, but equally alive to the perils of allowing Britain and her allies to lose it and the Nazi-Soviet alliance to succeed. His victory in the 1940 election allowed Roosevelt to get the Lend-Lease Act through Congress and thus to send aid to whom he pleased. In October 1940 he was approached direct by Admiral James O. Richardson (Richardson, James O.), who protested against stationing the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor. Roosevelt met Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, in Argentina Bay, Newfoundland, in August 1941 to agree common war aims in what was known as the Atlantic Charter. On 7 December 1941 the news of the Japanese attack reached him before the Japanese Ambassador Kichisaburo Nomura (Nomura, Kichisaburo) arrived for his meeting with the Secretary of State and the President passed the news to Cordell Hull (Hull, Cordell) before the ambassador himself knew it. When Governor Joseph Poindexter (Poindexter, Joseph) asked for approval of martial law in Hawaii, Roosevelt gave it. The President addressed Congress on 8 December in a moving speech, voicing the determination of the American people to fight to victory and branding 7 December as "a date which will live in infamy." Roosevelt died on12 April 1945.
See also: Hull, Cordell; Lend-Lease Act; Nomura, Kichisaburo; Pacific Fleet; Pearl Harbor; Richardson, James O.
You can find out more about President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the following Osprey book:
CAMPAIGN 62 Pearl Harbor 1941
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They dwelt on fantasy of nature. Bruegel the younger was a landscape painter, he enjoyed reality painting.
It brought about a realistic feeling to his work. No one fancied winter because of the cold that came with it, winter landscape with a bird trap displayed both a beautiful and harsh world.
Most artists did not fancy such paintings; this was because of the fear, and the cold that came along with winter.
The art work portrayed the harsh effects of winter and the beauty and calmness in the landscape drawn.
Bruegel the elder drew common peasants; he captured the basic lifestyle and their motivation.
His work dwelt on reality, a similarity between him and his son's work. He relied on his vision on life to recreate a theme that perfectly fits the context.
Their arts had deeper meaning from what one would see. Artistic skills were portrayed in the winter landscape with a bird trap; he was able to display both beauty and darkness – the amazing scenery in the land that was covered in snow.
In accordance to the context, the devout person represented a pilgrim who was passing through life that was full of temptations and danger.
He had to avoid this kind of obstacles in order to attain salvation. The bird traps symbolised the devil's baits meant for the souls that were careless; the bird had long been used to show soul.
Skating showed the uncertainty of life, and when the two meet, they vulnerability to danger is observable. Pieter Bruegel was able to present is vision of the world in a masterly skill.
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1. 1. Ancient Egyptians 2500 Ancient Romans Medieval European Renaissance Italy 16 th century 19 th Century Victorian 20 th century USA
2. 2. Ancient Egyptian Murals 2500BC What materials did they use to create their murals and why? Where they were normally created? The materials were used was gold and precious metals. Gold was used as it was one of the most important material that they used in their murals also they were the product of Nubian What was the process of creating a mural and who did it? Thee creation would have been done by the slaves. They engraved the design into the wall first and then added the colour and these colours were made from oil and other minerals that they found really useful when drawing their murals.
3. 3. Group 3 - What was the reason/purpose for creating murals? The purpose for creating a mural was to keep a record of history to the future generation and proof that the ancient Egyptian excited. The Egyptians did drew all sorts of murals such as The types of murals found in Egyptian tombs depended on the position of the person within the culture. Murals found in the tombs of rulers or noblemen such as priests often contain pictures of important events that occurred during the person's life. Public murals usually intend to make a political or cultural statement through art. Often the intent is to instil pride in local people about their culture and heritage. The murals would tell the history about romantic stories, the kings, leaders, Egyptian people, so basically the murals would have story of how the Egyptians lived their lives and Group 4 - What sort of content did the murals normally have, why? Provide examples. Contained heretical events, Images of daily life and scenes of entertainment. Daily life and history of pharaohs and their families
4. 4. Ancient Roman Murals 200BC What materials did they use to create their murals and why? Where they were normally created? The Romans used Mosaics in their murals and the materials they used were small pieces of colour red glass, square tiles, stone, and many other materials that they found useful to us in their mosaics Unlike during other times murals were created inside buildings rather then on external walls What was the process of creating a mural and who did it? the process of creating a mural was to design a piece of art and enlarged the art by drawing the outline onto a square tile that was hand made then they used a specific glue called mortar to finalize the artwork. This took a very long time because in those days they didn’t have the resources like we do now. Unfortunately we do not know the name of the artiest that created this fine looking piece of art How were Ancient Roman Murals different to other murals? The Roman ancient murals where different to other murals, the Romans created murals that were based on the how they lived their life and what sort of things they did. However other
5. 5. murals are based on religion and history that have happened in the past. What was the reason/purpose for creating this mural? The reason Romans created murals was that they wanted to keep a record of history for the future generation, to show that they exited and how their daily life was like. Most of the Ancient Roman murals would have told stories of their God’s, their life style and other stories that happened in those days. What is the content of your mural, what does it show? The mural called ‘Scarifies To Diana’ is about a daily life of a village scarifying animals for their goddess who is called Diana. They do this for their goddess is because in return they want their goddess to do great favours for them. The Romans had many Gods so they believed that if they did great favours for their Gods then in return they Gods would do great favours for them How are the murals preserved? They are preserved in museums, walls that are built on top of them, buried underground. Most of them Roman murals are preserved in museums, so then tourists and other people are able to see how the roman murals looked like.
6. 6. 20th Century USA <ul><li>During the 1930s and early 1940s, a flowering of mural painting in the economically depressed United States took place, resulting in thousands of murals decorating the nation's buildings. </li></ul><ul><li>Many artists, who had often been isolated from public society, sought at that time to become a significant part of it. </li></ul><ul><li>American muralists in this 20 th century copied the Renaissance process. </li></ul><ul><li>They made different drawings, including sketches of individual figures, drawings in both black and white and colour, as well as full-scale drawings made for transferring to the wall. </li></ul><ul><li>It was during the great depression that President Franklin Roosevelt's created a project for artists to get paid for their work. Otherwise known as the new deal programs, artists were participating in competitions to create murals in post offices and other government properties. They were paid to paint murals for lots of states in America. They painted murals for museums hospitals, high schools, housing projects, colleges, music halls, even ships and night clubs also other public places for people to see. </li></ul>
7. 7. Medieval <ul><li>Denmark has the biggest amount of medieval wall paintings in Europe. In Danish they are called Kalkmalerier and that means Chalk paintings, also they are painted on a layer of limewash. </li></ul><ul><li>Some of them have been decorated with wall paintings. </li></ul><ul><li>The earliest known mural art is the paintings discovered in Chauvel Cave in France in 1994 </li></ul><ul><li>animals are depicted in yellow, red, black, and brown earth pigments. </li></ul>
8. 8. Renaissance Italy <ul><li>The artists of the High Renaissance, which is loosely defined as the period from 1450 to 1550, built upon the foundation laid by their predecessors. </li></ul><ul><li>The best- known artists of the Italian Renaissance grew famous during the High Renaissance. </li></ul><ul><li>Wealthy patrons continued to enthusiastically support theses artists as they travelled around Italy in search of commissions to create their masterpieces. </li></ul>
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Aristotle, a famous Greek philosopher, said that the aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance. If that is the case, then Joseph Conrad is a true artist regarding the pictures he paints with his words. Conrad's most effective literary tool for plot development and expressing the theme is his use of imagery. Karl, a noted critic, explains this technique that Conrad uses. "The scenes and images (that Conrad depicts) are a variety which permits extension and almost a limitless number of references are possible"(168). His use of imagery is so detailed and accurate, one feels as if they are in the scene he is describing. Conrad's work that best represent his profound usage of imagery is, "Heart of Darkness." In this famous short story, Conrad creates these evocative images of Britain and other parts of the world showing his readers the negative side of humanity. He does this by describing historical events, different races, and the environments in which his characters dwell. Conrad uses imagery in his short story, "The Heart of Darkness," to establish a criticism towards western civilized society and an exploration through the Human Psych. ...read more.
In addition to the environment, Conrad also uses evocative images to describe the black and white races. Ironically, he was not prejudice towards the Africans, but showed the whites as savages. The Blacks were more civilized and admirable than the British were. Collins notes that Marlow's crewmen were described as cannibals; which means they were man-eaters with whom Marlow could respect (104). Marlow describes them as "fine fellows-cannibals...men one could work with." On the flip side, Collins goes on to explain how the whites were described by Conrad. "Most of the white men Marlow meets do not merit the compliment of the Cannibals"(104). There is no real admirable white worker that is compared to the Blacks that work with Marlow as crewmen. This is true because as Collins goes on, "The Brick maker at the central station makes no bricks...The manager has 'no genius for organizing, for initiative, for order even' and Kurtz 'the prodigy' is the emissary of pity and science and devil knows what else"(105). A lack of work ethic and morals brings Marlow to trust on his black crewmen more than the white British settlers. Another important aspect of the story that Conrad describes is Kurtz as a character. ...read more.
After that incident, he feels guilty saying, "I laid the ghost of his gifts at last with a lie...there is a taint of death...a flavor of mortality in lies"(15). To clarify, Marlow is very upset with himself by lying but thought that it was necessary. Also, Conrad stresses of how bad lying really is with its relation to death. Conrad's usage of imagery in the "Heart of Darkness" portrays the different aspects of life around his time as well as the human mentality. He uses this literary tool to give the reader a historical perception of British imperialism in Africa. Also, he describes the effects of a dark environment on the human heart. Surprisingly, he paints a better picture of the black race than he does with the white race at a time where there was bigotry with the Africans. He also uses imagery to characterize Kurtz which is not often found in the literary world. His philosophies of man is also evident in this story concerning the capability of the mind, significance of work, and the strong belief in the truth no matter how harsh it is. Garnett, an acclaimed critic, summarizes Conrad's usage of imagery by stating that, "the quality of Mr. Conrad's art is seen in his faculty of making us perceive men's lives in their natural relation to the seen universe around them"(8). 1 ...read more.
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Related GCSE Joseph Conrad essays
1. Representation of Women In Heart of Darkness.
Someone with these characteristics is usually not very powerful. Also her background: she is British and British women were often marginalised from power or authority due to males' values so too would she be- she is no exception to this- more like an example of it.
2. The Heart of Darkness Marlow's story of the Roman Conquest of Britain as an ...
One with his chin propped on his knees, stared at nothing, in an intolerable and appalling manner: his brother phantom rested its forehead as if over-come with a great weariness; and all about others were scattered in every pose of contorted collapse, as in some picture of a massacre or
Cut her throat. Bash her in." These express the increasing intensity of the boys' savagery. "It was dark. There was that -- that bloody dance. There was lightning and thunder and rain. We was scared!" This describes how the boys' have gone beyond the point of fun and games.
2. How does the preparation for the river journey at the start of Heart of ...
mournful gloom and brooding gloom (page 31 and 33) to show that the light over London weren't clear and was only light over the Thames as that was linked with Imperialism more than London. The Frame Narrators point of view on Imperialism is given to us with the references to light, but after Marlow's yarn has been told his
Another significant comparison between Marlow's attitude towards these two characters is that he describes the accountant in a more materialistic way, addressing his appearance and clothing, "high starched collar, white cuffs, a light alpaca jacket, snowy trousers, a clear necktie, and varnished boots..."
2. Discuss The Title Of Conrad's Novel 'Heart Of Darkness'.
Marlow is first mentioned at the beginning of the novel, and is said to "resemble an idol." This is somewhat symbolic of say a spiritual being, say the Buddha, a man who spread wisdom and light throughout the world, much like the British thought they were.
1. Is The Secret Shareran appropriate title for this short story? Support your ideas with ...
During one night, while the crew was sleeping, he notices that the ship's rope ladder still hangs over the side. When he tries to pull it up, he finds a naked man who is hanging on it. "With a gasp I saw revealed to my stare a pair of feet,
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This creates sympathy, yet suspense. Scary noises are very important conventions, probably one of the most important, and they are also used in both stories. In 'The Old Nurse's Story', a 'great organ' is 'heard playing', near the 'east wing'. This was once played there by the late 'Lord Furnivall'.
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All Syllabus
1. What is Power Quality?(2)
2. What is the most common power quality Problem? Why has power quality only
become an issue in recent years? (2)
3. What are the types of Power quality solutions available on the market today? (2)
4. How can Power quality problems be detected? (2)
5. What are harmonics? How do harmonics affect the electrical system and load?
6. What is Power conditioning and why it is needed? (2)
7. Why noise or transients on the power line causing problems now? (2)
8. Differentiate between power quality, voltage quality and current quality (2)
9. Mention any two major reasons for the increased concern in Power quality. (2)
10. What are the various power quality issues? (2)
11. What is the meaning of power quality disturbances? (2)
12. State at least two reasons for increased power quality concern. (2)
13. Define long duration variations and short duration variations. (2)
14. Define sag and swell (2)
15. Mention the types of sag and swell (2)
16. What are the causes of sags and swell? (2)
17. What condition an interruption can occurs? (2)
18. List the types of interruption and causes of interruption (2)
19. Define waveform distortion. (2)
20. What are the components of waveform distortion? (2)
21. Define total harmonic distortion and write the formula (2)
22. Define total demand distortion (2)
23. Define DC offset, Inter harmonics (2)
24. Define Voltage flicker. (2)
25. Differentiate between under voltage and over voltage (2)
26. What are the causes of over voltages under voltages? (2)
27. Differentiate between impulsive transients and oscillatory transients.(2)
28. What are the types of impulsive transients and causes of impulsive transients.(2)
29. Define voltage unbalance (2)
30. Define CBEMA curve. (2)
31. What represents ITIC curve? (2)
32. What are the main objective of power quality standards? (2)
33. List the four standards available in Power quality (2)
34. Name any two IEEE standards that define power quality. (2)
35. Name any four IEC standards that define power quality. (2)
1. (a)What are the major power quality issues? Explain in detail (8)
(b)Define power quality? Explain the reasons for increased concern in power
quality. (8)
2. Explain the various types of power quality disturbances and impacts of power
quality. (16)
3. (a)Discuss the following characteristics of power quality events
(i)Short duration variations.
(ii)Long duration variations (8)
(b)Discuss in detail about transients. (8)
4. Discuss in detail about sags and swells.(16)
5. Explain for the following related with Power quality.
(i)Voltage imbalance
(iiUnder voltage
(ii)Over voltage
(iv)Frequency variation (16)
6. Define waveform distortion? Explain the waveform distortion categories (16)
7. What is harmonics ? Explain harmonic distortion with relevant waveforms(16)
8. Explain the following:
(i)Total harmonic distortion
(ii)Total demand distortion (16)
9. (a)Write the various IEEE and IEC power quality standards. (8)
(b)Explain the following event based disturbances:
(iii)Transients (8)
10.Discuss about the computer Business Equipment Manufactures
Associations(CBEMA).Explain about the events described in the curve. (16)
11.With a waveform sketch, explain the terms
(i)Voltage sag
(ii)Voltage interruption
(iii)Voltage swells.
(iv)Sag with harmonics. (16)
12.Explain the following steady state disturbances.
(iv)Flicker. (16)
1. What is voltage sag. (2)
2. When sag leads interruption? What are the causes of sag? (2)
3. What is semi F47? (2)
4. What parameters should depend upon voltage sag? (2)
5. List some IEEE Standards Associated with voltage sags.(2)
6. What are the sources of sags and interruption? (2)
7. What is the importance of estimating sag performance? (2)
8. Define voltage sag analysis? (2)
9. Name the frequently used voltage sag indices. (2)
10. What are the various factors affecting the sag magnitude due to faults at a
certain point in the system? (2)
11. Define voltage sags due to motor starting ? (2)
12. Name the different motor starting methods. (2)
13. How voltage sag can be mitigated? Name the three levels of possible solutions to
voltage sag and momentary interruption problems (2)
14. Name any four types of sag mitigation devices.(2)
15. Define Dynamic voltage restorer? What is the important role of DVR? (2)
16. Define active series compensation devices.(2)
17. What is the need of DSTATCOM? What is the main function of DSTATCOM? (2)
18. What is the role of (advantages of )solid state (static)Transfer switch.(SSTS)? (2)
19. How fast transfer switches are used in minimizing the severity of sags? (2)
1. (a)Discuss the sources of sags and interruption (8)
(b)Discuss in detail about the sag performance evaluation indices.(8)
2. What is the need of estimating sag performance ?Explain the different methods
of estimating voltage sag performance. (16)
3. (a)Explain the sag performance evaluation methods (8)
(b)Explain the various causes and effects of voltage sags. (8)
4. Explain the following causes of sags.
(i)Voltage sag due to motor sag
(ii)Voltage sag due to single line to ground fault.
(iii)Voltage sag due to transformer energizing. (16)
5. What are the different voltage sag mitigation techniques? Explain in details.(16)
6. (a)Explain the principle of DVR operation used for sag mitigation. (8)
(b)Discuss in detail about the active series compensator. (8)
7. (a)Explain the operation of distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM)used for
sag mitigation. (8)
(b)Explain the solid state transfer switch with the transfer operation.(8)
8. (a)Explain the procedure for estimating the sag severity indices.(8)
(b)Mention the standards associated with the voltage sag.(8)
9. Explain the system adapted to estimate the severity of the sag occurred due to
various sources.(16)
10. Explain the following sag mitigation techniques.
(i)Static UPS with minimal energy storage
(ii)Backup storage energy supply
( iii)Flywheel with UPS system. (16)
11.Discuss about estimating the cost of voltage sag events.(16)
1. Define transient over voltages (2)
2. What are the types of transient over voltages (2)
3. Define impulsive transients. Give example for impulsive transient over voltages.
4. Give examples for oscillatory transient over voltages. (2)
5. What is the effect of capacitor switching transients on network (2)
6. What are the causes of voltage magnification on network (2)
7. Define voltage magnification phenomena?(2)
8. What are the various causes of over voltages? (2)
9. Give the basic principles of over voltage protection of load equipments.(2)
10. What is the need of surge arrestors? (2)
11. Differentiate between transient voltage surge suppressors(TVSS) and surge
12. Mention the types of surge arrestors (2)
13. What is metal-oxide surge arrester? (2)
14. What is the need of transmission line arresters? Mention any two benefits of
transmission line surge arresters. (2)
15. What is the need of low pass filter in transient protection? (2)
16. What is the need of shunt protectors or surge reduction filters? (2)
17. What is the application of power conditioners in transient protection? (2)
18. Define lightning Phenomena.(2)
19. How over voltages are induced due to lightning.(2)
20. What are the various causes due to lightning over voltages.?(2)
21. What is the range of current induced due to lightning stroke? (2)
22. What is Ferro resonance? (2)
23. What are the problems associated with Ferro resonance? (2)
24. What are the various capacitance produced by power system elements? (2)
25. Give the cable life equation of a function of impulses. (2)
26. List the important types arrestor used in protection of cables.(2)
27. What is the need of PSCAD/EMTDC? (2)
28. How to model a surge arrestor in PSCAD? (2)
1. What are transient over voltages? Explain the different types of transient over
voltages. (16)
2. (a)Draw the CBEMA curve for transient over voltages and explain.(8)
(b) Explain the problems associated with Ferro resonance (8)
3. (a)What are the different sources of transient over voltages? Discuss the
capacitor switching transient.(8)
(b)What are the important concerns for capacitor bank switching? (8)
4. Define lightning? Discuss in detail about the over voltages due to lightning and
the problems associated with it. (16)
5. (a)Explain in detail the mechanism of lightning. (8)
(b)Explain the phenomena of Ferro resonance.(8)
6. Draw the standardized waveform of the lightning induced voltage. Discuss
about the wave shape of the lightning current. (16)
7. (a)What is the need for protection against over voltages? What are the basic
principles of over voltages protection of load equipments? (8)
(b)Explain in detail about various methods to mitigate voltage swells.(8)
8. (a)explain in detail about the surge arrestors and surge suppressors.(8)
(b)What are the advantages of surge arrestors? Discuss about the application
9. Explain the following:
(i)Low pass filters.
(ii)Power conditioners.
(iii)Surge filters. (16)
10.(a)Explain about the underground cable system protection.(8)
(b)Explain in detail about the protection of transformers.(8)
11 (a)What are the various lightning protection of over voltage lines? Explain them.
(b)Explain the use of PSCAD in analyzing the Power quality. (8)
12.(a)What are the advantages of computer analysis tools? Discuss about
PSCAD and EMTP For transient studies.(8)
(b)Discuss about the models and examples available in PSCAD/EMTDC. (8)
1. Define Harmonics (2)
2. Define true power factor? What is the reason for existence of harmonic
distortion? (2)
3. Differentiate between linear loads and non-linear loads. (2)
4. What is voltage and current distortion.(2)
5. What is total Harmonic distortion? (2)
6. What is total demand distortion? (2)
7. Mention at least two causes of harmonics. (2)
8. What is harmonic index? state its significant. (2)
9. Mention the problems created by harmonics and Mention the harmonic effects on
devices and loads. (2)
10. What is the effect on transformer due to Harmonics.(2)
11. What is the advantage of three phase converter? What is the disadvantage of 12
pulse drive.? (2)
12. State the different types of inverters.?(2)
13. What is variable voltage Inverter? What is current source inverter(2)
14. Mention the applications of cycloconverter? (2)
15. What is the characteristic of series and parallel resonant circuit? (2)
16. What is the main source of causing resonance in power system?(2)
17. What is the effect of resistive load under resonance frequency in power system?
18. What are the philosophies of IEEE 519 standards? What are the objectives of
IEEE standard? (2)
19. What are the applications of active and passive filters? (2)
20. What is IEC standard? Give at least two IEC standards for EMC. (2)
21. Give atleast two IEEE standards for power quality? (2)
22. Give the IEEE and IEC standards for EMC. (2)
23. Mention the devices for controlling harmonic distortion? (2)
24. What are the classification of active harmonic conditioner?What is the use of
shunt active filter? (2)
25. List the advantages of Active Harmonic Filter? List the some dynamic correction
of Power quality events? (2)
1. Explain briefly about fundamentals of harmonics generation and waveform
distortion. (16)
2. (a)Explain in detail about classification of linear loads and non linear loads used
in harmonic studies. (8)
(b)Explain the concept of harmonic phenomena under the presence of harmonic
producing loads.(8)
3. Explain the following terms.
(i)Harmonic distortion
(ii)Current distortion
(iii)Voltage distortion (16)
4. (i)What are the two indices used in Power system? Explain about it briefly.(8)
ii) Give the power definitions under non sinusoidal conditions. Explain briefly
about it.(8)
5. (a)Explain briefly about various harmonic characterization on power systems (8)
(b)Explain briefly about the phenomena of how current distortion affects the
voltage distortion under the presence of harmonics. (8)
6. (a)What are the general causes of harmonics in power systems (8)
(b)What are the various causes of harmonics in distribution power system.(8)
7. (a)List the various effects of equipments due to harmonics. Explain briefly. (8)
(b)Explain the harmonic effects on power system equipments briefly.(8)
8. (a) What are the various classifications of harmonic sources and explain briefly
about it. (8)
(b) Explain Harmonic source Identification Procedure for two source systems. (8)
9. Explain for the following:
(i)Harmonic sources from commercial loads.
(ii) Harmonic sources from industrial loads.
(iii) Harmonic sources from residential loads. (16)
10. (a)What is the need of locating harmonic sources?(8)
(b)How will you find the harmonic sources from point of common coupling? Give
the identification procedure on the basis of voltage indices.(8)
11.(a)Explain the power system response characteristics under the presence of
(b)What is the need of IEEE standards used in harmonic studies.? Give their
philosophy and objective of these standards.(8)
12.Define for the following terms related with IEEE standards.
(i)SCR (ii)Load current (iii)Short circuit current (iv)Total harmonic distortion
(v)Total demand distortion (v)PCC (16)
13.Explain in detail about general procedure for harmonic distortion evaluation at the
point of coupling, utility systems, customer facility and industrial facility (16)
14.What are the various devices for controlling harmonic distortion? Explain briefly
about it. (16)
15.(a)Explain briefly about for the following harmonic filter.
(i)Active filters (ii)Passive filters (8)
(b)Explain in detail about principles of operation of shunt active power filter with
neat schematic. (8)
1. What are the importance of power quality monitoring?(2)
2. What are the monitoring objectives? (2)
3. What are the purposes of power quality monitoring system? (2)
4. What is proactive monitoring? (2)
5. What is monitor? (2)
6. What are the steps involved in power quality monitoring? (2)
7. What are the requirements of monitoring for a harmonic distortion? (2)
8. Draw the typical block diagram of Measurement system. (2)
9. What are the characteristics of power quality monitoring equipment?(2)
10. What are the characteristics of Power line monitors? (2)
11. What are the types of power quality measurement equipment? (2)
12. Mention the factors that should be considered for selecting the instrument.(2)
13. What is the use of spectrum analyzer? Mention the instruments used for the
analysis of non-sinusoidal voltage and currents.(2)
14. Mention the basic categories of instruments for harmonic analysis.(2)
15. What is spectrum analyzer? What is the operation of spectrum analyzer?(2)
16. What is swept hetrodynetechnique.(2)
17. What is tracking generator? What is harmonic analyzer? (2)
18. Define voltage flicker? What are flicker sources?(2)
19. Define voltage flicker according to IEEE standard 1159?(2)
20. What is expert system? What are the advantages of expert system?(2)
21. Mention the main components of Expert system?(2)
22. What are the components of flicker meter?(2)
1. (a)Explain Proactive monitoring (8)
(b)Discuss in detail about the selection of power quality monitoring sites.(8)
2. Bring out the significance of Power quality monitoring. What are the important
power quality monitoring objectives.? (16)
3. (a)Bring out the important characteristics of power quality variations. (8)
(b)Explain the steps involved in power quality monitoring. What are the
information from monitoring site surveys.(8)
4. Write short notes on power quality measurement system. What are the
characteristics of power quality measurement equipments? (16)
5. Explain the harmonic analyzer and disturbance analyzer. (16)
6. (a)Explain in detail about Flicker meter.(8)
(b)Application of expert system for power quality monitoring. (8)
7. What are the various instruments used for power quality measurements? What
are the factors to be considered when selecting the instruments? (16)
8. (a)Discuss in detail about the instruments used for analyzing non sinusoidal
voltage and currents. (16)
9. (a)Explain the modern power quality monitors(8)
(b)Draw and explain the functional structure of expert systems.(8)
10. Draw the block diagram of advanced power quality monitoring systems. Explain
it.. (16)
Untitled Document
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MIT Students Use Nuclear Energy to Make Music
Courtesy of
Courtesy of
Three MIT students have developed a new technique that enables them to make musical compositions from particle energy. Helen Chang Liu, Nick Lopez, and Keldin Sergheyev joined forces in their Introduction to Composition class when they were given an assignment to create something that shows their growing understanding of sound. While other classmates chose to make instruments like homemade flutes, chimes, and drums, this trio sought to “make musical textures from nuclear radiation.”
“The nuclear part was easy. The music part was the challenge,” said Segheyev, who admitted that he did not know much about Western musical notation prior to the Composition course.
Most of his knowledge about sound came from Waves and Vibrations, a physics course required for all students majoring in nuclear engineering at MIT. He and Lopez were enrolled in both classes when they discovered a way to generate musical sound using gamma radiation from a nuclear reactor.
“With that influencing us, we realized that these detectors are outputting signals based on the energy of the incoming particle,” said Lopez. Along with Liu, who had experience performing in various musical ensembles, the group began noting the energy detected and turning it into numerical data.
Using software developed by nuclear engineering graduate student Zach Hartwig, who served as a mentor on the project, they were able to map the pulses of light to a frequency. When they exposed the detector to different elements, such as Cobalt-60, Cesium-137, and even items like pottery and cigarettes, it created different sounds.
Though the project was very artistic, the students have already suggested a practical application for their findings. “We were in the nuclear lab, where they do a lot of radiation testing, and while we were there, one of the detectors started going off,” said Liu. “We were just like, ‘What is that? What does that mean?’ and we had to figure out what the machine was trying to say to us.”
They proposed that if a detector were able to generate unique sounds in response to different stimuli, researchers working in nuclear labs could immediately determine the urgency of the situation upon hearing a specific alarm. You can listen to the six tracks they created on SoundCloud.
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Using Namespaces
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Using Namespaces
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Sử dụng Namespaces Ví dụ bạn có thấy cho đến nay là một chương trình rất nhỏ. Tuy nhiên, các chương trình nhỏ sớm có thể phát triển thành các chương trình lớn hơn. Theo một chương trình phát triển, nó tạo ra hai vấn đề. Đầu tiên, thêm mã là khó hiểu và duy trì hơn so với mã ít hơn.
Chủ đề:
Nội dung Text: Using Namespaces
1. Using Namespaces The example you have seen so far is a very small program. However, small programs can soon grow into bigger programs. As a program grows, it creates two problems. First, more code is harder to understand and maintain than less code. Second, more code usually means more names; more named data, more named methods, and more named classes. As the number of names increases so does the likelihood of the project build failing because two or more names clash (especially when the program uses third-party libraries). In the past, programmers tried to solve the name-clashing problem by prefixing names with some sort of qualifier (or set of qualifiers). This solution is not a good one because it's not scalable; names become longer and you spend less time writing software and more time typing (there is a difference) and reading and re-reading incomprehensibly long names. Namespaces help solve this problem by creating a named container for other identifiers, such as classes. Two classes with the same name will not be confused with each other if they live in different namespaces. You can create a class named Greeting inside the namespace named TextHello, like this: namespace TextHello { class Greeting { ... } } You can then refer to the Greeting class as TextHello.Greeting in your own programs. If someone else also creates a Greeting class in a different namespace and installs it on your computer, your programs will still work as expected because they are using the TextHello.Greeting class. If you want to refer the new Greeting class, you must specify that you want the class from the new namespace. It is good practice to define all your classes in namespaces, and the Visual Studio 2005 environment follows this recommendation by using the name of your project as the top- level namespace. The .NET Framework Software Developer Kit (SDK) also adheres to this recommendation; every class in the .NET Framework lives inside a namespace. For example, the Console class lives inside the System namespace. This means that its fully qualified name is actually System.Console.
2. Of course, if you had to write the fully qualified name of a class every time, it would be no better that just naming the class SystemConsole. Fortunately, you can solve this problem with a using directive. If you return to the TextHello program in Visual Studio 2005 and look at the file Program.cs in the Code and Text Editor window, you will notice the following statements: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Text; The using statement brings a namespace into scope, and you no longer have to explictly qualify objects with the namespace they belong to in the code that follows. The three namespaces shown contain classes that are used so often that Visual Studio 2005 automatically adds these using statements every time you create a new project. You can add further using directives to the top of a source file. The following exercise demonstrates the concept of namespaces further. Try longhand names 1. In the Code And Text Editor window, comment out the using directive at the top of Program.cs: //using System; 2. On the Build menu, click Build Solution. The build fails, and the Output pane displays the following error message twice (once for each use of the Console class): The name 'Console' does not exist in the current context. 3. In the Output pane, double-click the error message. The identifier that caused the error is selected in the Program.cs source file. TIP The first error can affect the reliability of subsequent diagnostic messages. If your build has more than one diagnostic message, correct only the first one, ignore all the others, and then rebuild. This strategy works best if you keep your source files small and work iteratively, building frequently. 4. In the Code and Text Editor window, edit the Main method to use the fully qualified name System.Console. Main should look like this:
3. static void Main(string[] args) { System.Console.WriteLine("Hello World"); } NOTE When you type System., notice how the names of all the items in the System namespace are displayed by IntelliSense. 5. On the Build menu, click Build Solution. The build succeeds this time. If it doesn't, make sure Main is exactly as it appears in the preceding code, and then try building again. 6. Run the application to make sure it still works by clicking Start Without Debugging on the Debug menu. In the Solution Explorer, click the + to the left of the References entry. This displays the assemblies referenced by the Solution Explorer. An assembly is a library containing code written by other developers (such as the .NET Framework). In some cases, the classes in a namespace are stored in an assembly that has the same name (such as System), although this does not have to be the case—some assemblies hold more than one namespace. Whenever you use a namespace, you also need to make sure that you have referenced the assembly that contains the classes for that namespace; otherwise your program will not build (or run).
Đồng bộ tài khoản
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Mouth Guards in Sports
Functions of a Mouth Guard
According to the National Youth Sports Foundation for Safety, a young athlete is 60x more likely to sustain damage to the mouth and teeth when not wearing an athletic mouth guard. In the book Text and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth, the authors list 8 functions of a mouth guard:
1. Prevention of lacerations and bruising during impact by acting as a buffer between soft tissue and the teeth
2. Prevent tooth fractures or dislocation by cushioning the teeth from direct frontal blows while redistributing the forces of the impact
3. Opposing teeth are protected from seismic contact with each other
4. The mandible is afforded elastic recuperative support that can prevent fracture or damage to the unsupported angle of the lower jaw
5. Reduce neurologic injury by acting as a shock absorber between upper/lower jaws. Without a mouth guard, the trauma of the jaws violently jarring together can distribute the impact from the condyles for the mandible against the base of the skull resulting in a concussion
6. Provide positive reinforcement in the prevention of neck injuries
7. Provide psychologic benefit to athletes. Findings suggest athletes feel more confident and aggressive when having proper protection
8. Fill edentulous spaces and help support adjacent teeth. This allows removable prostheses to be taken out during athletic competitions
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GALEN: On the Natural Faculties
Galen lived in the Roman Empire during the late 100s AD. He is primarily known for his contributions to medicine, especially for his refinement of the Hippocratic theory of the four humors.
The four humors are blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm; and their respective temperaments are sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic. A person whose dominant humor is blood will be courageous, hopeful, playful, and carefree. A person whose dominant humor is yellow bile will be ambitious, a leader, restless, and easily angered. A person whose dominant humor is black bile will be despondent, quiet, analytical, and serious. A person whose dominant humor is phlegm will be calm, thoughtful, patient, indifferent, and peaceful.
All diseases, according to the humorist theory, arise from an excess or deficiency in one or more of the humors. Therefore, bloodletting was performed in an attempt to balance the humors, and restore the patient to good health.
Anyone who is familiar with Shakespeare’s plays knows that the humor theory was still popular during the time of Shakespeare, which is a testament to the enduring influence of Galen, who wrote 1500 years earlier.
Galen also wrote extensively about the human circulatory system. He was the first person to make the distinction between venous and arterial blood.
“Since feeling and voluntary motion are peculiar to animals, whilst growth and nutrition are common to plants as well, we may look on the former as effects of the soul and the latter as effects of the nature.”
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<urn:uuid:18f00dde-8eb2-4d2f-8f60-69f46386bd81>
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3rd Grade Spotlight: Ms. Demerath
Student writers
Calista, Alexandra and Kelton tell us all about ghost letters and how the students in Ms. Demerath's class became Ghostbusters.
Ghost Letters
Written by: Calista, Alexandra & Kelton
Knew, assign and crumb. What do these words all have in common? They are all ghost words! A ghost word is kind of like two letters together and one of the letters is like a ghost- you can't hear it. For example, the word crumb is a ghost word. Can you guess which letter is the ghost? If you guessed "b" then you are correct!
In Mrs. Demerath's class we were working with these ghost words. We brought flashlights from home or shared with a friend. Mrs. Demerath had these pieces of papers with ghost words on them. She taped some of the ghost words up in easy places to find and some in hard places to find in our room. Lights out! Then, Mrs. Demerath yelled, "Go!" We were the Ghostbusters and it was our job to find all of the ghosts. Once we found them we busted them by pointing our flashlight on it. We had a piece of paper that said things like, "Find a ghost word that has... wr." Once we found the word, we wrote it on our paper.
Being a Ghostbuster was fun because it is something we don't normally do and it is Halloween time! It was also a difficult job busting the ghosts because we had a time limit and we had to find two ghost words to complete every check on our list. In the end, Mrs. Demerath said, "Great job Ghostbusters!"
Quiz Time
Find the ghost letter in each of these words:
1. assign
2. knew
3. crumb
4. write
5. gnat
Answer Key
1. The ghost letter/sound in assign is the "g."
2. The ghost letter/sound in knew is the "k."
3. The ghost letter/sound in crumb is the "b."
4. The ghost letter/sound in write is the "w."
5. The ghost letter/sound in gnat is the "g."
picture of a ghost with a word in it
Worksheet assignment
Class of students
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What is paravirtualization?
The main limitation of paravirtualization is the fact that the guest OS must be tailored specifically to run on top of the virtual machine monitor (VMM), the host program that allows a single computer to support multiple, identical execution environments. Paravirtualization eliminates the need for the virtual machine to trap privileged instructions.
How does paravirtualization work?
By granting the guest OS access to the underlying hardware, paravirtualization enables communication between the guest OS and the hypervisor, thus improving performance and efficiency within the system.
In paravirtualization, the guest kernel is modified to run with the hypervisor. This frequently involves removing operations that only run on ring 0 of the processor with calls to the hypervisor, or hypercalls.
Uses of paravirtualization
Paravirtualization is an expansion of a technology that has existed for years in the IBM operating system. Xen, an open source hypervisor, incorporates paravirtualization. Xen virtualizes the memory and processor using an altered Linux kernel. It also virtualizes the I/O using custom guest OS device drivers.
• disaster recovery
• capacity management
• separating test systems and development environments
• transferring data from one system to another
Advantages and disadvantages of paravirtualization
Advantages of paravirtualization include:
• The thin software layer created in paravirtualization controls virtual server traffic by allowing a single guest OS to gain access to the physical hardware device while ceasing access for all other guest OS.
• Since paravirtualization does not attempt to fully rebuild the hardware, there is lower virtualization overhead.
• Paravirtualization does not include device drivers because it utilizes the drivers already present in the guest OS. Therefore, organizations can take full advantage of the hardware in the server instead of being limited to hardware with available drivers, as is the case in full virtualization.
Disadvantages of paravirtualization include:
• Modifications of the guest OS are necessary for any interaction with the paravirtualization interfaces to take place, thus limiting support to open source OSes, such as Linux.
This was last updated in October 2021
Continue Reading About paravirtualization
Dig Deeper on Containers and virtualization
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Janet Guthrie
Download the Activity
Social Studies
Grade 3- 5
Students will learn about a woman physicist and race car driver in honor of Women's History Month. They will identify other well-known women daredevils.
Race Car Driver and Physicist
Why would a well-educated young woman choose a career as a mechanic and race car driver? Janet Guthrie's family and friends would never understand why a woman who had a wonderful job as a physicist in the aerospace department of Republic Aviation would want to throw away her life on racing cars.
Janet's love for adventure led her to the racing world. She sold everything she owned, including her XK-120 Jaguar. Her goal was to build her own race car from scratch. She bought a brand new Toyota and promptly tore it down. It took her a year to rebuild it so that it would be able to compete. Since she had no steady job, life was a struggle. She had to abandon her apartment for a single room in the back of a store. Only odd jobs kept her alive and paid for the parts she needed for her car. Finally, worn out and virtually penniless, Janet took a job as a technical editor for Sperry Rand.
Although she could find no racing sponsor, she did not give up. She kept making appointments and attempting to sell the world on the idea of a female race car driver, but sponsors thought a woman was too much of a risk. Finally, someone took a chance and asked her to race. She finished that race and continued to win in club races and some professional ones. At last Janet set her sights on a race that would test her endurance: the Indianapolis 500.
In 1976 Janet attempted to qualify for the Indy 500, but car problems eliminated her. But that same year she did become the first woman to race for the National Association for Stock Car Auto Races. In 1977 she became the first woman to race in the Indy 500; the following year she placed ninth in her Texaco-sponsored #51 racer at Indianapolis.
Janet Guthrie is a pioneer. The thrill of racing caused her to decide that a life driving off into the sunset was better than sitting at a desk. Her spirit of adventure paid off not only for her but also for every other woman whose career leads her to the speedway.
Suggested Activities
1. Knowledge: What kinds of jobs did Janet do before and while she worked toward becoming a race car driver?
2. Creative Thinking: If you wanted to become a race car driver, how would you find someone to sponsor you?
3. Application: Draw your conception of the fastest race car of the future.
4. Analysis: Why was it so difficult for Janet to find a sponsor and become a professional race car driver?
5. Synthesis: Did Janet's experiences before her professional career as race car driver help her in any way?
6. Evaluation: Do you think that Janet was happy with her life as a race car driver?
7. Affective: Do you think that racing cars is hazardous? Do you think it is more hazardous for women than for men?
1. Distribute the activity sheet to students and have them complete the activity.
• Daredevils activity sheet
• pencils
© 2022 Teacher Created Resources. All Rights Reserved.
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All About Mitosis and Meiosis 6-Pack
• Grade: 3-6
• Guided Reading Level: Z
• Item: 11104
• ISBN: 9781433301049
• Language: English
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis? Children will learn the answer through this stimulating book that features stunning images and photos, captivating facts, engaging sidebars, and easy-to-read text. The steps of mitosis and meiosis--including interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis, and meiosis I and meiosis II--are explained in easy-to-read text. The accessible glossary and index ensure that readers have the tools they need to better understand the content. Featuring an engaging lab activity, this book will have readers captivated and delighted from beginning to end! This 6-Pack includes six copies of this title and a lesson plan.
Download Sample Pages
Switch to mobile version
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Natural historians worry about threat foreign plants pose to environment
Allison Remcheck
Honeysuckles and rambler roses are taking over and native plants are becoming extinct.
Oscar J. Rocha, assistant professor of ecology, studies the evolution of these invasive species.
Rambler roses, or the multiflora rose, and honeysuckles, were brought to the United States from Asia between the 1930s and the 1960s, Rocha said, “And then they escaped and started growing out of control.”
Birds dispersed the seeds of these plants first planted in ornamental gardens and caused them to grow everywhere, Rocha said.
“Now they are all over and people think that they were native, but they were not,” he said. “They were introduced.”
Rambler roses, in particular, are dominating other plants on the West coast, Colorado and the entire East and Midwest.
Natural historians determine the frequency of plants in a given area, Rocha said. They have determined that honeysuckles and rambler roses have become more and more frequent, while other native plants have disappeared.
Rocha’s job is to study the plants’ genes and determine the cause of this plant domination.
One theory is when the plants came to the United States, they had some genetic characteristic that allowed them to grow and spread faster than native plants.
“They started growing faster at full speed, out of control,” Rocha said.
This could be because the plants don’t have their natural enemies to control them.
The plants could have also cross-bred with relatives and formed new genes which allowed them to be more aggressive.
“All of the sudden, we put them all together and they started exchanging genes,” Rocha said.
The plants coexist peacefully with other plants in their own country, Rocha said, if they are planted with the plants they evolved with.
Rocha said he has seen examples of both cases, and right now he is in the process of determining which theory is the most important to the control of these species.
He uses molecular markers, which show the sequences of DNA for the plants. He is checking to see if the same DNA sequences from cultivated plants are in the foreign plants. This would prove they cross-bred and became more aggressive.
The only way to prevent the extinction of other plants is to stop planting the foreign species of honeysuckle and rambler roses in gardens, Rocha said. If people stop buying them, plant stores will stop selling them.
“If you have some of those plants in your garden, you should get rid of them,” he said. “These are species that are harmful to the environment in the long run. These plants are there because of our fault, and not because nature put them there.”
Rocha said people also should research whether a plant is invasive before they plant it.
In the long run, Rocha hopes his research will teach park managers to control these species populations.
Contact science reporter Allison Remcheck at [email protected]
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free download PNG images ：Coat
Overcoats are clothes worn for warmth or fashion. Outerwear usually has long sleeves and is opened from the front down, closed by buttons, zippers, shackles, elbows, belts or some combination of them. Other possible features include a collar, shoulder strap and hood.
Coat is one of the earliest English words of clothing category, which can be traced back to the early Middle Ages. (see also clothing terminology.) The Oxford English Dictionary traces the modern meaning of coat to C. 1300, when it was written in the shed. The word coat comes from ancient French, and then from Latin ancient Scots. It originated from wool clothes in the primitive Indo European language.
The early English usage of outerwear was chain mail, a tunic similar to a metal coat, usually the length of the knee or middle leg.
Medieval and Renaissance outerwear (usually spelled Cote by costume historians) is a medium-sized, sleeve style men's coat, suitable for the waist and buttoned at the front, the basic element of which is the whole skirt, different from the modern coat.
By the 18th century, overcoats had begun to replace cloaks and cloaks as outerwear. By the middle of the 20th century, the word jacket and overcoat had been confused. There are still differences in the use of old clothes.
In the early 19th century, overcoats were divided into undercoats and topcoats. The term "overcoat" is now obsolete, but it means that the term "overcoat" can be either the outermost layer (overcoat) worn outdoors or the overcoat (overcoat) worn under it. However, the term "coat" has begun to refer only to the topcoat, not the undercoat. The older use of the word coat can still be found in the expression "wear coat and tie", which does not mean that the wearer wears coat. A tuxedo, dressing gown, or overcoat does not indicate the type of coat. Indeed, overcoats may be worn on top of tailcoats. In the field of tailoring, the tailors who make all kinds of coats are called coat manufacturers. Similarly, in American English, the term sport coat is used to refer to a coat (coat) not worn as a coat (sport coat in British English).
The term "jacket" is a traditional term used to refer to a specific type of short undercoat. Typical modern jackets extend only to the upper thighs, while older coats, such as tuxedos, are usually knee length. Modern jackets in suits are traditionally known as British English casual coats (or casual jackets) and American English hemp coats. American English terms are rarely used. Traditionally, most men wear coats and ties, although this has declined since the 1960s. Because the basic patterns of baby stroller (black coat for striped trousers in British English) and evening dress (TUXEDO in American English) are the same as those of casual coat, tailors traditionally call these two special types of coats as outerwear.
Overcoats should be designed as the outermost garment to be worn in outdoor sports; although this usage is still maintained in some places, especially in the UK, in other places, the term "coating" is often used primarily to refer to only the outer coating, not to the inner coating. If there is any difference, the finish is a slightly shorter [need to quote] topcoat. Cut through a coat longer than the top of a knee coat (under coat) (for example, a work coat, a formal coat, and a dressing coat) so that it is fully covered and large enough to accommodate the lower coat.
Coats vary in length: the middle calf is the most common, while the current fashion has nothing to do with the hem, the default is the calf. Designs range from knee length to ankle length and were briefly popular in the early 1970s, known as "Maxi" (in contrast to the modified mini).
English speakers sometimes use the word jacket and coat informally.
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Celts are tribes of Indo-European origin in antiquity and at the turn of the eras that occupied vast areas in Western and Central Europe. Let's try to understand who they really were.
The Celts lived in what is now Britain and Ireland. It is difficult to say anything definite about the origin of the Celts. Some historians believe that they inhabited Britain as early as 3,200 years ago, while others believe that long before that. But one thing is clear - the migration of the Celts began around 400 BC. from Central Europe. The tribes began to spread in all directions, but to the south they had to face the strong Romans. It turned out that the militant, but scattered Celts were opposed by a single unified empire. The tribes, on the other hand, constantly fought with each other, without thinking about uniting against a common enemy. As a result, some of the tribes were completely destroyed, others submitted to the Romans, adopting their culture, and still others went to the remote corners of that world - to Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are still communities of modern Celts who even strive to preserve their culture. And in their travels the Celts even reached Greece and Egypt.
The Celts fought naked. When mentioning the Celts, there is always someone who mentions their tradition of fighting naked with a gold band around his neck, a neck gryvnia. This Celtic myth is one of the most popular. But one has only to think about such a statement, as its absurdity immediately becomes clear. And this false statement appeared thanks to the Romans. Today, almost all information that we have about these ancient tribes is obtained from the records of the historians of Rome. There is no doubt that they exaggerated their exploits, and described the enemy as absolutely primitive savages. In this case, history was made by the winners, was it worth expecting honesty from her in relation to the defeated? But there is another side to this story. The Celts lived in a period of history called the Iron Age. Then, instead of bronze, they just began to use iron. It went into the manufacture of armor, weapons and tools. The Celts had the opportunity to arm themselves with swords, axes, hammers, create metal armor, chain mail, rivet leather. Given the existence of armor, it would be foolish to assume that the warriors abandoned them and fought naked.
Druids were ancient wizards. For that time, the Celtic Druids were truly powerful characters. They didn't just wear white robes and perform human sacrifices, but they did some really incredible things. Druids acted as advisors for tribal leaders and even kings. With their help, laws were born, just as today the English parliament "invites" the Queen to sign acts. Druids often acted as judges, enforcing their own rules. For the Celts, Druids were the personification of wisdom. It was not for nothing that one had to study for 20 years to deserve such a title. Druids possessed knowledge of astronomy, they kept folk legends and cultivated natural philosophy. The Celtic sages informed the villagers when they should start sowing. Druids even believed that they could predict the future.
Celtic traditions died with them. Thanks to the Celtic druids, one interesting tradition arose and survived, which we know today. The fact is that in those days the oak was considered a sacred tree. Druids believed that the gods lived in everything that surrounds us, including rocks, water, plants. No less holy thing than an oak was the mistletoe, which just grew on it. Beliefs in the power of these plants persist today. It is no coincidence that in the English-speaking world there is a tradition of kissing under the mistletoe at Christmas.
Celtic women were morose. Based on the assumption that the Celts were savages (thanks to the Romans!), It is logical and women to consider them sullen and downtrodden. But this is a myth. In fact, Celtic women could be very powerful and influential, own their own land and even divorce at will. For those times, such freedoms seem incredible. Roman women were essentially limited in their rights, but among the Celts, women could make a career by climbing the social ladder. High status could be inherited or acquired through merit. Among the Celts, the landowners followed the leader into battle. If a woman turned out to be such, then she went into battle. In fact, among the Celts, female warriors even taught boys and girls the art of war. Women could even become druids, creating the laws of society. These norms protected everyone in the Celtic tribe, including the elderly, sick and infirm, children. It was believed that the latter were still innocent, so they should be protected. But in Roman society, children were often abandoned, leaving them to die hungry in the garbage. So the Celts were not savages at all, as the Romans convince us.
The Celts didn't build roads. It is difficult to argue with the fact that it was thanks to the Roman engineers that a network of roads appeared that enveloped the whole of Europe. In fact, one cannot agree with this. After all, long before the Romans, the Celts built a whole network of wooden roads connecting neighboring tribes. These routes of communication allowed the Celts to trade with each other. It's just that the wooden roads turned out to be short-lived, practically nothing remained of this material - it rotted away. But today in the swamps of France, England and Ireland, there are still some wooden boards, parts of the road. Based on the fact that the Romans were never able to conquer Ireland, we can safely assume that the old boards were created by the Celts as part of the roadway. In the same Ireland, there is the Corlea Trail, on which there are many parts of the old road. In some places it was even reconstructed so that one could see the path along which the Celtic tribes moved at one time.
The Celts had strange but monotonous helmets. Based on the fact that the Celts had metal armor, it is logical to assume the existence of the corresponding helmets. They were often unusual - the Celts did not hesitate to experiment with designs. One such piece of equipment was found in the Romanian village of Chumeshti, where these tribes also climbed. Here archaeologists have found an old cemetery dating back to the Iron Age. Among 34 graves, there was also one that belonged to the Celtic leader. He was buried along with numerous objects, among which were bronze axes and rich armor. It was believed that they were supposed to help the deceased in the afterlife. But an unusual helmet stood out among all the vestments. On it, an unknown master forged a large bird of prey, spreading its bronze wings. The design of this decoration looks unusual - the wings of the bird turned out to be suspended on hinges, so when the owner of the helmet walked, the creature seemed to fly. Historians believe that a fluttering helmet in battle was still quite impractical and the leader wore it only on special occasions. But the helmet has become one of the most famous and copied masterpieces of Celtic art. Even Asterisk with Obelix has something similar.
The Celts only thought about who to fight. This people became famous not only for their travels, but also for their love of battles. However, the Celts fought on anyone's side, but not at all for free. Even Tsar Ptolemy II, a representative of the glorious Egyptian dynasty, took these soldiers as mercenaries. And the European tribes turned out to be such cool soldiers that the king was afraid that they might take over his country. Ptolemy therefore ordered the Celts to be landed on an uninhabited island in the Nile. The Greeks also met the Celts. In those days, the tribes just expanded their territories. Those events are known in history as the Gallic invasion of the Balkans. Its culmination was the Battle of Delphic, which ended in the defeat of the intruders. The fact is that again the scattered Celts were opposed by trained united armies. So in 270 BC. the Celts were expelled from Delphi.
The Celts cut off the heads of their enemies. This fact is almost the most famous about the Celts, it is still true. Indeed, the tribes were on a real bounty hunt. It was this part of the body of a defeated enemy that was considered the most coveted trophy for the Celts. The reason for this is religion, which asserted the existence of spirits in all things. So the human head was presented as a place where the souls of defeated enemies live. The warrior who had such a collection was honored. And the heads of the enemies around gave the Celts self-confidence, a sense of significance. It was customary to decorate the severed heads of enemies and saddles, and the doors of houses. It was something of owning a collection of luxury luxury cars in the modern world. Today, people boast of a stylish new car, and then they boasted of the head of a powerful hostile leader that appeared in the collection.
The Celts were a poor people. To debunk this myth, it is worth plunging into history a little. For the time being, the Celts and Romans coexisted peacefully next to each other. But then Julius Caesar appeared on the scene. His political career did not work out, besides, he was burdened with burdensome debts. It seemed clear that a small victorious war against the primitive barbarians, the Celts, could rectify the situation. The Gaulish Wars are often considered the most important military manifestation of Julius Caesar's genius. Thanks to that campaign, the empire's frontier began to expand rapidly. At the same time, Caesar, one after another, defeated the Celtic tribes and seized their territories. This victory changed the fate of the region, known in the ancient world as Gaul, with the Celtic tribes living there. Caesar himself gained fame and influence. But why exactly did he attack Gaul? The Roman himself wrote that he was trying to push back the barbarian tribes that threatened Rome. But historians see the reasons for something else. One of these conquering tribes were the Helvetians, who lived near the Alps. Caesar promised them protection when they moved to Gaul. But then Rome changed its mind, and the barbarians decided to act independently. Caesar declared that it was necessary to protect the Celts living in Gaul. As a result, the Romans exterminated more than a quarter of a million "invaders", in the process of protecting the territories, almost all the Celts were destroyed. Gaul itself became part of a powerful empire. And this has the most direct relation to wealth. Caesar needed money to pay off debts and gain influence for his career. Not only did Gaul bring him the fame of a commander, this territory was very rich in gold deposits. The Celts were known to have gold coins and jewelry, but they were believed to have been obtained through trade. But Caesar did not believe it. It turned out that there were more than four hundred gold-mining mines in Gaul. This testified to the incredible wealth of the Celts, which was the reason for Caesar's interest in them. Interestingly, Rome began minting its gold coins just after the conquest of Gaul.
The Celts were poorly educated. And again, it is worth understanding that the Romans in every possible way sought to expose their rivals in the most bad light. In fact, these people were not at all as simple as they are presented. Moreover, the Celts possessed something that even the Romans did not have - an accurate calendar. Yes, there was a Julian calendar, but the Celts owned their own calendar from Coligny. It was found in this French city back in 1897, which gave the name to the discovery. Not only does it have an unusual look, but the calendar turned out to be made of mysterious metal plates with numerous marks: holes, numbers, lines, a set of Greek and Roman letters. For a hundred years, scientists could only understand that they were dealing with a calendar, but the principle of its operation remained a mystery. Only in 1989 the invention of the Celts was successfully deciphered. It turned out that the find was a solar-lunar calendar, which, based on the cycles of the appearance of heavenly bodies, calculated the time of the year. For that state of civilization, the calendar was very accurate, being an advanced invention. With it, the Celts could predict where the sun will be in the sky in the coming months. This find clearly proved that the Celts had developed scientific and mathematical thinking. It would be interesting to compare the invention of the "barbarians" with the calendar used by the Romans. It was also considered fairly accurate for its time, with an error of only 11.5 minutes per year with the actual solar calendar. But over the centuries, this error is rapidly accumulating. As a result, in our time, the Romans would celebrate the beginning of spring when August was in our yard. But the Celtic calendar, even today, could correctly predict the season. So the Romans had a lot to learn from the "uneducated" barbarians.
Watch the video: History of England - Documentary (June 2022).
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Population status
Short-tailed Albatross
(Phoebastria albatrus)
The majority of Short-tailed Albatrosses nest on a single, intermittently active, volcanic Japanese island. Short-tailed Albatross range as far north as the Bering Strait, and occasionally the Bering and Chukchi seas; and, as far south as the Baja Peninsula. The species does not breed in Canada, but are found off the coast of British Columbia as visitors. Historically, when the global population was estimated to have been in the millions (COSEWIC 2013g), the Short-tailed Albatross was likely very common on Canada’s west coast. However, after 70 years of slaughter at their colonies for the feather trade, by 1949, the species was thought to be extinct (Austin 1949, Tickell 2000).The species however persisted, apparently due to a small number of birds wandering the Pacific during the final harvests (Austin 1949, COSEWIC 2013g). Since then, the global population has rebounded to ~3,500 individuals (USFWS 2012). The total breeding population is currently estimated to be 592 pairs (ACAP 2014). Numbers have been increasing at approximately 7% per year (USFWS 2005, ACAP 2014); and it is anticipated that the species will become more common in Canadian waters as the population rebounds (Kenyon et al. 2009). Annual sightings along the United States' and British Columbian west coast are rising. Between 1960 and 1995, there were only 11 reported sightings of the species within or adjacent to Pacific Canadian waters, whereas since 1996, there have been 76 reported sightings (~ 82 individuals) within or adjacent to Canadian waters (COSEWIC 2013g, see Appendix 1; K. Morgan, Environment Canada, pers. comm.). Monitoring data are insufficient to determine any change in population status relative to about 1970 for the Short-tailed Albatrosses that travel and forage in Canadian waters. However, over the past decade, incidental sightings of Short-tailed Albatrosses off the coast of British Columbia have increased by ~6.5% per year (COSEWIC 2013g), although this figure may be partially influenced by increased search effort.
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Josef Mengele in 1956, in a photo taken by Buenos Aires police for his Argentine identification document. (Wikimedia Commons)
Who Was Josef Mengele?
The Nazi doctor was infamous for inhumane experimenting on Auschwitz prisoners.
Josef Mengele was an SS physician, infamous for his inhumane medical experimentation upon concentration camp prisoners at Auschwitz.
Mengele’s Early Life
Josef Mengele during World War II. (Wikimedia Commons)
Josef Mengele during World War II. (Wikimedia Commons)
Mengele At Auschwitz
"Selection" of Hungarian Jews on the ramp at the death camp Auschwitz-II (Birkenau) in Poland during German occupation, May/June 1944. (Wikimedia Commons/Yad Vashem)
Approximately 30 physicians served at Auschwitz during the period in which Mengele was assigned to the camp. As a requisite feature of their “rounds,” medical staff performed “selections” of prisoners on the ramp, determining from among the mass of humanity arriving at Auschwitz who would be retained for work and who would perish immediately in the gas chambers. Known as the “Angel of Death,” or sometimes as the “White Angel,” for his coldly cruel demeanor on the ramp, Mengele is associated more closely with this “selection duty” than any other medical officer at Auschwitz, although by most accounts he performed this task no more often than any of his colleagues. Undoubtedly, this association is partially explained by his postwar notoriety, but the ubiquitous image of Mengele at the ramp in so many survivors’ accounts has also to do with the fact that Mengele often appeared “off-duty” in the selection area whenever trainloads of new prisoners arrived at Auschwitz, searching for twins.
The medical experimentation building at Auschwitz. (Wikimedia Commons)
The medical experimentation building at Auschwitz. (Wikimedia Commons)
He had a wide variety of other research interests, including a fascination with heterochromia, a condition in which an individual’s two irises differ in coloration. Throughout his stay in Auschwitz, Mengele collected the eyes of his murdered victims, in part to furnish “research material” to colleague Karin Magnussen, a KWI researcher of eye pigmentation. He himself also conducted several experiments in an attempt to unlock the secret of artificially changing eye color. Less famously, he zealously documented in camp inmates the progression of the disease Noma, a type of gangrene that destroys the mucous membrane of the mouth and other tissues.
Escaping Justice After the War
In the immediate postwar, Mengele found himself in U.S. custody. Unaware that Mengele’s name already stood on a list of wanted war criminals, however, U.S. officials quickly released him. From the summer of 1945 until spring 1949, the physician, under false papers, worked as a farmhand near Rosenheim, Bavaria. At that time, his prosperous family aided his immigration to South America. Mengele settled in Argentina.
Reprinted with permission from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum’s Holocaust Encyclopedia.
Discover More
Children During the Holocaust
Women During the Holocaust
The Nazis subjected women to brutal persecution.
Nazi Medical Experiments
The drive to create a superior race.
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Charlemagne: Creating the Myth
06.04.2021 Dr Marco Nievergelt
In the later Middle Ages, England found itself entangled in a long and bitter war with France known as the Hundred Years' War. So why did English writers at the time choose to celebrate the story of Charlemagne, king of the Franks from 768 to 814?
When historical figures are able to captivate the imagination of later generations, resonating with contemporary ideals, values, concerns, or anxieties, they can acquire a mythical status. But what is it exactly that makes particular figures suitable material for later mythmaking? In the case of heavily mythologised figures, the relevance of historical ‘facts’ is often limited. Indeed, too much historical detail actually inhibits mythmaking: somewhat paradoxically, it is precisely the undefined, uncertain and unknown nature of individual figures that accounts for their powerful hold on the collective imagination.
The very vagueness of the ideas attached to a particular historical figure allows them to be celebrated, reinvented and re-imagined. It can also see them appropriated for a wide variety of political, ideological, or propagandist purposes.
What Do You Think Of That Genius?
Welcome To Geniuses.Club!
Here you’ll find All that’s interesting about humanity’s Great Minds
Biographies, Articles, Videos, Quotes, Geni-Shop
Who was Born / Died on each day & Where
And much more
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Butterfly Bush Visitors
12 teachers like this lesson
Print Lesson
The SWBAT conduct research in a collaborative partner team and then create a page for a class book. They will also be able to tell how a plant and an animal are dependent on each other.
Big Idea
Like the milkweed plant, the butterfly bush supports a variety of life. Let's conduct research with a partner using approved websites to find out more!
Teacher Notes
Activity Description:
The children will be connecting what they have already learned about interdependence and apply it to a similar context--a butterfly bush. Then they will work in a collaborative partner team to do a short research project on an animal by filling in a graphic organizer. On the organizer, they will note how the animal depends on the butterfly bush and how it depends on the animal. After, they will use their information to create a page for our classroom book called Butterfly Bush Visitors.
Note: The children will need to have access to a computer lab for about 45 minutes. I split my research times into 2 different days.
NGSS/Common Core Connection:
In the NGSS, the children need to know how living things on Earth are dependent on each other. In this lesson the children learn about how critters depend on the butterfly bush and how the butterfly bush, in turn, depends on it. It helps builds their knowledge of interdependence from the lesson titled A Milkweed Community. Also, common core writing skills are integrated as they take it to the next step, and create their own page after completing research with partners.
5 minutes
I call the children to the front to engage them in a research challenge. I suggest they create a new book titled Butterfly Bush Visitors, instead of Milkweed Visitors. It will explain the life that depends on the butterfly bush and how the butterfly bush depends on its visitors.
Remember when we went on the field trip to my gardens and saw a beautiful bush filled with purple blooms? It was the bush that you sat by and recorded observations about pollinators. That bush is called a butterfly bush. The butterfly bush is just like the milkweed bush. It has visitors that come and visit it everyday. Most of those visitors are helpful, but some are not. Wouldn't it be fun to learn more about those critters by doing some research? I wonder if we could make a book just like Milkweed Visitors, but call it Butterfly Bush Visitors?
The children are so excited by the idea of researching and writing a book! They ask if we can go to the computer lab right now. Some of the children are talking about how this is just the best day. I honestly didn't expect the amount of excitement that this conjured up. It really helped that the children had this wonderful real-life experience to connect with.
If you don't have access to show them a real butterfly bush, don't worry, click here for a photo of one. Your children will still find this project fun and exciting. I think the idea of researching on their own and then creating a book is very motivating.
45 minutes
Note: Remember that the research for this project will take 45 minutes. I divided the time into two different days.
For this project, I team up partners by varying abilities. I put an academically stronger child with one that has a more difficult time. In the NGSS and the Common Core, an emphasis is put on the children working in groups to attain a common goal. This is paramount in the workforce that they will be in someday.
For this project, I am going to announce who will be working together. After I have announced all of the names, I would like you to go sit by your partner. I am going to pass out photos of critters that like to visit my butterfly bush. I am going to randomly give each partner group one photo and a Research Notes paper. The photo you receive will be the critter that you will be researching about today. After you get your photo, I would like you to write the name of the critter in the spot where it says "name of animal." Then I would like you to give me the photo back so I can keep it for you. You will need it for your final project.
For this research, I take the class into our school's computer lab. They need to find out information about their critter to fill out the graphic organizer. As part of the standards, they are obtaining information using electronic menus and icons to help them use the media efficiently. The partners work on the same computer, share information, but each need to fill out their own sheet since it makes each person accountable.
Finding websites that are at a second grade reading level is very difficult, so I tried my best. The websites below offer the best information, but some children will need a strong partner to help with the reading. I had the computer teacher upload the websites onto the school's webpage for easy access. My class was able to navigate the websites with minimal directions. I have also put the websites on a Symbaloo page for easy access.
Butterfly Information Webpages
http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species_search (search by common names)
Insect Information Webpages
(a SUPER very kid-friendly research site )
Frog Information Webpages
Hummingbird Information Webpages
My children had a ball researching. They did even better than I expected. I was so proud of the way they were able to find the information and write it down (See student sample of the research). Even my must reluctant readers were heavily involved in this project because the interest level was so high. They found out so many interesting facts (see video clip--finding interesting information) and were so excited to share them (see video great investigations)! They also were checking facts and making connections. Here is a video of two boys looking at headings to help them find information.
20 minutes
I call the children to the carpet area. On the Smartboard I pull up a copy of the Butterfly Bush Visitors Final Writing Paper. Click for a Teacher GUIDE of how to fill the organizer out.
We are going to be completing the next step in the writing process. You just went to the computer lab and researched lots of information. As scientists, you will want to share your information with others. Since we are writing a book to share, you will have to transfer the information you have gathered onto a final writing paper. I am going to guide you through the process by showing you how to do this step by step.
For my example, I use my research notes from a photo of a great spangled fritillary (see Butterfly Bush Visitors GUIDED SAMPLE). Working them through the process helps develop a structure of how the process works. Many of them have never had an opportunity to complete a writing page like this from their own notes.
On your paper it says "blank is a visitor to the butterfly bush". So on the blank I am going to write Great Spangled Fritillary. It says it "depends on the butterfly bush for blank." When I look at my notes I see that I have checked the box that tells that it depends on the butterfly bush for nectar. So I am going to write nectar in the blank. The next sentence says "the butterfly bush depends on it for blank." When I look in my notes, I see that the fritillary helps with pollination. So I would put pollination in this blank. Then it says, "It is blank". I would have to fill in if it is a predator, nectivore or herbivore. When I look at my notes, I see I wrote that it is a nectivore, so I will add it here.
The last part of this paper is just blank lines. This is where I will write the two interesting facts that I learned. I need to make sure my ideas are complete. I need to start with a capital letter and end with a period. The interesting facts that I am going to write about is that their wingspan is 2 1/2 inches to 4 inches.
The other fact I found out was caterpillars eat violet leaves. So I am going to write that information down. When I am done with my work, I will glue the photo into the box.
Do you have any questions? I would like you to return to your seats by your research partners and I will pass out your research notes and photographs. If you need any help, make sure to raise your hand.
Modeling the writing for them is essential. They need to see how someone writes from their notes step-by-step before attempting it on their own.
The students work feverishly to finish the final copy of their research. Since they had already done all of the thinking and work, this part is going pretty quickly. I have them glue the photo in the box which really made their work look professional (See Finished Student Sample Butterfly Bush Visitors). Here is another finished student sample. This activity helps them work towards the goal of obtaining information through research to gather evidence about the natural world. They will be communicating their information through written form.
15 minutes
As a wrap up, the children will read and share their page with the class. I celebrate their success and learning with positive praise.
I am so proud of what you have accomplished! This is our first research project using the internet. You did a great job using the menus, icons and headings to help you find facts about your butterfly bush critter. Then you came back and wrote the information in a final form so you could share the information with others. Great job, scientists!
After they have all shared, I evaluate their writing, I look for the following:
1. Did they understand the scientific concept of plants and animals depending on each other?
2. Is their information accurate?
3. Do their ideas make sense?
4. Do they start each sentence with a capital letter?
5. Do they end each sentence with a period or exclamation point (if needed)?
6. Did they write complete ideas?
If a child is having difficulty in expressing their ideas in written form, I will work with them to improve their writing . One way I do that is to have them express to me their ideas orally and then have them write that same information down. I also have them reread their ideas themselves to make sure they make sense.
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Introducing ‘More’ and ‘Less’
This is a difficult concept for a toddler. They use the language or more all the time “I want more pasta Mummy” but the concept of less is harder. Use the language as much as possible when they are playing. When eating or playing with toys, ask your child who has more and who has less.
Stage One
The first stage is to play with water or food as this is what they can relate to. They can tell you which cup of tea or plate of food has “more”.
Your child might use words like “more” and “a lot” to describe the amounts of objects.
The Tea Party
1. Set up a tea party. The adult pretends to be the animals.
2. Pour tea into the cups for the animals to drink tea from.
3. The animals drink the tea and they all then ask for more.
4. More tea is given, but to use the language of less, some of the animals say they have too much tea and they would like less.
5. Your child would then empty some of the tea into the bucket to consolidate their understanding of less.
During all of this play we were using the language of more, less, too much, full and empty. If possible, my toddler would have spent hours pouring the tea for her animals!
I would do this in different scenarios – a tea party with water, a picnic with sandwiches, or eating pasta using similar language of more and less.
Stage Two
The second stage is to compare quantities. This means that your child will look at two different amounts and explain which one has more and which one has less. This is difficult and requires a lot of repetition and practice!
More or Less Blocks
1. Count together with your child as you build a tower using 7 blocks. Place the number 7 card beside it.
2. Count together with your child as you build a tower using 3 blocks. Place the number 3 card beside it.
3. Discuss which has more (the larger number) and which has less (the smaller number).
4. Ask your child to place the ‘More’ card by the tower with more blocks.
5. Ask your child to place the ‘Less’ card by the tower with less blocks.
6. Challenge them by asking ‘How do you know that 7 is more than 3?’ (you work towards the answer that ‘7 is the larger number’).
Building towers of blocks where your child can see the tower being physically bigger help with understanding there are more.
Stage Three
The third stage is for your child to be able to give you more and less of a quantity of objects.
They can tell you “one more” than a given number up to 5 and then to 10.
Stickers in Circles
1. Draw 2 circles and ask your child to stick more stickers in one circle and less in the other.
2. The easiest way to do this is ask your child to ask your child to choose a number e.g. 6 and stick 6 stickers into the ‘More’ circle.
3. Then ask them what number is less than 6 and stick that number of stickers in the less circle.
Other examples for stage 3 could include:
• Make pizza together, divide it in half an put more ham on one side and less on the other and the same with the other toppings.
• Bake biscuits and decorate one with more spots and one with less.
• Encourage your child to place stickers in a line as this helps them count one number for each sticker. Make sure you write the number down too so they can see the link between the number of stickers and the number itself.
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kids encyclopedia robot
California two-spot octopus facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Quick facts for kids
California two-spot octopus
Octopus bimaculoides at the Santa Monica Pier Aquarium
Scientific classification
The California two-spot octopus (Octopus bimaculoides), often simply called a "bimac", is an octopus species native to many parts of the Pacific Ocean including the coast of California. One can identify the species by the circular blue eyespots on each side of its head. Bimacs usually live to be about two years old. They are closely related to Verrill's two-spot octopus (Octopus bimaculatus). In 2015, the genome was sequenced.
O. bimaculoides can be found in coastal waters from the intertidal down to at least 20 m (65 ft) in the eastern Pacific along mid- and southern-California and the western side of the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico.
This species of octopus is found in subtidal to a depth of 20 m (65 ft). It prefers rocky reefs or debris for hiding. It tolerates a wide temperature range 15-26 °C (60-80 °F), though it prefers 18-22 °C (65-72 °F).
Octopus bimaculoides reaches a mantle size of 17.5 cm (7 inches) with arms to 58 cm (23 inches). Not usually heavily textured, it has several common colors, such as grey with yellow splotches, and uses highly developed crypsis (camouflage or color-changing to match the environment).
Octopuses achieve color change in part by chromatophores, iridophores, and leucophores; all are structures of the skin in increasing depth. Chromatophores are elastic pigment sacs with muscle fibers attached by which they can expand and contract. The leucophores are important because they allow for the reflection of white light and consequently allow the skin to reflect wavelengths of light which are prevalent in their habitat and produce disruptive patterns. The other aspect to cephalopod camouflage is the brain, which contains nerves coated in chromatophore fibers, controlling coloration patterning.
Distinctive features
This octopus gets its name from the false eye spot under each real eye. The eye spots are known as ocelli. In O. bimaculoides, the ocellus is an iridescent blue, chain-link circle set in a circle of black.
These octopuses live one to two years. The end is signaled by egg-laying in the female and senescence in both males and females.
Adults feed on primarily small crabs and snails, but can have a very varied clams, mussels, , and diet appears to vary with location, season, and sex. Hatchlings feed on amphipods or mysid shrimp.
Nervous System
In recent years new technology, such as genome sequencing, has provided new information on the large amounts of clustered protocadherins (PCDH) in Octopus bimaculoides. The octopus was found to have 168 PCDH genes, about 120 clustered and 50 non-clustered PCDH. Unlike what has been documented about mammalian clustered PCDH, octopus PCDH are clustered around the genome in an organized manner creating a head-to-tail arrangement.
kids search engine
California two-spot octopus Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
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What is the meaning of reapers by Jean Toomer?
What is the meaning of reapers by Jean Toomer?
“Reapers” is a short poem of eight lines in iambic pentameter rhymed couplets, a form sometimes referred to as heroic couplets. It appears as the second piece in Jean Toomer’s Cane, a collection of short stories, sketches, and poems intended to show the beauty and strength of African American life.
What are three examples of onomatopoeia in Reapers by Jean toomers?
Example: “And there, a field rat, startled, squealing bleeds” from line 6 of “Reapers” by Jean Toomer. This is onomatopoeia, because the word squeal kind of sounds like animal actually squealing. Example: “‘However,’ replied the universe,” from line 3 of the poem by Stephen Crane.
What is the imagery in Reapers?
From the outset, then, Toomer’s “Reapers” offers vivid imagery of black men (“Black reapers,” line 1), apparently either slaves or sharecroppers in the rural American South, and “Black horses” (line 5), going about the rhythmic, methodical business of reaping a harvest in a field. harvesting a field with scythes.
Who is the speaker in the poem Reapers by Jean Toomer?
The speaker is first-person and is giving an account of seeing the actions of the reapers preparing to go to work.
What do Reapers mean?
The noun reaper refers to a person who harvests crops. If your part-time job involves harvesting corn by hand, then you’re a reaper. Reaper can also refer to a piece of farm equipment used to harvest crops, especially grains.
What is the tone of the poem Reapers?
Jean Toomer’s “Reapers” possesses a dark, gloomy, and pessimistic tone. (Tone illustrates the author’s attitude toward the subject.) In the case of this poem, the speaker openly illustrates his or her anger with a mower’s inability to differentiate between a life (a rat) and a crop.
What kind of rhyme does Reapers have?
Jean Toomer’s “Reapers” is an octet that consists of only four rhyming couplets. The rhyme scheme incorporated into the poem is “aabbccdd” and the entire poem is written in Iambic pentameter. “Reapers” is only one stanza so it is not a very long poem.
How big are the Reapers in Mass Effect?
Colossal in size, Reapers are known to range from 160 meters to over 2 kilometers in length. The core of any Reaper is constructed in the image of the species that was harvested to create it, while the exterior follows a standardized design that is most efficient for their purpose.
What happens to the field rat in Reapers?
As the horses drive a mower through the field, a rat is caught in the path of the mower and is cut open due to the sharp blades. The rat represents the blacks and the hardships they face. As the blade cuts open the rat, the horse and machine continue to move past, as if nothing has happened at all.
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Examine a household sponge. Write at least one paragraph describing the sponge.
This is the rubric for this assignmentParagraph 1:(10/10) Classification of Hippospongia lachne (the type of sponge used to clean with) is given including, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.(10/10) A definition of spongin is given.(20/20) A description of three basic types of cells that make up a sponge is given.Paragraph 2:(10/10) An explanation of how sponges eat and gain nutrients is given.(10/10) An explanation of the two ways sponges reproduce is give.(10/10) The type of sponge cell that a synthetic sponge mimics is given.(10/10) An explanation of how a synthetic sponge mimics a live sponge to pick up dirt is given.General Paper Writing Guidelines(10/10) Correct spelling and grammar are used throughout the report.(10/10) MLA format citation is provided. Citations must include the website address
Use Discount Code "Newclient" for a 15% Discount!
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Indus Valley Seal
Indus Valley Seal
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Teaching ideas
The imagery on the seals is graphically very clear and makes them quite easy for students to start with.
Use the images of the three seals and then the five seal impressions in For the classroom and identify the animals, but do not reveal what the objects are. Ask the students what they think the other areas of the seal show notice the consistent layout of each seal and ask them whether they can find other things in common. Then ask what the students think the objects are. Ask how big they think they are and how this might change or confirm their initial thoughts. Show them the back view in For the classroom. What do they think the lump was for? Then reveal the size and discuss again and explain that archaeologists think they are seal stones. You may want to explain the difference between seal and impression.
From looking at these seals, what can the students guess about the civilisation that created them? Ask them to create a list, based on their discussion, of the aspects of the civilisation that arise from the seals and then find out more about them.
Do some map work looking at the places where examples of seals have been found. Find out about what exports might have been moving with the seals and why we may not be able to identify some of these so easily. This will involve discussion of the difference between manufactured goods and raw materials. The BBC Primary History website in For the classroom will be useful here.
How have seals been used through time? You could try a long-period enquiry from ancient seals, through the medieval period, the Tudors, the nineteenth century and to the present day. These resources include Object Files on a Mesopotamian cylinder seal and the seal of a English baron of the 13th century. A search of the Collection section of the British Museum website will generate many useful examples to start with, including some marine mammals.
Discuss the need to seal documents or packages and the need to identify the ownership or origin of goods. Can students think of the systems we have today? They might consider adhesive envelope flaps, computer passwords, trademarks, labels and logos.
Create a seal by carving a piece of clay or a bar of soap. Students could plan their design on squared paper at the same scale or larger so they have to decrease the values to get the seal the correct size. Try stamping the finished seals into other soft materials. Discuss the differences between how the seal looks and how its impression looks – the effects can be very different. You could explore with the students how the word seal is used in the English language and compare the different usages.
The following activities and enquiry focus on the script.
Ask the students to copy out some of the signs and to make guesses as to what they might mean. Compare their ideas with those in the Indus dictionary in For the classroom.
Show the students how to create their own code to represent a short message. Let them have a go at deciphering each other’s code. Reveal that experts around the world have been working for years trying to decipher the Indus Valley script. There is a challenging but informative game about this topic on this British Museum website about ancient India. Students could do an enquiry about the decipherment of other scripts such as Egyptian hieroglyphs, cuneiform, Linear B, Maya glyphs.
What was writing for? Use the Indus Valley seals and the examples of writing in A bigger picture to begin an investigation of other writing systems. Consider what cross-cultural similarities there are between uses of writing and what this tells us about the beginnings of civilisations. These resources also include Object Files about Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Chinese, and Roman writing.
Indus Valley Seal - History
The word 'Coin' is derived from the Latin word "cuneus" and it is believed that the first Recorded use of coins was in China and Greece /Lydia in around 700 BC and in India in the sixth century B.C.
Many historians argue that Indian coinage existed prior to 6th century B.C in the Indus valley civilization between 2500 BC and 1750 BC. There, however, is no consensus on whether the seals excavated from the sites were in fact coins.
To the ancient Indians, a coin was not a piece of inanimate metal with an official stamp, but a form(metallic) pulsating with symbols, names of kings, gods and goddesses portraying wealth and prosperity. Each dynasty and even each king contributed his own innovation to the coinage resulting in a bewildering variety of Indian coins. The Kings chose such symbols, forms of gods and goddesses and legends which were a part of, social consciousness that the users of the coins could easily understand and appreciate.
Coinage began, with the traders, a supposition deriving not only from the &ldquophilological relation of pana &mdash coin with pani, vanik = trader&rdquo, but from the entire process of the evolution of coinage of India, as Kosambi [1] saw it. The background was provided to him by several classes of silver pieces found in the DK area of Mohenjodaro. Although he was initially hesitant in considering them as precursors of latter day regular coinage, the remarkable similarity between the class IV of the Mohenjodaro pieces and later-day coins, and also the identity between the Mohenjodaro D-class weight (approximately 54 grains) and the weight system of the punch-marked coins gradually convince him of a connection between the two systems: &ldquoEven after the destruction of Mohenjodaro which is entirely a trade city as shown by its fine weights and poor weapons, the traders persisted, and continued to use the very accurate weight of that period. The first marks were traders&rsquo marks, such as are seen on Persian sigloi, and the reverse of the punch-marked coins of the pre-Mauryan age. This is shown clearly by one coin, (which) is blank on one side like our Mohenjodaro pieces, but the other contains no less than thirteen small marks, in type to those known as the later &lsquoreverse&rsquo marks&rdquo [1].
Issued initially by merchant Guilds and later by States, the coins (from 600 BC) represented a trade currency belonging to a period of intensive trade activity and urban development. They are broadly classified into two periods: the first period (attributed to the Janapada-s or small local states) and the second period (attributed to the Imperial Mauryan period). The motifs found on these coins were mostly drawn from nature like the sun, various animal motifs, trees, hills etc. and some were geometrical symbols.
Shatamana-s is the earliest coin during the Gandharan times and said to be possibly based on the Persian siglos coinage. Shatamana-s were said to have been circulated for a long period of time.
-s or Punch-Marked Coins
(circa 600 BC - circa 300 AD)
Satamana Coin
(About 600 BC)
This is a rare type of the "Purana" coins. It is otherwise called as Punch-Marked coins. It is a long bent bar of silver weighing 560 grains. Satamana means one hundred mana, mana being the same of a weight which is equivalent to 5-6 grains.
This coin has on one side a sun symbol at each end. The other side is blank. Panini, the Sanskrit grammarian, has made mention of these coins in his work. Thus, first coins of Ancient India came into existence and were known as &ldquoPunch Marked Coins&rdquo. The Ashtadhyayi mentions that the metallic pieces were stamped with symbols. These were in circulation along with the unstamped variety of metallic coins which were referred to as the &lsquonishka&rsquo, &lsquosatamana&rsquo and &lsquopada&rsquo. There is also a mention of &lsquoshana&rsquo and &lsquokarshapana&rsquo, terms used for different monetary denominations.
In Gopatha Brahmana, Uddalak Aruna - a distinguished scholar of Kuru-Panchala, who was moving through the country carrying a banner to which a nishka was attached, had offered the same to one who could defeat him in a debate.
The Arthasastra of Kautilya contains references to silver coins (called pana, ardha-pana, pada and ashtabhaga) and copper coins (known as masaka, ardha-masaka, kakini and ardha-kakini).
In the Arhiya section of Ashtadhayayi (ca. 5thto 4th century BCE) Panini refers Karshapana or pana (32 ratis) and its various subdivisions like ardha-karshapana, pada-karshapana, dvimasa (1/8 Karshapana) and masa (1/16Karshapana). Panini also mentioned other denominations of coin viz. vimastika (40 ratis), trimastika (60 ratis), satamana (100 ratis) and sana (12.5 ratis).
Before the rise of Magadh-an Empire in 6th century BC the entire Indian sub-continent was divided into several Janapadas (small states) and Maha-Janapadas due to the absence of any imperial supremacy. A good number of Janapadas are narrated in ancient literature like Vedic literature (17 Janapada), Ashtadhayi (38 Janapadas), Ramayana (24 Janapadas), Jataka (14 Janapadas), The Mahabharata (88 Janapadas) and Bhuvanakosa Chapters of Puranas (175 Janapadas). Among these Janapadas, sixteen became prominent during the time of Buddha and according to Anguttara- nikayathey were known as &lsquoSodasa Mahajanapadas&rsquo. In fact, the coins of various Janapadas differed from one other in their execution fabric, weight, quality of metal and symbology.
The common symbols found on Indian punch-marked coins are sun, six-armed symbols (often called Sadaracakra), arched-gateway, arched-hill, arched-hill with crescent/dog/bull/peacock/tree on the top, elephant, bull, dog, deer, hare, camel, goat, peacock, frog, tortoise, fish, rhinoceros, snake, scorpion, tree-in-railing, bow-and-arrow, (with or without taurine), steelyard, water-wheel, arrow-tipped standard, elephant, goad, three standing human figure, taurine, caduceus, triangle-headed standard, lotus-bud, four-fingered hand print in a square, srivasta, zigzag line, star etc.
The weight of krishnala varies between 2.25 to 1.7 grains. So the weight of punch-marked coins was determined by several scholars in different ways. According to A. Cunningham and Prasad, krishnala weighed 1.8 grains in average and according to D.C.Sircar [5] and D.R.Bhandarkar [6] it was 1.83 grains. In view of these circumstances it is extremely difficult to ascertain the exact weight of punch-marked coins. That is why researchers fixed the weight of punched-marked coins in different standard i.e. 57.6 grains/3.732 gm, 58.56 grains/3.794 gm and 51-54 grains/3.3-3.5 gm for one karshapana.
The silver karshapanas had several denominations. In fact, 32 rattis is the standard and most popular denomination, although both higher and lower denominations are reported. These denominations are double (64 rattis), adhyardha (one and a half karshapana 48 rattis), three pada (three quarter karshapana 24 rattis), ardha (half karshapana 16 rattis) and pada (quarter karshapana 8 rattis).The tripada-karshapanas of 24 rattis were mainly in circulation in the Kosala and Kashi regions. The ardhakarshapanas of 16 rattis are found in a small number at Lotapur in Uttar Pradesh, Agartala in Tripura and Wari-Batashawar in Narsingdi district in Bangladesh. The Adhyardha Padika karshapanas of 12 rattis have been reported from Madurai in Tamil Nadu, Krishna in Andhra Pradesh and Sonapur in Orissa. Four distinct tiny punch-marked coin series are also known from the Avanti and Gandhara regions. They are 1-8 karshapana (four rattis), a mashaka (2 rattis), Kakini (1/2 ratti) and ardhakakini (¼ ratti). A Series sata (hundred) rattis silver coins i.e. the wheel &ndashmarked or bent bar series is also known. No ancient silver coins confirming to this weight standard is found except the bilingual silver coins of the Indo-Greeks.
Copper punch-marked coins which were of relatively of lower value are generally of irregular weight and rarely confirmed to any theoretical weight-standard. As a result, it is often difficult to settle their denominations.
The Indus civilization had a broad trade network, but their currency was traded goods. Instead of money, there was a swapping and bartering system. The Indus Valley Civilization had what was called soapstone seals and this is what they might have used for money later on in the civilization.
What did Indus Valley people trade?
Trade goods included terracotta pots, beads, gold and silver, coloured gem stones such as turquoise and lapis lazuli, metals, flints (for making stone tools), seashells and pearls. Minerals came from Iran and Afghanistan. Lead and copper came from India. Jade came from China and cedar tree wood was floated down the rivers from Kashmir and the Himalayas.
Trade with Mesopotamia
At the time of Sargon of Akkad (2334 to 2279 BC), Indus seals have been found in Mesopotamia. Sargon's scribes kept written records of ships from other lands. So we learn that the Mesopotamians bought gold, copper and jewellery from 'Meluhha', which is now identified as Indus valley by the scholars. Two common trading points (at Bahrain and Kuwait) are located where Indus seals are discovered.
What were seals?
In 1872, archaeologist Alexander Cunningham [4] was puzzled by a flat piece of stone from Harappa which had writing on it. It was a seal. Another archaeologist, Rakhaldas Banerji found more seals in 1919.
Pressed into soft clay, a seal left an impression (a copy of the picture and writing). When the clay dried hard, it could be used as a tag which could then be tied to a pot or basket. Indus Valley traders probably used seals like labels, to show who owned the goods and the quantity.
Currency used in Egypt and Mesopotamia ( 2500 BC &ndash 1000 BC)
Before the advent of coinage around 700 BC, Egypt and Mesopotamia had developed pre-coin system as medium of exchange. Here we can have in brief their practices &ndash
Initially barter system was in practice everywhere, where goods were exchanged directly.
Barter system had limitations like seller might not in need of the item offered by the purchaser.
To solve this, food-grains were used as medium of exchange. But food-grains also had limitations to purchase expensive item as huge food-grains had to carry for small expensive items.
In 3rd stage metals came to fill up the need. Powell [7] finds &lsquosilver in Mesopotamia functioned like our money today. It is a mean of exchange&rsquo.
Though metal was introduced, food-grains were still in use for exchange in daily lives. Barley was used as cheap money and silver for more expensive items, though other substances were also used.
In Egypt also, food-grains, beer and metals were used as medium of exchange side by side of barter system. Non-coin forms of silver and gold currency, such as silver rings and gold pieces were used.
Powell [7] says, &lsquomoney was not in coin form, although words like mina-s and shekel-s that are used in connection with coinage were applied to the weights of the ancient Mesopotamian form of money. Silver rings were used in Mesopotamia and Egypt as currency 2000 years before 1st actual coin&rsquo.
For public use grain banks were established in Egypt. In lieu of coinage the cost of things was measured by &lsquodeben&rsquo. Deben was a piece of copper that weighed about 90 gm. Cost of 1 sack of wheat was 1 deben.
In both Mesopotamia and Egypt, gold, silver and copper were paid to foreign traders in exchange of purchased items.
Currency in Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)
We now know that IVC was the largest civilization, having more that 1 million sq. km area, in 3rd Millennium BC. It had the largest market with internal and external trade practices. Like others civilizations, in IVC people had barter system to exchange ordinary goods. To overcome the disadvantages of barter system a common commodity was fixed to serve as an intermediate in all transactions. To exchange bigger quantity agricultural products were used as medium of exchange. Probably granaries at Harappa and Mohenjodaro were used like modern bank or treasury. Seeds were also used as medium of exchange. From Vedic texts we have the knowledge of the use of cow as medium of exchange. But cow, seed and grains also had disadvantages. Non-perishable, small and handy item like small metal came to practice in all three great civilizations (Egypt, Mesopotamia and IVC) simultaneously. It is difficult to identify the inventor, but through foreign trades the system spread to other areas quickly and was accepted by others. Metals and metallurgy being in initial stage all metals, be it gold, silver or copper, were in demand everywhere and all traders were willing to accept metals in exchange of their goods. Indus traders used to bring precious metals like gold and silver from West Asia in exchange of their goods. Silver and copper ingots are found in Indus archaeological sites.
Metals being not easy to get at Indus period [copper mines were not situated at western part of Indian sub-continent and gold and silver are rare in India] copper tablets are found specially in Mohenjodaro, as they imported metals from west Asia and Easter part of India. We get several places by the name &lsquoAshurgarh&rsquo at Andhra Pradesh, Orissa [Kalahandi], Bengal [Midnapore] having exhausted copper mines at surrounding areas.
There is no doubt that coinage was not in vogue in 3rd Millennium BC though there was full-fledged international trade in practice among Egypt, Mesopotamia and India. From India, Harappan people exported precious items like gemstones, ornaments, spices and food grains and imported mainly precious metals. Simple barter system, which was in practice at local areas might not fulfill the need of exchange for international trade. We can speculate that Harappan seals were used beyond the sealing purposes. The striking similarities of Indus &lsquoroyal emblem&rsquo, wheel and &lsquoswastika&rsquo signs and uses of common animals as motif with punch-marked and other coins used in India from 600 BC push us to that idea. Without naming Harappan seals &lsquocoins&rsquo, we can identify them as &lsquosemi-coin&rsquo or &lsquoproto-coin&rsquo. Finding of Indus seals at various places of West Asia may indicate the idea, though some of the places are identified as &lsquocolonies&rsquo of Indus civilization.
In IVC, internal people used different local system to exchange goods. Cowry was another form of medium of exchange. Traders used to bring back metals, along with other foreign goods, from external business. Seals were mainly used for sealing the items traded. Names of the owners along with the quantity of items were marked by the seals for export. Like in Mesopotamia, where thousands of tablets belonging to public and private archives register the metal (silver) as a mean of payment, IVC tablets might have used for the same purpose. Same duplicate signs in several tablets may be the evidence of it.
In Mesopotamia, Shekel was used as a unit of weight and currency, first recorded c. 3000 BC referring to a specific weight of barley and equivalent amount of silver, bronze and copper.
Like way, Indus seals might have been used for more than one purpose. We have some questions in accepting them used as sealing purposes &ndash
In Ravi Phase (Mehrgarh, 3300 BC) no sample of sealing is found till fate.
Button seals have purported boss backside, to be worn or sewed with cloths. The necessity of carrying seals for sealing purpose is not at all justified, as goods are to be sealed at the exporting places. Seals are not to be carried by the persons carrying goods.
For sealing same repetitive seals (duplicate seals) should not be kept in a same place. This question may be answered if we consider them as proto-coin like the gold and/or silver proto-coins used in Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Considering Indus seals, used for multipurpose reasons, we can discuss the readings to identify the names of the owners, quantity of the goods carried, and other volumetric units are inscribed on them. Sometimes magical and divine &lsquoakshara&rsquo (single letter/ varna) &ndash were written on them. In later historical period, many names were identified by the initials marked on punch-mark coins. At that time also the custom of placing a single initial on coins existed [1].
A flourishing commerce
At its peak, between 2600 and 1900 BC, the Indus Valley civilization extended over approximately 800,000 km², but its trade network extended far beyond. Harappan merchants did business in China, Southeast Asia, and Mesopotamia.
Harappan merchant ships left the Indus and explored seas and foreign lands. They exported all kinds of goods and agricultural products like cotton which was relatively easy to cultivate in an area so watered by the rains. The Harappans also made objects like pottery, ceramic, or terracotta crockery, often of good quality.
How do you catch a cloud and pin it down?
Four robust replicas
with intaglio carving & authentic perforated backs. See photos of original large, small "Unicorns" and Zebu from Harappa. Recreated by Harappa Archaeological Research Project
Children can speculate about these artefacts as 'mystery objects', then make superb relief impressions in clay, of images and script carved in steatite around four millenia ago.
Resin, clean with water & paintbrush for re-use.
With activities & teachers notes.
© HARP for educational use only,
more info, prices, terms & conditions
Prices - Seals Page 2
Teach Indus pages produced by History Education Consultancy for educational use only, may not be published elsewhere. Copyright and acknowledgements.
Indus Valley Seal - History
Depiction of the single horned bull in an Indus seal
‘Agnimile purohitam, Yajñasya devam rutvijam, Hotaram ratna dhatamam’
Tvamagne vrishabha pushtivardhanam, udyatasruche bhavasi Sharavayaha
Why does the motif of bull have a single horn?
The Indus Valley Seals
The excavation of the Indus Valley civilization has revealed many intriguing artifacts. The most interesting of these relics are seals used to stamp designs in soft clay. Anthropologists believe that these seals probably have some religious significance. When anthropologists say that something has religious significance what they really are saying is that they don’t know what these objects meant.
These seals were probably used to mark property in trade, but the importance of the design themselves is a matter of speculation. It is interesting to note that similar seals have been found as far away as Mesopotamia, suggesting perhaps a commercial connection between these great civilizations.
The Power of Sexuality
Most scholars who examine these seals think that the images depicted on them were related in some way to fertility rituals. The great majority of seals portray animals, almost exclusively male animals with horns and massive flanks and legs. The emphasis in the horns and flanks does suggest an intense interest in sexuality and reproductive functions.
This sort of concern with the power of sexuality is not at all uncommon and it is intimately connected with the experience of the sacred. Still, we are up to wonder why animals rather than humans are taken as representative of the males’ sexual powers.
I’d like to suggest that perhaps these depictions are associated with the human effort to appropriate animal powers. Throughout the world, early humans often sought to incorporate into themselves certain qualities that they admired in animals.
In the movie “Dances with Wolves”, the character played by Kevin Costner is directed to eat the warm heart of the first bison that he kills as a way of appropriating its courage, which is believed to reside in the heart.
The depiction of sexual energy in animals we find in the Indus Valley seals may suggest a similar effort to acquire powers that humans lacked or simply wanted in greater abundance.
Female Sexuality
Indus Valley’s culture fascination with sexuality is also evidenced with the discovery of numerous terracotta figurines depicting women with exaggerated hips and breasts. Similar representations have been unearthed in many parts of the world, leading scholars to theorize the existence of a mother goddess religion, long antedating the worship of male gods.
The details of that theory are debatable but is does seem evident, at least in the Indus Valley civilization, that the reproductive powers of women were revered and celebrated. Perhaps women themselves were regarded as sacred. It is clear that the worship of goddesses has a long and deeply rooted tradition in Hinduism, and may in fact derive from Indus Valley’s practices.
The Origin of Meditation?
There is a seal illustrating a man sitting down in what appears to be the lotus position, a fundamental pose in yoga and meditation. This seal rises the intriguing possibility that this early dwellers on the Indus were practitioners of meditation. If true, then India has had a contemplative spirit throughout its history.
The sited figure seems to have three faces looking in different directions. It is not clear what or who this image represents. Many scholars believe that this figure may be an early representation of the god who later came to be known as Shiva. Multiple faces are often used in Hindu iconography to suggest omniscience.
To compare the Indus Valley image with a modern Hindu image of Shiva helps substantiate the scholarly claim.
To round up this portrait of the religious dimension of the Indus Valley let me sum up what we know. Indus Valley religion seems intensely concerned with procreation and purity. It may have involved the worship of male animals as a way of incorporating their sexual powers. Female powers of reproduction were also regarded as sacred.
Purification practices, meditation and the well organized cities suggest that the Indus dwellers were very interested in order and restrain.
The Demise
After the Indus Valley was discovered in the 19th century, scholars were faced with having to explain the demise of this great civilization and its relationship with the Aryans, the people with whom Hinduism has long been associated.
The dominant theory suggested that the Indus civilization came to an end around 1500 B.C. when bands of lighter skinned Aryans verged into the Indian subcontinent and conquered the darker skinned Indus dwellers. Today, this invasion theory is in serious doubt. Scholars are revising their understanding of the cultures of early India, although many still hold to the idea of Aryan conquest.
We know that the Indus civilization was already in decline by 1500 B.C., when the Aryans supposedly subdued the region by military conquest. Between 1900 and 1600 B.C. the Indus river may have changed its course. Maybe the entire region desiccated. This has been confirmed by recent satellite photography.
Furthermore, there is no evidence archeological or otherwise to suggest such a massive conquest. Aryans’ own extensive writings don’t mention a migration of people from outside of India. In fact, there is evidence that the Aryans and the Indus may have coexisted in the same are for some time before the ultimate demise of the Indus Valley culture.
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Disappearance of the Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization declined around 1800 BCE due to climate
change and migration.
Learning Objectives
Discuss the causes for the disappearance of the Indus Valley Civilization
Key Takeaways
Key Points
Key Terms
• Indo-Aryan Migration theory: A theory suggesting the Harappan culture of the Indus River Valley was assimilated during a migration of the Aryan people into northwest India.
• monsoon: Seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation usually winds that bring heavy rain once a year.
• Aryans: A nomadic, Indo-European tribe called the Aryans suddenly overwhelmed and conquered the Indus Valley Civilization.
The great Indus Valley Civilization, located in modern-day India and Pakistan, began to decline around 1800 BCE. The civilization eventually disappeared along with its two great cities, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. Harappa lends its name to the Indus Valley people because it was the civilization’s first city to be discovered by modern archaeologists.
Archaeological evidence indicates that trade with Mesopotamia, located largely in modern Iraq, seemed to have ended. The advanced drainage system and baths of the great cities were built over or blocked. Writing began to disappear and the standardized weights and measures used for trade and taxation fell out of use.
Scholars have put forth differing theories to explain the disappearance of the Harappans, including an Aryan Invasion and climate change marked by overwhelming monsoons.
The Aryan Invasion Theory (c. 1800-1500 BC)
The Indus Valley Civilization may have met its demise due to invasion. According to one theory by British archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler, a nomadic, Indo-European tribe, called the Aryans, suddenly overwhelmed and conquered the Indus River Valley.
Wheeler, who was Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1944 to 1948, posited that many unburied corpses found in the top levels of the Mohenjo-daro archaeological site were victims of war. The theory suggested that by using horses and more advanced weapons against the peaceful Harappan people, the Aryans may have easily defeated them.
Yet shortly after Wheeler proposed his theory, other scholars dismissed it by explaining that the skeletons were not victims of invasion massacres, but rather the remains of hasty burials. Wheeler himself eventually admitted that the theory could not be proven and the skeletons indicated only a final phase of human occupation, with the decay of the city structures likely a result of it becoming uninhabited.
Later opponents of the invasion theory went so far as to state that adherents to the idea put forth in the 1940s were subtly justifying the British government’s policy of intrusion into, and subsequent colonial rule over, India.
Various elements of the Indus Civilization are found in later cultures, suggesting the civilization did not disappear suddenly due to an invasion. Many scholars came to believe in an Indo-Aryan Migration theory stating that the Harappan culture was assimilated during a migration of the Aryan people into northwest India.
Aryans in India: An early 20th-century depiction of Aryan people settling in agricultural villages in India.
The Climate Change Theory (c. 1800-1500 BC)
Other scholarship suggests the collapse of Harappan society resulted from climate change. Some experts believe the drying of the Saraswati River, which began around 1900 BCE, was the main cause for climate change, while others conclude that a great flood struck the area.
Any major environmental change, such as deforestation, flooding or droughts due to a river changing course, could have had disastrous effects on Harappan society, such as crop failures, starvation, and disease. Skeletal evidence suggests many people died from malaria, which is most often spread by mosquitoes. This also would have caused a breakdown in the economy and civic order within the urban areas.
Another disastrous change in the Harappan climate might have been eastward-moving monsoons, or winds that bring heavy rains. Monsoons can be both helpful and detrimental to a climate, depending on whether they support or destroy vegetation and agriculture. The monsoons that came to the Indus River Valley aided the growth of agricultural surpluses, which supported the development of cities, such as Harappa. The population came to rely on seasonal monsoons rather than irrigation, and as the monsoons shifted eastward, the water supply would have dried up.
Ruins of the city of Lothal: Archaeological evidence shows that the site, which had been a major city before the downfall of the Indus Valley Civilization, continued to be inhabited by a much smaller population after the collapse. The few people who remained in Lothal did not repair the city, but lived in poorly-built houses and reed huts instead.
By 1800 BCE, the Indus Valley climate grew cooler and drier, and a tectonic event may have diverted the Ghaggar Hakra river system toward the Ganges Plain. The Harappans may have migrated toward the Ganges basin in the east, where they established villages and isolated farms.
These small communities could not produce the same agricultural surpluses to support large cities. With the reduced production of goods, there was a decline in trade with Egypt and Mesopotamia. By around 1700 BCE, most of the Indus Valley Civilization cities had been abandoned.
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The greek era of stone
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With the passage of the stone became a construction material widely used, coming soon to a regularisation process.
The trilith, a horizontal element resting on two vertical columns, defined as imposts, is the transition from unprocessed stone to squared blocks. (Figure 1)
Working horizontally within the trilithic system, brought structural determinations concerning, for example, the distance between columns in the Hypostyle halls of ancient Egypt.
Their entry into the architectural culture facilitated the execution and the construction of the masonry structures (e.g. connecting adjacent ashlar with metal clamps) and it also improved processing techniques.
In construction field born the two main functions assigned to the stone material: the first refers to the use of the stone as a material with predominantly structural function, the second gives the stone a purely ornamental function.
This last function was much used in Mycenaean, Cretan culture-where the stone was used as a coating of building elements (stands, ladders, etc.), while the masonry structures of buildings consisted of regularized stone blocks. (Figure 2)
Around the 5th century a.C. in Greece, the stone processing became highly qualified. In monumental architecture it was used with structural function in huge parallelepiped blocks that were placed horizontally.
It was developed the so-called “anathyrosis” system, i.e. the inner part was left rustic, without thereby being processed, while the exterior was treated with adjacent ashlars to reduce the contact surface between the various blocks to a strip accurately machined. This system included a simultaneous use of metal and stone, as were placed between the ashlars metal clamps. (Figure 3)
Proportionality, accuracy of processing and various steps during the installation have allowed these works to get up to the present and represent a good example of long-lasting architecture.
For the first time in Greece, were realized surface structures of coating completely self-supporting.
The marble slabs are worked through the process of sawing and not as had been done until then by splitting. The slab is subsequently cut, installed, regularized and mounted to joints and is an important element for a building: the lintel on columns.
In the Greek architecture brought and bearing elements are different and, overall, lose the mass appearance assuming a more complex and articulated joint.
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Why does Tolstoy present the story through the eyes of an omniscient narrator?
Discuss the significance of the title. If the work professes to be about Ivan's death, why is it almost entirely dedicated to Ivan's life?
Is the fact that Gerasim is a peasant important to understanding his character and worldview?
Discuss the use of the black bag as a symbol in The Death of Ivan Ilych.
Why is Ivan's method of dealing with life's unpleasantness ultimately unsuccessful?
According to Tolstoy, why is it important to acknowledge one's own mortality?
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Jane Eyre
Charlotte Brontë
Teachers and parents! Struggling with distance learning? Our Teacher Edition on Jane Eyre can help.
The Red-Room
The red-room symbolizes how society traps Jane by limiting her freedom due to her class, gender, and independent streak. read analysis of The Red-Room
Fire and Ice
Fire is a symbol of emotion in the novel. Mr. Rochester has a fiery personality, while St. John is associated with ice and snow, symbolizing his dispassionate character. Jane draws arctic scenes in her portfolio… read analysis of Fire and Ice
The eyes are the windows to the soul in Jane Eyre. Jane is especially attracted to Mr. Rochester's black and brilliant eyes, which symbolize his temper and power. After Mr. Rochester loses his eyesight… read analysis of Eyes
In Jane Eyre, food symbolizes generosity, nourishment, and bounty, and hunger symbolizes cruelty and a lack of nourishment. Brontë uses food and hunger to reveal how people treat each other—who is charitable, and who… read analysis of Food
Portraits and Pictures
Through dreams and drawings, Jane visualizes her deepest feelings. Jane's portfolio contains pictures that symbolize her life. Portraits can also stand in for people's characters. Jane compares her portraits of herself and Blanche Ingramread analysis of Portraits and Pictures
Get the entire Jane Eyre LitChart as a printable PDF.
Jane Eyre PDF
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Best 10 Grammostola pulchripes facts, habitat, behavior
Grammostola pulchripes
The Grammostola pulchripes, also known as Chaco golden knee tarantulas, are present in Argentina and Paraguay. They were first known by the name of Grammostola aureostriata. These animal species have dark black-colored femurs yellowish-colored legs and pink-colored hairs all over their body. In addition to this, these tarantulas are known to have huge fangs and slow to the medium growth rate. The Grammostola pulchripes usually live a much shorter life of about four to five years in the case of males, while females can remain alive for fifteen years. Here, we are going to discuss many exciting facts and information about these spiders.
Grammostola pulchripes habitat
These animal species are present near the Argentina and Paraguay grasslands. Their natural habitat includes alternating rainy and dry seasons with a warm climate. These tarantulas also like to live in the burrows which they build up themselves. They are the ground-living species that want to spend their lives in warm places.
Grammostola pulchripes size
The Grammostola pulchripes weight is up to 0.01 pounds, only which is quite a heavy body being the terrestrial tarantulas. If we talk about their size, these are the largest of the other tarantula species. For example, these large spiders can reach a maximum leg span of up to seven to eight inches. The females have much larger bodies and smaller legs than the males and are supposed to have huge fangs.
Grammostola pulchripes behavior
These animal species are docile and very calm that can be made good pets due to their attractive body coloration. The females are not much aggressive, but the Grammostola pulchripes male shows more frustration. These males mostly become aggressive after reaching the maturity level and bite in those cases as other tarantulas. That’s why they can be handled very quickly due to their good temperament.
Grammostola pulchripes bite
Like other tarantulas, the Grammostola pulchripes also have urticating hairs on their abdomen. They mostly use these irritating hairs during extreme territory and threatening conditions. Instead of this, these animal species’ bite is of two types, i.e. Dry bite and wet bite. Their bite will not cause much harm to humans as it does to their prey. However, it will only cause pain, itching, or redness to humans.
Grammostola pulchripes lifespan
These animal species also live a specific time after which they die. For example, the males can live a shorter life of up to five to ten years, while the Grammostola pulchripes female can live a longer lifespan of about twenty to twenty-five years. Furthermore, this lifespan can be increased if people who keep these spiders as pets take good care of them.
grammostola pulchripes infographics
Grammostola pulchripes breeding
These tarantulas can also be bred like other animal species. If the female accepts to mate, she raises her body off the ground. It has been estimated that the females can lay a maximum of about a hundred to five-hundred eggs. If we talk about the Grammostola pulchripes growth rate, they grow slowly. For example, they can grow up to a maximum size of about eight to ten inches.
Grammostola pulchripes food
Like all other animals, they also require a proper diet to survive. They use to feed on arthropods and smaller invertebrates but eat grasshoppers, roaches, mealworms, crickets, and non-toxic insects in captivity. These spiders can be provided with a healthy diet twice a week. They cannot eat wild-caught food because it can harm their stomach. Instead of this, they are also get eaten by other animals called predators.
Grammostola pulchripes 2
Grammostola pulchripes facts
There are present many fascinating Grammostola pulchripes fun facts, some of which are as mentioned below:
1. ● These are the largest breeds of the new tarantula World
2. ● These animal species are brown-colored and are known as Chaco golden knee tarantula due to the yellow-colored stripes around their legs knee joints
3. ● They are relatively easy to be handled, but the male becomes aggressive after reaching maturity
4. ● As these terrestrial spiders are friendly, they seldom bite
Grammostola pulchripes pets
These attractive tarantulas are a perfect option to be kept as pets. Grammostola pulchripes handling is much comfortable and they are very friendly. Due to their unique characters and attractive body coloration, people love to buy them as pets. Besides this, they sometimes become aggressive, but the good thing is that their bite is not much worse than a bee sting.
Grammostola pulchripes care
There is a requirement of proper diet and care to keep these spiders as pets. So, the following are given some essential care tips to meet their necessities:
1. ● It would be helpful if you keep these tarantulas in an enclosure of ten to fifteen- gallon size
2. ● As the Grammostola pulchripes humidity is between sixty to seventy percent, they must be kept at the place having fifty percent humidity and temperature of 85 degrees.
3. ● It would be helpful if you provide them with four inches of substrate i.e. peat moss, coconut fiber, vermiculite, etc.
4. ● It would be great if you keep a water dish in the tank to avoid any dehydration chances
Sometimes people get confused even after reading the exciting facts and information about these terrestrial spiders and raise some questions to make their minds clear. So, the following are given the answers to some of those raised questions:
How fast is Grammostola pulchripes?
They appear to have a slow to the medium growth rate. For example, females can live up to a maximum lifespan of about fifteen years, while males can live only for four years.
How do you care for a Chaco sling?
You should feed your tarantula about twice a week. You can give them grasshoppers, mealworms, crickets, and roaches to eat. A water dish for providing them with enough water can also fulfill their diet requirements.
Does Chaco golden burrow?
These animal species make the best option for being kept as pets because of their docile, calm, and friendly nature. So, yes, they do like to burrow while younger use them to hide. These spiders hide mostly during the situation when they start maturing.
How often does a Chaco Golden knee molt?
As males can live for four years only, females can live for almost twenty years. They also undergo molting process to grow or regenerate their body parts. It mostly happens when newborn spiderlings start to grow.
Grammostola pulchripes 3
Can spiders love humans?
Researches have shown that the tarantulas do not identify their owners, but some spiders appear to show love for humans.
How long do tarantulas molt for?
The molting process of tarantulas can take almost fifteen minutes to several hours. The new tarantula skin will be quite soft, sensitive, and tender than the older one. It is suggested that you should not handle your tarantula spiders for almost a week after molting.
Do tarantulas chase you?
Most of the tarantulas are very aggressive and will start chasing you only when they get threatened and attacked.
Can tarantula bites kill you?
Some tarantulas are aggressive and can bite you. But their bite will not be deadly to humans like they are to their prey. So, their bites are not so poisonous and cannot kill you.
Grammostola pulchripes 4
As we have discussed many exciting facts and information about these animal species, they can be kept as pets. For example, people love to keep them as pets because of their attractive coloration and friendly nature. Although they are docile, these terrestrial spiders sometimes become aggressive and start biting. This bite will not cause much damage to humans as it does to prey. In addition to this, you must take care of these Grammostola pulchripes spiders to increase their life span. It would be helpful if you keep them in tanks of about four inches and feed them with cockroaches, crickets, roaches, and non-toxic insects.
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Goryeo Dynasty Bodhisattva
Goryeo Dynasty Bodhisattva
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History of Korean Buddhism
Buddhism was adopted as the official state religion in the Goguryeo, Silla and Baekje kingdoms during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 B.C.E. – 668 C.E.), and the Unified Silla kingdom(668-935) succeeded in applying Buddhism as the psychological force for the unification of the peninsula.
During the Unified Silla Period, Buddhism played a preeminent role in cultural development, resulting in the construction of such world-renowned historical sites as Bulguksa Temple and Sokguram Grotto.
In addition, the world's earliest known printing using woodblocks for the Mugujeonggwang Dharani followed by the first metal type print for the Jikjisimcheyojeol(Jikji in short), a Buddhist sutra, at Heungdeoksa Temple (in today’s city of Cheongju) attest the advanced development of the culture.
Pre-dating Guttenberg by 78 years, the text was printed in 1377 C.E. and it is currently in the possession of the French National Library. It was designated a UNESCO “Memory of the World” in 2001.
The sutra is an outline of Buddhist teachings necessary for spiritual development as well as indications as to how to pass on the Dharma, including religious songs, chanting, engravings, writings, glossaries of technical terms, and Seon verbal combat. During the Unified Silla Period, the teachings of Chan (known as Zen in Japanese and Seon in Korean) were brought from China and led to the development of a Seon order, thereby adding another dimension to philosophical advance and eventually providing a psychological foundation for the post-Silla period, the Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392).
Goryeo, too, adopted Buddhism and it became a unifying factor and the grounds for further national and cultural flourishing. In particular, Goryeo followed the teachings of Unified Silla National Monk Doseon (827-898) and had temples built on famous mountains around the nation, adding further impetus to the dissemination of the Dharma. Also during Goryeo, the Tripitaka Koreana was carved into more than 80,000 woodblocks as an offering for national protection from outside forces and invasion, and Buddhism gave birth to such creative national festivals as the P'algwanhoe and the Yeondeunghoe (Lotus Lantern Festival).
During Goryeo, the number of Buddhist orders diversified and flourished. However, the increasing economic and political influence of the monks led to condemnation by the common people, and, ignored by the aristocracy, Buddhism came into a period of political repression with the ensuing Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910).
During Joseon, Neo-Confucianism rapidly gained favor, and although royalty continued to practice Buddhism privately, Confucianism ruled administration and society. Under a continuing policy of repression, Buddhism was banished to the mountains and monks were generally treated harshly. However, this banishment proved to be quite valuable to Buddhism in two respects: the temples became centers for the communal flourishing of Seon practice, and Buddhism established strong bonds with the common people.
During the first half of the 20th century, Korean Buddhism necessarily fell under the influence of Japanese Buddhism during the Japanese Occupation (1910-1945). It was only after liberation in 1945 that traditional Korean Buddhism could once again be established in the form of Korean Seon and that the Jogye Order to once more come to the fore.
Guan Yin in Chinese Buddhism and Folklore
The modern figure of Guanyin contains all the positive aspects of womanhood and femininity, but she's more like a mother than a wife. This image was based on Confucian concepts of life and morality. Guanyin became popular in Chinese Buddhism and she also strongly influenced Chinese folklore.
She became a bridge between complicated intellectual concepts and the simple people who followed the lady in white with more attention than they gave a philosopher. In ancient times, Chinese society was based on ideas of purity, so Guan Yin easily became an iconic female symbol. However, she also contained strong masculine aspects, which were also important to the eastern Asian people. According to the Jeong-Eun Kim:
''The Guanyin figures bearing a mustache clearly indicate the masculine aspects of the bodhisattva, and in the visual arts Guanyin was depicted as a young Indian prince throughout India and many Southeast and Central Asian countries. Even in China, until the late Tang dynasty, there was no change in his depiction as a male deity as we can see from the hanging scrolls of Dunhuang. The Guanyin’s images as a male deity still show canonical evidences derived from the Lotus Sutra and numerous Buddhist scriptures (the Buddhist sutras) and traces of common iconographic elements attributed to the image of Avalokiteshvara. However, the Chinese began to develop “new Guanyin” images which did not bear such Buddhist canonical foundations, but, rather, bore distinctive indigenous characteristics. One may regard Shuiyue Guanyin or Water-moon Guanyin as the beginning of the Chinese transformation of Avalokiteshvara. One of the earliest dated Water-moon Guanyin paintings found at Dunhuang is done in mid-10th century. She is holding a willow branch in one hand and a water bottle in the other, which formed distinctive attributes of Guanyin during the Tang and later dynasties.''
Marble carving of Bodhisattva Guan Yin. ( stockphoto mania /Adobe Stock)
The Taejo Rises to the Top and Forms the Goryeo Dynasty
As the years went by, Gung Ye became increasingly tyrannical, and his subjects suffered severely under his despotic rule. Consequently, four of the king’s tops generals plotted to overthrow Gung Ye, and to replace him with Wang Geon. The prime minister is said to have initially been opposed to the conspiracy, though he soon changed his mind, and threw his support behind the generals.
In 918 AD, the four generals overthrew Gung Ye, and killed him near the capital, Cheorwon. Subsequently, Wang Yung was placed on the throne by the conspirators. The kingdom, which was called Taebong at that time, was renamed as Goryeo, thus marking the beginning of Goryeo dynasty.
As the ruler of Goryeo, Wang Geon became known as Taejo. At the time when Taejo became king, the Korean Peninsula was still divided between the three kingdoms. In addition to Goryeo, the two other kingdoms were the Later Silla and Later Baekje kingdoms. The former occupied the southeastern part of the peninsula, whereas the latter occupied the southwestern part of the peninsula, and was founded by another rebel leader, Gyeon Hwon. Thus, in the years that followed, Taejo strove to unite the whole Korean Peninsula under his rule.
In 927 AD, the Later Silla capital, Gyeongju, was attacked and captured by Gyeon Hwon. The king of Later Silla, Gyeongjae, was caught, and executed. A puppet, Gyeongsun, was left by Gyeon Hwon on the throne.
Taejo saw this as an opportunity to seize both rival kingdoms and attacked the forces of Later Baekje as they were marching home. Taejo, however, lost the battle, but managed to recover quickly, and therefore was able to defend his kingdom when Gyeon Hwon launched a retaliatory attack. Although Taejo was not successful this time round, he was not entirely defeated, and waited patiently for another opportunity to present itself.
In 935 AD, Gyeongsun, the puppet placed by Gyeon Hwon on the throne of Later Silla, decided to surrender his kingdom to Taejo, as he realized that it was impossible for him to revive the fortunes of Later Silla.
Naturally, Taejo was happy to accept Gyeongsun’s surrender. He rewarded the former king by giving him the title of prince. Moreover, he married one of Gyeongsun’s daughters, so as to cement their relations, as well as to ensure Geongsun’s support and loyalty. This marriage also helped Taejo gain the support of the Later Silla nobles.
The territories of the Later Three Kingdoms and China to the north. (KJS615 / CC BY-SA 3.0 )
Bodhisattvas, an introduction
Kneeling Attendant Bodhisattva, late 7th century (Tang dynasty), unfired clay mixed with fibers and straw modeled over wooden armature with polychromy and gilding, from Mogao Cave 328, Dunhuang, China, Gansu province, 122 cm high (Harvard Art Museums)
What is a bodhisattva?
In Sanskrit, bodhisattva roughly means: “being who intends to become a buddha.”
In the Theravada tradition of Buddhism, the Buddha referred to himself as bodhisattva during all of his incarnations and lifetimes before he achieved enlightenment. It was only after he achieved buddhahood that it became proper to refer to him as the Buddha.
In the Mahayana tradition of Buddhism, a bodhisattva is any being who intends to achieve enlightenment and buddhahood.
[…] Western literature often describes the bodhisattva as someone who postpones his enlightenment in order to save all beings from suffering […] by choosing this longer course, he perfects himself over many lifetimes in order to achieve the superior enlightenment of a buddha at a point in the far-distant future […] The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, edited by Robert E. Buswell and Donald S. Lopez, p. 134.
In Buddhist artistic traditions, there are many archetypal bodhisattva figures who appear repeatedly. In this essay we will look at five of them.
These specific bodhisattva figures may be depicted as either male or female, depending on the geographic context and the iconographic traditions of that culture.
Padmapani and Vajrapani in Ajanta Cave 1, 450–500 C.E, Maharashta, India
Paintings of two archetypal bodhisattva figures are found in the Ajanta Caves in Maharashta, India. These figures flank a statue of the Buddha. The one on the left is named Padmapani, and the one to the right is named Vajrapani.
Enthroned Buddha Attended by the Bodhisattvas Padmapani (Avalokiteshvara) and Vajrapani, second half of the 10th century, Early Eastern Javanese period, bronze, Indonesia, 29.2 cm high (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Another artwork from Indonesia features the same theme. The Buddha sits in the center flanked by the two bodhisattvas: Padmapani on the left and Vajrapani on the right.
Padmapani is another name in Sanskrit for Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara, who represents the compassion of all of the Buddhas.
Guanyin, also known as the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara, or “The Perceiver of Sounds,” Mogao Cave 57 at Dunhuang, China (photo: Dunhuang Academy)
In China, the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara goes by the name Guanyin. Chinese art often depicts Avalokitesvara as female.
The Bodhisattva Vajrapani represents the power of all the Buddhas, and he protects the Buddha. Below he is depicted wielding a lightning-bolt scepter in his left hand.
Vajrapani, late 6th–7th century, Kashmir (India), Gray chorite, 22.9 cm high (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Thanks to cultural contact between the Kushan Empire and what is today northern India, the Bodhisattva Vajrapani has a strong iconographical relationship with the Greek mythological figure of Hercules as found in Gandharan art .
Manjusri and Samantabhadra
Besides the bodhisattvas Padmapani and Vajrapani, another pair of popular archetypal bodhisattvas are Manjusri and Samantabhadra.
Shakyamuni Triad, hanging scroll, 1565, Joseon Dynasty, color and gold on silk, Korea, 60.5 x 32 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
In a Joseon dynasty painting, the Buddha sits in the center with Bodhisattva Manjusri and Bodhisattva Samantabhadra at his side. This is called the Shakyamuni Trinity or Triad.
Manjusri is often depicted with a lion, as seen in a peaceful painting by Japanese artist Shūsei.
Shūsei, Monju (Manjusri) on a Lion, hanging scroll, late 15th century, Muromachi period, ink on paper, Japan, 81.5 × 33 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
The Bodhisattva Manjusri represents the wisdom of all the Buddhas. Sometimes he is depicted holding a sword or a scepter. In China, Manjusri is known as Wenshu, and in Japan he is known as Monju.
Samantabhadra is the bodhisattva often depicted with Manjusri. The name Samantabhadra means “Universal Worthy” in Sanskrit. Samantabhadra is associated with meditation.
Bodhisattva Samantabhadra (Puxian), 12th–14th century, Southern Song to Yuan dynasty, mammoth ivory, China, 22.2 cm high (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
As seen in a mammoth ivory sculpture, this bodhisattva is often depicted sitting on an elephant. Much like Avalokitesvara, this bodhisattva is often depicted in a female form in China.
Another archetypal bodhisattva figure is the Maitreya.
Maitreya, after 599, marble and pigment, China, 17.8 cm high (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
The Bodhisattva Maitreya, or Buddha Maitreya, is the future Buddha who will succeed the Buddha Gautama, the Buddha of the present age.
“Best Goryeo Buddhist Painting” returns from Japan for Local Exhibition at Tongdosa Temple
The Korea Times, June 3, 2009
Seoul, South Korea — One of the best Buddhist painting of Suwol-Gwaneum-Do or literally Painting of Water Moon Avalokitevara Bodhisattva in Sanskrit, which had been in a Japanese jinja (??) or a Shinto Shrine for nearly 600 years, came to South Korean for a special exhibition at a Buiddhist temple.
The Suwol-Gwaneum-Do Buddhist painting is from Kagami Jinja or Kagami Shinto Shrine in Karatsu City, Saga Prefecture, Japan.
The Buddhist painting was created by eight court painters in 1310 on the order of a Queen Kim of Goryeo Dynasty, but was pillaged by the Japanese pirates soon after. Japanese invaders took the painting to Japan and kept it there for nearly 600 years.
Queen Kim was the second wife of King Chungseon,the 26th monarch of Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392).
Dubbed “the largest and most beautiful Suwol-Gwaneum-Do Buddhist painting” by art historians, this Water Moon Avalokitevara Bodhisattva painting on the one silk scroll, started to be on exhibition from April 30, 2009 at Tongdosa Buddhist temple in Yangsan, South Gyeongsang Province.
The special public display of the Suwon-Gwaneum-Do, 4.19 by 2.54 meters, in Tongdosa Museum will continue until June 7, 2009.
Tongdosa Temple announced that it hosted the exhibition of the special Buddhist painting on the occasion of the 10 year anniversary of the opening of its Tongdosa Museum.
It is the second time for this greatest masterpiece Buddhist painting of Goyreo Dynasty to be exhibited in South Korea. In 1995 it was on displayed at Hoam Art Gallery south of Seoul.
Experts say that this Suwol-Gwaneum-Do is one of the world’s 38 Buddhist paintings of Goryeo Dynasty, depicting Suwol-Gwaneum or Water Moon Avalokitevara Bodhisattva.
It was Korea’s Goryeo Dynasty that top-quality Buddhist paintings were produced. There are some 160 Goryeo Buddhist paintings that exist in the world.
But there are no more than 10 of them that remain in South Korea. Japan has them all. There are only 20 Goryo Buddhist paintings scattered in Europe and America.
The rest of the paintings, over 130, were taken by force or sold illegally at best, to Japan long time ago. Most of them were pillaged by the Japanese invaders throughout history.
Experts agree that this Suwol-Gwaneum-Do painting is the most beautiful, the oldest, the largest one that still exists in the world.
Some art critiques compare this Buddhist masterpiece to “Mona Lisa” by Leonardo da Vinci. Others argue that it’s much better than “Mona Lisa.”
In Japan this painting is on public display for only 38 days per year out of concerns for conservation.
The temple souces said that they started contacting the Japanese Shinto shrine one year ago for this exhibition.
In 2003 the Suwol-Gwaneum-Do painting was displayed for 20 days at a San Francisco museum under the tile of “Goryeo Dynasty: Korea’s Age of Enlightenment (918 to 1392).”
But, exhibition period this time is double that of San Francisco exhibition. It is on exhibition at Tongdosa Temple for the full 40 days.
Goryeo Dynasty Bodhisattva - History
What is the secret behind the 700-year longevity of the exquisite artistry of Goryeo Dynasty Buddhist paintings?
The Goryeo Dynasty, which lasted for almost 500 years, was the golden age of Buddhist culture in Korea.
Among the Buddhist artworks, Buddhist paintings depicting the world of Buddhism are considered representative of Korean art.
Water Moon Avalokiteshvara Bodhisattva is one of the most popular themes among Goryeo Buddhist paintings, which mainly portray scenes from the Tripitaka.
Paintings of the Water Moon Avalokiteshvara Bodhisattva often portray that Bodhisattva on Mount Potalaka and Sudhana in search of the truth.
When the painting of the Water Moon Avalokiteshvara Bodhisattva, which was painted in 1310, was featured in the exhibition, newspapers printed only the highest praise for the painting, even saying, "It&rsquos the equivalent of the Mona Lisa." What is it about the painting that touches the hearts of people irrespective of race and nationality? The answer lies in the singular characteristics of Goryeo Dynasty Buddhist paintings.
Characteristic No.1. Stable composition, elegant and delicate expressions
Characteristic No.2. Rich colors and exquisite technique
The stable composition and relaxed appearance capture the eyes of the viewer
while the elegant facial expressions and detailed depictions exemplify the beauty of Avalokiteshvara Bodhisattva.
Its vibrantcolors and exquisite technique reveal an unrivaled artistry.
So how were these Buddhist paintings created?
The secret to the rich colors, one of the distinguishing features of these paintings, lies in their ingredients.
It is surprising that only a few colors are used to create the vivid hues that make the Buddhist paintings come alive.
After natural minerals are ground into powders, they are mixed with glutinous waterextracted from animal skins to create pigments.
Various tones from dark to light are expressed through different concentrations of pigments.
This technique allowed the artist to paint using soft yet vivid colors.
And here! Radiant gold is added, creating a glamorous yet elegant effect.
The Goryeo Dynasty Buddhist paintings are created by a unique process.
This is called the back-painting technique.
Paint is applied to the back of a silk canvas allowing the colors to show through in a subtle and indirect way.
In this way, the colors are more subtle than when painted on the canvas&rsquo front surface, and this technique is also advantageous in that the paint is less likely to break off.
But there is more to Goryeo Dynasty Buddhist paintings.
Elaborate spirals that are 1-2 mm in size within small circles
as well as the eyelashes and facial hair are realistically depicted in fine detail.
The depiction of the cloth that drapes Avalokiteshvara Bodhisattva evokes a sense of wonder.
Lines less than 1mm-thick were drawn using a brush to express a sense of transparency.
It reveals agreat attention to detail difficult to reproduce even today.
The diverse patterns drawn in detail exhibit the elaborate beauty of Goryeo Dynasty Buddhist paintings.
The patterns are diverse, featuring over 120 themes, including plants, animals,and natural phenomena like clouds and waves.
Goryeo Dynasty Buddhist Paintings were made with expensive pigments such as gold and elaborate techniques that only professional artists knew how to use. We can extrapolate that they were created through the patronage of members of the royal family, nobility, government officials, high-ranking Buddhist monks,and general believers.
The costumes used in historical dramas are based on historical references.
The clothing and accessories commonly worn in the Goryeo period were recreated based on historical research done on that era.
&ldquoWe can reproduce clothing from the era using references from historical documents and the Illustrated Account of Goryeo, but the depiction in Goryeo Buddhist paintings of the real clothing worn by common people, or the outfits worn by the King, court ladies, and servants, provide insights into the refined colors and styles of clothing during the Goryeo period. We should be grateful to Buddhist paintings because they help us recreate the attire from that era.&rdquo
Professor Lim Myeong-mi / Goryeo Clothing Expert, Professor Emeritus at Dongduk Women&rsquos University
Let&rsquos take a look at what life was like in the Goryeo Dynasty through Buddhist Paintings.
Buddhist Paintings, a Trip Back in Time to the Goryeo Period
Goryeo Dynasty Buddhist Paintings are very important cultural heritage because they show what life was like back in the Goryeo Dynasty.
Lotus-shaped incense burners, which were used in Buddhist rituals, are a leading example of metal craftsmanship in the Goryeo Dynasty. These are the real-life models for the incense burners seen in Buddhist paintings.
Kundikas are water bottles used to offer clean water to the Buddha.
This looks just like the ones frequently seen in Buddhist paintings.
This is proof that Buddhist Paintings used real-life objects as models
It is the same with architecture.
Palaces depicted in Buddhist Paintings are based on the palaces in the Goryeo Dynasty.
Gambrel roofs decorated with brackets propping up between the roof and columns and showy balustrades as well as ornaments are illustrated in detail.
If you look closely, you can see that the bracket of the building and the bracket in Geungnakjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple look similar.
Goryeo Dynasty Buddhist paintings are also important historical data for modification when trying to recreate what life was like in the Goryeo Dynasty.
Clothes reflect the differences in social classes.
The clothes worn by those belonging to higher social clothes are made of silk and decorated with elaborate embroidery. The also wear their hair up high, decorated with jewelry.
However, people of low social standing such as maids wear clothes in simple colors and only use daenggi, hair ribbons, in their hair.
It is a glimpse of the social dynamics in the Goryeo Dynasty, which had a strict caste system.
"Metal bells hung from multi-colored silk ropes, and they wore silken bags filled with incense. The more a person had accessories such as these, the more proud they were."
- From Xu Jing&rsquos Illustrated Account of Goryeo
Goryeo Dynasty Buddhist Paintings are like mirrors that show us vivid glimpses into what contemporary life was like in the past Goryeo Dynasty.
Must-know Facts on Culture and Art from Korean History
1. Buddhist Paintings are a leading example of Goryeo's advanced Buddhist culture.
2. Buddhist Paintings were commissioned by the members of the Royal family, high-level officials, monks and general believers.
3. The secret behind the beauty of Goryeo Dynasty Buddhist Paintings lies in natural pigments and the back painting technique.
4. Buddhist Paintings offer a vivid glimpse into contemporary aspects of life.
* The contents of this article are personal opinions of the author and may differ from the official views of the National History Compilation Committee.
Goryeo Dynasty Bodhisattva - History
By Kim Tae-gyu and Kevin N. Cawley
For over a millennium the Three-Kingdom struggles on the Korean Peninsula led to unification twice ― firstly, by Silla in the 7th century and secondly, by Goryeo in the 10th century.
Goryeo is regarded as being particularly significant in Korea’s long history for many reasons, but there are two which stand above all the rest: Korea was named after this dynasty, which lasted almost five centuries, and the current territory of the entire Korean Peninsula is not that different from that of the end of the Goryeo dynasty.
It also boasts a pair of special cultural products, Goryeo celadon, celebrated for its beauty and craftsmanship, and the Tripitaka Koreana, well known for its contribution to Buddhism and the history of the printed word.
Silla, which managed to carry out incomplete unification in 676, lost its grip on regional affairs during the late 9th century when a host of local overlords sprouted up to negate the authority of the central government.
Two powerful overlords Gung Ye and Gyeon Hwon emerged to prominence thanks to their leadership and their goals for restoring regional sovereignty, which reflected former regional differences.
The former vowed to succeed Goguryeo, while the later declared himself as a successor of Baekje.
Along with the ever-weakening Silla, these two recreated the era of the Later Three Kingdoms. Nevertheless, the eventual winner in the three-way rivalry was Wang Geon, a former subordinate of Gung Ye.
Gung Ye was once a charismatic leader who was surrounded by many talents including Wang Geon as a general. But after quite a while at the helm, he showed very eccentric activities like claiming himself as a living Buddha and killing his wife and children.
These prompted him to lose credibility, thus leading Wang Geun to revolt and overthrow him and found Goryeo in 918.
Wang defeated Gyeon Hwon in 936, a year after annexing Silla, which gave up its 1,000 year-old dynasty to Wang, who in turn allowed Silla’s royal family to govern their areas in former Silla and keep their dignity.
After the unification, Wang moved the new country’s capital to his hometown Gaeseong, which now accommodates an industrial complex set up as a result of Nobel Peace Prize recipient and former South Korean President Kim Dae Jung’s Sunshine Policy of cooperation between the two countries.
The whole story was featured in a drama over the past few years, which had attracted great attention.
Foundation of newly united country
Wang, called King Taejo after his death, came up with three major policies of integrating the entire nation, respecting Buddhism and expanding its territory northward, which continued throughout the Goryeo Dynasty over the next centuries.
Buddhism flourished under Wang and the Goryeo period and produced great Buddhist thinkers such as Uicheon and Jinul and many beautiful temples were constructed.
The name ``Goryeo’’ was derived from the ancient Korean kingdom ``Goguryeo,’’ discussed in the first part of this series. Wang expressed his antagonism against the Khitan, which destroyed the northern Korean state of Balhae in 926, the successor of Goguryeo.
In the early 10th century, the Khitan rose to power in Manchuria to set up the Liao Dynasty in 938. Four years later, it sent 50 camels with its envoys in an attempt to set up diplomatic relations with Goryeo, but Wang starved the camels to death and exiled the envoys.
Wang reiterated its anti-Khitan policy in his Ten Injunctions, the special laws and recommendations dedicated to his successors.
By contrast, Wang was very lenient to ethnic Koreans. On top of respecting the Silla aristocracy, Wang left most provincial leaders undisturbed. In addition, the founding king strengthened relationships with them through a host of marriages with daughters of local clans.
Wang also embraced refugees from Balhae. Such an approach offered legitimacy to the Goryeo Dynasty, which enabled Wang’s descendants to establish the infrastructure of a Confucian state.
The Ten Injunctions named Buddhism as the state religion, but also insisted on the study of the Confucian classics. While Buddhism exerted great influence on Goryeo, as far as the political system was concerned, the country was built and operated under a strict Confucian model involving civil service exams, Confucian bureaucratic systems and even had a national Confucian academy called Gukjagam.
Understandably, the anti-Khitan policy angered the Liao Dynasty, which invaded Goryeo three times at the dawn of the second millennium, but Goryeo overwhelmed their enemy, finally defeating them and causing them to surrender.
The most outstanding war hero from this period was General Gang Gam-chan who, ordered the destruction of a makeshift dam in order to sweep away the Khitans who were midway across a river.
In recognition of his feats, the Korean Navy named a destroyer after him in 2006.
Under a Confucian-based political system, Goryeo overtly favored civilian bureaucrats over army officials whose time-honored complaints eventually erupted in 1170.
A group of army officials succeeded with a rebellion to start a military dictatorship whose commanders were replaced three times in bloody activities in less than two decades before Choi Chung-heon took power in 1197.
Over the next 60 years, Choi and his offspring controlled the country under a few nominal kings until 1258 when the military dictatorship finished after the death of Choi’s grand grandson.
Amid the Choi family’s reign, the Mongols attacked Goryeo, which withstood invasions for almost 30 years by even moving its capital to the western island of Ganghwa, before it finally sued for peace in 1259.
In return, Goryeo had to endure a series of humiliating measures including the downgrade of Goryeo monarchs’ titles and the forced marriage of Goryeo princes with princesses of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty.
With Mongol troops stationed at the capital of Goryeo, Yuan actively engaged in the politics of the Korean Peninsula.
Goryeo managed to survive this difficult period and regained its sovereignty midway through the 14th century when Yuan faded away so as to carry out a series of reformative policies.
However, its national prowess had weakened too much under the century-long Mongolian influence to regain its past glory and it met its end in 1392 at the hands of one of its own generals, Yi Seong-gye.
Goryeo’s Contribution to World Intellectual History
Although the war against Mongols devastated Goryeo, it also led to a period of great cultural production. The most significant cultural asset produced was the carving of the Buddhist texts known as the Tripitaka Koreana, which people believed would protect them from Mongol invasions.
The importance of the Tripitaka Koreana cannot be over-emphasized: it is the world’s most comprehensive and oldest intact version of the entire Buddhist scriptures and it is written in Chinese characters comprising more than 52 million individual characters, without any known typos.
The scriptures are carved onto more than 80,000 wooden printing blocks and are held in the magnificent Haeinsa Temple in southern Korea where they remain in an almost perfect state despite no high-tech storage devices after several centuries.
They are designated as the National Treasure No. 32 of Korea, and Haeinsa Temple’s facilities, which hold them, are UNESCO World Heritage sites.
With regards to printing, Goryeo was definitely advanced, more than Europe at that time. On top of the Tripitaka Koreana, which was carved onto wooden blocks, the medieval state came up with the technology of moveable metal print.
Historical records note that Goryeo printed its first book based on this innovative method in 1234, but the oldest extant book printed with this technology is Jikji (a Buddhist text), which dates back to 1377.
Still, it pre-dates to the printing of the famous Gutenberg Bible in the 1450s by the Western hero of printing Johannes Gutenberg _ by about three quarters of a century as confirmed by UNESCO in 2001. Unfortunately, only one copy remains, and it is kept in the National Library of France.
In addition, the current national name of Korea was known to the West thanks to Goryeo’s openness _ Arabian merchants carried out regular trading with Goryeo seeking such items as its famous green-grey colored Celadon pottery and Korea’s red ginseng, celebrated for its manifold health benefits.
It was through their pronunciation of Goryeo as “Korea” that this relatively small peninsula in East Asia became known to the world.
Dr. Kevin N. Cawley is currently the Director of the Irish Institute of Korean Studies at University College Cork (UCC), Ireland ― the only institute in Ireland dedicated to promoting Korean studies ― funded by the Academy of Korean Studies, South Korea. He was previously a Gyujanggak Fellow at Seoul National University.
Goryeo Dynasty (918-1392):
A Korean kingdom that succeeded the Southern-and-Northern States period
Unified Silla (AD668-935):
Korea’s first unified country after the Three Kingdom era
The Late Three Kingdoms:
Three-way rivalry in the late 9th and early 10th century in the Korean Peninsula
Gung Ye, Gyeong Hwon:
Rebel leaders who revolted against Silla so as to proclaim as successors of Gogurye and Baekje in the era of Late Three Kingdoms
Wang Geon (King Taejo, reign: 918-943):
Founder of the Goryeo Dynasty
Uicheon (1055-1101), Jinul (1158-1210):
Famous monks in the Goryeo Dynasty
Balhae (AD698-926):
A Manchurian kingdom set up after the collapse of Goguryeo
The national university of Goryeo, which is equivalent to Seonggyungwan in Joseon Dynasty
An Hyang (1243-1306):
A famous Confucian scholar in Goryeo Dynasty
Liao Dynasty (907-1125):
A Khitan empire that ruled over the regions of Manchuria, Mongolia and parts of northeast China
General Gang Gam-chan (948
As one of the greatest army leaders in the Korean history, he helped Goryeo defeat invading forces from the Liao Dynasty in the early 11th century.
An army general of Goryeo who took the power in 1197. Over the next 60 years he and his three offspring practically controlled the country.
Ganghwa Island:
An island west of Seoul where Goryeo took over Mongolian invaders in the 13th century
Haeinsa Temple:
One of the most famous Buddhist temples in Korea. The temple located in Hapcheon, South Gyeongsang Province was founded in early 9th century.
Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368):
The Chinese branch of Mongol dynasty established by Genghis Khan
A general of late Goryeo. He became king of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392 which succeeded Goryeo.
Goguryeo (BC37-AD668):
An ancient Korean kingdom in the northern Korean Peninsula and Manchuria
Baekje (BC18-AD660):
An ancient kingdom in southwest Korea
An ancient kingdom in southeast Korea
Goryeo Dynasty Bodhisattva - History
Bodhisattva Kshitigarbha (Jijang bosal do 지장보살도), detail. Late 14th century, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. From archive.asia.si.edu
South Korea&rsquos Cultural Heritage Administration and the US-based Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery have launched a new website titled Goryeo Buddhist Painting: A Closer Look, showcasing Buddhist art from Korea&rsquos Goryeo dynasty. The new online catalogue serves as a digital repository for all Goryeo-era art currently held in the collections of museums in the United States.
&ldquoWhat makes this catalogue special is the high-resolution, detailed images that allow viewers to have a close look at these rare paintings . . . visual documentation captures close details of motifs, materials, and techniques that uniquely characterize 13th- and 14th-century Korean Buddhist paintings and distinguish them from similar works painted elsewhere in East Asia,&rdquo said Kieth Wilson, curator of the Freer and Sackler Galleries. (The Korea Herald)
The website currently shares information about 16 Goryeo paintings owned by eight museums in the US: three works at the Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC five at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City three at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston one at the Asian Art Museum, San Francisco one at the Brooklyn Museum one at the Arthur M. Sackler Museum, part of the Harvard Art Museums at Harvard University one at the Cleveland Museum of Art and one at the Rhode Island School of Design Museum.
The Goryeo (고려) dynasty was established in 918 by King Taejo Wang Geon. It united the Later Three Kingdoms (892&ndash936) in 936 and ruled most of the Korean Peninsula until it was displaced by the founder of the Joseon kingdom, Yi Seong-gye, in 1392. Goryeo expanded the country&rsquos borders to present-day Wonsan in the northeast (936&ndash943), the Yalu River (993), eventually expanding to cover almost all of the present-day Korean Peninsula (1374).
Arhat (Nahan do 나한도). 1235&ndash36, Cleveland Museum of Art.
From archive.asia.si.edu
&ldquoAfter seven years of working with the Smithsonian Institution&rsquos Freer Gallery of Art, we have managed to create an online compilation of the Goryeo Buddhist paintings,&rdquo said a Cultural Heritage Administration official. (The Korea Bizwire)
The Cultural Heritage Administration said that it would continue to work with the Freer and Sackler Galleries to research and conserve Goryeo-era Buddhist paintings, with plans to create more digital platforms to enable people to easily access and appreciate the cultural heritage of Korea.
Headquartered in the South Korean city of Daejeon, the Cultural Heritage Administration is a sub-ministerial agency charged with preserving and promulgating Korean cultural heritage.
While the achievements of Goryeo include establishing relations with the southern kingdoms of what is now China to stabilize national sovereignty, and progressive taxation policies, Goryeo is perhaps most notable for providing an environment in which the arts were able to flourish, leading to the creation of countless sophisticated works by this Buddhist state. Buddhism in Goryeo also evolved in ways that rallied support for the state to protect the kingdom from external threats.
Homepage of the Goryeo Buddhist Painting: A Closer Look website. From archive.asia.si.edu
The resource represents the culmination of a collaborative effort between Wilson at the Freer and Sackler Galleries and Chung Woo-thak, professor emeritus of Dongguk University that began in 2013. The two scholars combined their expertise and resources to research, interpret, and translate the artworks, based on a mutually held respect for and recognition of the importance of Goryeo Buddhist art.
&ldquoThe fact that America&rsquos national museum with worldwide recognition has produced a website solely dedicated to Goryeo Buddhist paintings is in itself a groundbreaking event,&rdquo said Prof. Chung. &ldquoBut the project may be by far the most remarkable result of a support project by our own institution to a museum abroad.&rdquo (The Korea Times)
The digital catalogue of Goryeo art, which was launched on 21 September, represents an important international collaboration and demonstrates how museums can digitally advance research on a rare collection of Korean artworks, said Freer and Sackler Galleries director Chase Robinson.
&ldquoWe hope our bilingual resource introduces these incredibly beautiful and important works of art to new audiences in the West,&rdquo he said. (The Korea Times)
The Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery together make up the Smithsonian Institution&rsquos national museums of Asian art, and are home to the largest Asian art research library in the US.
Amitabha Triad (Amita samjon do 아미타삼존도). Mid-14th century,
Brooklyn Museum. From archive.asia.si.edu
This bodhisattva statue (National Treasure 124), made from white marble, was taken to Japan in 1912 from the site of Hansongsa Temple in Namhangjin-dong, Gangneung. It was finally returned to Korea thanks to the 1965 Korea-Japan Normalization Treaty, and is now exhibited at Chuncheon National Museum.
Seated Bodhisattva from the Site of Hansongsa Temple, Goryeo Dynasty (10th century), Gangneung, White marble, Height: 92.4cm, National Treasure 124, Chuncheon National Museum
Hansongsa Temple: Scenic Site Revered by Silla&rsquos Hwarang (&ldquoFlowering Knights&rdquo)
Hansongsa Temple is no longer in existence its former site in Namhangjin-dong, Gangdong-myeon, Gangneung is now occupied by a military airfield. Surrounded by pine trees near the ocean, with Gyeongpodae and Hansongjeong pavilions close by, the temple site was always included among the most scenic spots of Gwandong (present-day Gangwon Province), along with Mt. Geumgang. As such, Hansongsa Temple was often mentioned in poems and other writings by the people who visited there.
In addition to its beautiful scenery, this area was also a popular excursion because of its ties to the Hwarang (花郞, &ldquoFlowering Knights&rdquo), a legendary military unit of the Silla Kingdom. In particular, the area was once occupied by a contingent of 3000 Hwarang members led by Yeongrang (永郞), Sullang (述郞), Namrang (南郞), and Ansangrang (安詳郞), who came to be revered as Taoist immortals. This group, which served under Silla&rsquos King Hyoso (孝昭王, r. 692-702), was said to be the most powerful among the Hwarang, such that steles about them were erected in Chongseokjeong Pavilion, Lake Samilpo, and Hansongjeong Pavilion. This group of Hwarang was so famous among the people that several of the troop&rsquos training and pilgrimage sites along the East Sea from Gyeongju to Anbyeon became popular tourist attractions, known collectively as the &ldquoEight Views of Gwandong.&rdquo According to Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms (三國遺事), the stele for Seol Wonrang (薛原郎), the first Hwarang, was erected in Myeongju (溟州, present-day Gangneung), which confirms that the area around Gyeongpodae and Hansongjeong pavilions held great importance for the Hwarang. By the Goryeo period, along with those two pavilions, the nearby Hansongsa Temple was also crowded with visitors, including writers and high-ranking officials who wished to see the historical sites of Silla&rsquos Hwarang. In the same context, during the late Goryeo and early Joseon period, many literati visited here and wrote poetry and other works.
Site of Hansongsa Temple in Namhangjin-dong, Gangneung.
&ldquoManjushri Bodhisattva and Samantabhadra Bodhisattva Popped up from Underground&rdquo
In old documents, Hansongsa Temple was called Munsudang (文殊堂), Munsujae (文殊臺), or Munsusa (文殊寺). In the fifth volume of Collected Writings of Yi Gok (稼亭文集), entitled Trip to the East (東遊記), the Goryeo scholar Yi Gok (李穀, 1298-1351) wrote about visiting Hansongsa Temple:
Yi Gok (李穀), Collected Writings of Yi Gok (稼亭文集), Volume 5: Trip to the East (東遊記), Joseon Dynasty (1662), 30.0 × 19.5 cm, National Library of Korea
Seated Bodhisattva from the Site of Hansongsa Temple, Goryeo Dynasty (10th century), Gangneung, White marble, Height: 56.0cm, Treasure 81, Ojukheon & Municipal Museum (Gangneung)
&ldquoAfter staying (in Gyeongpodae Pavilion) for a day, due to the rain, I went out to Gangseong (江城) to see Munsudang (文殊堂). According to people, two stone statues of Manjushri Bodhisattva and Samantabhadra Bodhisattva had popped up from underground. A stele of the four Taoist immortals was once erected on the east side of these statues, but Hu Zongdan (胡宗旦) had thrown it into the water, so that only the turtle-shaped pedestal was extant.&rdquo
(以雨留一日/ 出江城觀文殊堂/ 人言文殊，普賢二石像從地湧出者也/ 東有四仙碑/ 爲胡宗旦所沉/ 唯龜跌在耳)
In addition to National Treasure 124, another bodhisattva statue from the site of Hansongsa Temple is currently housed at Ojukheon & Municipal Museum in Gangneung. These two bodhisattva statues are estimated to be the statues of Manjushri Bodhisattva and Samantabhadra Bodhisattva that supposedly &ldquopopped up from underground.&rdquo Unfortunately, the one in Ojukheon & Municipal Museum is missing its head and one arm, but its casual seated posture, with one leg resting comfortably outside of the lotus position, is symmetrical with the other bodhisattva statue (National Treasure 124). Thus, it would appear that these two sculptures were once the two attendant bodhisattvas on the left and right of a Buddha triad. But in that case, what can be said of the main Buddha?
Incredibly, the pedestals that once supported these two bodhisattva statues are still present at the site of Hansongsa Temple, which is now covered by sand. Although the pedestals are severely damaged, we can see that they are shaped like a lion and an elephant, respectively. According to Buddhist sutras such as the Lotus Sutra, Avatamsaka Sutra, and Dhāraṇī Collection Scripture, Manjushri Bodhisattva (symbolizing wisdom) is seated on a lion pedestal, while Samantabhadra Bodhisattva (symbolizing compassion) is seated on the elephant pedestal. In Korea, extant lion- and elephant-shaped pedestals can be found at Bulguksa Temple in Gyeongju and in the Vairocana Buddha Triad (estimated to date from the ninth century) of Beopsusa Temple in Seongju. Manjushri Bodhisattva and Samantabhadra Bodhisattva can be attendant bodhisattvas for either Shakyamuni Buddha or Vairocana Buddha. Around the ninth century, the Hwaeom (Ch. Huayan) school and Seon (Ch. Chan) school of Buddhism worshipped Vairocana Buddha. Then, starting in the mid-ninth century, many statues of Mahāvairocana Buddha were produced through the influence of Esoteric Buddhism. As such, it is estimated that the main Buddha of this triad likely depicted Vairocana Buddha.
Lion-shaped and elephant-shaped pedestals at the site of Hansongsa Temple.
Introduction of Manjushri Bodhisattva Faith
The tall, cylindrical crown worn by this bodhisattva is characteristic of bodhisattva sculptures produced near Gangneung in the early Goryeo period. Statues with this style of crown were transmitted from China&rsquos Tang Dynasty, which had embraced the iconography of Esoteric Buddhism from India. This iconography likely spread through the Tang capital of Chang&rsquoan (where Esoteric Buddhism prospered), including the nearby region of Mt. Wutai in Shanxi Province, where Esoteric Buddhist art was introduced. Bodhisattva statues with the cylindrical crown continued to be produced during the Five Dynasties (907-960) and Song Dynasty (960-1277), and became especially popular in the Buddhist sculpture of the Liao Dynasty (907-1125). In Korea, statues with this crown appeared around the tenth century in Woljeongsa Temple, Sinboksa Temple, and Hansongsa Temple, all of which were located near Mt. Odae (五臺山, Ch. Mt. Wutai) of Gangwon Province.
Seated Bodhisattva from Woljeongsa Temple, Goryeo Dynasty, Jinbu-myeon, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon Province, Height: 180.0cm, Treasure 139
Seated Bodhisattva on the Site of Sinboksa Temple, Goryeo Dynasty, Naegok-dong, Gangneung, Gangwon Province, Height: 121.0cm, Treasure 84
According to the Avatamsaka Sutra, Mt. Odae (Ch. 五臺山, Mt. Wutai) is the holy place where Manjushri Bodhisattva resides. In the seventh century, Monk Jajang introduced the faith of Manjushri Bodhisattva of Mt. Wutai/Odae to Korea. Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms (三國遺事) describes how Manjushri Bodhisattva appeared as a manifestation and exercised miraculous power. In the section &ldquoFifty Thousand Manifestations of Mt. Odae&rdquo (臺山五萬眞身) from Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms, it is written that Crown Prince Hyomyeong and Prince Bocheon, two sons of King Sinmun (神文王, r. 681-692), led an ascetic life on Mt. Odae where they offered tea to Manjushri Bodhisattva, and that Crown Prince Hyomyeong later ascended to the throne as King Hyoso. As such, it is estimated that the aforementioned &ldquofour Taoist immortals&rdquo and their contingent from the Silla Kingdom might have been locals from the Mt. Odae area who supported King Hyoso, and who thus became the main agents promoting the Manjushri Bodhisattva faith in this region.
Elegant Bodhisattva Statue Reflecting Traditional and Local Styles
Relief Sculpture of Manjushri Bodhisattva in Seokguram Grotto, Unified Silla Kingdom (751), Gyeongju, Height: 106.0cm, National Treasure 24
The soft and refined sculptural aesthetics of the bodhisattva statue from Hansongsa Temple can be compared to the Manjushri Bodhisattva relief carving in the upper niche of Seokguram Grotto, which was produced around 751 during the Unified Silla period. In Seokguram Grotto, the Manjushri Bodhisattva carving appears opposite a seated Vimalakirti carving, which together represent the doctrine of &ldquononduality&rdquo (i.e., the unity of all things). The relief carving exemplifies the quintessential characteristics of Unified Silla sculpture, such as the generous face, the smile visualizing a state of wisdom and compassion, the smooth round shoulders, the voluptuous arms and legs, and the relaxed posture. Transcending time, the same characteristics are well rendered in the bodhisattva statue (National Treasure 124) from Hansongsa Temple.
From ancient times, the area of Gangneung and Mt. Odae in Gangwon Province was called &ldquoMyeongju.&rdquo After failing to become the king, Kim Juwon (金周元), a sixth-generation descendant of Silla&rsquos King Muyeol (r. 654-661), retreated to this area (which was his mother&rsquos home) and became the progenitor of the Gangneung Kim clan. King Wonseong (r. 785-798) named Kim Juwon the &ldquoLord of Myeongju&rdquo and gave him the authority to rule over the territory, including Myeongju, Yangyang, Samcheok, and Uljin. Many direct descendants of Kim Juwon advanced to serve in the central government. This strong connection between Myeongju and Gyeongju (the Silla capital) helps to explain why the bodhisattva statue from Hansongsa Temple was carved in the representative style of Unified Silla.
1. Mazubei
the shine
2. Ayabusa
Yes, it is quite
3. Gabar
This is the precious phrase
4. Khanh
It is disgrace!
5. Yder
Your idea is magnificent
6. Goltikus
I thank for the information.
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Black-necked Grebe Bird – Profile | Facts | Migration
Black-necked grebe
The black-necked grebe, scientific name Podiceps nigricollis, recognized in North America because the eared grebe is a member of the grebe family of water birds. In this article, I am going to talk about Black-necked Grebe sightseeing, winter plumage, winter, images, juvenile, summer plumage, etc.
Black-necked Grebe Bird profile
It was described in 1831 by Christian Ludwig Brehm. There are presently three accepted subspecies, together with the nominate subspecies.
Its breeding plumage contains a distinctive ochre-colored plumage that extends behind its eye and over its ear coverts.
The remainder of the higher components, together with the pinnacle, neck, and breast, are colored black to blackish brown.
The flanks are tawny rufous to the maroon chestnut, and the stomach is white.
When in its non-breeding plumage, this fowl has greyish-black higher components, together with the highest of the pinnacle and a vertical stripe on the again of the neck.
The flanks are additionally greyish-black. The remainder of the physique is a white or whitish color. The juvenile has extra brown in its darker areas.
The subspecies californicus could be distinguished from the nominate by the previous’s normally longer bill.
The opposite subspecies, P. n. gurneyi, could be differentiated by its greyer head and higher components and by its smaller measurement. P. n. gurneyi may also be informed aside by its lack of a non-breeding plumage.
This species is current in components of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas.
The black-necked grebe makes use of a number of foraging strategies. Bugs, which make up the vast majority of this bird’s weight-reduction plan, are caught both on the floor of the water or when they’re in flight. It often practices foliage gleaning.
This grebe dives to catch crustaceans, mollusks, tadpoles, and small frogs and fish.
When molting at saline lakes, this fowl feeds totally on brine shrimp. The black-necked grebe makes a floating cup nest on an open lake.
The nest cup is roofed with a disc. This nest is positioned each in colonies and by itself. Throughout the breeding season, which varies relying on location, this species will lay one (typically two) clutch of three to 4 eggs.
The variety of eggs is typically bigger as a consequence of conspecific brood parasitism.
After a 21-day incubation interval, the eggs hatch, after which the nest is abandoned. After about 10 days, the dad and mom cut up up the chicks between themselves.
After this, the chicks turn out to be unbiased in about 10 days and fledge in about three weeks.
Black-necked Grebe Migration
Though it typically avoids flight, the black-necked grebe travels so far as 6,000 kilometers (3,700 mi) throughout the migration.
As well as, it turns flightless for 2 months after finishing the migration to achieve a space the place it could actually safely molt.
Throughout this molt, the grebe can double in weight. The migrations to achieve these areas are harmful, typically with hundreds of grebe deaths.
Regardless of this, it’s categorized as a least concern species by the Worldwide Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
It’s probably that that is essentially the most quite a few grebes on this planet.
There are potential threats to it, resembling oil spills, however, these aren’t more likely to current a significant threat to the general inhabitants.
Black-necked Grebe Description
The black-necked grebe normally measures between 28 and 34 centimeters (11 and 13 in) in size and weighs 265 to 450 grams (9.Three to 15.9 oz).
The nominate subspecies in breeding plumage have the pinnacle, neck, breast, and higher components colored black to blackish brown, except the ochre-colored fan of feathers extending behind the attention over the eye-coverts and sides of the nape.
This eye is generally crimson, with a slender and paler yellow ring on the internal components of the attention and an orange-yellow to pinkish-red orbital ring.
The skinny, upturned bill, alternatively, is black and is linked to the attention by a blackish line beginning on the gape.
Typically, the foreneck could be discovered to be principally tinged brown.
The upper wing is blackish to drab brown in color and has a white patch fashioned by the secondaries and a part of the internal primaries.
The flanks are colored tawny rufous to maroon-chestnut and have the occasional blackish fleck.
The underwing and stomach are white, with an exception to the previous being the darkish tertials and the principally pale grey-brown outer primaries.
The legs are a darkish greenish-gray. The sexes are related.
In non-breeding plumage, the nominate has greyish-black higher components, cap, nape, and hindneck, with the color on the higher portion of the latter being contained in a vertical stripe.
The darkish color of the cap reaches under the attention and could be seen, subtle, to the ear-coverts. Behind the ear-coverts on the perimeters of the neck, there are white ovals.
The remainder of the neck is gray to brownish-grey in color and has white that varies in quantity.
The breast is white, and the stomach is whitish. The flanks are colored in a mixture of blackish-grey with white flecks.
The color of the bill when not breeding differs from that of the breeding plumage, with the previous being considerably extra gray.
The juvenile black-necked grebe is just like the non-breeding grownup.
There are variations, nevertheless, together with the truth that the darkish areas are normally extra brownish within the juvenile, with much less black.
The lores are sometimes tinged pale gray, with whitish marks behind the attention.
On the perimeters of the pinnacle and higher neck, there’s a buffy or tawny tinge.
The chick is downy and has a blackish-grey head with stripes and spots which are white or pale buff-grey.
The throat and foreneck are largely pale. The higher components are principally darkish gray in color, and the stomach is white.
The subspecies californicus normally has an extended bill in comparison with the nominate and has brown-grey internal primaries in the course of the breeding season.
When not breeding, the nominate has diffuse and pale lores much less typically than Podiceps nigricollis californicus.
The opposite subspecies, P. n. gurneyi, is the smallest of the three subspecies, along with having a greyer head and higher components.
The grownup of this subspecies additionally has a rufous-brown tinge on its lesser wing-coverts. It additionally lacks a non-breeding plumage, along with the tufts on the facet of its head being paler.
When breeding, the black-necked grebe offers a quiet “ooeek” that ascends in pitch from an already excessive pitch.
This name can also be used as a territorial name, along with a low and quick trill, which itself can also be used throughout courtship.
One other name is a brief “puuii” or “wit”. This grebe is silent when it’s not the breeding season and when it’s feeding or resting.
Black-necked Grebe Distribution and habitat
This species breeds in vegetated areas of freshwater lakes throughout Europe, Asia, Africa, northern South America, and the southwest and western United States.
After breeding, this fowl migrates to saline lakes to molt. Then, after finishing the molt and ready for typically a number of months, it migrates to winter in locations such because the south-western Palearctic and the eastern components of each Africa and Asia.
It additionally winters in southern Africa, one other place the place it breeds.
Within the Americas, it winters as far south as Guatemala, though the wintering inhabitants there may be primarily restricted to islands within the Gulf of California, the Salton Sea, and Baja California.
Black-necked grebe Behavior
This grebe is very gregarious, normally forming massive colonies when breeding and enormous flocks when not.
Black-necked grebe Breeding
This species builds its floating nest within the normally shallow water of open lakes. The nest itself is anchored to the lake by vegetation.
It’s constructed by each male and the feminine and made out of plant matter. Most of it’s submerged, with the underside of the shallow cup normally being the stage with the water. Above the cup, there’s a flat disc.
This grebe nests each in colonies and by itself. When it doesn’t nest by itself, it’ll typically nest in mixed-species colonies made up of black-headed gulls, geese, and numerous different waterbirds.
The area between the nests in these colonies is commonly 1 to 2 meters (3.3to 6.6 ft).
Whether or not it nests in colonies or not has an impact on the size of the nest.
When the fowl will not be in a colony, the nest has a mean diameter of 28 centimeters (11 in), though this may fluctuate, with nests starting from about 20 centimeters (eight in) to over 30 centimeters (12 in).
That is in comparison with nests in colonies, which have a mean diameter of about 25.5 centimeters (10 in).
It’s advised that hardly ever some pairs of this grebe will steward over a number of nests when in colonies.
Pair formation within the black-necked grebe normally begins throughout pauses within the migration to the breeding grounds, though it often happens earlier than, in wintering pairs.
This pair formation continues after this grebe has arrived at its breeding grounds. Courtship happens when it arrives on the breeding lake.
The shows are carried out in the course of the lake. There isn’t any territory concerned with courting; people used the entire space of the lake.
When promoting for a mate, a black-necked grebe will method different black-necked grebes with its physique fluffed out and its neck erect.
Black-necked grebe closes its beak to carry out a name, poo-eee-chk, with the final notice solely barely audible. Courtship typically stops firstly of nesting.
Within the Northern Hemisphere, this bird breeds from April to August. In east Africa, the breeding season is at the very least from January to February, whereas in southern Africa, the breeding season is from October to April.
The black-necked grebe is socially monogamous. Conspecific or intraspecific brood parasitism, the place the feminine lays eggs within the nest of others of their very own species is frequent with practically 40% of nests being parasitized on common.
When it comes to territory, this grebe will defend solely its nest web site.
This grebe lays a clutch, and typically two clutches, of three to 4 chalky greenish or bluish eggs.
Nests of the Black-necked grebe that were parasitized, nevertheless, could have two extra eggs in common, although the quantity the host lays is about identical regardless of if it has been parasitized or not.
The Black-necked grebe’s eggs, though initially immaculate, do get stained by plant matter that the nest is constructed out of.
The eggs measure 45 by 30 millimeters (1.eight by 1.2 in) on common and are incubated by each dad and mom for about 21 days.
The laying date of the eggs is considerably synchronized, with birds in small colonies having the laying dates unfold out by only a few days, in comparison with massive colonies, the place the laying date is unfolded out over greater than 10 days.
After the chicks hatch, the birds will desert their nest. Though the younger can swim and dive throughout this time, they hardly ever do, as a substitute staying on the dad and mom’s backs for 4 days after hatching.
This behavior is current in all grebes, and is more likely to have developed as a result of it reduces journey prices, particularly these again to the nest to brood the chicks and provides them meals.
After about 10 days, the dad and mom cut up the chicks up, with every dad or mum caring for about half of the brood.
After this cut-up, the chicks are unbiased in about 10 days and fledge in about three weeks.
When disturbed whereas incubating, this fowl normally (slightly below 50% of the time) partly covers its eggs with nest materials when the disruption will not be sudden, however, a fowl with an incomplete clutch normally doesn’t try to cowl the eggs.
When the disruption is sudden, alternatively, the black-necked grebe normally (slightly below 50% of the time) doesn’t cover its eggs.
Compared, different species of grebes cowl up their eggs when leaving the nest.
Predation is normally not the first explanation for egg loss, with most nesting failures occurring after the chicks have hatched. A serious explanation for that is the chilling of the younger.
Black-necked grebe Feeding
The black-necked grebe forages primarily by diving from the water, with dives normally lasting lower than 30 seconds.
These dives are normally shorter in time when in additional shallow water. In between dives, this grebe rests for a mean of 15 seconds.
When feeding on brine shrimp at hypersaline lakes, it probably makes use of its massive tongue to dam the oral cavity.
It’s hypothesized that it then crushes prey in opposition to its palate to take away extra water.
It additionally forages by gleaning foliage, plucking objects off of the floor of the water, having its head submerged whereas swimming, and typically capturing flying bugs.
This grebe eats principally bugs, of each grownup and larval levels, in addition to crustaceans, mollusks, tadpoles, and small frogs and fish.
When molting at lakes with excessive salinity, though, this fowl feeds totally on brine shrimp.
The behavior of black-necked grebes adjustments in response to the provision of brine shrimp; our bodies of water with extra shrimp have extra grebes, and grebes spend extra time foraging when the quantity of shrimp and the water temperature decreases.
The younger are fed one after the other by the dad and mom, with one fowl carrying the younger whereas the opposite feed it.
The younger take meals by grabbing it, with their beaks, from their dad and mom, or by grabbing meals dropped into the water.
When a younger fowl can not seize the meals, then the adults submerge their bill into the water and shake their bill to interrupt up the meals.
Black-necked grebe Moult and migration
When breeding is over, the black-necked grebe normally partakes in a molt migration to saline lakes.
It particularly prefers lakes with massive numbers of invertebrate prey, so it could actually fatten up whereas moulting and earlier than occurring its winter migration.
Some birds, though, moult when on the breeding grounds, however, most don’t moult till the top of the moult migration.
This migration is harmful, with a whole lot and typically hundreds of birds being killed by snowstorms when touring to locations resembling Mono Lake.
When it finishes its moult migration, this fowl moults its remiges between August and September, which makes it unable to fly.
This moult is preceded by a rise in weight. Throughout the moult, the breast muscular tissues atrophy.
When the moult is accomplished, this grebe continues to realize weight, typically greater than doubling its unique weight.
This extra fat is used to energy the black-necked grebe’s in a single-day fall migration to its wintering grounds.
The fats are mostly concentrated within the stomach, second-most within the thorax, and least within the chest.
This fowl normally begins its migration earlier when shrimp is extra plentiful and when the molting lake is at a better than common temperature.
It typically leaves on transparent nighttime with a decrease than common floor temperatures.
Black-necked grebe Speed
This grebe is among the most inefficient fliers amongst birds. Usually, it avoids flying in any respect prices and reserves long-distance flight solely for migration.
That is mixed with the truth that this fowl is flightless for 2 months of the yr throughout its molt.
Nonetheless, when migrating, it travels as a lot as 6,000 kilometers (3,700 miles) to achieve wealthy feeding areas that might be exploited by a few different species.
In-flight, the form of this grebe is sort of a loon: straight neck, legs trailing, and wings beating typically.
When diving, this fowl pulls its head again after which arches it ahead into the water, with the physique following and a slight springing.
The legs begin transferring solely after they’re underwater.
When swimming on the floor of the water, the physique of this grebe is comparatively excessive, though not one of the underparts is seen.
The neck is held straight up in a relaxed method, with the bill being held ahead and parallel to the water. Every one of the toes carries out sturdy alternating strokes.
Black-necked grebe Standing
As of 2016, the black-necked grebe is assessed as the least concern by the Worldwide Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
The development of the inhabitants is unsure, as some populations are lowering, whereas others are steady, have an unsure development, or are growing.
The justification for the present classification of this species is its very massive inhabitants (estimated around 3.9–4.2 million people) mixed with a big estimated extent of incidence (about 155 million km2 (60 million sq mi)). This grebe might be essentially the most quite a few grebes on this planet.
Unknown biotoxins, pathogens, and the impairment of feather waterproofing can result in hypothermia and avian cholera. Since this grebe normally winters on the coast, it’s also weak to grease air pollution.
Massive-scale illness, resembling avian cholera, might threaten the species.
These and different components, resembling human disturbance, together with collisions with energy transmission strains, contribute to declining populations in sure areas.
This species was threatened in North America by the millinery trade, which helped facilitate the searching of the birds, and egg collectors.
Though that is true, this grebe is hunted within the Gilan Province in Iran, for each industrial and leisure function.
Nonetheless, there isn’t any proof suggesting that these threats might end in a big threat for the general inhabitants.
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Difference between "fill" and "expand" options for tkinter pack method
TkinterServer Side ProgrammingProgramming
Tkinter Pack Manager acts based on using the extra space within the parent widget. While packing a widget, we can specify whether the widget should shrink or fill in the entire screen. In order to enable the widget to grow in the entire window, we can use the 'fill' property. It helps to fill the widget in the screen by adding “x” as horizontal, “y” as vertical or “BOTH”.
Whenever we use expand(boolean) property, then we are generally resizing the widget size to expand in its available space. It takes boolean values as true or false. When the expand property is true for the widget, it means we can enable the grow property. On the other hand, if the expand property is set to false, it means we will disable the grow property of widgets.
#Import tkinter library
from tkinter import *
#Create an instance of tkinter frame
win= Tk()
#Set the Geometry
#Create a Labelwin= Tk()
Label(win, text= "Hey! There",font=('Helvetica 25 bold'), background= "burlywood1").pack(fill=BOTH, expand=1,padx=20,pady=20)
Executing the above code snippet will display a full width text window.
Now, expand the screen a little bit to see the changes that the text adjusts its size in the entire window.
Published on 15-Apr-2021 13:18:41
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"language_score": 0.7397567629814148,
"url": "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/difference-between-fill-and-expand-options-for-tkinter-pack-method"
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Key Details in the Text - Orchids The International School
ORCHIDS The International School
Comprehending the Text
Concept: Key Details in the Text
• In any context, information that is crucial to understand the text is called key details of the text. Key details or supporting details include information that proves the main idea of the text.
• Key details have aspects, examples or causes and effects that demonstrate the main idea.
• Major and minor details help to develop the main idea.
Types of Details
There are two types of details:
Sentence with Details
It was hot and humid. She peeked out of her bedroom window as the sunshine touched her face. It was definitely going to be a bright sunny day. That gave her the energy to kick start the day.
How to Identify Details in a Story?
• The key details include the information (what, where, who, and why) of the story. The supporting details are explanations, examples, and proofs, which support and show the point of the main idea of the story.
• They are details that add minor information to the main idea and help to make it clearer by giving a deep explanation of the story.
• Questioning the passage or story for key details is the quickest way to find the key detail.
Remember key details will be information regarding the following: Age, place, actions of the character, time, etc.
One day when Wendy was two years old, she was playing in a garden, and she plucked some flowers and ran with those flowers to her mother. I suppose she must have looked rather delightful, for Mrs. Darington put her hand to her heart and cried, “Oh, why can’t you remain like this forever!” That is when Wendy knew that all children grow up.
Q1. What did Wendy do in the garden?
Ans: Wendy was playing in the garden.
Q2. How old is Wendy?
Ans: Wendy is two years old.
Q3. What did Wendy give her mother?
Ans: Wendy gave her mother some flowers.
Q4. What did Mrs. Darington wish for?
Ans: Mrs. Darington wished for Wendy to remain a child forever.
Common Mistakes
Do not confuse the main idea of a story with its supporting details. Understand that supporting details in a story are more specific than the main idea. It is a kind of evidence to support the main idea. Details can be in the form of :
• 5 Ws(Who, What, When, Where, and Why) and How
• Historical examples and Objective facts
• Appeals to emotion
• -
Admission Enquiry
A Journey To A Better Future Begins With Us
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"url": "https://www.orchidsinternationalschool.com/learning-key-concepts/grade-3/english/key-details-in-the-text/"
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Egg Allergy
Eggs can be a great source of protein as a part of a healthy diet. But you can be allergic to some of the proteins that are found in either the egg yolk or the egg white or even both. An egg allergy, like any allergy, is when your immune system identifies these proteins as harmful. When you ingest these proteins, your immune system becomes sensitized and overreacts and releases histamines, which then cause your allergic symptoms. People with an egg allergy must avoid both the egg white and the egg yolk because it’s not possible to completely separate the egg white from the yolk.
Eggs are one of the most common causes of allergic reactions in children.1 In fact, egg is the second most common food allergy—after milk—in infants and young children.
Since the majority of children do outgrow their egg allergy, periodic re-evaluation, including testing, is recommended.
Egg allergy reactions vary from person to person and can occur within a few minutes to a few hours after eating. Signs and symptoms of an egg allergy can include: Skin rashes/hives Digestive symptoms (e.g stomach pain, diarrhea, nausea) Vomiting Nasal congestion (rare) Mild wheezing or coughing (rare)
Eggs are a hidden ingredient in many foods; even some commercial egg substitutes contain egg protein or egg whites. That’s why it is so important to read the label or ask about ingredients before buying or eating a food. Ingredients in packaged foods can change at any time—and without warning—so check the ingredients carefully every time.
Eggs can be found in foods including:
Eggs can also be found in some medications and vaccines. Avoiding egg can be a challenge and can pose significant quality of life issues.
Categories: Food Allergy
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9432970881462097,
"url": "https://skinoasis.com.sg/egg-allergy/"
}
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First Direct Image of Exoplanets Around a Sun-like Star
We have already directly imaged 322 exoplanets as of February 2020. Young planets that emit infrared light and are far from the glare of the star are the easiest to spot. NASA maintains a list of directly imaged exoplanets.
SOURCES- European Southern Observatory
Written By Brian Wang
14 thoughts on “First Direct Image of Exoplanets Around a Sun-like Star”
1. I’m thinking the bigger problem is more “anthropomorphic”. If the sapio-raptors had dodged the Big One, and evolved far enough to write Shakespeare, I think it’s likely that our distant mammal ancestors would not have gotten past the “animal cracker” stage, i.e. the only “anthropologists” to look at the record would have residual scales (or feathers). “Dinopologists?”
2. I think that, regardless of fire, you still need some ready environmental source of reactive chemicals just to give you the power requirements for the big brain, and physical movement.
And oxygen is probably the simplest source of that (Fluorine? Chlorine?)
3. If veociraptors, or rather the closely related sapio-raptors, HAD developed writing and literature, how would we know?
Would paper last this long? Would even cave paintings have made it this far without ground water eventually washing the walls clean? Would any ancient bone found with regular coded scratched end up fossilized well enough to preserve enough to be recognisable as writing?
Adobe buildings will have eroded completely to dust. Wood will have rotted completely, or been crushed unrecognizably by geological time.
We’d probably spot signs of metal working and large stone structures, should they be buried well enough to last. But anything short of that would be unrecognisable.
4. That hardly Bear’s consideration.
Also, if not for the Big One, would the velociraptors have ended up writing Shakespeare? (“The Taming of the Iguana”, “The Merchant of the Black Lagoon”, “Romeo and Diplodocus”)
5. Ability to maintain a fire means you need a fuel source, an oxidant, and a mostly inert atmosphere so that fires can be safely contained. That means an oxygen/nitrogen or oxygen/CO2 atmosphere is likely, since oxygen is the simplest and most common oxidant, and nitrogen or CO2 are the two most common and simplest inert gases. Oxygen/nitrogen is more likely, because CO2 will tend to collect near the ground and smother any fires.
That in turn means the technological species is likely to be an oxygen breather. Need a lot of power (by biological standards) for that big brain.
6. There are a few likely common requirements for a technological species:
— Social behavior, so they can cooperate on science and technology, and build a civilization.
— Some form of complex communication. Doesn’t have to be vocal, but has to be able to express complex ideas. Social groups probably encourage this to evolve. But these two don’t constrain morphology much.
— Tool manipulation. Some form of digits or suction cups. Probably more than one per “hand”, and at least two “hands” simultaneously. “Hand” is any body extension that’s free to manipulate stuff (don’t have to put their weight on it etc).
— Depth perception. Necessary for tool manipulation. This could be with something like sonar, but probably binocular vision is best. But they could have more than two eyes, or a combination of binocular and peripheral vision. As long as they can point two eyes forward, that’s good enough. (Eyes are an example of convergent evolution, so likely to evolve.)
— Depth perception means they’re likely to be predatory. In that case, they’ll need efficient locomotion (unless they’re ambush predators).
— Complex brain. Required by the above. Constrains brain cavity size (doesn’t have to be in the “head”) and birth mechanics. May affect locomotion.
— Environmental requirement: ability to maintain a fire. Needed for a bunch of stuff.
— Environmental bonus: view of the night sky. Enables astronomy, encourages curiosity, drive for exploration.
Those are about it, I think.
7. I can’t think of an overall structural form that would be more suitable than humanoid bipeds for an evolving technological species, but I’m sure that squid-dog-centaurs would say the same thing.
Only, you know, via images flashing in the chromophores of their skin the way any sensible species would communicate.
8. Interesting point about facial creases. And “Footfall” (Niven/Pournelle) actually presented some reasonably alien aliens: baby elephants whose trunks divided a the ends into 8 parts. At the same time the human form has the rest of the planet whipped. Earth could have evolved Kzinti’s, however, we got us. I’ll have to think about it some more.
9. But we have many, many examples of lifeforms on Earth that have
–extra limbs, from 5 (Elephants) to 10 (squid)
–different digit counts (Pandas and emus just to name 2)
— weird creases in their faces, from Turkeys to Bats.
So I don’t agree that evolution will avoid such things.
Now the actual brain development required to be a technological species? There we only have one example, so I can’t say.
10. I think if there are intelligent aliens they will look like us. We evolved under tight boundary conditions, interacting with technology that also has tight boundary conditions. There’s no reason for extra limbs or digits, that’s a matter of efficient use of biological energy. They might have different organs and brains, but they will need to perform the same basic functions. All those weird creases in Star Trek aliens are just bacteria traps. I think more likely though that they will be completely out of evolutionary phase, and they will either be organic chemicals or will have moved on into silicon, and generate and occupy any odd cyborg form that they might fancy. Ok, I take it back. They could look like anything.
11. So transit method & radial velocity method are finding planets really close to stars. Direct imaging is finding planets very far from stars. Neither is very good for finding planetary systems similar to the one we live in. So it is hard to know how far from typical ours is.
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"url": "https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2020/07/first-direct-image-of-exoplanets-around-a-sun-like-star.html"
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Tuesday, September 27, 2022
The spines of Neandertals may explain our back-related ailments
What explains our lower back pain?
Neandertals are not distinct from modern humans. Like them, modern humans demonstrate lumbar lordosis, a ventral convexity of the lower back that counters the kyphotic curve and contributes to the sinusoidal curvature of the human spine.
This configuration evolved to balance and stabilize the upright trunk over two legs and dissipate loads through the vertebral column, pelvis, and lower limbs during bipedal posture and locomotion.
Over time, specifically after the onset of industrialization in the late 19th century, increased wedging has been observed in today’s humans’ lower backbones. This change may relate to higher back pain and other back-related ailments.
A team of anthropologists has suggested that examining the spines of Neandertals may explain back-related ailments experienced by humans today.
Past research has shown that people- in urban areas and especially in ‘enclosed workshop’ settings where employees maintain tedious and painful work postures- are more likely to experience low back pain. Scientists mainly examined spines from humans who lived in the post-industrial era. Hence, they have mistakenly concluded that spine formation is due to evolutionary development rather than changed living and working conditions.
In this new study, scientists examined both pre-industrial and post-industrial spines of male and female modern humans to address this possibility. They obtained a sample from more than 300 spines, totaling more than 1,600 vertebrae—along with samples of Neandertal spines.
They found that spines in post-industrial people showed more lumbar wedging than those in pre-industrial. The Neandertals’ spines were more different than those in post-industrial people but not from pre-industrial people.
Most importantly, no significant difference was found to link geography within samples from the same era.
Scott Williams, an associate professor in New York University’s Department of Anthropology, said“A pre-industrial vs. post-industrial lifestyle is the important factor. Because lower back curvature comprises soft tissues (i.e., intervertebral discs), not just bones, it cannot be ascertained that Neandertals’ lumbar lordosis differed from modern humans.”
“The bones are often all that is preserved in fossils, so it’s all we have to work with.”
“Diminished physical activity levels, bad posture, and the use of furniture, among other changes in lifestyle that accompanied industrialization, resulted, over time, in inadequate soft tissue structures to support lumbar lordosis during development.”
“To compensate, our lower-back bones have taken on more wedging than our pre-industrial and Neandertal predecessors, potentially contributing to the frequency of lower back pain we find in post-industrial societies.”
Journal Reference:
1. Scott A Williams et al. Inferring lumbar lordosis in Neandertals and other hominins. DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgab005
New Inventions
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"url": "https://www.techexplorist.com/spines-neandertals-explain-back-related-ailments/45076/"
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How did the Mayflower Compact influence our American government?
October 6, 2020 Off By idswater
How did the Mayflower Compact influence our American government?
Finally, as the first written constitution in the New World, the Mayflower Compact laid the foundations for two other revolutionary documents: the Declaration of Independence, which stated that governments derive their powers “from the consent of the governed,” and the Constitution.
What big idea did the Mayflower Compact inspire for the US government?
One major idea from the Mayflower Compact that influenced the Declaration of Independence is that the government should be for the common good of all people, not just selected elites.
What are the main ideas of the Mayflower Compact?
The Mayflower Compact was written and signed by the pilgrims in 1620 to establish a Civil body politic and set a structure for self-government. It stated equality for everyone in the group who could vote, and claimed the group itself as the root of political power in the area, under the authority of the King.
What effect did the Mayflower Compact have on American government quizlet?
The Mayflower Compact set a precedent and was an influential document for the Founding Fathers as they created the US Constitution. The Mayflower Compact made a significant contribution to the creation of a new democratic nation which would become the United States of America.
What was the political importance of the Mayflower Compact?
The Mayflower Compact was important because it was the first document to establish self-government in the New World. It remained active until 1691 when Plymouth Colony became part of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Which aspect of the Mayflower Compact had the most significant impact on the articles?
Answer: It gave the people the power to make laws and elect leaders.
What are two significant facts about the Mayflower Compact?
The Mayflower Compact was signed on board the Mayflower ship. 41 of the ship’s passengers signed the Mayflower Compact. All of the people who signed the Mayflower Compact were male. Women and children were not allowed to sign the Compact.
What was the Mayflower Compact and what was its purpose?
How did the Mayflower Compact affect the people?
Which of these is the most significant impact of the Mayflower Compact?
Explanation: The Mayflower Compact had significant impact on the founding of American government because it established a social contract for self-government. Women and children were not allowed to sign this document on November 11, 1620 aboard the Mayflower carrying Pilgrims from Great Britain to the new colony.
What was the main purpose of the Mayflower Compact quizlet?
What was the purpose of the Mayflower Compact? It created laws for the Mayflower Pilgrims and non-Pilgrims alike for the good of their new colony.
What does the Mayflower Compact say about equality?
How did the Mayflower Compact influence the Constitution?
Create your account The Mayflower Compact impacted the Constitution by introducing the idea of self-government to the founding fathers. When the Pilgrims aboard the… See full answer below.
What did the pilgrims pledge in the Mayflower Compact?
In the Mayflower Compact, the Pilgrims and strangers were pledging their loyalty to laws they would make themselves.
Who are the members of the Mayflower Compact?
Included are William Brewster, William Bradford, Myles Standish and Edward Winslow. The Mayflower Compact was clearly a religious document, in that it held that the people derived their right of self-government from God.
Who was the Governor of the Mayflower colony?
Once the colonists agreed to work together, the hard work of starting the colony began. They elected John Carver governor on November 21, 1620. Carver had helped secure financing for the Mayflower expedition and served in a leadership role during the voyage to America. He’s also sometimes given credit for helping write the Mayflower Compact.
What impact did the Mayflower Compact have on America?
The Mayflower Compact had an effect on future documents of the American government. It started the American democracy, as it promoted the idea of a social contract and self-government.
What was the main purpose behind the Mayflower Compact?
The purpose of the Mayflower Compact was to establish basic law and order in the colony. The document was intended to be not just a contract between the colonists but also between themselves and God.
What were the rules of the Mayflower Compact?
Verified by Expert. The correct answer is A. Laws would be established by majority rule. The Mayflower Compact stated that the majority would rule. It also proposed a written plan of government which stated that all men could vote. This meant that all men had an equal voice in what the actions of government.
Who influenced the Mayflower Compact?
In 1802, John Quincy Adams called the Mayflower Compact “the only instance in human history of that positive, original, social compact.” Today, it is generally accepted as having influenced the nation’s Founding Fathers as they created the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
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"fasttext_score": 0.9978657364845276,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9656787514686584,
"url": "https://idswater.com/2020/10/06/how-did-the-mayflower-compact-influence-our-american-government/"
}
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Decorative image - Secondary
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Going Against the Flow
Resilience and determination
by Claire Law
Suitable for Whole School (Sec)
To use the resilience of Atlantic salmon to consider how we can face challenges.
Preparation and materials
• You will need the PowerPoint slides that accompany this assembly (Going Against the Flow) and the means to display them.
• You will also need the YouTube video ‘Salmon jumping Shrewsbury Weir’ and the means to display it during the assembly. It is 2.48 minutes long and is available at:
1. Have Slide 1 showing as the students enter the room.
Welcome the students to the assembly.
2. Show Slide 2.
Ask the students, ‘Can anyone identify the creature that we see here?’
Listen to a range of responses.
3. Explain that this is an Atlantic salmon. They are found in the Atlantic Ocean and in rivers that flow into it, including this stream in the Scottish Highlands.
4. Atlantic salmon provide an amazing example of determination and resilience. They spend most of their life at sea, but make an epic journey back to the river or stream where they hatched so that they can breed there. They use their sense of smell to find their particular breeding ground. Then, new fish hatch from the spawn and the life cycle continues.
5. Show Slide 3.
Young salmon will spend at least a year in their home river before migrating to the sea, where they grow into adults. Some spend only a year in the sea before returning to their home river, whereas others stay there for two or more years
6. Show Slide 4.
This adult salmon has travelled all the way from its feeding ground near western Greenland and is heading to its home river in the Scottish Highlands to spawn. That’s a journey of over 1,000 miles
7. Not only do salmon travel a long way, they also need to swim upstream to reach their home river. Salmon can be spotted jumping over weirs and waterfalls to get to their destination. In fact, they have been known to leap vertical obstacles more than 3 metres tall!
8. Let’s watch some Atlantic salmon performing their amazing upstream swimming, jumping out of the water to clear the weir. They’ve travelled all the way from the Atlantic Ocean to a river in Shropshire. They’re making their way to a lake in Wales, close to Snowdonia.
9. Do you see why we might describe Atlantic salmon as resilient and determined? In swimming against the flow of the river, they have to work hard to keep going, even though the water puts pressure on them. They need to find the strength to do the opposite of what is happening around them.
Time for reflection
The concept of going against the flow and swimming upstream is a helpful metaphor for life. There will have been times when we have felt that life was difficult, when we have had to work hard to keep going and reach our goals. Perhaps we have felt the pressure to stop or give in, or even just go with the flow and take the easy option.
We use the phrase ‘going against the flow’ to describe people who take a stand in life. They show that they don’t agree with something, even if lots of other people seem to accept it. They stay true to their values and make efforts to challenge oppression and injustice.
Show Slide 5.
Doctor Martin Luther King was someone who went against the flow. In the USA of the 1950s and 1960s, he challenged the racist beliefs and practices that were especially prevalent in the Southern States. To do so, King needed to be resilient and determined, as if he were swimming upstream against a wave of criticism. In the end, speaking out cost him his life: in 1968, King was assassinated because he chose to criticize publicly the racism that he saw around him.
Show Slide 6.
Another example of someone who stood against the majority was Irena Sendler, a Polish social worker who believed that all people were equal and important. When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, Sendler began a secret mission to supply food, medicine and money to Jewish people in need. This was illegal under the Nazi regime, so she was risking her life.
As time went on, Sendler took further steps to swim against the tide of Nazism. Dressed as a nurse, she repeatedly visited the Warsaw Ghetto, where hundreds of Jewish people were dying, and helped children to escape. She is credited with personally saving the lives of 2,500 children, hiding some in wheelbarrows full of clothes or food.
However, in 1943, the Nazis worked out what Sendler was up to and arrested her. They tortured and interrogated her repeatedly, but she refused to divulge any names. Finally, they sentenced her to death, but her friends bribed the guards to let her go. Sendler spent the rest of the war in hiding; she died in 2008.
Show Slide 7.
Someone else who challenged the majority view was Jesus. He went against the flow and spoke out many times against the things that he considered to be wrong, including how the poor and the sick were treated. Many of the religious authorities at the time believed that the poor and the sick were sinners, and should be avoided at all costs. Jesus challenged this idea, and was outspoken in his views that God’s love was for all people, regardless of their wealth or health.
In Luke’s Gospel, Jesus says, ‘When you give a banquet, invite the poor, the crippled, the lame and the blind, and you will be blessed. Although they cannot repay you, you will be repaid at the resurrection of the righteous.’ (Luke 14.13-14)
With his words and actions, Jesus challenged the ideas of the time and demonstrated care and compassion to those in need.
Let’s take a moment to consider the areas of our lives where we face challenge. Let’s focus particularly on times when we feel like we are going against the flow. Let’s reflect on the challenge to stay true to our own beliefs and values when others around us disagree or are living differently.
Pause to allow time for thought.
Let’s take a moment to consider what helps us to keep going, stand firm and remain true to what is important to us.
Pause to allow time for thought.
Dear God,
We’ve considered how amazingly resilient and determined Atlantic salmon are.
They are a strong example of what swimming against the flow looks like.
Thank you for providing great examples of people who have gone against the flow themselves.
Thank you that they all share a common desire to do and say the right thing, even if that means challenging the views of others.
There are times in our own lives when we have the chance to be different,
Times when we have the chance to go against the flow.
We pray for the strength and determination to keep going when our own principles, values and beliefs are at stake.
Please help us especially to challenge injustice and prejudice when we see them happening around us.
Publication date: May 2022 (Vol.24 No.5) Published by SPCK, London, UK.
Print this page
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"url": "https://www.assemblies.org.uk/sec/3901/going-against-the-flow"
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Number of groups of magnets formed from N magnets in C++
C++Server Side ProgrammingProgramming
The digit 1 represent positive pole whereas 0 represents negative pole.
The magnet will have both poles as 10 or 01. A group can be formed with the magnets that attracts each other. The magnets with different pole facing each other will be in the same group.
Here, you are given N number of magnets. You need to find out number of groups can be formed with them.
Whenever there are two different magnets side by side, there forms a new group. In that case increment the count of the groups.
Let's see an example.
magnets = ["10", "01", "01", "01", "10", "01"]
There are 4 magnets that attract each other side by side in the given array. They are "10", "01", "10", "01".
• Initialise the array with magnets.
• Initialise the count to 1 as we are taking pairs.
• Write a loop that iterates from 1 index to the end of the array.
• If the current magnet is not equal to the previous one, then increment the count.
• Return the count.
Following is the implementation of the above algorithm in C++
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int getMangetGroupsCount(string magnets[], int n) {
int count = 1;
if (magnets[i] != magnets[i - 1]) {
return count;
int main() {
string magnets[] = { "10", "01", "01", "01", "10", "01" };
int n = 6;
cout << getMangetGroupsCount(magnets, n) << endl;
return 0;
If you run the above code, then you will get the following result.
Published on 03-Jul-2021 05:17:30
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"edu_score": 4,
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7941606044769287,
"url": "https://www.tutorialspoint.com/number-of-groups-of-magnets-formed-from-n-magnets-in-cplusplus"
}
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Kindergarten- Starry Night Landscapes
The kindergarten will learn about Vincent Van Gogh’s Starry Night. What kinds of lines, shapes, and colors do you see? What kinds of sounds do you think you’d hear if you were in this painting? What looks like it’s moving? What looks like it’s still? Movement makes artwork look exciting.
Students will learn about Van Gogh and his painting through a virtual tour of the Museum of Modern Art. Can you explore the museum and find Starry Night?
Here’s a mesmerizing view of Van Gogh’s Starry Night. There’s an interactive animated app.
1. Write your name and class on the back. Draw a wavy line to separate the land from the sky.
2. Using crayons and markers, draw a moon, glowing stars, and wind in the sky. Add lines to make the sky look like it’s moving like Starry Night.
3. Draw a town on the ground. What places will you add? Make sure your buildings aren’t floating in the sky.
4. Add details like doors, windows, and trees. Fill in your paper.
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"fasttext_score": 0.5948444604873657,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8443824648857117,
"url": "https://msbairdclass.com/2015/01/16/kindergarten-starry-night-landscapes/"
}
|
Political Parties
Canada has many different political parties. People in the same party usually have similar opinions about public issues. In Parliament, members of different parties often have different opinions. This is why there are sometimes disagreements during elections and when Parliament is sitting. Having different parties allows criticism and encourages debate. Canadians have a choice to express their views by voting for a member of a specific party during election time. This is called the party system.
You probably have opinions on and ideas of what would be good for Canada. Think about one issue that is important to you (the environment, immigration, education, or law and order, for example). Research some of the major political parties in Canada to find out where they stand on your issue. Which one do you think has the best ideas? Imagine you are creating a political party. What issues are important?
The word campaign comes from the Latin campus, which means field. In ancient times, armies would take to the field when they fought. In English, we still use the word campaign to mean a military battle or series of battles.We can also use the word race to describe an election competition. Race comes from the Old Norse ras, meaning running water. Like many words in English, we can use race either as a noun or as a verb.
NOUN VERB EXAMPLES
race to race She ran a very good race. He raced to the finish line.
vote to vote
form to form
act to act
help to help
• issue
• policy
• idea
• opinion
These words are difficult to explain because they are abstract. Look them up in a dictionary if you do not know them. Can you use these words in a sentence?
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.953125,
"fasttext_score": 0.9101660847663879,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.970370888710022,
"url": "https://lop.parl.ca/About/Parliament/Education/OurCountryOurParliament/html_booklet/political-parties-e.html"
}
|
Teacher Sign Up
Sign In
Monday Morning Ready02.21.2020
Jumpstart Your Week!
No one knows chimpanzees like Jane Goodall. Over the past six decades, the now 85-year-old English researcher has revolutionized the entire field of primatology. Goodall was among the first to study her subjects in the wild, treating them as conscious, complex individuals with distinct personalities and surprising quirks. Chimps, she found, displayed a wide range of emotions. ... < read more >
Grade 3-4
Jane Goodall has devoted her life to studying chimpanzees. If you could study an animal as she has, which animal would you choose? Why?
Grade 5-6
Jane Goodall's favorite childhood books, including "Tarzan of the Apes" and "The Story of Doctor Dolittle," reveal her early passion for nature. What do your favorite books reveal about you?
Grade 7-8
Jane Goodall set out on her first expedition to the Gombe Stream Game Reserve in 1960. Think about what the world was like for women in 1960. How does that make her accomplishments all the more amazing?
Grade 9-10
When people think of Jane Goodall, they automatically think of chimpanzees. What other remarkable women of the 20th century can you think of whose accomplishments warrant that kind of recognition?
Plan a Multimedia Show About a Famous Woman
1. Remind students that "Becoming Jane: The Evolution of Dr. Jane Goodall," which they read about in the article, is National Geographic's new multimedia exhibition about Jane Goodall's life and career. It tells her story through a collection of childhood possessions, a 3-D film and even a "Chimp Chat" station that invites users to mimic various primate vocalizations.
2. Inform students that a multimedia presentation is exactly what it sounds like. It is an exhibit that introduces visitors to a subject through different types of media including physical artifacts, audio, video, photographs, maps, games, animations and more.
3. Invite volunteers to describe multimedia shows they've seen. Discuss how exploring the subject through a variety of mediums enhances the visitor's experience.
4. Have students select a famous woman in history. Encourage them to conduct research to learn about her life and career. Challenge them to find photos, maps, videos and artifactssuch as Jane Goodall's childhood books and stuffed toy primate named Jubileethat tell something important about her past.
5. Give students time to brainstorm ideas about how they could organize the items they found to create a compelling multimedia show about the woman they selected. Then challenge them to create a storyboard that takes visitors through key parts of their exhibit. Each storyboard must be at least six frames long. Each frame must contain visuals and a text block or script that visitors would read or hear while making their way through the exhibit.
Invite students to present their storyboards to the class. Encourage classmates to identify the different types of media included in each and to evaluate how effectively the elements work together to tell the woman's story.
Grades 3-4:
Have students complete the project in small groups. Instruct them to include at least two different types of media as they plan how to tell the woman's story.
Grades 5-6:
Have students complete the project in small groups. Instruct them to include at least three different types of media as they plan how to tell the woman's story.
Grades 7-8:
Have students complete the project in pairs. Instruct them to include at least four different types of media as they plan how to tell the woman's story. Challenge them to record sources for each item they plan to include in their multimedia exhibit.
Grades 9-10:
Have students complete the project in pairs. Instruct them to include at least five different types of media as they plan how to tell the woman's story. Then, utilizing their own special talents, encourage students to create a slide show, animation, game or other feature that would be part of their multimedia exhibit.
Because of Her Story
In 2018, the Smithsonian started its American Women’s History Initiative to create, educate, disseminate and amplify the historical record of the accomplishments of American women. Explore this site to see and hear their amazing untold stories.
Women’s History
These Women’s History Resource Guides cover women’s histories from the early days of the United States to the present, reflecting a wide range of content produced by the National Museum of American History.
These Objects Begin to Tell the Story of Women’s History in America
Read this Smithsonian magazine article to learn about thirteen artifacts from the National Museum of American History that chronicle profound changes in the life of the nation.
Women’s Suffrage
Explore the Women’s Suffrage Movement with your students through these historical investigations presented by the National Museum of American History.
Epic Warrior Women
Throughout history, warfare has been seen as the preserve of men, but evidence shows that over the centuries, women were often in on the fight. Share these Smithsonian Channel videos with students to discover the extraordinary lives of history’s most iconic female fighters, who, just as fiercely as men, bravely fought, endured, and sacrificed.
Women’s History in America: Highlights Collection
In celebration of Women’s History Month, this collection from the Smithsonian Center for Learning and Digital Access, highlights some of the many accomplished and influential women in science, art, women’s rights and athletics throughout history.
Costume Collection: Women’s Dresses
The Costume Collection at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History, Behring Center, contains over 30,000 garments and accessories representing the changing appearance of Americans from the 17th century to the present. Visit this site to browse the women’s dress collection, which shows over 70 dresses and is the most requested are of the Collection for exhibit and behind-the-scenes viewing.
Nine Women Whose Remarkable Lives Deserve the Biopic Treatment
From Renaissance artists to aviation pioneers, suffragists and scientists, read this Smithsonian magazine article to meet nine women who led lives destined for the silver screen.
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"edu_score": 3.984375,
"fasttext_score": 0.024163424968719482,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9442260265350342,
"url": "https://www.tweentribune.com/teacher/mmr/immerse-yourself-jane-goodalls-wondrous-chimpanzee-filled-life/"
}
|
Sister Farika's Maroon Story
Historian, Author, Journalist Sister Farika monologue on the Jamaican Maroon. The Jamaican Maroons were runaway slaves who fought the British during the 18th century.
When the British invaded Jamaica in 1655 the Spanish colonists fled leaving a large number of Africans who they had enslaved. Rather than be re-enslaved by the British, they escaped into the hilly, mountainous regions of the island, joining those who had previously escaped from the Spanish to live with the Taínos. They were very organized and knew the country well. Because of this, additional runaway slaves joined them. The two main Maroon groups were the Leeward and the Windward tribes, the former led by Cudjoe in Trelawny Town and the latter led by his sister Queen Nanny (and later by Quao). Over time, the Maroons came to control large areas of the Jamaican interior and they often moved down from the hills to raid the plantations. This resulted in the First Maroon War. In 1739-40 the British government in Jamaica came to an agreement with the Maroons. They were to remain in their five main towns Accompong, Trelawny Town, Moore Town, Scots Hall and Nanny Town, living under their own chief with a British supervisor. In exchange, they agreed not to harbour new runaway slaves, but rather to help catch them. They were paid a bounty for each returned slave. This last clause in the treaty naturally caused tension between the Maroons and the enslaved black population, although from time to time runaways from the plantations still found their way into Maroon settlements.
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.3928889036178589,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9828647971153259,
"url": "https://www.purejamaicamedia.com/sister-farikas-maroon-story"
}
|
Nova “Saving Venice”
Wednesday, Sept. 28 at 8 p.m.
Severe floods from rising sea levels pose a dramatic threat to Venice’s world-famous buildings, while long-term problems of subsidence threaten to sink the city into its lagoon. With special access to leading engineers, scientists, and the Venetian authorities, NOVA explores innovative efforts to protect the city.
In a crucial recent test, a massive hi-tech barrier, the MOSE, succeeded in blocking a dangerously high flood tide. Yet the MOSE is not a complete solution — if deployed too frequently, it will damage the fragile ecology of Venice’s lagoon. Other strategies include eco-projects that could help safeguard the lagoon’s salt marshes, pumping seawater into the city’s foundations to counteract subsidence, and imposing limits on the passage of huge cruise ships and cargo vessels that generate destructive waves.
Combining a present-day engineering saga with the story of a long battle with the forces of nature, Venice is revealed as never seen before, at a critical moment in its rich history.
How does bullying affect our students?
A photographic portrait of famed abolitionist and political activist Harriet Tubman.
airs Oct. 4
Harriet Tubman “Visions of Freedom”
airs Oct. 2
La otra Mirada “Tobacco, Pants and Jazz”
Hispanic Heritage month graphic with Arizona PBS logo
Hispanic Heritage Month
Subscribe to Arizona PBS Newsletters
STAY in touch
Subscribe to Arizona PBS Newsletters:
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{
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"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.024267613887786865,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8939113616943359,
"url": "https://azpbs.org/2022/09/nova-saving-venice/"
}
|
From the horse carts of the ancient Celts, the carriages of the ancient Chinese, and the chariots of the Mesopotamians, humans have been using animals and wheeled vehicles as transportation for millennia. It was the mode of transportation responsible for shaping American history. Without the covered wagon westward expansion would have been much harder.
From covered stroller to covered wagon
The “modern” carriage’s roots can be traced to the Duke of Devonshire and a landscape architect named William Kent. Kent was a landscape architect who developed a baby stroller that could be pulled by a goat, dog, or miniature horse in 1733. She shaped it like a shell and was intended to keep the little ones amused as well as moving them about without having to be carried.
The C-spring and improved steering during the 18th century improved the performance of the carriage. Better roads helped increase its popularity. The settlers in North America brought the carriage/coach with them when they arrived on the continent.
The covered wagon comes to America
When George Washington and his British commander, Edward Braddock, needed to transport troops and munitions through the Allegheny mountains in 1755, they needed a good covered wagon. They turned to German settlers in the Conestoga Valley of western Pennsylvania for help. The covered wagon known as the Conestoga was designed for transporting goods. Its floor dipped in the middle to prevent goods from shifting during transport. A roof was crafted from hoops and canvas that was painted or oiled to keep the elements out of the interior of the wagon. The Conestoga wagon was typically pulled by four or six horses.
The Conestoga was adapted during the early 18th century to carry pioneers heading west into the American frontier. It became lighter and the floor was flattened to accommodate people and their possessions. The settlers often attached or lashed furnishings to the inside and attached pockets to the roof for additional storage space. The white canvas roof was reminiscent of a sail, especially when seen from a distance. The Conestoga became known as the prairie schooner.
Conestoga wagon. Image source: Smithsonian Institute
Do you love the old west? Create a look fitting for a ride in a covered wagon with these Recollections pieces:
– Donna Klein
More American history:
5 facts about Betsy Ross and the origins of the American flag
Suffragist or suffragette?
4th of July Conversation-Starters Roundup
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9740581512451172,
"url": "https://recollections.biz/blog/covered-wagon-shaper-american-history/"
}
|
“Breakout” – What It Is, And What You Need To Know
Whenever the topic of negotiations with Iran comes up, the word “breakout” isn’t far behind. But what is “breakout,” and why is it so important? Breakout time estimates are both a barometer of the time it would take for Iran to build a nuclear weapon and an indication of diplomatic progress to prevent that possibility.
Breaking down “breakout”
Breakout” (also known as breakout time, breakout capacity, or the breakout window) refers to the timeframe estimated for Iran to produce enough weapons-grade enriched uranium fuel for a single nuclear weapon. (Another path for potential breakout includes the use of plutonium fuel, but we’ll save that for another post.)
• Among the crucial stages in creating fuel for a nuclear bomb are uranium enrichment, and the preparation and installation of centrifuges. Both of these processes are also part of civilian nuclear programs.
• Iran is already able to enrich uranium at two of its facilities (Fordow and Natanz); the interim “Joint Plan of Action (JPA)” deal between Iran and the P5+1 countries requires Iran not to enrich any uranium to weapons-grade levels, and to eliminate its existing stockpile of near-weapons-grade enriched uranium.
• The agreement also requires that Iran install no new centrifuges, nor prepare any new centrifuges for installation.
Essentially, the goal is to limit Iran’s technical capacity in such a way that the international community can be absolutely sure that any nuclear program is not a military threat.
So, how big a window do we need?
Debates are raging around how large the breakout window needs to be to establish enough confidence to allow Iran to keep any nuclear capacity at all. Even more discussion has centered on how far advanced Iran’s program is now. Assessments of Iran’s breakout time have varied over the years; before the interim deal was struck in November, the Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) estimated Iran would be able to produce enough uranium fuel for a nuclear weapon within six weeks. Recently the Brookings Institute found that the timeframe was “about two months,” but also noted that “the adequacy of a particular timeline will depend on other key aspects of an agreement.”
The day after the JPA agreement was reached, the founder and President of ISIS, David Albright, wrote in the Washington Post:
To be credible and justify significant sanctions relief, any long-term deal would need to ensure that Iran’s centrifuge capacity is highly limited and that these limits will further increase breakout times, preferably toward six months.
When testifying before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee recently, Secretary of State John Kerry indicated an even bigger breakout window: Asked about negotiators’ goals for a long-term agreement, he said “six months to 12 months is - I'm not saying that's what we'd settle for, but even that is significantly more."
How do we assess breakout capacity?
Expert analyses have been based on technical information gleaned from national intelligence reports and international inspections to date. The US intelligence community reaffirmed in 2011 that Iran’s leaders have not made a decision to build a nuclear bomb.
The interim deal currently in place requires that Iran’s nuclear facilities be open to daily inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), in order to provide the transparency necessary to ensure that the agreement’s conditions are met. So far, the IAEA has repeatedly reported that Iran is in compliance with the interim agreement.
Experts agree that Iran’s elimination of its existing near-weapons-grade enriched uranium (in keeping with the interim deal) has already lengthened the breakout timeframe, from three to four weeks to nearly two months.
But most in the international expert community agree that even more information will be necessary to make a deal.
The challenge for these negotiations is to define an acceptable Iranian civilian nuclear program that will never build a nuclear bomb. Breakout times are the lynchpin to this negotiation, because if Iran were to change course and seek to breakout to build a nuclear weapon, there should be a long enough breakout time so that its efforts would be detected with sufficient time to marshal a strong response… which is why extending the length of breakout times is so significant. To get there, it is crucial that any long-term agreement include an agreed-upon breakout time. With that in place, if Iran’s leaders ever begin to shift the country’s civilian program to a weapons program, the West will have enough time to act.
Graphic by NIAC
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How Did Gandhi Contribute To Civil Disobedience?
Good Essays
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was a lawyer and fought for the India’s rights to make salt on non-violent protest.Gandhi began his defiant march to the sea to protest the British monopoly on salt, his boldest act of civil disobedience yet against British rule in India.Gandhi had planned to work at the salt flats on the beach, encrusted with crystallized sea salt at every high tide, but the police had forestalled Gandhi by crushing the salt deposits into the mud.Gandhi reached down and picked up a small lump of natural salt out of the mud–and British law had been defied.At Dandi, thousands more followed his lead, and in the coastal cities of Bombay and Karachi, Indian nationalists led crowds of citizens in making salt.
Civil disobedience broke
Get Access
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Koliya" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2022)
c. 7th century BCE–c. 5th century BCE
Koliya among the Gaṇasaṅghas
Koliya among the Gaṇasaṅghas
The Mahajanapadas in the post-Vedic period. Koliya was to the east of Sakya
Common languagesPrakrit
Historical Vedic religion
Historical eraIron Age
• Established
c. 7th century BCE
• Conquered by Viḍūḍabha of Kosala
c. 5th century BCE
Succeeded by
Today part ofIndia
Map of the eastern Gangetic plain before Viḍūḍabha's conquest of Kalama, Sakya and Koliya
Map of the eastern Gangetic plain after Viḍūḍabha's conquest of Kālāma, Sakya and Koliya
Koliya (Pāli: Koliya) was an ancient Indo-Aryan clan of north-eastern South Asia whose existence is attested during the Iron Age. The Koliyas were organised into a gaṇasaṅgha (an aristocratic oligarchic republic), presently referred to as the Koliya Republic.[1]
The territory of the Koliyas was a thin strip of land spanning from the river Sarayū to the Himālayan hills in the north. The Rohiṇī river was the western border of the Koliyas, with their neighbours to the north-west being the Sakyas. In the south-west, the river Anomā or Rāptī separated the Koliyas from the kingdom of Kosala, to the east their neighbours were the Moriyas, and to their north-east they bordered on the Mallakas of Kusinārā.[1]
The capital of the Koliyas was Rāmagāma, and one of their other settlements was Devadaha.[1]
The name of the tribe is uniformly attested under the Pāli form Koliya. The Koliyas originally obtained this name from the kola (jujube) tree because they lived in a region where kola trees were abundant, and because the kola tree was their totem.[1]
The early history of the Koliyas is little-known, although it is certain that they were related to their western neighbours, the Sakyas, with whom they intermarried.[1]
By the sixth century BCE, the Koliyas, the Sakyas, Moriyas, and Mallaka lived between the territories of the Kauśalyas to the west and the Licchavikas and Vaidehas to the east, thus separating the Vajjika League from the Kosala kingdom.[2]
The princess Māyā, who was the daughter of a Koliya noble, was married to the Sakya rājā Suddhodana, who was one of the members of the ruling aristocratic oligarchy of the Sakyas. The son of Maya and Suddhodana was Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha and the founder of Buddhism.[2][1]
During the life of the Buddha, an armed feud opposed the Sakyas and the Koliyas concerning the waters of the river Rohiṇī, which formed the boundary between the two states and whose water was needed by both of them to irrigate their crops. The intervention of the Buddha finally put an end to these hostilities.[2]
After the death of the Buddha, the Koliyas claimed from the Mallakas of Kusinārā a share of his relics, over which they built a stūpa at their capital of Rāmagāma.[1]
Conquest by Kosala
Shortly after the Buddha's death, the Kauśalya king Viḍūḍabha, who had overthrown his father Pasenadi, invaded the Sakya and Koliya republics, seeking to conquer their territories because they had once been part of Kosala. Viḍūḍabha finally triumphed over the Sakyas and Koliyas and annexed their state after a long war with massive loss of lives on both sides. Details of this war were exaggerated by later Buddhist accounts, which claimed that Viḍūḍabha exterminated the Sakyas in retaliation for having given in marriage to his father the slave girl who became Viḍūḍabha's mother. In actuality, Viḍūḍabha's invasion of Sakya might instead have had similar motivations to the conquest of the Vajjika League by Viḍūḍabha's relative, the Māgadhī king Ajātasattu, who, because he was the son of a Vajjika princess, was therefore interested in the territory of his mother's homeland. The result of the Kauśalya invasion was that the Sakyas and Koliyas merely lost political importance after being annexed into Viḍūḍabha's kingdom. The Sakyas nevertheless soon disappeared as an ethnic group after their annexation, having become absorbed into the population of Kosala, with only a few displaced families maintaining the Sakya identity afterwards. The Koliyas likewise disappeared as a polity and as a tribe soon after their annexation.[2][1]
The massive life losses incurred by Kosala during its conquest of Sakya and Koliya weakened it significantly enough that it was itself was soon annexed by its eastern neighbour, the kingdom of Magadha, and its king Viḍūḍabha was defeated and killed by the Māgadhī king Ajātasattu.[2] Alternatively, the Koliyas might have been conquered by Ajātasattu directly after fighting against Magadha just like the Vajjika League did.[1]
Social and political organisation
The Koliyas were organised into a gaṇasaṅgha (an aristocratic oligarchic republic). Like the Sakyas, the Koliyas were a kṣatriya tribe, but unlike the Sakyas who belonged to the Gotama and Ādicca gottas, the Koliyas belonged to the Vyagghapajja gotta.[1]
Republican institutions
The Assembly
The Koliyas' governing body was a general Assembly of the heads of the kṣatriya clans, who held the title of khattiya and of rājā ("ruler"). The Koliya Assembly was small and consisted of a few hundred members. The sons of the rājās, who possessed the title of Koliya-kumāras ("princes of Koliya"), were also their uparājās (Viceroys), and would hereditarily succeed their fathers upon their deaths.[1]
The political system of the Koliyas was identical to that of the Sakyas, and, like the Sakyas and the other gaṇasaṅgha, the Koliya Assembly met in a santhāgāra, the main of which was located at Rāmagāma. The judicial and legislative functions of the Assembly of the Koliyas were not distinctly separated, and it met to discuss important issues concerning public affairs, such as war, peace, and alliances. The Koliya Assembly deliberated on important issues, and it had a simple voting system through either raising hands or the use of wooden chips.[2][1]
Mahārājā (Consul)
The Koliya Assembly elected as the head of the state a consul rājā who had the title of mahārājā ("great ruler") or Koliya-rājā ("Lord of Koliya"). The mahārājā was in charge of administering the republic with the help of the Council.[1][1]
The Koliya Assembly met rarely, and it instead had an inner Council which met more often and was in charge of helping the mahārājā administer the republic. The members of the Koliya Assembly held the title of amaccās ("councillors"). The amaccās formed a college which was directly in charge of public affairs of the republic.[2][1]
Class society
The society of the Koliyas and Sakyas was a stratified one within which were present at least the aristocratic, land-owning, attendant, labourer, and serf classes.[2][1]
Similarly to the Sakyas, the Koliyas of Indo-Aryan origin who had participated in colonising the territory of the republic had the right to own land . These landholders were analogous to mediaeval European barons, and held the title of bhojakās, literally meaning "enjoyers (of the right to own land)," and used in the sense of "headmen."[2][1]
The lower classes of Koliya society consisted of servants, in Pāli called kammakaras (meaning "labourers") and sevakas (meaning "serfs"), who performed the labour in the farms.[2][1]
The police
The Koliya Assembly possessed a body of peons or police who wore a headdress with a drooping crest.[1]
1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Sharma 1968, p. 207-217.
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sharma 1968, p. 182-206.
• Sharma, J. P. (1968). Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.-500 B.C. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-9-004-02015-3.
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The Way of Chessed
Unit 6
Unit 6 CHESSED Cover
Student Guide
Educator Guide
In this sixth unit the mitzvah of chessed will be explored in the thought of Rabbi Sacks. While tzedakah is giving with our material resources, chessed is giving of ourselves, with our time and with our hearts. For Rabbi Sacks, chessed is a critical element of the covenantal bond that he believes is at the very core of Judaism’s vision for society. A society that is founded on a social contract, concerned primarily with regulating power and justice, will have mishpat and tzedek / tzedakah as its core values, whereas a ‘society as extended family’ that is founded on a social covenant, built on the values of loyalty, fidelity and faithfulness, will have chessed at its core. To truly understand the values of chessed and the impact of chessed on society, one has to experience it. Thus, in this unit we have chosen to use storytelling as the primary vehicle for educating about chessed, allowing the student to experience chessed in an emotional as well as intellectual way.
Tzedakah is the gift of money or its equivalent. But sometimes that is not what we most need. We can suffer emotional as well as physical poverty. We can be depressed, lonely, close to despair. We may need company or comfort, encouragement or support. These too are human needs, no less real for being untranslatable into the language of politics or economics.
That is what chessed is about: emotional support, ‘loving-kindness’, love as compassion. It is what we mean when we speak of God in Psalm 147 as one who ‘heals the broken-hearted and binds up their wounds’. It includes hospitality to the lonely, visiting the sick, comforting the bereaved, raising the spirits of the depressed, helping people through crises in their lives, and making those at the margins feel part of the community.
It is tzedakah’s other side. Tzedakah is done with material goods, chessed with psychological ones: time and care. Tzedakah is practical support, chessed is emotional support. Tzedakah is a gift of resources, chessed a gift of the person. Even those who lack the means to give tzedakah can still give chessedTzedakah rights wrongs; chessed humanizes fate.
Abraham and Sarah were chosen because of their chessed to others. Ruth became the ancestress of Israel’s kings because of her chessed to Naomi. At the heart of the Judaic vision is the dream of a society based on chessed: society with a human face, not one dominated by the competition for wealth or power. Chessed is the mark of a people joined by covenant. Covenant creates society-as-extended-family; it means seeing strangers as if they were our long-lost brothers or sisters. A community based on chessed is a place of grace, where everyone feels honoured and everyone is at home.
icon lightbulb
Educational Aims
The educational aims for this unit are for students to:
1. understand that all human beings have both physical and emotional needs, and while tzedakah can address physical poverty, it is chessed that addresses emotional poverty.
2. understand that while political and economic institutions are interested in the regulation of wealth and power, it is often left to communities and individuals to regulate emotional needs in society,
3. understand that Judaism’s vision for society is one of social covenant, where strangers are seen as family, and chessed is the vehicle for human interaction.
4. be provided with an opportunity to understand in a real and experiential way the value and impact of chessed in society.
5. be given a practical opportunity to fulfil this vision for society within their community by creating their own real life chessed.
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Lesson Plan : Creating a Family Tree
Teacher Name:
Mr. Bates
Grade 7-8
Social Studies
7.4.2 CA Content Standard - Analyze the importance of family, labor specialization, and regional commerce in the development of states and cities in West Africa.
Genealogy, family member responsibilities, domestic work, nuclear family, extended family, household
Students will become familiar with the creation of a family tree. Students will understand the different jobs each family member has, and how they contribute to the functioning of the family. Students will understand the similarities between the family unit in Ghana and today.
Students will be able to create a family tree that includes the different members of their family (household), their (2) jobs/tasks, and their names, and their relationship to you (the student).
Blank paper, pencils, white board, dry erase markers, eraser
Relate their family unit to the Ghana family unit. Using the fruit tree as a model for a family tree. Explain why we study genealogy. After the students copy down the agenda and answer the warm up question, the students will be told to put everything away.
1) Ask a single student to raise their hands and to answer questions about the name of their grandparents, their parents and siblings; create the family tree on the white board while they answer the questions. 2) Remind the students the image of a tree: who goes at the bottom (roots) and who is at the top (offspring)? 3) Students will pass out the "Across the Centuries" textbook, and read the first three paragraphs of "Cow-Tail Switch" on Pg 128, and identify the various duties of Ghanan children. 4) Teacher will have students bring out their journals and have them write down their answers to the questions written on the white board: what tasks did the father do? what tasks did the mother do? what tasks did the sons do?
1) Teacher will provide students with a word bank of familial terms and tasks on the worksheet. 2) Students will organize and place these terms according their appropriate position in the family tree in their notebook.
Accomodations will be according to each student's IEP.
Checking For Understanding:
Students will then use the practice as a model and create their own family (household) tree with: 1) family member name 2) relation to student 3) two (2) jobs/task of each member (write down examples of tasks on the worksheet.) Word Bank term suggestions: mother, father, sister, brother, grandfather, grandmother, aunt, uncle, cousin, cook, clean dishes, clean bathroom, clean bedroom, clean kitchen, vacuum/mop, gardening, watering, washing car, walking dog/taking care of pets, job/occupation to bring home money, taking care of children, taking children to activities.
Students will write five (5) sentences in their journal how their duties differ from the those of the "The Cow-Tail Switch"
1) Does each family member on the family tree have a corresponding name, relationship and tasks? 2) Does each family member fit accordingly in the family tree?
Teacher Reflections:
Create New Lesson Plan Lesson Plan Center
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Industrial Revolution
Prueba ahora Firma sin compromiso. Cancele cuando quiera.
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain during the 1700s and spread to America in the early 1800s as the colonies formed and grew. Industrialism provided the means for development and expansion in America as life transitioned from rural beginnings to large cities. Industry was a large factor for innovation and employment at the beginning of the twentieth century.
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This Math lesson is designed for the grade 1 to 5 to help them learn subtraction.
Subtraction is one of the second math concepts children learn as it also forms the foundation for all other math operations. In this video, we will learn subtraction using the exchange game.
This exchange game activity is played to demonstrate how a thousand-cube can be exchanged for 10 hundred squares, a hundred square can be exchanged for 10 ten-bars, and a ten-bar can be exchanged for 10 units.
Presentation in the form of exchange game story:
1. Place a unit mat in front of the child. Ask them to name the units
2. Tell them a story about a king who had gold in the form of a thousand cube.
3. A knight asks the king to give him one unit of gold.
4. The King went to the bank and asked the bank to exchange a thousand cube for 10 hundred squares.
5. Place 10 hundred squares in the hundreds column. Still, he doesn’t have one unit of gold.
6. So he again goes to the bank to exchange a hundred square for 10 ten-bars.
7. Place 10 ten-bars in the tens column. This time also, he is short of a unit of gold.
8. He again goes to the bank to exchange a ten-bar for 10 units.
9. Finally, he had 10 units of gold. He then called his knight and gave him a unit of gold which he asked for.
12. Start counting how much quantity of gold is left with the king.
Allow the child to experience how easy the subtraction is with the exchange game.
Invite the child to repeat the activity by solving a subtraction problem using the exchange game as shown in the video..
For more Math resources, visit:
Video created by: Sharmeen Niazi (Archgate Montessori Academy, Plano, TX)
Elementary | Math | Exchange Game with Subtraction (English)
This video has been added and used with the author’s permission. It is also available on the author’s YouTube, here.
• Elementary
• English
• Math
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Thursday, 01 September 2022 08:59
Social Studies and Religious Education Questions and Answers - Class 8 End term 2 2022 Set 2
Such the map of Dula area and use it to answer questions 1 to 7
1. What is the direction of the Tete Hill from the cattle ranch?
1. North West
2. South West
3. South East
4. North East.
2. The approximate length of railway line in Dula area is?
1. 26km
2. 18km
3. 13km
4. 15km.
3. The population distribution in Dula area can be said to be
1. scattered
2. dense
3. linear
4. nucleated.
4. Which one of the following economic activities is not carried out in Dula area?
1. Crop farming
2. Fishing
3. Mining
4. Livestock keeping.
5. The climate experienced around the swamp in Dula arc is likely to be
1. cool and dry
2. hot and wet
3. cool and well
4. hot and dry.
6. Dula area is likely to be a
1. sub-county
2. municipality
3. location
4. county.
7. Which one of the following is not a function of Dula town? It is
1. An administrative centre.
2. A mining centre.
3. A tourist attraction centre.
4. A recreational centre.
8. Three of the following statements are true about an extended family. Which one is not?
1. Consists of members of a nuclear family and their relatives
2. Is centred around a man, his wife and their children.
3. Includes grandparents, uncles and aunts.
4. Includes parents, their children and other close relatives.
9. The main cause of conflict between pupils and their teacher in school is
1. poor performance in academics.
2. coming to school late.
3. failure in examinations,
4. bullying.
10. The revolution of the earth causes
1. day and night.
2. different seasons.
3. difference in time along longitudes
4. occurrence of sunrise, noon and sunset
11. Which one of the following is not true about the Homo sapiens according to the evolution theory? l
1. is referred to as the thinking man.
2. carried out hunting.
3. invented fire.
4. evolved into the Homo Sapiens Sapiens.
12. Which one of the following groups of people consists of the Kwa Speakers of West Africa?
1. Hausa, San and Khoikhoi
2. Wolof, Tukolor and lulani
3. Nyanja, Yao and Ngoni
4. Yoruba, Akwarim and Ashanti
13. Three of the following early visitors to Eastern Africa were missionaries as well as explorers. Who was not?
1. John Speke
2. Johann Rebmann
3. Dr. David Livingstone
4. Dr. Ludwig Krapf.
14. Below are statements about a Traditional form of government in Eastern Africa.
1. It had a centralised form of government headed by kings
2. it was divided into fifty two (52) clans
3. It participated in the long distance Trade.
4. it had a strong standing army
The traditional form of government described above is
1. Nyamwezi Chicfdom
2. Buganda Kingdom
3. Abawanga Kingdom
4. Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom.
Use the diagram below to answer question 15.
1. The diagram shown above shows the formation of
1. The Rift Valley
2. Residual mountains
3. Horst mountains
4. Fold mountains.
2. Which one of the following is true about a customary marriage?
1. is strictly monogamous.
2. is organised by religious leaders.
3. does not allow payment of dowry.
4. is conducted according to African traditions.
3. Below are conditions that favour the growing of a crop in Kenya.
1. Gently sloping land.
2. Cool temperature.
3. Moderate rainfall.
4. Well drained fertile soils.
5. Warm weather during harvesting.
The conditions listed above are necessary for the growth of
1. tea
2. cotton
3. wheat
4. pyrethrum.
4. Who among the following may not be granted dual citizenship in Kenya?
1. Very senior government officer.
2. Non-governmental organisation Ieaders,
3. Police officers.
4. Religious leaders
5. The best way of encouraging citizens in Kenya to obey the law is by
1. educating people on the importance of observing law and order.
2. arresting all law breakers.
3. employing very many police officers to keep law and order.
4. rewarding law abiding citizens.
6. Below are descriptions of a town in Kenya
1. It is one of the oldest towns in Kenya.
2. It serves the whole of Eastern and Central Africa.
3. It is a major Tourist centre..
4. It was elevated to a city in 2002.
The town described above is likely to be
1. Nairobi
2. Mombasa
3. Kisumu
4. Thika.
7. Kenya lies to the North and North-East of
1. Ethiopia
2. the Indian Ocean
3. South Sudan
4. Tanzania,
8. Three of the following types of fish are found in marine fisheries. Which one is not?
1. Mullet
2. Tuna
3. Lobsters
4. Trout.
Use the map of Eastern African provided below to answer questions 23 to 26.
1. The physical feature marked W is called
1. Mt. Jebel Marra
2. Sudd swamp
3. Jebel Abyad plateau
4. Ruwenzori mountains.
2. Which one of the following is true about the country marked Mt? It
1. was colonised by the Germans.
2. has the longest coastline in Africa.
3. is landlocked.
4. is mainly occupied by semites,
3. The town marked K is
1. Port Sudan
2. Khartoum
3. Asmara
4. Bujumbura.
4. The main cash crop grown in the country marked X is
1. tea
2. coffee
3. bananas
4. sugarcane.
5. The school administration plays the following roles except
1. maintaining the culture of the school.
2. maintaining the school discipline.
3. developing the schools.
4. employing all teachers in the school.
6. Maize growing in Kenya and Tanzania is important mainly because it
1. earns foreign exchange.
2. creates employment.
3. staple food.
4. is a raw materials for industries.
7. Three of the following factors have led to rapid population growth in Kenya. Which one has not?
1. Urbanization
2. Spread of HIV and AIDS
3. Early marriages
4. Polygamy.
8. Nabongo Mumia and Mwanawina Lewanika have one thing in common. It is that they
1. supported colonialism in Africa.
2. were long distance traders. ,
3. Resisted European invasion in Africa.
4. fought for independence in their countries.
9. Three of the following are roles played by the Kenyan government in promoting trade. Which one is not?
1. Distributing goods to all parts of the country.
2. Providing security for traders.
3. Increasing export and import taxes.
4. Organizing workshops for traders.
10. Which one of the following tourist attractions is correctly matched with the country where it is found?
1. Valley of kings- Egypt.
2. Victoria Falls - South Africa
3. Table mountains - Zimbabwe
4. The ancient city of Marakech - Kenya.
11. Mr. Kithokoi has shared his piece of land among his sons. A dispute arise over who should get the biggest share. The best way for Mr. Kithokoi t to settle the dispute is by
1. selling the land to get money.
2. discussing the matter with his sons
3. taking his sons 10 a court of law
4. buying another piece of land for his sons:
12. The main difference between horticultural. farming in the Netherlands and in Kenya is that
1. Most of the produce in Kenya is exported while in the Netherlands, most produce is consumed locally.
2. Green house are used more in the Netherlands than in Kenya.
3. Farmers grow a variety of crops in Kenya while in the Netherlands Farming is specialised.
4. It is practised on polders in the Netherlands while natural land is used in Kenya.
13. The main purpose of education in traditional African society Hills to
1. give knowledge, skills and desired attitudes to the youths.
2. prepare the youths for employment in industries.
3. encourage youths to find white collar jobs.
4. prepare the youths to be responsible members.
14. Which was the most important factor considered in the location of cement manufacturing in Athi River?
1. Availability on raw materials.
2. Nearness 10 a source of water
3. Availability of ready market.
4. Accessibility from the capital city.
15. The most effective way of communicating information to the majority of Kenyans today is by use of
1. Newspaper.
2. Television.
3. Radio.
4. Internet.
Use the diagram below to answer question 38.
1. The weather instrument shown above is called
1. anemometer
2. Windsock
3. hygrometer.
4. windvane
2. The main problem affecting wildlife in Kenya is
1. wildfires
2. drought and famine.
3. terrorism.
4. poaching.
3. The following are uses of a mineral.
1. making motor vehicle radiators.
2. making of electric wires.
3. making of ornaments
4. making of metal pipes and tubes.
The mineral with the above uses is likely to be
1. copper
2. fluorspar
3. gold
4. diatomite.
4. Three of the following are forms of child abuse. Which one is not?
1. Forcing a child to go to school,
2. Denying a child food and clothes.
3. Over working at child.
4. female genital mutilation
5. The most expensive means of transport in Eastern Africa is?
1. Railway Transport
2. Road transport
3. Air transport
4. Pipeline transport.
6. South Africa is the most industrialized country in Africa mainly due to
1. good infrastructure.
2. presence of a wide range of minerals.
3. favourable climate.
4. gold mining
7. The main problem facing multi-purpose river projects in Africa is
1. displacement of people.
2. water-borne disease.
3. siltation.
4. Inadequate funds.
8. The statements below describe a prominent leader.
1. He carried out land reforms.
2. He abolished Sharia Law
3. He built a dam for electricity provision.
4. He took part in the formation of the organisation of African Unity (OAU)
The prominent leader describe above is
1. Nelson Mandela
2. Leopold Sedar Senghor
3. Haile Selassie
4. Gamal Abdel Nasser.
9. The best method of fishing in deep sea is
1. trawling
2. net-drifting
3. seining
4. harpooning.
10. Which of the following is a warning road sign?
11. A national philosophy is :
1. document containing all the laws of a country.
2. set of beliefs of the people in a country.
3. word that encourages citizens of a country to be united.
4. tool that is used in governing a country,
12. The political organisation of the San (bushmen) was based on
1. a written constitution.
2. direct democracy.
3. natural law.
4. a centralised government system.
13. The statements below describe a regional organisation.
1. It was formed in 1994. .
2. The organisations headquarter are in Lusaka, Zambia.
3. It is the largest trade bloc in Africa
4. promotes trade among member countries. .
The regional organisation described above is likely to be the
1. East African Community (TAC).
2. Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
3. Southern African Development Community (SADC).
4. Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA).
14. Which one of the following was not used by Ghanaians in their struggle for independence?
1. Guerilla warfare
2. Boycotts and strikes
3. Diplomacy
4. Motions through the legislative council.
15. Which one of the following group of countries show's countries that were never colonised in Africa?
1. Libya and Egypt
2. South Sudan and Djibouti
3. Ethiopia and Liberia
4. Madagascar and Chad.
16. Which of the following is not an arm of government in Kenya?
1. Legislature
2. Executive
3. Cabinet
4. Judiciary.
17. Three of the following are benefits of democracy. Which one is not?
1. Rule of law
2. Freedom to take bribes
3. Respect for human rights
4. Freedom to choose leaders.
18. The following are chapters in the new constitution. Which one is not?
1. Leadership and integrity
2. Devolved government
3. The public service
4. Local authorities.
19. Which one of the following methods of farming was not used by white settlers in Kenya?
1. Shifting cultivation
2. Livestock farming
3. Plantation farming
4. Agroforestry.
20. Which one of the following is not a function of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC)?
1. Settling disputes related to nomination of candidates.
2. Establishing polling stations in the country
3. Recommending the creation of new constituencies.
4. Nominating members of political parties.
21. In Kenya, parliamentary elections are done by
1. nomination of candidates
2. secret ballot
3. electing leaders through queuing
4. general consensus.
Use the diagram below to answer question 59.
1. The diagram shown above shows the formation of
1. sea breeze
2. convectional rainfall
3. land breeze
4. orographic rainfall
2. The main source of revenue for the county governments in Kenya is
1. grants from the national government.
2. taxes
3. licence fees
4. loans from the world bank.
1. Adam and Eve were put in the garden of Eden MAINLY to;
1. look after the animals
2. eat all the fruits in the garden of Eden
3. cultivate and take care of the garden r
4. provide companionship to each other
2. From the call of Abraham in Genesis 12, Christians learn that they should;
1. live in peace
2. believe in dreams
3. obey the will of God
4. travel in groups when going for a journey
3. Jacob showed tolerance and patience by;
1. working for fourteen years so as to marry Rachael
2. deciding to marry Leah instead of Rachael
3. falling in love with Rachael
4. accepting to work in Laban's farm
4. Moses was reluctant to ask the king for the release of the Israelites from Egypt because;
1. he had killed an Egyptian
2. he was not an Egyptian
3. he was still in Midian
4. he could not speak well
5. Which one of the following activities happened during the night of Exodus?
1. Moses saw the burning bush
2. Israelites ate boiled meat
3. Moses killed an Egyptian
4. The angel of death killed the Egyptian first born natural males
6. Who among the following was the first king of Israel
1. Ahab
2. Saul
3. David
4. Solomon
7. Which one among the following was the greatest achievement of King David?
1. Writing the first book of the Bible
2. Bringing the ark of the covenant to Jerusalem
3. Challenging the worship of Baal
4. Building the temple
8. Who among the following people had abilities in artistic work and helped in building the sacred tents?
1. David and Bazalel
2. Bazalel and Solomon
3. Oholiab and David
4. Oholiab and Bazalel
9. Who among the following prophets foretold that Jesus would become a refugee in Egypt?
1. Micah
2. Isaiah
3. Hosea
4. Jeremiah
10. "Bethlehem is a small town but will have a ruler."
1. Prophet Zachariah
2. Prophet Micah
3. Prophet Isaiah
4. Prophet Jeremiah
11. When Baby Jesus was presented in the temple for dedication, Simeon described Him as the;
1. saviour of the Gentiles and the world
2. lamb of God who cleanses
3. greatest shepherd
4. king of Jews
12. “Do not put the Lord your God to test.” (Luke 4:12). These words were spoken by Jesus during;
1. His trial before Pilate
2. His crucifixion on the cross
3. His baptism at River Jordan
4. His temptation in the wilderness
13. Which one of the following is a teaching of Jesus during the sermon on the Mount?
1. Happy are the merciful for they shall obtain mercy,
2. Behold the lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world
3. Your will be done on earth as in heaven
4. Love your neighbour as you love yourself
14. The parable of Jesus that teaches about the forgiveness of sins is the parable of the;
1. mustard seed
2. Good Samaritan
3. lost son
4. sower
15. "Why do you see the speck that is in your brother's eye, but do not notice the log in your own eye?" These words of Jesus teaches Christians that they should;
1. avoid tempers
2. avoid judging others
3. avoid taking revenge
4. pay taxes promptly
16. During the last supper, Jesus washed the feet of His disciples. The value that Christians learn from this is that they should;
1. preach to others
2. judge others
3. forgive others
4. serve others
17. “Son, here is your mother. Woman here is your son.” These words were spoken by Jesus on the cross. To whom did He refer to as son?
1. Pilate
2. Andrew
3. Peter
4. John
18. Who among the following people welcomed prophet Elisha?
1. The bleeding woman at Capernaum
2. The Widow at Nain
3. The Widow at Shunem
4. The Widow of Zarephath
19. Who among the following people prophesied that the suffering servant would be buried in a rich man's tomb?
1. Prophet Ezekiel
2. Prophet Jeremiah
3. Prophet Joel
4. Prophet Isaiah
20. Three of the following people witnessed the resurrected Christ EXCEPT;
1. Peter
2. Cleopas
3. Paul
4. the holy women
21. Which one of the following practices is NOT carried out in African Traditional Societies to remember dead?
1. Planting a banana plant on the grave
2. Giving them a decent burial
3. Naming the children after the dead
4. Pouring libation
22. Which one of the following is a common belief in both African traditional Societies and christianity?
1. There is life after death
2. There is marriage after death
3. Those who are good will go to heaven
4. Bad people go to hell
23. In Traditional African Society, the third rite of passage is;
1. birth
2. marriage
3. death
4. initiation
24. According to I Peter 3:1-7, a happy family should be guided by all the following qualities EXCEPT;
1. forgiveness
2. partiality
3. humility
4. kindness
25. The person in the New Testament who taught about the gifts of the Holy Spirit was;
1. John
2. Luke
3. Matthew
4. Peter
26. Which one of the following is NOT an irresponsible sexual behavoiur?
1. Sex within marriage
2. Homosexuality
3. Rape
4. Incest
27. Which of the following activities of leisure is common to both Traditional African Communities and Christianity?
1. Watching films
2. Visiting the needy
3. Attending beer parties
4. Reading the scriptures
28. Who among the following people were the parents to John the Baptist?
1. Noah and Hannah
2. Zachariah and Elizabeth
3. Joseph and Mary
4. Elikanah and Hannah
29. Which of the following was not done by Christian missionaries?
1. Treating the sick people
2. Preaching the gospel
3. Starting new schools
4. Encouraging slave trade
30. The best advice that can be given to a class eight boy who smokes would be;
1. advising him to continue with the habit
2. advising him to stop the behaviour
3. take the boy to the police station
4. join the boy in the act
1. A lesson that muslims learn from Surah Al-Fiil and Surah Lahab is that
1. Allah protects His own.
2. Allah rewards even little kindness
3. Allah allows freedom of religion
4. Allah wants those who practise patience
2. Which one of the following verses is wrongly matched with the chapter from which it was extracted?
1. “Verify, you shall see the blazing fire."-Surah Takathur.:
2. “Woe to every slanderer and backbiter"-> Surah Humaza.
3. "And the mountains will like carded wool" --> Surah Qaria.
4. "Pray to your Lord and sacrifice to him alone."->Surah Maun.
3. Which among the following is a pair of Surahs that are recited by muslims in order to seek for Allah's protection from evil?
1. Surahs Fatiha and Ikhlas
2. Surah An-Nas and Falaq
3. Surah Nasr and Kafirun
4. Surali Qureish and Zilzalah
4. -> Alam yajidika yatiiman Fa-aawa.
-> Wawajadaka Dhwaalan Fahadaa.
-> Wawajadaka A'ailan Fa aghnaa".
In this quotations, Allah reminds the prophet of The following situations he was in and how he helped him. Which one is not mentioned? He has
1. an orphan, He gave him a shelter.
2. was wondering,He gave him guidance.
3. poor, He made him rich.
4. not known, He gave him fame.
5. What is man warned against in Surah Takathur?
1. Accumulation of wealth
2. Mistreating orphans
3. Injustice in measures
4. Begging
6. The prophet (p.b.u.h) said, "What will mostly take people to paradise will bе ________ and good behaviour.“
1. love for parents
2. the fear of Allah
3. love for the prophet (S.A.W)
4. praising Allah (S.W)
7. A hypocrite has the following three signs according to the teachings of the prophet(p.b.u.h). Which one is not among them? He
1. tells lies
2. never pays Swadaka
3. breaks promises
4. betrays trusts
8. Khalid was riding a donkey when it suddenly stopped. He got off the donkey, gave it food and water and allowed it to rest. This is what we call _________ to animals.
1. generosity
2. kindness
3. punctuality
4. the fear
9. Idran a standard eight girl saw her classmate Izra, cheating in examination. The correct course of action Iqran should take is .
1. tell her off-stop cheating.
2. tell the invigilator about it.
3. tell other classmates about it.
4. copy from Izra.
10. Which one of the following Swalat is correctly matched with its timing?
1. Between sunrise and noon - Swalai Dhuhr
2. Between mid afternoon and before sunset. - Swalat Asr
3. After sunset to mid-night - Swalat Maghrib
4. After sunrise to noon - Swalat Isha.
11. The most accurate on which muslims should perform Idd-ul-adh-ha is
1. 11th Dhul Hijaa
2. 10th Dhul Hijaa
3. 9th Dhul Hijaa
4. 12th Dhul Hijaa
12. Which one of the following item is not liable for payment as Zakkatt according to Sharia?
1. Farm produce
2. Cash in savings
3. Business sales
4. Household sales
13. Ghushi, Kafan, Swalat, Daran is the order of
1. rites of passage
2. pillars of Swalah
3. steps of Hajj
4. visiting the sick
1. Saum -> Shahada -> Zakat--> Salat -> Hajj
2. Shahada -> Salat -> Zakat -> Saum -> Hajj
3. Zakat - Shahada -> Saum --> Hajj -> Salat
4. Salat -> Saum --> Shahada --> Hajj -> Zakat
15. Which among the following pairs of angels walk along people as they record their deeds?
1. Munkar and Nakir
2. Raqib and Atid
3. Israfil and Izrail
4. Rudwan and Malik
16. When is the phrase "Jazakallah" told a person? When he
1. does a good deed.
2. completes a task.
3. recovers from sickness.
4. is given something.
17. Who assisted Nabii Suleiman in the construction of the grand Mosque of Baitul Maqdis?
1. Elephants
2. The angles
3. Birds
4. The Jinns
18. The holy scripture that was revealed to prophet Ibrahim (A.S) is
1. Furqan
2. Zabur
3. Suhuf
4. Taurat
19. Which one of the following is the punishment that is in Sharia for a person found stealing?
1. Beat him in mob justice.
2. Cut off his or her hand.
3. Disqualify him from Islamic faith.
4. Punishing him a hundred lashes.
20. Which of the following actions will lead to the spread of' HIV/AIDS between positive and negative muslims?
1. Nikah ceremony and marriage.
2. Jamaa prayer in the mosque under one roof.
3. Exchanging greetings and well wishes.
4. Responding to a dua from one Immam.
21. The prophet (S.A.W) encouraged muslims, "In this month, the doors of paradise remain wide open, the doors of hell fire arc clossed and the devils are imprisoned." Which month was he referring to?
1. Muharram .
2. Rabiul Awwal
3. Rajab
4. Ramadhan
22. The main reason why circumcission is encouraged among muslim men is
1. it is a requirement of Iman.
2. as a form of initiation.
3. it is a form of twahara.
4. for family planning.
23. What should muslims do when a Mayyit is passed near them, as sign of respect to the dead?
1. Remove their capes from the heads.
2. Stand up.
3. Bow down
4. Follow the Janaza.
24. Who among the following fought to protect the image of Islam along the coast of Kenya? The
1. Waswahili
2. Portugues
3. Mijikenda community
4. Oman Arabs
25. Which one of the following dreams did Yusuf ask somebody else to traslate the meaning?
1. Eleven stars, a son and the moon bowing for him.
2. Somone pressing wine from grapes.
3. Birds seeding on the backed bread as they fly away.
4. Seven thin cows feeding on seven fat cows.
26. The following are differences between Juma and Idd festivals. Which one is wrong?
1. Jum'a: It is a Fardh - Idd: It is Sunna
2. Jum'a: It is performed in midday. - Idd: It is in morning
3. Jum'a: Give Zakkaha after prayer - Idd: Give Zakka before prayer.
4. Jum'a: It attended the Twhahara only - ; Idd: It is attended by those in Hadath.
27. Mixing of milk with watcr to increase the sells and profits is a un-Islamic practice referred to as
1. hoarding
2. Ribaa
3. Usury
4. Glush
28. In which of the following places did the prophet(p.b.u.h) hold his last and final congregation, reffered to as Hijjatul Widaa? At
1. Aqaba
2. Mount Swafa
3. Arafa
4. Maqamu Ibrahim
29. For how long did Musa(A.S) work on Nabii Shuaib's farm, that he recorded him his daughter to marry?
1. 13 years
2. 10 years
3. 7 years
4. 15 years
30. Who among the following kings was religious and quickly become a friend of Islam and muslims?
1. King Herod
2. King Fir'aun
3. King Namrud
4. King Najashy
Marking Scheme
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. D
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. B
11. C
12. D
13. A
14. B
15. D
16. D
17. C
18. A
19. A
20. B
21. D
22. D
23. C
24. B
25. A
26. B
27. D
28. C
29. B
30. A
31. C
32. A
33. B
34. D
35. D
36. A
37. C
38. B
39. D
40. A
41. A
42. C
43. B
44. C
45. D
46. A
47. C
48. B
49. B
50. D
51. A
52. C
53. C
54. B
55. D
56. A
57. D
58. B
59. C
60. A
1. C
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. B
8. D
9. C
10. B
11. A
12. D
13. A
14. C
15. B
16. D
17. D
18. C
19. D
20. C
21. B
22. A
23. B
24. B
25. D
26. A
27. B
28. B
29. D
30. B
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. D
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. C
9. B
10. B
11. A
12. D
13. A
14. B
15. B
16. A
17. D
18. C
19. B
20. A
21. D
22. C
23. B
24. D
25. A
26. C
27. D
28. C
29. B
30. D
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Difference Between Lead and Led
The English language has thousands of confusing words that trip up writers very often.They have different spellings and meanings but are pronounced the same.
Lead vs Led
The main difference between Lead and Led is their tense. The past tense of lead is led. It is exactly pronounced as lead which is a toxic metal.
• She leads us into darkness (present tense)
• She led us into darkness (past tense)
Lead vs Led
Other than this both words have different contextual meanings.
Lead has several different meanings, but it is mainly used as a verb. It means to be ahead of something or to be in front.
Led means showing the way by going in advance. It also means to direct in a course or guide. LED in capital form is not the past tense of lead.
Comparison Table Between Lead and Led
Parameters of Comparison
Lead means to be in front of something or be the head of something.
Led refers to guide or direct in a course. It means to show the way by leaving in advance.
Other Meaning
It is a metallic element.
It is short for a light-emitting diode.
a verb, noun and adjective.
a verb only.
Pronounced as leed and rhymes with bead. Lead, which is a metal, is pronounced the same as led.
Pronounced as led and it rhymes with a bed.
What is Lead?
In the English language, Lead has many different uses but it is used as a verb. It refers to being the head of something or going in front.
Different meanings of Lead are as follows-
1. To show the way to someone by moving in front.
For example- Lead the way, Adam and I will follow.
The word Lead is used as a verb, a noun, and an adjective.
As a Verb
The verb form means to direct or guide.
Sentences for example-
• The teammate is trying to lead by example.
As a Noun
The noun form has three meanings-
• A metal on the periodic table: Pencils contain graphite not lead.
• Information that helps to provide more information: Networking is a great way to find job leads.
As an Adjective
The adjective form means to be head of something
• Robert is the lead author of this book.
What is Led?
Led is a verb that is the past tense of the word Lead. It refers to either led by something or led to something.
For example-
• The lighthouse guided the ship to the shore
• The lighthouse led the ship to the shore
Both the sentences have the same meaning when putting a substitute in place of led. In the same way, if we put resulted in the sentence it will look like this-
• His lack of proper hygiene resulted in painful cavities.
• His lack of proper hygiene led to painful cavities.
Different other meanings of led are as follows-
1. An abbreviation for Light-emitting diode.
For example- LED lamp technology is evolving at a fast pace.
2. Having a thing given as most important influence
For example- The consumer-led recovery is still on track.
Social security and other demand-led expenses placed a lot of pressure.
3. Controlled by a particular person or organization.
For example- A government-led inquiry turns into bad practices.
Main Differences Between Lead and Led
1. The meaning of lead is to be the first or be in front. On the other hand, led means led to or led by something.
2. lead is a metal from the periodic table, and LED is a short form for a Light-emitting diode.
Difference Between Lead and Led
You can always understand such homophones by using them in a sentence and then checking- whether it is making sense or not. You can also check for the ed at the end.
As many regular verbs end in ed it will help you remember that led is the past tense. Use the words guided or resulted in your sentence and this will make your work much easier.
Some examples for Lead are-
1. The right person is chosen to lead the expedition.
2. We lead such a humdrum existence.
Some examples of Led are-
1. She led us out into the garden.
2. The major led a successful raid against the case.
1. https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1897/08-090.1
2. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bi9631069
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medical science
Dirichlet tessellation
In mathematics, a Voronoi diagram is a partition of a plane into regions close to each of a given set of objects. In the simplest case, these objects are just finitely many points in the plane (called seeds, sites, or generators). For each seed there is a corresponding region, called Voronoi cells, consisting of all points of the plane closer to that seed than to any other. The Voronoi diagram of a set of points is dual to its Delaunay triangulation.
The Voronoi diagram is named after Georgy Voronoy, and is also called a Voronoi tessellation, a Voronoi decomposition, a Voronoi partition, or a Dirichlet tessellation (after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet). Voronoi cells are also known as Thiessen polygons.[1][2][3] Voronoi diagrams have practical and theoretical applications in many fields, mainly in science and technology, but also in visual art.
Pubmed Articles
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Free «Culture Review Exercise: The Southeast (The Cherokee)» Essay
Culture Review Exercise: The Southeast (The Cherokee)
Primarily, the Cherokee resided in the Appalachian Mountains, and by the nineteenth century, they came to live in Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina. In 1838, they partially agreed to live in the reservation. The present paper discusses the Cherokee in the context of their political and social structures, gender relations, technology and economics, as well as comparative characteristics with other peoples in the region, prior to the nineteenth century.
Political Structure
The Cherokee functioned as independent entities in their clans. There were four such groups, and each of them was divided into a peace group and war group with its chiefs, members, and groups. Women could participate in councils on par with men, and they also owned property and furniture. The society was matrilineal: a sister’s son inherited chiefdom or other important social positions. The major principle of judging disputable cases was the principle of reciprocity, or “an eye for an eye” (Sutton, 2012, p. 327). Therefore, the Cherokee would usually fight and kill only to restore the balance rather than to acquire new lands or property. However, warfare would bring fame and honor of men participated with a brave heart. The Cherokee took captives and often tortured them. Women might be involved in torture especially if they were related to the deceased. Captives might be left to work instead of the deceased family member. Females could also participate in warfare, but usually, they did it to cook.
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Social Structure
The Cherokee had a strict division of labor. Farming was a female business as well as cooking, gathering plants, and tending to the house. Men went to war, hunted, fished, and helped to prepare fields for a new season or harvest. However, “men did not dominate women or control… women controlled their own sexuality” (Sutton, 2013, p. 328). The Cherokee did not frown upon adultery, pre-marital sex, and transgender persons but they did not like the disruption of harmony. Therefore, behavior that might upset someone should have been done quietly.
The Cherokee had two types of houses: summer and winter. Summer houses were usually two-storied. The Cherokee traveled by foot or by canoe. To cross a river, they could make a skimpy raft and leave it on the spot. Due to warm weather, the Cherokee wore little clothes. In summer, men wore a loincloth, and women — a skirt with no top. Children ran around naked. In winter, they wrapped in animal skins. Chiefs and shamans wore feathered headgears. Both men and women wore jewelry made of bone, shell, large animal claws, and antlers. Moreover, they had tattoos. Warriors tattooed their faces. Men either shaved their head leaving a lock of hair or wore it loose. Women could also either wear hair in a knot or loose (Sutton, 2013, p. 330).
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The Cherokee were engaged in both farming and hunting. Women planted corn for bread as well as grits and beans to dry out and use in winter. Also, the Cherokee cultivated pumpkins, watermelon, peas, squash, and sunflower and gathered wild berries, nuts, wild honey, and tree sap. Men hunted primarily deer, bear, and smaller game such as rabbits and birds. They usually used a bow and arrows and fished with hooks and nets. They might occasionally use traps and poison for fish (Sutton, 2013, p. 329).
Children were ‘taught gender’ playing games and toys according to their sex. Girls played with dolls, as well as daughters-and–mothers, and boys played at hunting and war. Children were usually brought up in their mother’s clan. If parents divorced, children came to her parents to live with them. Menstruating women were not regarded as unclean but had to stay in a separate building. Postmenopausal women were highly respected for stopping the unclear activity of menses (Sutton, 2013, p. 328). Divorces were rare and could easily be obtained. Men could have more than one wife.
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How the Culture Is Typical of the Peoples in the Region
The Cherokee were the first among Native Americans to invent an alphabet by a guy named Sequoyah, who served in the US militia under the name of George Guess. He realized that a written language was extremely important for preserving his people and developed 85 letters. He began teaching the Cherokee how to read and write in their language, and within 20 years they already had a newspaper (Sutton, 2013, p. 324).
On the whole, the peoples in the region were typical in their ways of tilling the land, hunting, and living. Nevertheless, the Cherokee did not have such a social system of ‘castes’ as the Natchez had. The peoples in the region did not use money and usually traded or bartered what they needed for what they had. Because of the warm weather, they often wore little clothing. People decorated themselves with paint, tattoos, and jewelry. Unlike the Natchez women, the Cherokee ones did not blacken their teeth with ashes.
Even though the Cherokee are typical of other groups in the region, their major difference is the adaptation and means of survival. For example, the Natchez did not survive.
The Cherokee Today
From 30,000 population in 1540, now the Cherokee boast more than 875,000 individuals, which make it the largest Native American tribe (Sutton, 2013, p. 331). Because of the 1838 deportation, now there are two distinct groups: the Western and Eastern Cherokee. The Western Cherokee live in Oklahoma and have the Intertribal Council of the Five Tribes. The Eastern Cherokee live in the North Carolina Reservation. The tribe lives off tourism business and a casino (Sutton, 2013, p. 331).
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WICHITA, Kan. (KSNW) — Crickets can be nature’s thermometers – sort of. There is a unique relationship that occurs between cricket chirps and the air temperature outdoors. But, before we understand that relationship, we first need to learn more about crickets. These cold-blooded insects are actually closely related to both the grasshopper and katydid families.
Their lifespan may be longer than you would imagine, as many can live beyond a year but tend to struggle to survive past one winter. However, toward the middle and end of the summer season, they are everywhere outdoors, and you can hear their familiar song most nights.
What is unique about these insects is that in both males and females, their ears are located on their legs. However, it is only the males that you will hear chirping. They communicate by rubbing their front wings together to make that distinct sound.
How high or how low the pitch of the chirp sounds has a lot to do with the air temperature outside. The temperature will impact the frequency of the chirp. When temperatures are cooler, the pitch of the chirp is lower, and the frequency is much less than when the temperatures are warmer. A warmer temperature will also lead to a higher chirp. Temperatures below 55° or above 100° are too extreme for their cold-blooded bodies to make much noise.
The males chirp to find a female or compete for a female, or they are communicating the threat of danger nearby. The most common crickets we see here in Kansas are the snowy tree cricket and the field cricket. A snowy tree cricket is a vibrant green color and will make a more continuous sequence of chirps during a set amount of time. The more common cricket is the field cricket which is brown to almost black in color, but the frequency of chirps can vary more in this species.
Amos E. Dolbear, who was a physics professor at Tufts College, decided to study the relationship between cricket chirps and temperature. In 1897, Dolbear’s Law was created and stated that there was indeed a correlation between the snowy tree cricket chirps, specifically during the span of a minute, and that it was related to the air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. Calculations have been found to be fairly accurate when compared to thermometer readings.
Due to less consistency in the chirps of a field cricket, a different equation had to be made when studying the temperature and cricket chirp relationship. If you are unsure which cricket is singing, the generalized equation of T=C+40 can be used. ‘T’ stands for the air temperature, and ‘C’ represents the number of chirps heard in a span of 15 seconds.
Test it out the next time you are outdoors and have your Storm Track 3 App handy to see how close the approximation of the cricket method is to the actual air temperature. Also, see if you notice a difference in the frequency and pitch of chirps on cooler evenings versus warmer evenings. It might be a fun experiment to do with friends and family!
— Meteorologist Erika Paige
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cheetah facts
The cheetah is the fastest land animal on the planet. Known for their breathtaking speed, agility, and spotted coat, the East African Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) can be found in the grasslands and savannas of Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and Somalia.
The word “cheetah” ultimately comes from the Sanskrit word (“Chita”) -िचत, which means “spotted one” or even multi-colored, bright.
Let’s explore the top 10 uncommon facts about the fierce, fast, and sly cheetah.
1. The Cheetah Is the Oldest Cat on Earth.
Cheetahs are the original household feline companion.
For thousands of years, cheetahs have made grand “house” pets. Historically, emperors, kings, and pharaohs kept them as a sign of wealth. Their history with humans can be dated as far back as 32000BCE. Because cheetahs could not easily breed in captivity, individuals were taken from the wild.
Although they were never technically domesticated, the cheetah is comparable to today’s domestic cat in many ways.
2. Cheetahs Can’t Fully Retract Their Claws.
Acinonyx jubatus is the cheetah’s Latin or scientific name, given in 1776. Acinonyx means “no move claw” in Greek — a reference to its nonretractile claws. The cheetah is the only member of the cat family that doesn’t possess the capability to fully retract its claws.
Cheetahs evolved to have semi-retractable claws to give them a good grip on the ground while chasing fast-moving prey. Other felines and big cats retract their claws in order to sneak up on prey. For the cheetah who relies more on speed, its claws are adapted for fast running.
3. Cheetahs Have Markings That Help Them See.
Do you have difficulty distinguishing a cheetah from a leopard?
The answer is staring you right in the face! Cheetahs have long, black lines that run down their face from their eyes to their mouth, called “malar stripes” or “malar marks. Malar marks are an adaptation for deflecting the brightest sunlight off the horizon or the wide-open savannas, allowing them to see better in the daylight. They help the cheetah focus on their prey when they are hunting.
Football players who put black streaks under their eyes are using the same strategy!
4. Cheetahs Like to Hunt at Dusk and Dawn.
Cheetahs are considered crepuscular hunters, meaning they hunt at dawn and dusk.
Most often cheetahs can be found hunting between 6:00 and 10:00 in the morning and 4:00 and 6:00 in the evening. Cheetahs are active during the daytime mainly because when you hunt by sight and speed, you need to be able to see well to do it. I
In some regions, cheetahs are active at night, especially during the extra light of a full moon. Some cheetahs have even become night specialists. So the hard-and-fast rules we humans try to place on them don’t always hold true.
5. A Cheetah’s Tail Acts as a Rudder.
Prey has little chance of outrunning a cheetah in a straight line. Therefore, they change direction often, twisting, turning and jumping to make their getaway.
While most cats have round, fluffy tails like your house cat, the cheetah tail actually has a flat surface, like a rudder. It helps the cheetah to perform sharp turns at high speed. By swinging the tail from side to side, it acts as a counterbalance, allowing the cheetah to control its steering and keep its balance .
6. Cheetahs Don’t Roar, They Meow, Purr and Chirp.
A cheetahs vocalization is lot more tranquil than other big cats. Instead of instilling fear with a ferocious roar, cheetahs meow and purr.
Lions, tigers, jaguars, and leopards have a ligament in its voice box that can be stretched, creating a larger sound-producing passage and thus a wider range of pitch. The more the ligament extends, the lower the sound generated when air passes across the vocal cords. In addition, the cords are large, unbroken and fleshy, which produces deeper sounds.
On the other hand, the house cat and the cheetah both have voice boxes that enable them to purr continuously, but it limits the range of other sounds they can make including the ability to roar.
Cheetahs also make a chirp (or a “stutter-bark”) which sounds like a bird call. Male cheetahs make this sound during mating season to encourage breeding.
7. Cheetahs Don’t Need to Drink Much Water.
Having adapted to a dry environment, cheetahs can easily go four days without water and survive up to 10 days without it. This doesn’t mean that they don’t get any liquids at all. As it turns out, cheetahs will draw water from the animals they hunt, kill, and eat.
Speaking of water, cheetahs can swim, but they usually avoid getting in water. They may be forced to when crossing a river, but they seem to dislike it as much as most domestic cats.
8. There Are 5 Different Subspecies of Cheetah Worldwide.
Asiatic Cheetah
There are five subspecies of cheetah. They belong to the genus Acinonyx.
• East African (Tanzanian) cheetah
• Northwest African cheetah
• South African cheetah
• Asiatic cheetah (shown above)
• Sudan cheetah
The Tanzanian cheetah (East African) is the largest cheetah subspecies, measuring between 110 to 135 cm (43 to 51 inches) from head to body. It is the second palest subspecies after the Northwest African cheetah. The coat color can vary from white-yellowish to tannish.
9. The Cheetah Has an Exceptionally Flexible Spine.
Another one of the adaptations the cheetah has for speed is its extremely flexible spine. Other cat’s spines do not have the same flexibility as that of the cheetah.
Each of its vertebra has great freedom of movement. Additionally, it has unique hips. These features allow its front and hind limbs to overlap while running, giving the cheetah more distance per stride. While it is sprinting, it actually spends more time in the air than on the ground!
10. The Cheetah is Africa’s Most Endangered Cat.
Cheetahs are racing towards extinction rapidly, Tanzania’s cheetah population is estimated to be around 1,180, representing just over 10% of the global population.
The Asiatic and Northwest African cheetahs are listed as critically endangered. Although the number of cheetahs in Sudan and Tanzania is higher, the population has declined in recent years.
If you want to witness these beasts in the wild, you’ll have an opportunity while on a safari in the Serengeti. The eastern Serengeti was once a conservation area for cheetah research, so there are several breeding females in the area.
Please support organizations like the Cheetah Conservation Fund through donations or volunteer work to help spread the word on this beautifully stunning, large cat species.
Want to go on a Tanzanian safari? Visit the Ultimate Kilimanjaro safari page.
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Nubian technology
What does ‘Nubian’ mean?
In a geographical sense, ‘Nubia’ refers to the region of Northern Sudan and southern Egypt, with the Nubian Desert forming the eastern part of the Sahara between the River Nile and the Red Sea. Much of the history of Nubia is intertwined with that of Ancient Egypt, which you can read more about here and here.
The Nubian Desert near Wadi Halfa, Northern Sudan
Source: Bertramz CC BY
Pyramids of Meroe, the Nubian capital in 300 BC
The first major investigation into the Palaeolithic in Nubia took place ahead of the construction of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960s. In this research, certain distinctive types of stone tool technology were identified and noted for being rather different to technology seen elsewhere. Archaeologists used the term ‘Nubian’ due to their find location and described a distinctive technique of Levallois point production.
The typical ‘unidirectional’ method to produce a Levallois point
Source: José-Manuel Benito Álvarez CC BY-SA
Rather than the typical ‘unidirectional convergent’ method of point production where both the preparatory removals and the final blow to remove your product come from the proximal (top) end of the core, J. and G. Guichard describe two alternatives seen in their Nubian cores. In the ‘Type 1’ method, the preparation removals come from the distal (bottom) of the core; in the ‘Type 2’ method, the preparation comes from the laterals (sides). The aim of these specific preparation methods is to create a central ridge that guides force through the stone when you strike it to remove your end-product. By using the Type 1 and 2 Nubian methods, you produce a steeper ridge than you can achieve using the unidirectional method.
Diagrams of Nubian Levallois point production methods
Figure by Emily Hallinan
Why would your core need to have a steep ridge? It might be that a steeper ridge guides the force so that rather than tapering off, the point stays thicker for more of its length. A thicker point is stronger and less likely to break when it is being used. This could be one reason why people developed Nubian Levallois technology, for producing stronger points.
The different angles in each Levallois method produce different shaped points
Figure by Emily Hallinan
Complex Nubian problems
The discovery of Nubian Levallois technology in more and more geographical locations has led archaeologists to question what this technology actually means in terms of the people who made it. Nubian technology was initially considered to be an integral part of a Middle Stone Age culture described as the ‘Nubian Complex’.
The problem here is that increasingly where researchers found sites with artefacts reflecting Nubian technology, they assigned the people who made them to being part of the Nubian Complex (this would be a bit like assuming that everyone who has an iPhone is part of the same cultural group). As a result, many different sites across North Africa ended up being described as part of the Nubian Complex even though the specific combinations of artefacts at each site were actually very different and sites cover a very wide time span.
Nubian technology is now recognised both within and beyond Africa
Source: R. Crassard & Y. Hilbert (2013). See Figure 11 for full caption
In 2011, new research in the Arabian peninsula reported the presence of distinctive Nubian technology at more than 100 sites in central Oman. This is important for two main reasons. Firstly, previous ideas about how human groups expanded into Asia had hypothesised that people followed the coastlines where food resources were more abundant. Instead, most of the new evidence came from about 60 km inland, suggesting that rather than sticking to the coastlines, they ventured further into the interior. In contrast to the barren desert of the landscape today, the environment at the time would have been much wetter with grasslands rich in animals to hunt. Secondly, these sites dated to about 106,000 years ago which, in 2011, was substantially earlier than the expected ‘Out of Africa’ dates. There is now mounting evidence that modern humans first left Africa as far back as 120,000 years ago, although there were several waves of expansion coinciding with wetter periods as the climate changed.
Cultural spread or shared solutions?
The big question that the discovery of Nubian technology in Arabia has prompted is whether the same group of people who were making tools in this way in North Africa took this knowledge with them as they expanded into Arabia. The logical way of testing this would seem to be to ask whether similar technology exists in the space in between North Africa and the southern tip of the Arabian peninsula. Recent research in the Negev Highlands in Israel has indeed shown this, together with more Nubian finds from the centre of Saudi Arabia. But does this necessarily mean that the same group of people migrated with this technology from Africa to Arabia and beyond, via the Levant? In fact, there are other scenarios to explain how shared ideas and innovations arise in different places. There are three main mechanisms for this: dispersal, diffusion and convergence.
Under the first scenario, as discussed above, one group of people disperse into a new (possibly unpopulated?) area, taking their invention with them. As well as the particular invention (in this case, Nubian technology), we would expect to find a similar cultural ‘package’ in both areas, dating to roughly the same time-span.
In the second scenario, rather than the same group of people moving from one area into another, there are two separate populations in each region who have some contact between them. Through the sharing of knowledge or physical objects, a behaviour such as Nubian technology is passed between neighbouring groups. In this case, we would expect to find more differences in material culture between the two groups, even though they may share one or more specific traits.
In this scenario, there is no direct flow of people or ideas. Instead, the same thing is invented independently by two separate populations in response to similar needs or pressures. The classic example of convergent evolution in biology is the development of wings for flight by birds, bats, insects and now-extinct pterosaurs. Each of these independently developed the specialised adaptations to its body required to get airborne and power movement. They had similar motivations arising from their environments for developing flight – to get food, or avoid predators – and they had to overcome similar problems, such as the principles of aerodynamics.
The independent development of wings by birds and bats shows convergent evolution in biology
Source: CNX OpenStax CC BY
In cultural terms, there are many examples of times where people have independently invented the same thing: for example, building pyramids in Ancient Egypt and Mesoamerica. There is no scientific or archaeological evidence to support any cultural link between these two pyramid-building civilizations. Instead, a pyramid is a simple solution to a structural problem – a tall structure is much more stable if it has a wide base and progressively uses less material the higher you build.
In stone tool technology there are also plenty of examples of convergent evolution across space and time, not only because of the physical constraints of flaking stone related to angles and fracture mechanics, but also because certain tool shapes are better suited to certain tasks – something we see in particular when it comes to pointed tools.
Convergent evolution of bifacially flaked points
Figure by Emily Hallinan. Image sources: Vincent Mourre, World Imaging, A. Smallwood/B. Buchanan
In the case of Nubian technology, under a convergent evolution scenario we might expect that it was driven by its advantages as a method for producing a specific pointed tool shape, developing out of the widespread Levallois system of flaking. Nubian technology would then be the only cultural trait that is shared by these groups, so we would see variation in the material culture that occurs alongside it.
While it is difficult to separate out scenarios of dispersal, diffusion or convergence in areas like Egypt and Arabia that are geographically very close, our discovery of Nubian technology 6000 km away in an arid part of South Africa gives us the perfect opportunity to ask how and why this technology might have arisen. This is central to the TANKwA project.
Nubian technology in South Africa
In July 2014, my colleague Matthew Shaw and I were carrying out surveys in the Tankwa Karoo as part of my PhD research. When we climbed the low rocky hill on the Tankwa River floodplain, on a farm named Tweefontein, we were expecting to find some MSA artefacts. What we actually found was a site quite unlike anything we had seen in our surveys in South Africa. It was unusual for a number of reasons.
Firstly, the sheer number of stone points; during the 12 days we spent working on the site, we recorded over 150 points – interesting since we have never found more than ten or so of this type of point at an open-air site before. Secondly, alongside the points were 120 cores (used to make points), showing Nubian Levallois technology – at the time, there had been no Nubian Levallois reported in southern Africa, it being a typically North African and Arabian type of technology. Lastly, a lot of the artefacts were made using a certain type of rock, silcrete – surprising as it geologically only occurred over 10 km away from the site. Silcrete is a fine-grained rock associated with a number of complex technological advances in the South African MSA.
Separated by 6000 km, these Nubian cores show remarkably similar technology despite their differing size
Figure by Emily Hallinan. Image sources: Tweefontein core, Emily Hallinan; Dhofar core, Jeff Rose
Since we reported these findings, Nubian technology has been found at two other nearby sites: another open-air site, Uitspankraal 7, and a rock-shelter, Mertenhof. These sites are only about 40 km from Tweefontein, all within the catchment of the Doring River. We have also found Nubian cores in smaller numbers at 11 other locations in our surveys and retrospectively identified Nubian cores from illustrations published by Garth Sampson from his surveys 600 km to the east. Other than Sampson’s work, relatively little archaeological research has studied the arid interior region of South Africa known as the Karoo. Rather, recent MSA research has looked to the caves along the resource-rich coastline, yielding evidence of modern human behaviour. Our work on the western fringes of this distinct arid ecozone is refocusing research on the inland Karoo and revealing new MSA behavioural adaptations like Nubian technology.
The next section introduces the Tankwa Karoo before exploring our research at Tweefontein in more detail.
Continue to the next section
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Da Ming Calendar - - China Style
Da Ming Calendar
Zu Chongzhi (429-500), also known as Wen Yuan, was a native of today's Laishui County of North China's Hebei Province, and a great mathematician, astronomer, and engineer of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589).
He became famous for his outstanding contributions to mathematics, as he was the first person in the world to bring the calculation of the pi (the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter) to the seventh decimal place, between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. His achievement was more than a thousand years earlier than that of his European counterparts. In fact, he was also a highly accomplished astronomer, whose Da Ming Calendar was China's most advanced calendar of his era.
After many observations and studies, he concluded that a year lasted exactly 365.24281481 days, which was only 46 seconds different from the modern estimate. The midwinter was the starting point in making the calendar; hence it was of significant importance to pinpoint the position of the sun on that day.
However, the astronomers before Zu all believed the position was fixed, which caused errors in the calendar-making task from the very beginning. To solve the problem, Zu introduced the concept of procession (of the sun) in making the Da Ming Calendar, greatly enhancing the accuracy of calendar computation.
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Alternative MethodsConventional Methods
How Traditional Chinese Medicine Was Awarded Its First Nobel Prize
Mar 29, 2018
Anita Kelley
Core Spirit member since Dec 24, 2020
Reading time 6 min.
A Chinese scientist who pioneered a malaria treatment for Chinese troops fighting in the Vietnam War has won the Nobel Prize for Medicine.
But her extraordinary tale, which began during the Vietnam war, also shows traditional medicine’s limitations.
In the war, the North Vietnamese were not just fighting American-supported forces but also failing to fight malaria. The parasite that caused the disease had developed resistance against chloroquine, which was commonly used as treatment. So, in desperation, they turned to China’s leader, Mao Zedong, for help.
Mao’s answer was to make searching for a new malaria drug a military project. Soon, more than 500 scientists were involved. One group screened some 40,000 known chemicals to find a malaria drug. The other turned to traditional medicine literature and sent for finding “secret cures” in Chinese villages.
Those looking at traditional medicine literature succeeded, but not easily.
We investigated more than 2,000 Chinese herb preparations and identified 640 hits that had possible antimalarial activities. More than 380 extracts obtained from 200 Chinese herbs were evaluated against a mouse model of malaria. However, progress was not smooth, and no significant results emerged easily.
The first taste of success came when an ancient text revealed a method of using qinghao—the Chinese name for sweet wormwood—to extract artemisinin. After five years, in 1972, Tu had found a method to successfully extract the drug from the plant. But such were the days of China’s Cultural Revolution that clinical trials could not be performed.
Tu’s team volunteered to be the first patients to deem the drug’s safety, and only then could they go out to do proper trials. But soon after, when the war in Vietnam ended, the project that found the drug was disbanded. Even though Tu had managed to publish her results widely by the 1980s, the development of the drug languished.
It took nearly 30 years for the World Health Organization to endorse the drug. The reasons for the delays are not clear, but were perhaps caused by a combination of political instability, lack of patents that could spur pharma companies to invest in the development, and malaria afflicting mostly the poor.
Though it took time, Tu’s method showed other Chinese researchers how to capitalize on the ancient knowledge hidden in scrolls and passed down through word of mouth. China’s success is extraordinary in the light of India’s failed efforts to turn its much-treasured traditional medicine into widely-useful therapies. While chemicals sourced from Chinese herbs such as huperzine A (treats memory dysfunction) and paeoniflorin (treats cardiovascular disease) have successfully undergone rigorous clinical trials and are set to find wider use soon, none of India’s Ayurvedic medicines have reached that stage.
The plant- and animal-based treatments of traditional medicine contain hundreds of chemicals, which can vary hugely in their amounts from one batch to another. If it works, there is no understanding why it worked or whether it will work again. The rigor of clinical trials, which allows for development of replicable results, forces researchers to find the active ingredient from a natural source that shows the most promise. The story of artemisinin is one where Tu and her colleagues managed to marry the knowledge of Chinese traditional medicine with the rigors of modern medicine.
Traditional ingredients, modern drugs
Medically bilingual
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How parasitic plants approach hosts elucidated
August 18, 2022
The development of ways to prevent agricultural damage caused by harmful parasitic weeds is expected
An international collaborative research group, including the RIKEN CSRS and the Nara Institute of Science and Technology, clarified how parasitic plants grow their roots toward host plants.
Root parasitic plants go through three steps to complete invasion: 1. germinating upon locating a nearby host plant, 2. extending their roots toward the host roots, and 3. connecting them to the host roots to deprive the host of nutrients and water. While the steps 1 and 3 have been well-studied, little has been investigated on the underlying mechanism of the step 2, known as tropism.
In this study, the research group found that the roots of Phtheirospermum japonicum, a parasitic member of the Orobanchaceae, show tropism to strigolactones (SLs), rhizospheral signaling compounds, released from host roots. This tropism could be a strategy unique to parasitic members of Orobanchaceae as this property is found in Striga hermonthica, the same member of the Orobanchaceae causing agricultural damage in Africa, but not in non-parasites. In addition, they showed that tropism to SLs involves the transportation of auxin, a plant hormone, and is attenuated in ammonium ion-rich conditions. They further identified a receptor that recognizes SLs and induces tropism.
The findings of this research will contribute to developing ways to eliminate damage by root parasitic plants, which parasitize major crops to cause severe reductions in their yields around the world.
Original article
Nature Communications doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32314-z
S. Ogawa, S. Cui, A. R.F. White, D. C. Nelson, S. Yoshida, K. Shirasu,
"Strigolactones are chemoattractants for host tropism in Orobanchaceae parasitic plants".
Satoshi Ogawa; Visiting Researcher
Ken Shirasu; Group Director
Plant Immunity Research Group
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Johann Friedrich Blumenbach was one of the most celebrated practitioners of natural history of his generation, who from 1776 till the year of his death taught in the medical faculty of the University of Gottingen. Internationally, Blumenbach's significance is commonly narrowed down to his work on human skulls. The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia offers no more than the following single and incorrect sentence: "By his study of comparative skull measurements, he established a quantitative basis for racial classification". The Blumenbach identity to which we are contributing is a contested, fractured one and, for the first time, the product of professional historians of science and medicine. A broader set of interests, questions, and fields of expertise than before is brought to bear on his physical anthropology. The chapter addresses largely unanswered questions, such as: how exactly did Blumenbach define race and races? and What were his scientific criteria?
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<urn:uuid:cbc75606-f37d-4d4e-ae0f-1f88395b09be>
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"url": "https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315184777-1/introduction-nicolaas-rupke-gerhard-lauer?context=ubx&refId=1f11e451-d723-4249-a1d6-7008630b0007"
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OSB archive
OSB archive
Future subs: better with composites
Pete Wilton
Next month Oxford engineers will start investigating what kind of composite materials would make for stronger, stealthier and more durable submarines.
Composites are already being used in warships because they can be made stronger and lighter than metal parts and are less susceptible to corrosion. They have also been shown to resist the forces unleashed in an explosion better than metal.
The Oxford team will begin their EPSRC-funded project by testing how composites submerged in water respond to a shockwave generated by a metal projectile. High-speed cameras will capture how the materials deform under the pressure.
Testing and modelling is vital to determine what the best structure for a submarine composite would be – many composites, for instance, are made out of a ‘sandwich’ of different materials – as well as how composites fare after being submerged in water for a long time.
Vito Tagarielli, one of the Oxford team led by Nik Petrinic, told The Engineer: ‘We hope to reduce the weight of the submarine so there is less inertia and it can have higher acceleration and easier manoeuvrability.’
‘[Also] If a submarine is made of composite it makes it invisible to modern sea mines that detonate when they recognise a specific magnetic or acoustic signature.’
The project runs for five years and involves a host of industrial partners alongside the Ministry of Defence.
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<urn:uuid:031c1059-d763-4410-9e10-8c785a05fd8d>
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"url": "https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/science-blog/future-subs-better-composites"
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• vertical file
A vertical file is a text file where each token (or word) is on a separate line. This format is typically used for text corpora and may contain additional metainformation (annotation). Vertical files are usually created from a prevertical format. The first column contains tokens and structures, the other columns may contain part of speech, lemmas or other positional attributes. An example of a vertical file:
<doc genre="fiction" title="1984" author="G. Orwell">
<chapter no="1.1">
It PP it-d
was VBD be-v
a DT a-x
bright JJ bright-j
cold JJ cold-j
day NN day-n
in IN in-i
April NP April-n
, , ,-x
and CC and-c
the DT the-x
clocks NNS clock-n
were VBD be-v
striking JJ striking-j
thirteen CD thirteen-m
. SENT .-x
column 1: tokens and structures column 2: part of speech tags column 3: lempos attribute See more details on how to prepare a text for the vertical format.
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<urn:uuid:2215a8e1-e49e-4baa-83db-39713a490bdf>
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{
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7748092412948608,
"url": "https://www.sketchengine.eu/guide/glossary/?letter=V"
}
|
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Thomas Hart Benton
Thomas Hart Benton
Thomas Hart Benton
Thomas Hart Benton was an American painter and muralist, and one of the central figures associated with the Regionalist art movement of the 1930s. Together with John Steuart Curry and Grant Wood, he championed realist modern art that depicted rural scenes in the American South and Midwest. Born in 1889 in Neosho, Missouri, Benton belonged to an influential political family – his father Maecenas Eason Benton was a four-term U.S congressman. In 1906, Benton worked as a cartoonist at the Missouri paper Joplin American and later enrolled to study the Art Institute of Chicago. As part of his artistic education, he spent three years in Paris at the Académie Julian, where he was influenced by modern art movements such as Synchromism and Cubism.
In 1911, Benton returned to the United States and settled in New York. Benton’s early works, such as House in a Cubist Landscape (ca. 1915-1920) were largely painted in a modernist and often abstract style. However, by the early 1920s Benton abandoned this manner in favor of a naturalistic style influenced by old masters such as El Greco and Tintoretto. In 1924, he began to travel throughout the American South and Midwest, sketching and observing daily life in rural America. Inspired by his midwestern roots, Benton emerged as an advocate of Regionalist art, that focused on painting realist scenes of the rural South and Midwest. In 1930, he was commissioned to paint a mural by the New School of Social Research in New York. The result was the ten-panel mural America Today (1930-1931) that depicted the broad scope of American life throughout the 1920s. Painted in a dynamic figurative style, the monumental mural showed geographic diversity as well as the diversity of labor in the United States.
Benton became known as one of the most innovative mural painters at a time when the medium was greatly significant in America. In 1932, he painted The Arts of Life in America (1932), an eight-panel mural commissioned by the Whitney Museum of American Art. The mural represents the ‘arts’ of everyday life: music, games, dance, and sports. The panels provide a comprehensive survey of life in the 1930s, capturing both the excitement and the tensions that marked the turbulent decade. Panels such as Arts of the City (1932) and Unemployment, Radical Protest, Speed also referenced the political realities of crime and unemployment, that were induced by the Great Depression. In December 1934, his self-portrait was featured as one of the earliest color covers of Time magazine. During this period, Benton also taught at Art Students League in New York, where Jackson Pollock was one of his students.
In 1935, he left New York and moved to Kansas City, Missouri, where he continued to teach at the Kansas City Art Institute. His first major commission was a mural for the Missouri State Capitol, A Social History of the State of Missouri (1936). Benton continued to emphasize the importance of rural American life in his art, in landscapes like Threshing Wheat (1939) and July Hay (1942). He was also fond of biblical and classical subjects, which he reimagined in a contemporary midwestern setting. Well-known examples include the allegorical nude Persephone (1939) and the mural Achelous and Hercules (1947). After World War II, Regionalism fell out of fashion and Abstract Expressionism became the dominant trend in American art. Over the next thirty years, Benton continued to produce paintings, lithographs, and murals that centered around rural subjects. He died of a heart attack on January 19, 1975, in his studio in Kansas City before completing The Sources of Country Music (1975), a mural for the Country Music Hall of Fame in Nashville, Tennessee.
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Thomas Hart Benton (April 15, 1889 – January 19, 1975) was an American painter and muralist. Along with Grant Wood and John Steuart Curry, he was at the forefront of the Regionalist art movement. His fluid, sculpted figures in his paintings showed everyday people in scenes of life in the United States. Though his work is strongly associated with the Midwestern United States, he studied in Paris, lived in New York City for more than 20 years and painted scores of works there, summered for 50 years on Martha's Vineyard off the New England coast, and also painted scenes of the American South and West.
Benton was born in Neosho, Missouri, into an influential family of politicians. He had two younger sisters, Mary and Mildred, and a younger brother, Nathaniel. His mother was Elizabeth Wise Benton and his father, Colonel Maecenas Benton, was a lawyer and four times elected as U.S. congressman. Known as the "little giant of the Ozarks", Maecenas named his son after his own great-uncle, Thomas Hart Benton, one of the first two United States Senators elected from Missouri. Given his father's political career, Benton spent his childhood shuttling between Washington, D.C. and Missouri. His father sent him to Western Military Academy in 1905-06, hoping to shape him for a political career. Growing up in two different cultures, Benton rebelled against his father's plans. He wanted to develop his interest in art, which his mother supported. As a teenager, he worked as a cartoonist for the Joplin American newspaper, in Joplin, Missouri.
With his mother's encouragement, in 1907 Benton enrolled at The School of The Art Institute of Chicago. Two years later, he moved to Paris in 1909 to continue his art education at the Académie Julian. His mother supported him financially and emotionally to work at art until he married in his early 30s. His sister Mildred said, "My mother was a great power in his growing up." In Paris, Benton met other North American artists, such as the Mexican Diego Rivera and Stanton Macdonald-Wright, an advocate of Synchromism. Influenced by the latter, Benton subsequently adopted a Synchromist style.
After studying in Europe, Benton moved to New York City in 1912 and resumed painting. During World War I, he served in the U.S. Navy and was stationed at Norfolk, Virginia. His war-related work had an enduring effect on his style. He was directed to make drawings and illustrations of shipyard work and life, and this requirement for realistic documentation strongly affected his later style. Later in the war, classified as a "camoufleur," Benton drew the camouflaged ships that entered Norfolk harbor. His work was required for several reasons: to ensure that U.S. ship painters were correctly applying the camouflage schemes, to aid in identifying U.S. ships that might later be lost, and to have records of the ship camouflage of other Allied navies. Benton later said that his work for the Navy "was the most important thing, so far, I had ever done for myself as an artist."
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Thomas Hart Benton Artworks
View all 61 artworks
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9793195128440857,
"url": "https://www.wikiart.org/en/thomas-hart-benton"
}
|
Security Encyclopedia
The name Bombe generally refers to a device that British cryptologists used to decipher encrypted German military communications during World War II.
Bombe was used to reveal some of the settings of the Germans’ Enigma machine, which was used for the encryption. With some basic understanding of the Enigma device workings, the British and Allied forces were able to substitute, omit, and reverse engineer the methods their German counterparts used to encipher sensitive information of a strategic nature. The success ascribed to this British military and academic decryption effort using the Bombe, its successive iterations, and syndicated Allied devices shortened WWII by as much as two years, by some estimates.
Many people contributed to the thought and production behind the Bombe. The device is most often attributed to groundbreaking, foundational work by the Polish cryptologist Marian Rejewski, known as the “bomba”, of the Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau), as he devised and constructed the first successful bombe. It then benefited more generally and materially through the work of British multidisciplinary scientist Alan Turing, who worked at the UK Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), Bletchley Park, it benefited from improvements by British mathematician Gordon Welchman, working at same.
The Bombe and the British era, the Turing-led project, were popularized in the 2014 film The Imitation Game starring Benedict Cumberbatch.
“In WWII cryptographers, mathematicians, and other scientists responded to the Allies’ call to break Germany’s use of Enigma to encrypt sensitive military communications. From their project came the creation of the Bombe decryption device, negating the Germans’ longtime advantage of surprise and secrecy.”
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<urn:uuid:fc047308-f60d-4cf8-8dc9-cc4a81dc9451>
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{
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"edu_score": 3.703125,
"fasttext_score": 0.45585131645202637,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9535025954246521,
"url": "https://www.hypr.com/security-encyclopedia/bombe"
}
|
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