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Climate: Past, Present & Future
Climate: Past, Present & Future
What can the Cretaceous tell us about our climate?
What can the Cretaceous tell us about our climate?
The Cretaceous
A stable and warm climate
The Cretaceous Ocean and its chemical state
The Cretaceous Black Shale
(Source:, visited 14.7.2018)
This post has been edited by the editorial board.
Levoglucosan, the witness of past fires
Levoglucosan, the witness of past fires
Name of proxy
Type of record
Biomass burning
Lake and marine sediments and ice cores
Period of time investigated
Present to approximately 130,000 years ago
How does it work?
Levoglucosan is a molecule that is exclusively formed during the combustion of vegetation at low-temperature. It is therefore considered to be a source-specific tracer for biomass burning. During these fire events, levoglucosan is emitted into the atmosphere and can be transported over hundreds of kilometres. The extent of its atmospheric degradation is currently under debate, however, several studies have demonstrated that levoglucosan remains stable in the atmosphere for several days under most atmospheric conditions. It has been extensively used as a tracer for biomass burning in aerosols in numerous air-quality studies. Levoglucosan can provide information on the occurrence and origin of biomass burning, given that the source area of the levoglucosan is known. So far, levoglucosan is usually interpreted in terms of increased or decreased occurrence of biomass burning.
Figure 1: Illustration of levoglucosan transport from the land to the bottom of the ocean or lakes.
Recently, the use of levoglucosan as a biomass burning proxy in geological archives has gained increasing interest. Indeed, levoglucosan has been analysed in lake sediments (Battistel et al., 2017), in marine sediments (Lopes dos Santos et al., 2013) and in ice cores (You et al., 2016). It can be transported to these environments by atmospheric transport and by rivers (Fig. 1), where the biomass burning history of the source area is preserved. Seminal advances in the development of this proxy have occurred e.g. on the effect of transport and deposition on the levoglucosan. These molecules are likely transported to the ocean floor attached to marine biogenic particles in the water and do not substantially degrade during settling in the water column (Schreuder et al., 2018). However, they seem to be partially degraded in the top layer of the sediment and therefore changes in preservation conditions over time might influence the levoglucosan record. Other factors that might also influence levoglucosan accumulation are changes in wind strength and direction. This can result in decreasing or increasing transport of levoglucosan to the specific environment where the cores/samples are taken. This illustrates the importance to constrain the factors influencing the levoglucosan record in the context of a multi proxy approach.
What are the key findings that have be done using this proxy ?
So far, levoglucosan studies have mainly focused on reconstructing fire history of the last few centuries and of the Holocene (e.g. Shanahan et al., 2016; Zennaro et al., 2014), but it has also been detected in sediments up to 130 kyrs (Lopes dos Santos et al., 2013). It shows that levoglucosan has the potential to reconstruct fire history on short time scales (i.e. yrs to kyrs) as well as on long time scales (i.e. kyrs to myrs). The fire biomarker is frequently used together with proxies for vegetation and climate to get a better understanding of the interactions between fire, humans, vegetation and climate. For example, Lopes dos Santos et al. (2013) used the levoglucosan proxy in a marine sediment core offshore Australia to reconstruct past levels of biomass burning on the Australian continent over the last 130 kyrs. They also studied biomarkers for vegetation composition and archived information on human arrival and extinction of animals heavier than 40 kg (megafauna). They found out that around 44-42 kyrs, vegetation change was the consequence of the extinction of megafaunal browsers and led to the build-up of fire-prone vegetation in the Australian landscape, as illustrated in figure 2.
Figure 2: Interactions between fire and the environment in Australia around 44-42 kyears.
This article has been edited by the editorial board
Battistel D., Argiriadis E., Kehrwald N., Spigariol M., Russell J.M. and Barbante C. (2017) Fire and human record at Lake Victoria, East Africa, during the Early Iron Age: Did humans or climate cause massive ecosystem changes? The Holocene 27, 997-1007.
Lopes dos Santos R.A., De Deckker P., Hopmans E.C., Magee J.W., Mets A., Damsté J.S.S. and Schouten S. (2013) Abrupt vegetation change after the Late Quaternary megafaunal extinction in southeastern Australia. Nature Geoscience 6, 627-631.
Schreuder L.T., Hopmans E.C., Stuut J.-B.W., Damsté J.S.S. and Schouten S. (2018) Transport and deposition of the fire biomarker levoglucosan across the tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta.
Shanahan T.M., Hughen K.A., McKay N.P., Overpeck J.T., Scholz C.A., Gosling W.D., Miller C.S., Peck J.A., King J.W. and Heil C.W. (2016) CO2 and fire influence tropical ecosystem stability in response to climate change. Scientific reports 6, 29587.
You C., Xu C., Xu B., Zhao H. and Song L. (2016) Levoglucosan evidence for biomass burning records over Tibetan glaciers. Environmental Pollution 216, 173-181.
Zennaro P., Kehrwald N., McConnell J.R., Schüpbach S., Maselli O.J., Marlon J., Vallelonga P., Leuenberger D., Zangrando R. and Spolaor A. (2014) Fire in ice: two millennia of boreal forest fire history from the Greenland NEEM ice core. Climate of the Past 10, 1905-1924.
Pollen, more than forests’ story-tellers
Pollen, more than forests’ story-tellers
Name of proxy
Sporomorphs (pollen grains and fern spores)
Type of record
Biostratigraphy and Geochronology markers, Vegetation dynamics
Terrestrial environment
Period of time investigated
Present to 360 million years
How does it work?
The sporomorphs (pollen grains and fern spores) are cells produced by plants involved in the reproduction. They are microscopic (less than a fifth of a millimeter) and contain a molecule called sporopollenin in their cell wall, which is very resistant to degradation. The sporopollenin molecule allows sporomorphs to be preserved in sedimentary archives such as lake sediment or peat deposits.
These reproductive structures appeared during the Paleozoic (570 million years ago) but the first spores looked rather similar and were indistinguishable among species. Later speciation of plants promoted the diversification of the reproductive cells between species and brought the opportunity to relate the fossil sporomorphs found in the sedimentary archives to the parental plant that produced them.
Figure 1. Plant communities are different depending on a wide range of environmental conditions. Above: Andean grasslands (páramo) in Ecuador. Below: Swamp forest in Orinoco Delta (Venezuela).
Plants are immobile organisms, and each species has its own tolerance range to the existing environmental conditions. The occurrence of certain plant communities in a specific environment depends on their different tolerance ranges. For instance, we do not observe today the same plants growing in the tropical rainforests of South America than in the polar tundra (Figure 1). Paleopalynology is the discipline that helps characterizing which plant species have occurred at a specific location during a particular time period. This provides information on the environmental conditions of the studied region. To identify the different species, palynologists have to analyze under the optical microscope the specific features of the sporomorphs’ cell walls. They look at e.g. the presence of spines or air sacs, or the number of apertures that the pollen grain has (Figure 2). These features are specific for each plant, which allows relating the pollen grain found in the sedimentary archive to the plant that produced it at the study location at a particular period of time.
Figure 2. Pollen grains have very different morphologies that allow identification of the plant that produce them. A: Byttneria asterotricha (Sterculiaceae); B: Triplaris americana (Polygonaceae); and C: Calyptranthes nervata (Myrtaceae). Bar scales in the pictures represent 25 micrometers.
What are the key findings made using this proxy?
Paleopalynology has a wide range of applications in geoscience. For instance, the presence of specific sporomorphs has been used as chronological markers to pinpoint several geological periods, especially in the far past biostratigraphy (million years ago) (Salard-Cheboldaeff 1990).
In palaeoecology (the ecology of past ecosystems), the analyses of fossil sporomorphs help in specifying the dynamics of vegetation communities through time. This type of work started a century ago by Lennart van Post (1916) and provided the opportunity to study plants population and community natural trends within the appropriate temporal frame for long-lived species (i.e. tree species such as pines or oaks can live several centuries). Moreover, it provides a unique empirical evidence of the actual responses of vegetation to disturbances that occurred in the past, e.g. natural hazards, human populations land use and other anthropogenic impacts, or climatic shifts.
For instance, regarding past climates, paleopalynology allowed us to:
i) understand the independent behavior of the species during glacial cycles (i.e., when a single species responded to changes, but the plant community as a unity did not respond) in forming new plant communities each time (Davis 1981; Williams and Jackson 2007);
ii) map the re-colonization events and the assemblages formed during the last deglaciation until the vegetation communities we observe today (Giesecke et al. 2017).
In addition, in some characteristic environments, such as mountain regions, the occurrence and disappearance of specific species can allow the estimation of the temperature change with respect to present-day conditions. Another example has been developed in the last decade: the study of organic compounds contained in the sporopollenin of the sporomorphs’ walls. It has been identified as an accurate proxy that registers UV-B rays’ signals (Fraser et al. 2014). As UV-B rays’ are related to solar irradiation trends through time, reconstructing the organic compound variations in the sporomorphs’ walls allows reconstituting past solar irradiation trends in continuous archives such as lake and peat deposits.
This all shows that despite being a tiny structure, pollen grains are the story tellers of how the planet has been changing through history and can provide a wide range of outcomes essential for geosciences.
Davis, M.B. (1981). Quaternary history and the stability of forest communities. In: West, D.C., Shugart, H.H., Botkin D.B. (Eds.) Forest succession. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
Fraser, W.T., Lomax, B.H., Jardine, P.E., Gosling, W.D., Sephton, M.A. (2014). Pollen and spores as a passive monitor of ultraviolet radiation. Frontiers in Ecology & Evolution 2: 12.
Giesecke, T., Brewer, S., Finsinger, W., Leydet, M., Bradshaw, R.H.W. (2017). Patterns and dynamics of European vegetation change over the last 15,000 years. Journal of Biogeography 44: 1441-1456.
Salard-Cheboldaeff, M. (1990). Interptropical African palynostratigraphy from Cretaceous to late Quaternary times. Journal of African Earth Sciences 11: 1-24.
Von Post, L. (1916). Om skogsträdpollen i sydsvenska torfmosslagerföljder. Geol. Fören. Stockh. Förhandlingar 38, 384–390.
Williams, J.W., Jackson, S.T. (2007). Novel climates, no-analog communities, and ecologica lsurprises. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5: 475-482.
Edited by Célia Sapart and Carole Nehme
How to reconstruct past climates from water stable isotopes in Polar ice cores ?
Ice cores are a favored archive to study past climates, because they provide a number of indications on the history of the climate and of the atmospheric composition. Among these, water stable isotopes are considered as a very reliable temperature proxy. Yet, their interpretation is sometimes more complicated than a simple one-to-one correspondence with local temperature and requires intercomparison with other proxy records, as various processes affect the signal found in the ice cores.
How does it work?
All water molecules are not equal: some are heavier due to one of their atoms being substituted with a heavier counterpart (the standard oxygen molecule, 16O, can be substituted by an 17O or an 18O, whereas the hydrogen (H) can be substituted by a deuterium (D=2H)). These molecules (e.g. H216O, H218O and HD16O) are called isotopologues (or isotopes in short, but it’s technically inaccurate), and have each different physical properties. As a result, the molecules react differently to external factors, leading to fractionation (processes that affect the relative abundance of isotopes). The isotopic composition (commonly referred to as δ18O, δ17O and δD) of snow is governed by fractionation from the evaporation site, where the moisture first enters the atmosphere, to the precipitation site where it is deposited to the ground (Dansgaard 1953)(see video below). First, over the ocean, the heavier isotopes are less likely to take part in the formation of moisture, leading to lower concentrations of the heavy isotopes in the clouds compared to the mean oceanic water isotopic composition (lower concentration means that the δ18O is more negative). Then, as the air masses move toward the poles, temperature decreases leading to precipitation (either liquid or solid). The heavier isotopes will be preferentially found in the condensed phase than the light ones, which depletes even more the cloud from its heavy isotopes. Finally, in remote areas of the Polar Regions, the isotopic content of the final precipitation results from successive precipitation events. Since, as we saw, the precipitation contents in each isotope are different, each successive precipitation event will have a different isotopic composition, with the final one having the least heavy isotopes – a process called distillation. At each step of the moisture’s path from ocean to cloud to precipitation, the isotopic fractionation is strongly influenced by temperature. This leads to a temperature signal in the isotopic composition of both vapour and precipitation.
This video shows the isotopic fractionation at each step of the water cycle (from the evaporation over the ocean to the location where the precipitation occurs) are integrated, giving the temperature and humidity sensitivity of the isotopic content of the precipitation (modified from Casado (2016)).
Over glaciers and ice sheets, snow accumulates and can remain preserved for hundred of thousands of years. Thus, analysing the isotopic composition of these successive layers enables us to retrieve past temperatures. Considering the very low amount of water necessary to obtain a measurement, analysing an ice core can provide continuous and high-resolution time series of past climatic variations.
A classic way to retrieve temperature from isotopic composition data is to use the spatial relationship between δ18O of surface snow and surface temperature (e.g. Lorius and Merlivat (1975) for Antarctica). That is, to measure simultaneously the present-day temperature and the δ18O of surface snow across the study area and to make use of their linear spatial relationship to infer past temperatures from the δ18O of the ice core. However, one should keep in mind two main limitations when using such a method. First, it assumes that the spatial relationship between δ18O and temperature is a good surrogate for the temporal δ18O versus temperature relationship. However, this link is known to change with time (and hence depth of the snow deposit). Second, processes occurring after the snow has fallen, such as sublimation or blowing wind, can affect the way the snow is layered in the ice core, as well as its isotopic composition.
Resolution and noise
The local accumulation (expressed in cm of snow per year) is a determining factor for both the extent of an ice core record and the maximal resolution that can be achieved. As the present-day ice thickness is capped between 3 and 4 km, it is necessary to choose a site with low accumulation to obtain an ice record spanning several glacial/interglacial (i.e. warmer and colder) cycles (Fischer et al. 2013). For instance, the NGRIP ice core in Greenland was retrieved in one of the thickest part of the Greenland ice sheet (see Figure 1. b)). Similarly, the Dome C ice core (the ice core spanning the furthest in the past to date which is 800,000 years before present) was retrieved in an area of Antarctica where the ice sheet was very thick (more than 3000 meters) and the accumulation very low (roughly 2.5 cm per year).
Figure 1: Greenland and Antarctic ice core sites: (a) Isotopic signal from the NGRIP, (b) and (c) maps of ice thickness in Greenland and Antarctica, respectively, and (d), isotopic signal from the Dome C. The isotopic signal for both sites is presented against the depth (left) and with the associated age model (right), warm periods are shown in grey to indicate the correspondence between age and depth in the ice cores (Casado et al, 2017).
For sites with low accumulation, the snow stays exposed at the surface for a long time. Hence, the initial precipitation signal is modified by local processes occurring after the snow has fallen (Ekaykin et al. 2002). This prevents proper recording of the signal at timescales below several years, for sites with accumulation lower than 8 cm per year (Münch et al. 2016). Deeper in the ice, diffusion processes smoothen the isotopic composition time series, erasing part of the climatic signal (Johnsen 1977). This limits the interpretation of ice core records at time scales smaller than a few decades. Finally, retrieving a temperature signal at high resolution for longer time scales remains a challenge because of the varying relationship between δ18O and the temperature deeper in the ice. The first limitation is the accumulation rate itself, which is typically lower during glacial periods. The temporal resolution also gets lower with depth as the ice thins due to the increasing pressure exert by the overlying ice layers. As illustrated in Fig. 1, the number of years per meter globally increases with the depth of the record, from roughly 20 years per meter at the top of the core at Dome C up to 1,400 years per meter for glacial periods at the bottom. Overall, the variability found in single ice core records combines both the climate variability and several signatures from other local processes affecting the snow.
Isotope-temperature calibration
The temperature signal retrieved from δ18O can be tested against independent temperature time series, such as borehole temperature measurements at the ice core site, to aid in reconstructing the correct δ18O versus temperature relationship (the so–called “calibration” process). The temperature of the borehole from which the ice core was extracted is measured at different depths. Small variations in these temperatures provide a reliable but low-resolution measurement of past temperature changes as the ice is a good thermal insulator. Measurements performed in Greenland have suggested that the use of the spatial δ18O versus temperature relationship described above underestimates by a factor of two the magnitude of the temperature change between the last glacial maximum (LGM, the last period when ice sheets were at their peak extension) and the present-day (Cuffey et al. 1994). Jouzel et al. (2003) confirmed this using computer simulations, and further showed that the δ18O versus temperature relationship does not remain constant over time. This large variability can be due to differences in the large-scale atmospheric circulation, vertical structure of the atmosphere, seasonality of precipitation, modification of location of the moisture source regions or of their climatic conditions.
Figure 2: Relationships between isotopes and temperature for different locations and timescales (indicated along the horizontal axis). A higher value would lead to higher temperature difference estimate for the same δ18O difference (Casado et al, 2017).
Calibration of the isotopic paleothermometer is therefore essential, and is realised through different methods. Station data can be used at the seasonal and interannual scales, isotopes of other gases at decadal to centennial scales (Guillevic et al. 2013) and borehole temperature measurements at millennial scales (Orsi et al. 2017). Finally, climate models which represent isotopic processes (called “isotope-enabled”) can be used to infer the isotope-temperature relationship with a direct control on the time scale and on the period. For instance, Sime et al. (2009) highlighted that for warm interglacial conditions, the isotope-temperature relationship can become non-linear whereas it is not the case for cooler (glacial) conditions.
The δ18O versus temperature relationships found in the literature (Fig. 2) span values ranging between 0.2 ‰/°C to 1.5 ‰/°C. From this compilation, it is clear that a more complex framework than simple linear regression to temperature is necessary to interpret the isotopic signal.
If water isotopes from ice core records are insightful tools to reconstruct past climates, there are fundamental limits to their power of reconstruction.
The above therefore calls for a careful use of isotopic records when these time-series are used for general inferences about the climate system (e.g. Huybers and Curry (2006)). A possible way forward is to use isotope-enabled global climate models (Sime et al. 2009). A complementary approach is to undertake process field studies (Casado et al. 2016), which can help to evaluate how the isotopic signal is modified after the deposition, and how the relationship between isotopes and temperature is altered at the seasonal and inter annual timescales.
The Beyond EPICA – Oldest Ice project plans to retrieve an ice core in Antarctica in which over 1.5 million years of climatic record could be retrieved. This will enable to go further back than the 800, 000 years old ice core obtained at Dome C and thus, would be a breakthrough into studying the changes in orbital forcing during the mid-Pleistocene transition (900 to 1,200 thousand years ago) during which the glacial-interglacial cycles shifted from lasting 41, 000 years on average to 100, 000 years.
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Outbreak of the war
End of the war
From the Theresian reforms to the battle of Königgrätz
The systematic promotion of the military began under Maria Theresa and was to make it in the following decades into a commanding instrument of power. The wars with revolutionary France marked a new development in militarism, which also affected the Habsburg Monarchy.
The reforms by Empress Maria Theresa (1740–80) and her successor Joseph II (1780–90) were an important step in the militarisation of the Habsburg Monarchy. After Austria had lost Silesia to Prussia with its more organised army in the First Silesian War (1742), Maria Theresa initiated a comprehensive reform of the state and administration. It was aimed in particular at renewing the tax and military structures based on the model of the victorious arch-rival Prussia. The military was systematically developed to become a commanding and loyal instrument of power. It was entrusted with tasks such as the surveying and mapping of the empire, population census and continuous updating of the information received. The census now formed the administrative basis for conscription, the recruiting system introduced in 1770–71 in the Austrian-Bohemian core lands. The various regiments were allocated recruiting districts, from which they could press-gang the local population to enlarge their ranks. In this matter, the local power elites had no possibility of intervening. The census counted the male subjects and classified them by profession or trade. This made it possible to identify members of social strata whose social and economic status made them dispensable and available for recruitment to the standing army. The conscription system was thus highly selective. Higher social strata, men with property and/or education were exempt from the unpopular military service. In spite of these exemptions, the number of men required to perform military service rose steadily. In 1780, for example, around 40 per cent of the male population were deemed eligible.
The process of social militarisation was thus twofold: first, a large section of the population was required to do military service, and second the institution of the military was entrusted with important tasks beyond its purely military ones.
A further stage in militarisation began with the First Coalition War (1792–97) against revolutionary France, which had embarked on a course of total mobilisation to combat the counterrevolutionary forces in Europe. The French national guard was at the origins of the “citizen soldier”, who went to war not through coercion or economic self-interest but through inner conviction. The French national guards of the Volontaires Nationaux fought for the reforms achieved by the Revolution. For that reason – and unlike their conscripted colleagues – they were highly motivated to fight.
The total mobilisation and soldierly drive of the French made an impression and became the model – albeit under completely different circumstances – for the universal conscription introduced by Prussia in 1814, from which time all fit men had to perform military service. Prussia demonstrated that mass mobilisation could take place without concessions to liberalism: the authoritarian state wanted to motivate its soldiers for the “national cause”.
The effectiveness of the Prussian system was painfully demonstrated to the Danube Monarchy at the battle of Königgrätz (1866). The defeat revealed how far it lagged behind the Prussian army – not only in terms of equipment. Following the defeat, Emperor Franz Joseph ordered a sweeping reform of the army, which had far-reaching consequences for society within the Habsburg Monarchy through the introduction of universal conscription in 1868.
Translation: Nick Somers
Hochedlinger, Michael: Militarisierung und Staatenverdichtung. Das Beispiel der Habsburgermonarchie in der frühen Neuzeit, in: Kolnberger, Thomas/Steffelbauer, Ilja/Weigl, Gerald (Hrsg.): Krieg und Akkultuaration, Wien 2004, 107-129
Kruse, Wolfgang: Bewaffnete Bürger. Die Nationalgarde in der Französischen Revolution, in: Bergien, Rüdiger/Pröve, Ralf (Hrsg.): Spießer, Patrioten, Revolutionäre. Militärische Mobilisierung und gesellschaftliche Ordnung in der Neuzeit, Göttingen 2010, 235-258
Contents related to this chapter
• Aspect
The Habsburg empire
Austria-Hungary had an extremely diverse state structure. At the start of the First World War it was a major power in decline. Social and political problems and the dominant nationality conflicts shook the empire to its foundations. At the same time, the Monarchy represented an enormous cultural region in which the Habsburg empire flourished in spite of the political stagnation.
Persons, Objects & Events
• Development
Austria-Hungary and Germany: complicated relations
• Event
Austria at war with Prussia and Italy
The defeat at Königgrätz was a bitter blow for the Habsburg Empire. As a result Austria lost Venetia to Italy and handed the leading role among the German states to Prussia.
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Turris Babel diagram
From the Museum of Jurassic Technology’s exhibit on the polymath Athanasius Kircher: “The last of his books to be published during his lifetime, Turris Babel was Kircher’s attempt to reconstruct the specifics surrounding the famous biblical story, recounted in Genesis 10-11, of Nimrod’s attempt to build a tower that reached the heavens. Apart from his interest in ancient civilizations and biblical historicism, the story was of particular interest to Kircher as an account of the origin of languages, and, by Kircher’s extension, of polytheism. The second half of Turris is devoted to Kircher’s theories on linguistics. The first section, similar to his Arca Noë of four years earlier, contains an imaginative speculative expansion of the Tower of Babel story in light of Kircher’s knowledge of history, geography, and physics. This model illustrates Kircher’s proof that Nimrod’s ambition was intrinsically flawed: in order to reach the nearest heavenly body; the Moon, the tower would have to be 178,672 miles high, comprised of over three million tons of matter. The uneven distribution of the Earth’s mass would tip the balance of the planet and move it from its position at the center of the universe, resulting in a cataclysmic disruption in the order of nature.”
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Economy Essay
1146 words - 5 pages
Worked by ; Abdyl Sadaj
Professor A. Sejdini
Economy (BINF)
2. American and Japanese workers can each produce
4 cars a year. An American worker can produce 10 tons of grain a year, whereas a Japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain a year. To keep things simple, assume that each country has 100 million workers.
a) For this situation, construct a table analogous to the table in Figure 1.
| Car produced per year by a worker | Tons of grain produced per year by a worker | Amount produced by 100 milion workers |
car | Tons of grain |
USA | 4 | 10 | 400 milon | 1 miliard |
JAPAN | 4 | 5 | 400 milion | 500 milion |
...view middle of the document...
Conversely, JAPAN has a lower opportunity cost of producing cars than USA: A car costs JAPAN 5/4 tons of grain, but it costs USA 5/2 tons of grain. Thus, USA has a comparative advantage in growing grain, and JAPAN has a comparative advantage in producing cars.
f) Without trade, half of each country’s workers produce cars and half produce grain. What quantities of cars and grain does each country produce?
| Cars produced by half of workers | Tons of grain produced by half of workers |
USA | 200 million cars | 500 million |
JAPAN | 200 million cars | 250 million |
g) Starting from a position without trade, give an example in which trade makes each country better off.
4. Suppose that there are 10 million workers in Canada and that each of these workers can produce either 2 cars or 30 bushels of wheat in a year.
a) What is the opportunity cost of producing a car in
Canada? What is the opportunity cost of producing a bushel of wheat in Canada? Explain the relation ship between the opportunity costs of the two goods.
| Opportunity Cost of: |
| 1 car | 1 bushel of wheat |
canada | 15 bushel of wheat | 1/15 cars |
a) Draw Canada’s production possibilities frontier. If Canada chooses to consume 10 million cars, how much wheat can it consume without trade? Label this point on the production possibilities frontier.
| cars | bushel of wheat |
canada | 20 million | 300 million |
| 10 million | 150 million |
Production Possibilities Frontier
b) Now suppose that the United States offers to buy
10 million cars from Canada in exchange for 20 bushels of wheat per car. If Canada continues to consume 10 million cars, how much wheat does this deal allow Canada to consume? Label this point on your diagram. Should Canada accept the deal?
This means that Canada should produce 20 million cars and 0 bushes of wheat and give 10 million to USA. This means that from this trade Canada gets 20 bushels of grain for every car sold. So Canada takes 200 million bushels of grain for 10 million of cars. I think Canada should accept the deal because the the point is above the Production Possibilities Frontier
6. The following table describes the production possibilities of two cities in the country of Baseballia :
a. Without trade, what is the price of white socks
(in terms of red socks) in Boston? What is the price in Chicago?
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Sonoran Ocelots
Sonoran Ocelots
Ocelots are medium-sized cats native to tropical and subtropical regions of North to South America. Ocelots are famous for their beautifully distinctive markings, which consist of spots, stripes, and sometimes even dark rosettes. Ocelots are strong, agile cats that not only climb and run well but are also good swimmers. Like jaguars, ocelots are known to tackle large prey relative to their own body size.
Sonoran ocelots (Leopardus pardalis sonoriensis) are considered a smaller, paler and distinct subspecies of ocelot, but little is known of the ecology and habitat use of this subspecies- including its basic geographic distribution or genetic differences from other recognized subspecies. Sonoran ocelots do occur in Arizona, and thus represent the northernmost subspecies of ocelot. To date, no ecological research project has been conducted on Sonoran ocelots, except for a single effort to estimate the Sonoran population that yielded 36 modern and historic records of harvested individuals since 1898, 21 of which were animals from 1991 or later. Since 2009, five individual ocelots have been verified in Arizona.
Many basic questions regarding this cat are left unanswered: How different is the Sonoran ocelot from other ocelots? What is the distribution of the Sonoran ocelot? How does Sonoran ocelot habitat different from ocelot habitat in other regions? What is their population status?
Ocelots were heavily exploited in the 20th century, particularly from the 1960s to the 1980s. Primarily hunted for their fur (or pelts), they were also captured and kept as exotic pets to the point that they nearly became extinct in the wild. Since ocelots became a protected species, numbers have risen but they are now threatened by deforestation and destruction of habitat from industrial mining activities.
Aside from habitat destruction, threats to endangered Sonoran ocelots in the northern periphery of their range are numerous. Direct threats include poaching and predator removal programs, highway and road collisions, and mounting border-related disturbances and barriers, including the U.S/Mexico border wall. In Mexico, despite legal protections, ocelots are still poached for their fur (one ocelot fur coat sold for over US$40,000). Ocelots are also persecuted along with jaguars as predators of livestock, and fall victim to indiscriminate predator poisoning efforts.
Jim Fowler
Importance of Northern Habitats
Too little is known of the ecology of Sonoran ocelots, including their basic geographic distribution, their habitat use and genetic differences from other recognized subspecies. The lack of basic natural history data regarding this endangered subspecies makes management difficult at the northern fringe of their range, which, like many other neo-tropical mammals, may yet be expanding northward. Since ocelots are listed as an endangered species in the U.S., ecological and behavioral research is heavily warranted.
The Sierra Madres of Mexico, including the sky Islands of southeastern Arizona, may represent a significantly different ecological setting compared to where ocelots typically occur, especially in terms of cover, water, and possibly prey characteristics. Such outlying, fringe areas could become important to the conservation of the species if present rates of tropical forest conversion continue. Our long-term goal is to identify priority conservation areas for ocelots in the border region. Recovery actions include an assessment of suitable habitat to support viable populations of the ocelot in the borderlands of the United States and Mexico, and the assurance of long-term viability of ocelot conservation through international partnerships.
Conservation CATalyst's Ocelot Work
Research Initiatives
Project C.A.T.
Conservation CATalyst is initiating a research project that will utilize radio telemetry to gather basic ecological information for Sonoran ocelots. We will collect data to estimate ocelot distribution, densities, daily and seasonal habitat use, and movement patterns to identify areas where ocelots are likely to enter the U.S. from Sonora. We will determine which areas should be prioritized as potential ocelot habitat in Arizona, and we will do this by taking advantage of the latest technologies in radio tracking equipment and GIS software. Scat will be opportunistically collected for further information on prey species.
Identifying and pinpointing appropriate habitats in southeastern Arizona using GIS is an essential next step given the apparent surge of ocelot sightings in the region in recent years. Suitable Arizona habitat will be identified and characterized according to our data to begin to assess the status, distribution, and possible management strategies of endangered ocelots in the U.S. This project will greatly assist wildlife management professionals to develop appropriate conservation strategies for the species.
A Bi-National Effort
International cooperation is essential for ocelot conservation. From a socio-political perspective, we work extensively with local ranchers to utilize local knowledge and to better understand relationships shared with predators. Conservation CATalyst recognizes that collaboration is often the key to successful conservation action, and proves to be vital for our work on ocelots.
Conservation CATalyst’s ocelot research is interdisciplinary. From a social perspective, we initiate educational and outreach campaign on both sides of the international border to engage school children and the general public about environmental awareness and wild cat conservation. We visit schools in both countries as guest lecturers, and we plan to launch an online multimedia-based project to engage children and adults in exciting scientific research.
Amazing New Arizona Ocelot Video
of Lil' Jefe
Conservation CATalyst released a stunning new video of an exceedingly rare wild ocelot currently inhabiting the United States. Captured by remote sensor cameras just north of the U.S.-Mexico border, this extraordinary footage provides a rare glimpse of one of North America’s most mysterious wild felines. These invaluable videos document a wild ocelot (affectionately referred to as Lil’ Jefe – the ‘boss-elot’) acquiring all the necessary resources he needs to survive and thrive in Arizona, and they are vital for northern ocelot recovery. This is the first ever publicly released trail camera video of an Arizona ocelot, and it comes at a critical point in this cat’s conservation.
Lil' Jefe
the Boss-elot
Students at Manzo Elementary in Tucson, Arizona named one of the rarest cats in the United States, an endangered Sonoran ocelot residing in the mountains of southeastern Arizona. The name Lil' Jefe (a.k.a. ‘the Boss-elot’) was overwhelmingly selected. This is the first time an American ocelot has been officially named.
Facts about Ocelots
Ocelots are small spotted cats found as far south as Argentina, and as far north as southern Texas and Arizona.
Ocelots are about twice the size of housecats, with males being larger than females.
Ocelot spotted coats serve as camouflage, and are so unique they can be used to identify individuals, much like a fingerprint.
The ocelot name comes from the Aztec word “tlalocelot,” which means field tiger.
The constellation commonly known as The Big Dipper was known to Aztec people as “Tezcatlipoca”, a great god who took the form of an ocelot.
Ocelots are more closely related to housecats than to a jaguars or leopards
Ocelots are solitary and primarily nocturnal, meaning they are mostly active at night and sleep during the day in trees, thick vegetation, or rocky bluffs to avoid predators.
Ocelots are adapted to living in thorny scrublands, coastal marshes, mangroves, grasslands and tropical forests.
Ocelots eat everything from frogs, lizards, snakes, rabbits, rodents, birds, fish, crabs and even occasionally coatis or small deer.
Ocelots are considered endangered in the United States and Mexico.
Ocelots are threatened by loss of habitat, vehicular collisions, the fur trade and retaliatory killing for their perceived threat to livestock.
It is estimated that there are less than 50 ocelots left in Texas and at least 5 individuals have been confirmed in Arizona in the last decade.
The most recent AZ ocelot is now affectionately known as Lil’ Jefe (the boss-elot)
Ocelots are native to the U.S. and once lived throughout Arizona, Texas and even into Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
Ocelots in the U.S. rely on populations in Mexico to maintain genetic diversity through dispersing individuals and are threatened by the U.S.- Mexico border wall.
Can you identify the Ocelot?
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Huari Culture
6th century–10th century
Expansion and area of influence of the Wari Empire around 800 AD
Expansion and area of influence of the Wari Empire around 800 AD
Common languagesPuquina, others
Andean beliefs (Staff God)
Historical eraPre-Columbian
• Established
6th century
• Disestablished
10th century
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Tiwanaku culture
Moche culture
Lima culture
Nazca culture
Wari Empire
Today part of Peru
However, there is still a debate whether the Wari dominated the Central Coast or the polities on the Central Coast were commercial states capable of interacting with the Wari people without being politically dominated by them.
Early on, the Wari expanded their territory to include the ancient oracle center of Pachacamac, though it seems to have remained largely autonomous. Later, the Wari became dominant in much of the territory of the earlier Moche and later Chimu cultures. The reason for this expansion has been debated; it is believed to have been driven by religious conversion, military conquest, or the spread of agricultural knowledge (specifically terrace agriculture).
As a result of centuries of drought, the Wari culture began to deteriorate around 800 AD. Archeologists have determined that the city of Wari was dramatically depopulated by 1000 AD, although it continued to be occupied by a small number of descendant groups. Buildings in Wari and in other government centers had doorways that were deliberately blocked up, as if the Wari intended to return, someday when the rains returned.[2] By the time this happened, though, the Wari had faded from history. In the meantime, the dwindling residents of the Wari cities ceased all major construction. Archaeological evidence shows significant levels of interpersonal violence, suggesting that warfare and raiding increased amongst rival groups upon the collapse of the Wari state structure.[3] With the collapse of the Wari, the Late Intermediate Period is said to begin.
Little is known about the details of the Wari administrative structure, as they did not appear to use a form of written record, but the emphasis on homogeneous administrative architecture and evidence for significant social stratification suggests a complex sociopolitical hierarchy.
The discovery in early 2013 of an undisturbed royal tomb, El Castillo de Huarmey, offers new insight into the social and political influence of the Wari during this period. The variety and extent of the burial items accompanying the three royal women indicate a culture with significant material wealth and the power to dominate a significant part of northern coastal Peru for many decades.[4]
Another example of burials helping to establish social stractifications is in the city of Conchopata where the remains of more than 200 individuals have been found. This city is located about 10 km from the capital city. Earlier it was believed that this was a city of potters, but the burials suggest otherwise. They show that there were servants, middle-class, elite, and even perhaps low kings or governors.[5]
During its expansion period, the Wari state established architecturally distinctive administrative centers in many of its provinces. These centres are clearly different from the architecture of Tiwanaku, which is believed to have been a more federalized state by some scholars (such as John W. Janusek). Wari architecture often had large stone enclosures with no windows and just a few entries, the sites had no central place for people to gather for ritual gatherings. While the Tiwanaku had a more open architectural plan that could accommodate multiple people at once. Using these administrative centers, the Wari greatly influenced the surrounding countryside. Scholars were able to look at the Inca's to reconstruct some of the architecture of the Wari. Along the Inca highway system several Wari provincial sites were found, suggesting that the Wari used a similar road network. They also created new fields with terraced field technology, which the Inca's also drew inspiration from.[6]
The Wari are particularly known for their textiles, which were well-preserved in desert burials. The standardization of textile motifs serves as artistic evidence of state control over elite art production in the Wari state.[7] Surviving textiles include tapestries, hats and tunics for high-ranking officials. There are between six and nine miles of thread in each tunic, and they often feature highly abstracted versions of typical Andean artistic motifs, such as the Staff God. It is possible that these abstract designs served "a mysterious or esoteric code to keep out uninitiated foreign subjects" and that the geometric distortions made the wearer's chest appear larger to reflect their high rank.[7]
The Wari also produced highly sophisticated metalwork and ceramics, with similar designs to the textiles. The most common metals used were silver and copper, though gold Wari artifacts also survive. The most common metal objects were qiru, bowls, jewelry, mummy bundle masks, mantle pins, and sheet figures who demonstrate how the tunics were worn.[7] Ceramics were typically polychrome and frequently depicted food and animals. Conchopata appears to have been the ceramic center of Wari culture given the high quantities of pottery tools, firing rooms, pit kilns, potsherds, and ceramic molds. There is evidence that ceramics were ritually smashed, sometimes accompanying human sacrifice.[7]
See alsoEdit
2. ^ Wright, Kenneth R.; McEwan, Gordon Francis; Wright, Ruth M. (2006). Tipon: Water Engineering Masterpiece of the Inca Empire. ASCE. p. 27. ISBN 9780784408513.
3. ^ Tung, TA (2008). "Violence after Imperial Collapse: A Study of Cranial Trauma among Late Intermediate Period Burials from the Former Huari Capital, Ayacucho, Peru". Ñawpa Pacha.
4. ^ "First Unlooted Royal Tomb of Its Kind Unearthed in Peru". 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2013-06-30.
5. ^ Isbell, William H. (2004). "Mortuary Preferences: A Wari Culture Case Study from Middle Horizon Peru". Latin American Antiquity. 15 (1): 3–32. doi:10.2307/4141562. JSTOR 4141562.
6. ^ McEwan, Gordon Francis (2005). Pikillacta : The Wari Empire in Cuzco. Iowa City: University of the Iowa Press. pp. 3–4.
7. ^ a b c d Stone-Miller, Rebecca (2002) [1995]. Art of the Andes: From Chavín to Inca. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 144–152.
Further readingEdit
• Collier, Simon et al. (Ed.) (1992). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Latin America and the Caribbean (Second ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-41322-0.CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
• Tung, Tiffiny (2012). Violence, Ritual, and the Wari Empire: A Social Bioarchaeology of Imperialism in the Ancient Andes. University Press of Florida.
External linksEdit
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The representation of women through poetry
Texts often represent women as victims In a patriarchal society. How are women represented in two of the poems set for study? During the late 20th Century women remained constrained by gender ideals which they were expected to conform to; subservience, piety and beauty. This domineering state of Inferiority experienced by these women is expressed and challenged by both Mary Elizabeth Coleridge and Amy Lowell through their exploration of the visitation of women in a patriarchal society..
The underlying desire for freedom, which the poets Coleridge and Lowell illustrate in their respective poems The Other Side of the Mirror and Patterns, brings awareness to the repressive and harsh environment women have previously been brought up In. The ideal of femininity, imposed by the patriarchy, particularly highlights the Importance of the physical beauty of women. To men, women have been Identified as a prized possession, acknowledged merely for their physical attributes, suggesting the demonstration of women and how their female experiences become trivial.
Coleridge The Other Side of the Mirror, exemplifies this In ‘a face bereft of vileness’ which stresses the essential aspect of beauty through the positive connotations of ‘loveliness’. This same face is then suggested as one that ‘no man on earth could guess’, further emphasizing how, without beauty, women are discarded from the thoughts of men. Similarly, Lowell highlights the importance and expectations of feminine beauty through the representation of the ‘fine brocaded gown’ which places both a physical and symbolic restriction on the persona In Patterns.
The movement of the natural environment, ‘blowing’ and ‘flutter[ins] in the Reese’, Juxtaposes with the constraint of the ‘stiff brocaded gown’ which depicts the Idealized hourglass physique of a woman, despite the apparent difficulty In breathing and inability to walk comfortably. The use of the plosive sound ‘k’ in ‘brocaded’ further creates an uneasy feeling of jerky stops and starts, which is likewise accentuated by the action of ‘tripping’. Adding to the depth of harsh feeling. This discomfort stems from the suppression of women in the Victorian age, symbolized through the predictable nature of ‘patterns’.
Like the rigid construction ND entrapment of patterns. Coleridge structures her poem using a strong rhyming scheme of to enforce the idea of unavoidable confinement. For the two persona (from each text), they are expected by the patriarchal society to oblige to these patterns, however the poems reveal that women yearn to break free from the acceptable public face which they project to the world. The Inability for the female characters to express their true self has required them to maintain a private face, and thus leading to inner turmoil. Coleridge explores the seductive effect on emotions which suppression instigates in women.
The persona In The Other Side of the Mirror is established as someone who Is troubled and severely depressed through the alliteration of ‘wild… Womanly despair’, emphasizing the vile consequences of living a false and restrictive life. Unfortunately women must and in secret bled’ which creates a whispering tone and conveys a lack of expression. The Other Side of the Mirror can be interpreted through a Christian reading where the private mayhem of the persona, and ultimately for all women governed by the tetrarch, is represented by the excruciating experience of Jesus Christ during his crucifixion.
The religious allusion of ‘the thorny aureole’ depicts an image of a thorny halo, much like the crown of thorns Jesus wore, which shows how women were victimized in the society which they lived in. The woman’s reflection is paralleled to a messiah figure, suffering from injuries caused by men in power, and the crown of thorns represents the dominance and authoritative nature of men. The consequence of the male expectation causes the persona suppressed inward anger and feelings urn outward and take away her loveliness, consuming her whole being.
The inner turmoil of the persona in Patterns is represented by a ‘war’. Wars too are conceptualized as patterns through its cyclical nature in which men adamantly partake it. The word ‘war’ generates negative connotations of death, raw pain and bloodiness which create a dark and ominous undertone to the poem, and additionally highlighting the silent battle for freedom. The statement of ‘weep[ins]’ reveals a characteristic of women as an emotional being and highlights the emotional effect of visitation.
However Coleridge and Lowell no longer want to maintain the oppression of women and express their intentions of uncovering the private face, evident in the change of viewpoint in both texts. The fourth stanza of The Other Side of the Mirror takes a slightly different stance than the previous stanzas. Whereas the previous are concerned with the woman’s injuries and her feelings of woe, this stanza starts with the description of her eyes as ‘lurid’ which suggests an air of violence and power, prompted by her ‘dying… Hopes’.
The kinetic imagery of the leaping fire’ further enhances the anger and depth of her feelings. Loser’s Patterns, on the other hand, reveals how the persona has taken on a more dominant role apparent in the use of anaphora’s of ‘l would’ and ‘l should’ which encompasses an almost imperative quality. Just like the final line ‘Christ! What are patterns for? ‘ questions the occurrence of patterns in a distressed and irritated tone Coleridge too uses an exclamatory tone in ‘O set the crystal surface free! ‘ which is suggestive of the urgency to let the true self emerge.
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Identifying Lesser and Greater Yellowlegs
There are two yellowleg species regularly found in the United States and Canada. Both species nest in northern Canada and into Alaska. Both migrate south in the winter to all three coasts and into Mexico. The Great Yellowlegs is more widespread in the winter, but both species are generally common during migration and in their winter ranges.
The two species are very similar in appearance but can be told apart with a little experience.
The above photo shows both yellowleg species.
The bird on the left is the Greater Yellowlegs.
The two birds on the right are Lesser Yellowlegs.
|Note the shorter, thinner and more pointed bill of the Lesser.
As the name suggests, the Greater Yellowlegs is the larger of the two species, but size can be confusing unless there is a comparison with another species.
The bill of the Greater Yellowlegs is sometimes slightly curved upward, a feature not shown well in this image of a Greater Yellowlegs. In winter-plumaged birds, the bill is two-toned.
The bill on this Lesser Yellowlegs is thin and straight.
Lesser Yellowlegs have a slightly less robust appearance the Greaters.
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Ellen Billingham
Flashcards by , created almost 6 years ago
GCSE Physics Flashcards on Refraction, created by Ellen Billingham on 05/04/2013.
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Question Answer
Does a pencil in water look shorter or longer than it should be? Shorter
Why does a pencil in water look shorter? Because our eyes don't see the refraction of the light coming front the end of the pencil when it goes through a different material (water).
What are the three things the angle of refraction depend on? a) the type of material the light changes to b) the angle it hits the surface at (angle of incidence) c) the colour/frequency of the light
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UWL Website
Certain mayfly species have developed adaptations that allow them to take advantage http://www.bugsurvey.nsw.gov.au/html/popups/lge_ma-ny-a_col.htmlof certain environmental niches, especially during the nymph life cycle stage. In particular, psammophilous mayflies show nymph adaptations for partial or complete burial in the sand (Orwin, 2009). Burrowing species whose nymphs can sometimes exist in sand tend to inhabit environments with more compact substrata. A key adaptation that facilitates this preference is very long claws, which are not observed in other species. These claws allow the nymphs to anchor themselves to grains, sand, or even layers of silt (Orwin, 2009). They do not always remain in the sand however, another adaptation of the psammophilous species is a streamlined body shape that gives them increased efficiency as swimmers (Orwin, 2009). Other species of nymph cover their bodies with sand and have little to no clawhttp://www.fws.gov/lacreek/wildlife.htmls. Due to water currents that resist the sedimentation of suspended matter, the species that remain partially covered with sand have developed rows of bristles located on the forelegs and mouth parts to help them remain covered. Another adaptation is observed in Oligoneurisca borysthenica, which have developed tufts of additional gills near the base of their forelimbs and mouth parts for more efficient oxygen exchange while the abdomen is covered by sand (Orwin, 2009).
An adaptation that is shared by all nymphs that inhabit sandy river bottoms is brightly colored bodies. Most often the nymphs bodies are light brown with faint marks of darker pigmentation around the abdomen. These darker marks help the nymhttp://www.kossiedun.com.au/Tasmania's%20Large%20Grey%20Dun.htmphs blend in with their surroundings by imitating darker grains of sand. The rest of the body blends in well with the lighter colored grains of sand, which makes the nymphs visible only when they move. A unique adaptation pertaining to blending in is observed with the Cercobrachys minutes nymphs. These are among the smallest of the mayflies and have developed more intensely pigmented regions due to the fact that they often attach to darker lumps of substratum (Orwin, 2009).
Think these adaptations are interesting? Visit the interesting facts section to learn about an amazing mayfly phenomenon!
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The Online Library of Knowledge
Wrangel Island tundra (NOAA)Wrangel Island tundra (NOAA)
A mutation is a permanent change in the genetic code. Some mutations are useful, enabling an animal to adapt to its environment, but others are harmful, causing disease, or hindering the animals' ability to find food or a mate.
Scientists think that "mutational meltdown" may have affected the mammoth population of Wrangel Island. The mammoths were so wracked with genetic disease that they lost their sense of smell, developed a strange shiny coat and tended to become solitary rather than live as a herd.
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Photo by Amit and Naroop
Turbans and Tales: extract
Extract | 12 minute read
The turban is one of the most powerful symbols of Sikh identity. Amit Amin and Naroop Jhooti trace its heritage, in this extract from their book, Turbans and Tales - a celebration of the turban's past and present.
Growing up in Southall, West London, the turban was all around us: at home; the Gurdwara; on the street. Seeing a turban- wearing Sikh man or woman was an everyday occurrence.
As in most Sikh families, from a young age, our parents taught us the significance of the turban. The sacrifices that were made so Sikhs could maintain their identity. The responsibility it takes to wear one. Even though we are not turban-wearing Sikhs, we are still very proud of what the turban represents.
But when writing this book, and with the success of our photographic portrait series, the Sikh Project, it got us thinking. How much do we really know about the history of the turban?
It is not foolish for any Sikh to assume that the turban is something that is wholly theirs. We did. Ask many people about the turban and they will point you in the direction of a Sikh.
It is their most identifiable feature. But trace history back, and you will find that turbans were also worn by Muslims, Hindus, Jews and Christians.
So what is the history of the turban and how did Sikhs eventually adopt it as part of their religious garb?
The exact origin of the turban itself is still unclear. A turban-like garment on a Mesopotamian royal sculpture dating to 2350 BC, is believed to be the earliest evidence of such a headdress. What can be concluded from this is that the turban was in existence before Islam, Judaism and Christianity, and therefore the turban cannot be associated with religion alone.
Throughout India, and still used today, the word for a cloth wrapped around a head is pugree. It is believed to have originated from the Egyptian word of pjr, meaning an ornamental headdress. The word ‘turban’ began to be employed in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, particularly in the language of the Persians, who would use the word ‘dulband’. From there the word passed on to ‘tulipant’, meaning tulip, suggestive of the folds in the turban, to ‘tolibant’, ‘turbant’ and ‘turaband’.
The use of a turban was widespread in history, stretching across India, the Middle East, Europe and Africa. Practically, a cloth wrapped around one’s head served to protect the wearer from the sun, the rain and the cold. People would treat it like a cap or hat. But more importantly, the turban evolved to become recognised as a symbol of dignity, self-respect and authority. Different colours, styles and accessories would immediately reflect the importance of the wearer.
Evidence of this sense of regalia is depicted in the Old Testament.
For Jerusalem’s sake I will speak out, until her right shines forth like the sunrise … You will be a glorious crown in the Lord’s hand, a kingly turban in the hand of your God (Isaiah 62: 2–10).
The turban was seen as an outward expression of one’s personality and status, and a blemish on one’s turban was an indication of poor character. Insulting the turban was an intolerable offence to one’s personality. In the Bible, the Prophet Isaiah states, ‘When God takes away the turban, he takes away the dignity of man’.
With the turban holding such importance in society, different cultures adopted their own views on who could and could not wear turbans. In some regions only believers had the privilege of wearing a turban, while other cultures ordered non-believers to wear turbans of a different colour with a distinguishing mark so they could be identified. In Egypt and Syria in the eighth century, Christians wore blue turbans, Jews yellow and the Samaritans red turbans. Muslims generally always wore white turbans, out of respect for the prophet Muhammad, who believed it was the holiest colour.
From Sultans and Wazirs in Africa to Popes in Europe, the turban was used as a headdress for centuries. However, in order to understand how and why Sikhs adopted the turban, it is essential to understand the political and social landscape of India pre-Sikhism.
Before the rule of India by the Islamic Mughal Empire, founded in 1526, only the royal entourage and high officials had the privilege of wearing turbans. Made of the finest muslin, the turban had become a symbol of their distinctive ranks. Peacock plumes and ornaments were used to decorate the turbans, making them individual to the wearer. Hinduism, with its strict caste system, forbade individuals from lower castes to don a turban.
Islamic rule brought in changes to the turban in India. Stylised after their Persian and Arabic culture, the turbans were conical and broad, different to the smaller turbans worn by the Indians. The turban was the Emperor’s crown, tied using gold cloth and decorated with large diamonds and jewels.
Great importance was placed on the significance of the turban. The third Mughal Emperor, Akbar, a religious liberal who reigned from 1556–1605, even changed his turban style from Mughlai to the native Hindustani. Maybe it was an attempt to win the support of the people, but this change also encouraged more of the eligible Hindu population to wear a turban.
However, this more equal state of affairs didn’t last long.
When Aurangzeb, one of India’s most controversial emperors, came into power as the Mughal Emperor in 1658, the turban was used as a tool to segregate the population. He attempted to suppress all non-Muslims from wearing a turban, deeming that only the ruling class, Muslims, had the authority to wear one. Hindus were made to feel inferior and submitted by sacrificing their turbans.
Aurangzeb may have believed that he was maintaining control of the population, but in fact, his oppressive actions were the catalyst for a series of events that would eventually lead to the creation of the Sikh identity.
Detail Of An Entrance Gate To The Chandra Mahal At The City Palace, Jaipur, India (Photo by: Insights/UIG via Getty Images)
Aurangzeb was an aggressive expansionist. During his reign, the Mughal Empire, which covered present-day India, Pakistan and parts of Afghanistan and Nepal, became the world’s largest economy, with nearly a quarter of the world’s GDP. While his predecessors practised religious tolerance and diversity, Aurangzeb was much more conservative, banning many pleasures such as alcohol, music, gambling, and enforcing taxes on non-Muslims.
Believing that Islam was the superior faith, Aurangzeb began a policy of forced conversions. This did not sit well with many strong-minded Hindus, like the Rajput, Jat and Maratha clans, who refused to abide by the Emperor’s unreasonable demands. Brutal wars were fought to maintain Hindus’ heritage and freedom.
In the rural Malwa region of Punjab, North India, the growing Sikh population, led at the time by the ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, were also against Aurangzeb and his fundamentalist policies. The Guru was openly encouraging Sikhs to ‘be fearless in your pursuit of a just society: he who holds none in fear, nor is afraid of anyone, is acknowledged as a man of true wisdom.’
The Guru had resisted persecution and promised to protect Kashmiri Hindus who were being forced to convert to Islam. With his growing socio-political power, Guru Tegh Bahadur was becoming a threat to Muslim rule and Aurangzeb himself.
Invited to Chandni Chowk, Delhi, to meet with Aurangzeb, Guru Tegh Bahadur was offered the chance to abandon his faith and convert to Islam. The Guru refused. After weeks of torture, he was executed on 11 November 1675 in view of the Delhi public.
Instead of spreading fear among the Sikh followers, the execution of their Guru further strengthened their resistance against Islamic rule. Guru Tegh Bahadur’s nine-year-old son, Gobind, took his father’s place as leader of the Sikhs, founding the Khalsa in 1699, comprised of baptised Sikhs and an army.
The creation of the Khalsa led to changes amongst the Sikh community. Guru Gobind Singh gave all Sikh men the surname Singh, meaning lion, and women Kaur, meaning princess or lioness. He insisted turbans must be worn by all Sikhs to cover their uncut hair. Some women would have also worn turbans.
The adoption of the turban was an integral part of the new Sikh identity and had many meanings.
The turban was a clear act of defiance against Emperor Aurangzeb. It was the Sikhs’ sign of freedom, that they would not conform to the oppressive regime of the Islamic ruler. It was no longer a luxury reserved only for Muslims. In addition to this, the turban acted as a symbol of equality, a way to end all caste distinctions and begin an egalitarian society. This was a notion the Guru Gobind Singh strongly believed in. ‘All men should eat from the same bowl.’
Within Guru Gobind Singh’s Khalsa, different groups were formed. Each were distinguished by the colour of their turbans.
The Guru promoted a style of turban called a dumalla, which was tall and tied using a deep navy-blue fabric. They were worn by a group called the Akalis, meaning ‘immortals’ or ‘followers of the timeless one’. Known to be fearless, skilled and resolute warriors, they were the vanguards of the Sikh nation. Around their turbans, which were three to four times the length of a normal Sikh turban, they would place steel or iron quoits called chakkars. This unbroken circle served as a reminder of their belief in a timeless supreme being. But the rings also served another purpose. They were used as weapons that could be thrown at the enemy in battle. The navy blue of the Akalis’ turbans and their matching long shirts, known as cholas, were believed to be chosen so blood would not show on the fabric. Others suggest the colour was a link to the flowing blue rivers of the Punjab.
The Sewapanthis, originally followers of the ninth guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, were comprised of a group of individuals bound into selfless philanthropy, pacifism and upholding of the sanctity of life. They were exempt from fighting and wore white turbans.
There is much deliberation over the formation of the Nirmalas, who were the scholars sent by Guru Gobind Singh to Varanasi, a holy Hindu site of pilgrimage, to learn Sanskrit. Hindus forbade lower castes to learn Sanskrit and to read the Vedas, their ancient religious scriptures. Guru Gobind Singh gave the Nirmalas the duty of learning Sanskrit and teaching it to the uneducated Indian population, irrespective of the student’s caste and creed. The Nirmalas were distinguished by their faded peach or ochre-coloured turbans and clothes and became the intellectuals and scholars of Sikhism.
With the passing of Guru Gobind Singh on 7 October 1708, the Sikhs went through a turbulent time. Having lost their leader and with threat from invading Muslim Afghan armies, it was a time of desperate survival.
Leaderless, the Punjab became divided into numerous warring misls or confederacies, each with their own ruler. Twelve were under Sikh rule, one under Muslim rule and one led by an Englishman.
After much negotiation, reconciliation and fighting, by 1799, these misls were united into one empire by Ranjit Singh, who became the first leader of the Sikh Empire. He was a benevolent ruler and allowed Muslims and Hindus to practise their faiths.
During this time, there were varying styles of turban. They differed based on religious belief and region.
The main differences between the turbans were the material used, the folding and tying of the layers, the ornaments chosen to decorate the turban and the colours worn.
A British painter by the name of John McQueen painted the key rulers and personalities of Ranjit Singh’s court. Using a painting technique called the ‘Company’ style, which was stylistically flat in dimension and highly sort after in India, he captured the intricate details of the different turban styles worn at that time, with all their variations in colour, size, layers and decoration.
Statue of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Amritsar (Photo by NARINDER NANU/AFP/Getty Images)
Despite the diverse styles of turbans worn at that point, it was the arrival of the British in Punjab in 1845 that triggered one of the most significant shifts in the identity of Sikhs.
Ranjit Singh was a patron of his empire, investing money to help his soldiers to become the best. It was common knowledge that he took inspiration from the British and their military style.
Ranjit Singh employed French generals to train his Khalsa army. The generals were experienced at fighting the British, having faced them in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
With the guidance of the newly appointed generals, the Khalsa army began to dress like the British, adopting their order, discipline and showmanship. The Khalsa army displayed this when they held a parade for the British, their horses adorned with silk cloths and the finest weapons and uniforms. It was a show of the Khalsa army’s strength and Ranjit Singh’s determination to be the best.
According to the Treaty of Amritsar (2 April 1809) between Ranjit Singh and the British, Ranjit Singh had unrestricted authority to further expand his territory north of the Sutlej river in the Punjab. However, he could not cross south of the river.
With the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Sikh Empire began to crumble. His sons fought for control. Mysterious deaths led to a succession of short-lived rulers. Seeing a weakness in the Sikh Empire and an opportunity to conquer the last major region of the subcontinent, the British began to gather its military strength on the border of the Punjab. Increased tension provoked the Khalsa army to cross south of the river, leading to the First Anglo–Sikh war (1845–46).
Despite defeating the Khalsa army, the British regarded the Sikhs as the toughest opponents they had faced in India. Impressed with their military skills, the British began to recruit the Sikhs to fight for them. For the Sikh soldiers, their options were narrow. It was a choice between learning from the British Army and earning a salary that exceeded what they had been paid by Ranjit Singh, or living in a fallen empire.
With the addition of Sikhs to the existing Muslims and Hindus in their army, the British were fully aware how caste issues could affect the cohesiveness of their soldiers. To combat this, they made it mandatory that all soldiers wore a turban, creating a sense of equality, just like the Khalsa.
The varying turban styles of their soldiers, different shapes, different sizes, didn’t sit well with the British. They needed updating. To the British the turbans looked scruffy and didn’t comply with the neat, sharp look of their uniform.
The natural rolled layers of the turban were replaced with neat, symmetrical folds. It was a huge change in the style of the turban and led to what is commonly known today as the ‘Kenyan’ style turban. Many believe that this style of turban was created by Sikhs who had emigrated to Kenya, hence the name, but the style owes its origins to British India.
The British sketched instructional diagrams of how the turbans of different regiments should be worn. Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs had variations in their turbans, which were carefully noted in detail. Muslim soldiers would leave their ears out and there were variations in the fringes, layers and colour of the under-turban, called a saffa. Having given all Indians a collective identity, the British also began to introduce insignia to help identify regiments, mostly organised by race or class. The British used the ‘chakkar’, which was once used as a throwing weapon, as the symbol of identity for the Sikhs.
Turbans and Tales by Amit and Naroop is published by Unbound. Buy here
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General Store
Some day a little girl is going to have a store of her own with real glass cases and wide counters and drawers where she can sell a little of everything. This is a simple book with poetic prose.
Interested in using this resource in your classroom? Check out the posters that go along with this book: Goods & Services, Entrepreneur, Economic Wants.
Comprehension Questions
What goods were sold in the store?
There was a little of everything: bolts of calico; balls of string; jars of peppermint; tins of tea; pots, kettles, and crockery; seeds in packets; bright scissors; kegs of brown and white sugar; sarsaparilla for picnic lunches; bananas; and rubber boots, etc.
The goods in the store are an example of economic wants. Why would people want the goods in the store?
Answers will vary.
In the story, there are no prices on the goods? Do you think the goods are free?
No. At the end of the story it says the girl will "take money" from the customers. Goods are not free - they are scarce. People must pay a price to get them.
Who will be the owner of the store?
The little girl will be the owner of the store. She will be a young entrepreneur who takes full charge of the store, from selling the goods to collecting the money.
Can the girl be sure she will make money at her store?
Entrepreneurs can never be sure they will make money. People may not buy many goods - the girl is taking a risk when she opens a store.
Author: Rachel Field
Publisher: Little, Brown and Company
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Context c.1740–1820
In 1740 the Baroque period was drawing to a close. Bach and Handel were in the last decades of their lives, as were Vivaldi and Rameau. Music was about to undergo an astonishing transformation over the next 60 years, through the Classical period of Mozart and Haydn to the emerging Romanticism of Beethoven, Mendelssohn and Berlioz in the early 19th century.
These musical developments took place during a period of political and social upheaval, with the French Revolution of 1789 taking centre stage, and together they were to affect bow making dramatically. Our exhibition explores the bows of this period and questions the traditional view of the evolution of the bow from the Baroque and Classical (or Transitional) styles to the modern form known today.
Early bow making was seen as an experimental, evolving process, with clumsy or imperfect results, until François Xavier Tourte finally established the form of the modern bow in Paris around 1810. After this time the earlier bows fell out of use and were eventually relegated to the level of obsolete
artefacts, displayed in museums or hidden as curios in bow connoisseurs’ collections.
It is true that bow makers lacked social status in the 18th century. In Paris they were not permitted their own guild or even to belong to the luthiers’ guild, and instead had to pay to establish themselves in the lieu privilégié areas of the city, which allowed them to work free of the many guild restrictions. Makers in the lieu privilégié areas had to stamp their work with proof of their address, hence brands such as ‘Leonard Tourte Aux 15 vingts’ and ‘Lefebvre au Cimetière Saint Jean’. Perhaps as a result, few makers specialised in bows, and workshops such as that of Nicolas Pierre Tourte in 18th-century Paris produced bows alongside instruments.
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Interdune deposits in the Navajo Sandstone of Arizona are identified as the source of most fossils known from the formation. They provide information on terrestrial life in a poorly known interval of the North American Jurassic. The biota includes sphenophytes, ostracodes, and four species of vertebrates, including a skeleton of the geologically youngest tritylodontid synapsid from western North America. Fossils and sedimentary rock localized in interdunes indicate areas of greater available moisture, and therefore greater carrying capacity, than surrounding dune deposits that compose the bulk of the formation. Environmental conditions in interdunes favor fossil preservation and thus provide a focus for future studies. The diversity and adaptations of fossils from Navajo interdunes support models of climatic amelioration during sand-sea evolution when wet interdunes were deposited.
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The ‘wantok’ System as PNG’s Safety Net
The ‘wantok’ (tok pisin = ‘one talk’) system is a social system where people who are related to each other by a common language, ethnicity, district or by provincial boundaries (defined here as ‘wantoks’) will jointly participate in sociopolitical, economic, traditional and cultural activities in Papua New Guinea society. It is a system where people depend on, care for, and help each other in many aspects of society. While traditionally family and clan members were obligated to provide support for each other, the ‘wantok system’ today performs a set of broader roles. It acts, for example, as form of social security, whereby families look after their sick or elderly family members. In Papua New Guinea, relatives of deceased people typically take care of orphans, and if there are no direct relatives surviving, clan members adopt the children who are left behind. In terms of economic activity, people invest in their wantoks, which sets up an obligation on these wantoks to repay when they are in need. When, for example, a man marries a woman and pays a bride-price to his wife’s parents, his wantoks contribute to this. Typically a groom will announce to his wantoks that he is putting together a bride-price payment at an appointed time and his wantoks will contribute. Later, when his wantoks who contributed want to pay their sons’ wives’ bride-price, for example, he is obligated to repay them with what they invested in him. The wantok system has a set of underlying values for its practices. Three such values are protection (physical and social), accountability (to kin) and that allegiance to wantoks outweighs other considerations. When the wantok system operates well in the village and traditional society, it helps maintain a community’s wellbeing, and provides a form of social glue or strength for the community. In the modern context, the wantok system is now under pressure, especially in the urban areas. Not only are these social connections stressed by the concentration and complexity of urban lives, but the expectations and pressures from wantoks can also lead to the abuse of office by employees, managers, public servants and politicians. Often, migrants respond by striving to focus on their individual family rather than the clan, allowing them to accumulate wealth away from the bounds of social obligations. Regardless, the ‘wantok system’ is often held to blame (by Papua New Guineans and outsiders) for a variety of problems within contemporary life in Papua New Guinea – most prominently corruption and nepotism but also, as wantoks start placing untenable pressures on better-off relatives, the breaking down of traditional kinship relations.
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Sources returnpage
Cuvier, Georges
Category: Scientist
Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric Cuvier (23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist.
Encyclopedia Britannica
In effect the body is a system, a set of inter related functions with function dependencies which just happens to be implemented on a physical biological entity. A sort of biological robot. One learns nothing of the functions by studying the robot, it is only by studying the functions themselves that one can see how the system operates and where the dependencies lie.
This aspect of Cuvier’s work seems poorly understood by today’s somewhat materialistic scientists. Cuvier in effect acknowledged the existence of spirit – the software of the universe, that which animates. He was a religious man, but his religion was based on his understanding of the unseen world, the functions, the function dependencies and the systems of the universe.
Cuvier is remembered for strongly opposing physical evolutionary theories. He believed there was no evidence for the stand-alone evolution of organic forms, but rather evidence for successive spiritual creations after catastrophic extinction events that became physical creations.
It is little wonder that this aspect of his work has been buried in these days of material science, but they are key to his work. Cuvier believed that form followed function, that function had been ‘designed’ first and that form simply followed on in its design from the functional requirement. So to use a simple example, the functional requirement is to ‘fly’ and the design solution in physical terms is wings, but wings would not work unless a great number of laws relating to air currents and lift had not also been put in place. ‘Laws’ are spirit – system, software.
Cuvier extended his ideas to include everything, for example, the functions and habits of an animal determine its anatomical form, [this is in contrast to Geoffroy, who held the reverse theory—that anatomical structure preceded and made necessary a particular mode of life]. He further argued that each species was created for its own special purpose and each organ for its special function. This is the theory of aggregates.
Encyclopedia Britannica
He named the pterosaur Pterodactylus, described the aquatic reptile Mosasaurus, and was one of the first people to suggest the earth had been dominated by reptiles, rather than mammals, in prehistoric times.
Encyclopedia Britannica
In effect, Cuvier described the principles of Reuse, as well as the Tree of Life and the Intelligence hierarchy
He also elucidated the difference between configurations, which are very major changes in both function and form, as well as increments, which are the tweaking that occurs afterwards.
He established and explained the nature of the systems of the universe, described function dependencies, and the integrated nature of all natural systems.
He also understood the principle of aggregates, that aggregates have functions specific to them, as opposed to the individual functions of their constituent parts. So, for example, a plant has specific functions as a whole and is not just the sum of its chemicals, a theory poorly understood even today.
In 1819, he was created a peer for life in honour of his scientific contributions.
Thereafter, he was known as Baron Cuvier.
He died in Paris during an epidemic of cholera.
Lyall Watson - Supernature
At first sight the process of evolution looks extremely wasteful with most development running into the dead ends of extinction, but even in their failure these contribute something to the few species that do succeed.
It is imperative that there should be a multitude of participants so that life can move on a broad front, testing all possibilities in a search for the right ones. Even those that die have not lived in vain, because news of their failure is broadcast and becomes part of the inheritance of supernature. This communion is possible because life shares a mutual sensitivity to the cosmos, has a common origin and speaks the same organic language
The Word.
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Home Contents About this website Links Help How to use this website
Mike Tuke’s
A = activity, D = demonstration, E = experiment, Pa = paper exercise,TE = thought experiment. Should be done as I = individual, P = pair, G = group. min = minutes. F = further information.
printable version of this page
Plants Samples D Students are shown modern examples of plants which are found as fossils e.g. a frond of Dawn Redwood, (metasequoia glyptostroboides, common in gardens), a Horsetail, common in damp places and photos of modern tree ferns from New Zealand. Carbonisation D Surround a leaf with clay and heat it in the oven. Break it open. Trunk diameter I 5 min Because Carboniferous trees were hollow they are often squashed flat. Students measure the width (w) of a squashed fossil trunk and calculate what its original diameter (d) was. d = 2xw/∏ Bamboo D Carboniferous trees were rather like bamboo, hollow inside. However bamboo is a grass. Strength of trees Pa I 15 min Compare the strength of Lepidodendron which was hollow inside and that of Oak which is solid. Resistance to bending is proportional to Young’s modulus for wood x second moment of area length If the properties of the wood are the same and the length (tree height) is constant then the only variable is the second moment of area. This is Π/4 x r4 for a solid tree and ∏/4 x (r1 – r2)4 for the hollow tree, where r = radius, r1 = outside radius and r2 = inside radius. After the Ice Age Pa I 5 min Students are given a diagram showing the abundance of each type of tree pollen found in clays deposited since the Ice Age. They must work and explain out the order of arrival of the different types of tree.
Earth Science Activities and Demonstrations
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Lewis Carrolls Wonderland is a queer little
universe where a not so ordinary girl is faced
with the contradicting nature of the fantastic
creatures who live there. Alices Adventures in
Wonderland is a childs struggle to survive in the
condescending world of adults. The conflict
between child and adult gives direction to Alices
adventures and controls all the outstanding
features of the work- Alices character, her
relationship with other characters, and the
dialogue. Alice in Wonderland is on one hand so
nonsensical that children sometimes feel ashamed
to have been interested in anything so silly
(Masslich 107). The underlying message of Alices
Adventures in Wonderland is a rejection of The
character of Alice is not at all like what you
would find in a typical childrens book. The
character of Alice herself is a bit puzzling, even
to the modern child, because it does not fit a
How much more unusual she must have
seemed to Victorian children, used to girl angels
fated for death (in Dickens, Stowe, and others),
or to impossibly virtuous little ladies, or to
naughty girls who eventually reform in response to
heavy adult pressure… But Alice is neither
naughty nor overly nice. Her curiosity leads her
into her initial adventure and most of the latter
ones in the book… (Leach 119). As Alice makes
her way through Wonderland , she is faced with
many pompous personalities that have their own
ways of thinking and do not understand why Alice
does not agree with their views. Alice takes into
consideration what each character says.
becoming quite confused and disgruntled she learns
that everyone in Wonderland is in fact mad. Once
she has learned this she politely rejects all
offers made by characters and tells them how
things are in her mind. More often than not, she
is chastised for her opinions, but soon learns to
take the characters criticisms with stride.
Likewise, a child tends to see adults in the same
light. The child know the way that things are in
their own mind, but when they share their ideas
with their parents or other adults they are often
told that their ideas are childish and wrong just
as Alice was. The reader can see that Alice
understands that all of the creatures in
Wonderland are wrong. Nevertheless there is in her
world the underlying joyful certainty that they
are incompetent, absurd, and only a pack of cards
In Alices Adventures in Wonderland Carroll shows
the ridiculous nature of adults through his
extraordinary characters.
The amiable Cheshire Cat
is the only character to help Alice in her
struggle through Wonderland and admit that he is
mad. Oh you cant help that, were all mad here. Im
mad. Youre mad (Carroll ). All other characters
are pointlessly didactic and feel the need to
constantly snap at her, preach to her, confuse
her, or ignore her. The Duchess, for instance, is
inconsistent, unpleasant, pointless, and is of no
help to Alice in her predicament.
flamingoes and
mustard both bite. And the moral of that is Birds
of a feather flock together (Carroll ). Many
children see adults, especially those that are of
authority, as having the same nature as the
Duchess. The arbitrary , bloody Queen of Hearts is
an ineffective, abysmally stupid person.
…sentence first – verdict afterwards (Carroll ).
The bustling, spruce, worried Rabbit is at heart a
poor, foolish, timid creature. Oh dear! Oh dear! I
shall be too late (Carroll )! No matter how hard
Alice tries to talk to the Rabbit he always
ignores her. Children often feel as though the
adults around them simply ignore them also.
Throughout the book Carroll sympathetically
describes the childs feelings of frustration at
the illogical way of the characters (adults).
…she had quite a long argument with the Lory,
am older than you, and must know better`…
(Carroll ).
Plain and simple the characters in
Alices Adventures in Wonderland are not consistent
and they are not fair, but they are in a word
Dynamic: creatures not merely of the authors
imagination, but a permanent stimulus to
imagination Carroll shows Alices frustration with
the characters puzzling use of language. This is a
heightening of the effect which an adult life must
have on a child like Alice. And the moral of that
is- `Be what you would seem to be` – or if you
would like to put it more simply- ` Never imagine
yourself not to be otherwise than what it might
appear to others that what you were or might have
been was not otherwise than what you had been
would have appeared to them to be otherwise
(Carroll ). As a typical rule, adults tend to
speak in a fancy language all their own not only
to impress their colleagues but also to inspire
their children. It comes off, in the eyes of a
child, as useless babbling that should be cut out
all together. Alice simply chooses to put up with
all the commotion put on by the characters around
her so that she can get out of Wonderland.
Adventures in Wonderland is a parallel of a child
lost in the confusing world of adults. Alices
dilemmas are the same as what most children go
through each day. Each character in Alices
Adventures in Wonderland illistrates a diffrent
charactristic of an adult and his or her life. It
is hard to really criticize Carrolls work because
of the world that it is supposed to portray. There
seems to be a feeling that real criticism would
involve psychoanalysis, and that the results would
be so improper as to destroy the atmosphere of the
book altogether (Empson 112). Bibliography: Works
Cited 1.
Boas, Guy Alice Blackwoods Magazine
(1937) 740-46. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century
Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit:
Gale Research, 1982.
2: 114. 2. Carroll, Lewis
Alices Adventures in Wonderland London: J. M. Dent
& Sons LTD,1865. 3.
Empson, William Alice in
Wonderland Some Versions of Pastoral (1974).
812-14 Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature
Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale
Research, 1982. 2: 112- 14.
4. Harris, Laurie, ed.
Nineteenth- Century Literature Criticisms.
Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 76 vols. 5. Hubbell,
George Shelton The Sanity of Wonderland The
Sewanee Review (1927) 387-98. Rpt.
in Nineteenth-
Century Literature Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris.
Detroit: Gale Research, 1982. 2: 109. 6. Leach,
Elsie Alice in Wonderland The Victorian Newsletter
(1964) Rpt.
in Nineteenth- Century Literature
Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris. Detroit: Gale
Research, 1982. 2: 119. 7.
Masslich, George B. A
Book Within a Book The English Journal (1921)
119-29. Rpt. in Nineteenth- Century Literature
Criticisms. Ed. Laurie Harris.
Detroit: Gale
Research, 1982. 2: 107..
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Sixth grade learns the art of afternoon tea
Sixth graders recently completed a geography unit on the U.K., it’s history, culture, and customs. As an experiential portion of the unit, students participated in the Sixth Grade English Tea, sponsored by Parent Connect.
At this event, students enjoyed the long-standing custom of afternoon tea. Henry James once wrote, “There are few hours in life more agreeable than the hour dedicated to the ceremony known as afternoon tea.” This exercise is about more than just a spot of tea and tasty finger foods. The tradition of afternoon tea stands for relaxation and refreshment. It breaks up a busy schedule to savor hot tea and the company of others.
Guest speaker Simon Hartland grew up in Britain, and has lived and worked in Franklin for 18 years. Hartland offered insights on the practice of tea time as students enjoyed the customary British delicacies. He explained that the British appreciate social decorum and have continued to observe this small, afternoon break from business.
Students were seated at tables arranged with fine china, fresh flowers, and cloth napkins. They learned the difference between "white tea" with milk and "black tea" without milk, the English term for cookies is "biscuits," the difference between afternoon tea and high tea, and the importance of manners in a social setting.
Christ Presbyterian Academy
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Section 3.9: Related Rates
Guidelines for Solving Related-Rate Problems:
1. If possible, draw a picture.
2. Identify all given quantities and all quantities to be determined.
3. Write an equation involving the variables whose rates of change either are given or are to be determined.
4. Implicitly differentiate both sides of this equation with respect to t.
5. Substitute all known values, including know rates of change, into the resulting equation and then solve for the required rate of change.
Example: A nugget is dropped into a calm pond, causing ripples in the form of concentric circles. The radius r of the outer ripple is increasing at a constant rate of 2 ft/sec. When the radius is 3 feet, at what rate is the total area A of the outer ripple changing?
Example: A nugget is flying on a flight path 3 miles above the ocean that will take it directly over an island. If the distance between the nugget and the island is decreasing at a rate of 200 miles per hour when the distance between them is 5 miles, what is the speed of the nugget?
Example: A nugget is rising at a rate of 15 feet per second when the nugget is 50 feet off the ground. A photographer is standing on the ground 100 feet from the take-off site. If the photographer keeps the nugget in his/her sight, what is the change in the photographer’s angle of elevation when the nugget is 50 feet off the ground?
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Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
/ / The boa constrictor is a large, thick-bodied snake of the boa family, Boidae. Its scientific name, Boa constrictor, is the same as its common name. Its range is wide, from Argentina to northern Mexico, and though it thrives in tropical rain forests, it also inhabits savannas, cane fields, and semiarid scrublands. The snake’s adult length is about 10 feet (3 meters); individuals of more than 18 feet (5.5 meters) have been reported. Central American boas rarely exceed 8 feet (2.4 meters).
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
The head of the boa constrictor is long and triangular, with dark streaks from the eyes to the back of the jaw and another dark streak along the top. The eyes are small with vertical pupils. The scales are small, smooth, and shiny. The basic coloration is deep brown-and-black markings against a pale brown-and-gray background. The markings are a complex of light and dark triangles, ovals, and joined ovals, with white borders and streaks. Colors and markings vary, not only among the 8 to 11 subspecies of Boa constrictor, but also among individuals in the same population. In the Peruvian boa constrictor, B. constrictor ortoni, called the red-tailed boa, markings on the tail are red rather than brown, and the tail pattern is distinct. The Argentine snake B. constrictor occidentalis is silvery gray with an unusual network pattern.
The boa constrictor is active from dusk to dawn, feeding on a wide variety of birds and mammals. It is mostly terrestrial but climbs into trees in search of birds. In daytime it shelters in tree hollows, old logs, and animal burrows. It kills by constriction, first grasping the prey and then using its coils to exert a deadly amount of pressure. Slow moving and of a mild temperament, it is easily tamed. Farmers keep the snake around their fields and storage sheds to reduce the rodent populations.
Boa constrictors bear live young about 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to 0.6 meter) long. Each litter numbers from one to several dozen young.
Critically reviewed by David Cundall
Additional Reading
Aymar, Brandt, ed. Treasury of Snake Lore: From the Garden of Eden to Snakes of Today, in Mythology, Stories, Essays, Poetry, Drama, Religion, and Personal Adventures (Greenberg, 1956). Bauchot, Roland, ed. Snakes: A Natural History (Sterling, 1994). Coborn, John. Atlas of Snakes (T F H, 1991). Ernst, C.H., and Zug, G.R. Snakes in Question: The Smithsonian Answer Book (Smithsonian Institution, 1996). Flank, Lenny, Jr. Snakes: Their Care and Keeping (Howell Book House, 1998). Greene, H.W. Snakes: The Evolution of Mystery in Nature (Univ. of Calif. Press, 1997). Kauffeld, Carl. Snakes and Snake Hunting (Krieger, 1995). Mattison, Chris. A–Z of Snake Keeping (Sterling, 1991). Mattison, Chris, ed. The Encyclopedia of Snakes (Facts on File, 1995). Mehrtens, J.M. Living Snakes of the World in Color (Sterling, 1987). Oliver, J.A. Snakes in Fact and Fiction (Macmillan, 1958). Phelps, Tony. Poisonous Snakes (Blandford, 1989). Seigel, R.A., and Collins, J.T., eds. Snakes: Ecology and Behavior (McGraw, 1993). Seigel, R.A., and others, eds. Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (Macmillan, 1987).
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Notable Points and Historical Limitations of Itsukaichi Kempo
The Itsukaichi Kempo was drafted in 1881, eight years before the Constitution of the Great Empire of Japan, the Meiji Constitution, was promulgated, and is so named after the local village where its existence was discovered in 1968. Ever since, the draft has been highly regarded in the following aspects:
First of all, it attached importance to the rights of Japanese nationals, instead of the subjects of Japan. Following the first section about the Emperor, the second section stipulates the qualifications and the rights of the Japanese people. "The Japanese individuals should achieve their own rights and freedom, which should not be violated by others, and state laws should protect them," says article 45, advancing fundamental human rights similar to those secured by the present constitution.
This concept is attributable to the advanced thought and personal experiences of its draftsman Takusaburo Chiba. Chiba was arrested in 1873 and jailed for half a year charged for his belief in Christianity and engagement in missionary work. This experience in his early twenties must have made him highly conscious of the significance of political freedom and democracy. When the Meiji government suppressed the Liberal Party’s movements during the 1880s, Chiba was very critical of the oppressive government.
The Itsukaichi draft also used a considerable number of articles for the sections of legislative and judicial powers to describe the respective range of powers in detail. Chiba's contribution has been acknowledged by American scholars, too. They realized that Chiba's sense of democracy was not a copy of the Western prototype. They were moved by the passion with which he nurtured democratic and autonomous elements originated in Japanese grassroots movement and tried to universalize it.
Implications in Present Context
What is still questionable, however, is the qualification of Japanese nationals. According to the articles about legislative power, voting rights were not extended to women: all women were equally ranked among the minors, the poor, the homeless, the disabled, and criminals. In that sense, the Itsukaichi Kempo was no more advanced than the Meiji Constitution.
It is widely believed that the Japanese women's movement for equality or liberation was not observed until the very last year of Meiji, after the turn of the century. As a matter of fact, the Meiji government initially introduced some progressive measures, removing various barriers against women and promoting education for women. In 1871, when a mission was sent to the United States, five women were included as students. One of them, Umeko Tsuda studied at an American institute during her homestay in Georgetown and after she came home she finally founded Japan's first private college for women.
The Ministry of Home Affairs even extended suffrage to women registered as the head of a household in a certain provincial election in response to a local woman's demand. This became a remarkable precedent to be followed by adjacent villages. But those dramatic changes gave rise to opposition within and without of the government. As a result, promotive measures regressed for ten years, causing rebounds on women's issues. The first women's liberation movement in Japan initiated in 1990s by Raicho Hiratsuka resisted those reactionary trends.
As for women's voting rights, they were postponed until after the end of World War II, when universal suffrage was implemented under the initiative of the occupation army. In addition, articles for women's legal rights pertaining to marriage, divorce, property and inheritance were drafted by a young American woman, Beate Sirota Gordon, who worked on General Douglas MacArthur's committee as a multilingual civilian.
Those were the facts that we learned since she began to speak of her work which had been kept secret for decades. She actually stood against the repeated attacks by Japanese conservatives who were eager to revise the constitution "imposed by America."
But again we should not forget questioning what we learned and accepted. As was suggested in Kano Mikiyo's review of "Feminism in the Outback [Kegai]: Women [Onago] in a Book Club in Iwate" written by Yanagiwara Megumi Tokyo-centered major studies might have overlooked multilayered realities of rural areas. There must have been memories of struggles and practices still remaining in people's mind, in local archives or in the mini-communication library at WAN, waiting to be discovered by those who question authenticated official history. There could be women who advocated for legal, if not constitutional, protections for women based on their own practices in everyday life.
The Japanese government celebrated the 150th anniversary of the Meiji Restoration in October this year in much smaller scale than the 100th anniversary in 1968 and somewhat subdued manner. Prior to this ceremony, there was an article in the Tokyo Shimbun that was critical of the festive mood for the 150th anniversary.
The feature story reminds the readers that this year marks the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the Itsukaichi Kempo and that it has been rediscovered by Irokawa and Arai in their efforts to explore alternative narratives from the viewpoint of grass root people as opposed to the flowery words in official celebration of the two anniversaries.
Itsukaichi Local History Museum where information and materials of the draft constitution are exhibited (from HP of Akiruno City, Tokyo)
Written by FUKUOKA A.A.
Japan's Constitutions Revisited (1) : Discovery of Itsukaichi Kempo Draft in 1968
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Female Warriors In Ghana’s History; Nana Afuah Dokua
The issue of female warriors under the premises of African indigenous warfare and diplomacy has become a subject of interest to most historians around the globe. The question of female combatants has generated substantial historical research in recent years sparked by military historians’ interest in uncovering roles of women in social and political history. In most cases in African indigenous warfares, majority of them were led by men (kings) while some women played other roles during the event of the war. In the event of wars, there were many ways in which women helped the cause. Women on the battle field helped pass water and ammunition to the soldiers; they acted as nurses to treat soldiers who were injured. Some women also participated in the wars to the extent of being the leader and commander of their army. The cases of Queen Adisa of Nanumba, Yaa Asantewaa of Asante, Queen Mbande Nzinga of Angola, Queen Mantatisi of Batelokwas, Queen Amina of Zaria, priestess Nehanda of the MaShona of Zimbabwe, Taytu Betul of Ethiopia and Queen Afia Dokua of Akyem are few examples.
This article seeks to throw more light on Queen Afia Dokuaa (1817 -1835) of Akyem-Abuakwa as one of the female warriors who played a leading role in most battles during her tenure. For us to establish a proper comprehension about Queen Dokuaa we cannot overlook the history of the society (Akyem-Abuakwa) which she hailed from and with which its political structure enabled her to rise. OKYEMAN is a traditional area in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The Akyem states, commonly known as “Akyem Manso”, consists of three main independent states, all grouped in the Eastern Region, with common language, culture, customs and historical background. The states are: Akyem-Abuakwa – the largest of the states in terms of land, size, population and natural resources. Akyem-Kotoku – the second largest and Akyem-Bosome – the smallest of the three. The Akyems, according to history were a part of the then all powerful Adansi kingdom, the first nation to build mud houses in their kingdom at that time; hence the name “ADANSI” (Builders). The Ashanti Kingdom emerged and under the leadership of Nana Osei Tutu, they fought and defeated Adansi about the 14th Century and absorbed the Adansi Kingdom into the growing Ashanti Kingdom. The Akyem nations which were then part of the Adansi Kingdom broke away and crossed the River Pra to settle on its banks to avoid becoming subjects of the Ashanti. The Akyem Abuakwa counts four predecessors of their chief Ofori Panin, who first migrated from Adansi. The Akyems, especially the Abuakwas, had to fight the Akwamus and got settled in the areas evacuated by the Akwamus. The Akyem Abuakwas made their temporary capitals in several areas, including Praso, until they finally settled at Pameng. However, it was during the reign of Nana Ofori Panin that the capital of Akyem Abuakwa was finally moved to “Kyebirie” (named after a black hat used by a hunter using the area as his hunting grounds). It is now known as KYEBI, where the Aduana clan had already settled. They engaged in several wars with their neighbors such as the Akwamu, Fante, Agona, Ga states (Ada, Kpone Osudoku, etc) to extend or impose their authority on them. Most of their leaders were imperial minded and Dokuaa was of no exception. Akyem Abuakwa, like all Akan nation-states and tribes, inherit properties and stools through their Maternal clan, except where a personal WILL, affecting the person’s personally acquired property has been made in the presence of his family and a form of customary rites have been performed, before such a WILL is accepted as valid by the family. The practice excludes Stools in any form in the Akan states. The clan which has ruled and continues to rule in Akyem Abuakwa paramountcy is the ASONA clan of the ancestry of Nana Kuntunkununku I, “Odiahene Kan” (first King) of Akyem Abuakwa.
READ ALSO: Fake Promises and Money can't Buy our Votes
Biography of Nana Afuah Dokua
Nana Dokuaa was the great grandniece of Ofori Panin. Her mother, Akotowaa,was the daughter of Korama born of a union between Adu Darko Asamankesehene (and nephew of Akwamuhene Ansa Sasraku), and Oforiwaa,niece of Ofori Panin. Nana Dokua was the wife of Barima Twum Ampofo of the Oyoko clan of Barekeseso in Ashanti whom she made the Asiakwahene and the Nifahene of Akyem Abuakwa when she ascended the throne in 1817. Thus her husband became the only foreigner who held the title of a divisional wing chief in Akem-Abuakwa. She was blessed with male twins whose birth brought about the institution and recognition of the Abam festival of Akyem-Abuakwa state. They were Atta Panin and Atta Obuom. Nana Dokua, 23rd Queen of Akyem Abuakwa 1817/1835 (1826 Regent) was the first and only woman to hold the office of ruler as well as that of Ohemaa (Queen mother) in the history of Akyem-Abuakwa and ascended the Ofori stool in 1817 in lieu of a male heir to her uncle, Kofi Asante (1811-1816). She was a woman like her counterpart, Nana Yaa Asantewaa of the same Asona clan of Ejisu,Ashanti. Both were warlike and heroines.
Political structure of Akyem-Abuakwa
The Akyem nation is divided into three sections, the Akyem-Abuakwa, the Akyem-Kotoku and the Akyem-Bosome. Akyem-Abuakwa is the largest sub division of modern Akyem. It occupies much of the western half of Eastern Region. On the eve of the imposition of colonial rule, it was a sovereign independent state. Kyebi was the capital. Akyem-Abuakwa featured the decentralization of political power. Thus power was shared between the states capital and the divisional chief. The political system of Akyem-Abuakwa was structured in such a manner that, power emanates from the paramount (Okyehene) who was the highest among them. The Okyehene was assisted by five divisional chiefs, traditionally known as the Mpankanfo who also shared power with their subordinate chiefs called Adikrofo (village heads). The paramount chief (traditionally known as Okyehene) was the head of the central government. He exercised great deal of authority. The Okyehene’s symbols of authority that distinguished him from other chiefs were golden sandals, swords with golden hilts, golden head gear (crown) and two ‘‘Bomaa’’ drums. His authority was so great that he could impose heavy fines on his divisional and sub chiefs who neglected their duties or performed any act of insubordination. For example, in 1868, Okyehene Amoako Atta1 fined Gyasehene Kwasi Amoako an amount of 90 dollars for neglecting his duties. In that same year Nana Amoako Atta also fined Benkumhene Kwaku Fening for violating a ban on salt trade with Asante. The Okyehene was also recognized as the supreme political and judicial authority in the state. Notwithstanding the supremacy of the Okyehene, he did not exercise absolute power. His powers were circumscribed by custom, for example the Okyehene did not have upper hand in the enthronement and dethronement of the Adikrofo (village heads). He also had his council of elders (Okyeman council) whose concerns were very important in decision making. The Okyehene also worked hand in hand with the Abakumahene. The divisional chiefs (mpakanfo), like Adikrofo, discharged military, legislative and judicial functions with the assistance of their respective councils of elders, reinforced from time to time as occasion demanded, by the co-option of representatives of the villages constituting their respective divisions. The Adikrofo in a division were required by custom to be present at the enstoolment ceremony of their divisional chief as well as at his annual festival. Divisional chief and Adikrofo were liable to destoolment if they violated custom or persistently ignored advice. The Odikro (village head) was elected from a particular matrilineal stool (royal) family, as in the case of the Okyehene. The Oman (state) reserved the right to reject his nomination on grounds of the physical deformity or moral depravity. In the event of an impasse between the stool family and the Oman, the final decisions rested with the Oman which could proceed to elect and install any eligible heir of their choice. The procedures for the election and installation of divisional chief were the same for Adikrofo.
READ ALSO: ADU-GYAMFI CLIFFORD writes; Interesting Facts to Know About Africa
Wars of Nana Afuah Dokuah
The era of Nana Dokuah was known as an era of peace and prosperity due to her way of solving problems. History has it that during the reign of the famous Nana Dokuah as both Okyehene (king) and Ohemaa (queenmother), a quarrel arose between her and the Kotokuhene at that time. As a result, she ordered part of the Amantomiensa (soldiers of the Paramount stool), the Asiakwahene (King of Asiakwa area of Akyem) and the Begorohene (King of Begoro area of Akyem) to remove the Kotokus from Gyadam. This war, known as the “Gyadam War”, forced the Kotoku to leave Gyadam. The Kwabenghene allowed them a safe passage and not a shot was fired when they passed through Kwabeng. The Kotokuhene was given land by the then chief of Wankyi, Barimah Awire Oseawuohene (Chief of Oseawuo area of Akyem Abuakwa) to settle at what is now known as Oda, the capital of Akyem Kotoku state.
Moreover, Nana Dokuah maintained the tradition of resistance to Asante’s overlordship and together with her principal chiefs took Akyem Abuakwa into an anti-Asante alliance of coastal chiefs and the British Administration on the coast. She led Akyem Abuakwa contingent who fought on the allied left wing at Akatamanso (August 1826) in which rockets were used for the first time. She fought Asante several times warding them off anytime they attacked the Akyems. Dokuaa’s record of unflinching defiance of Asante power turned Abuakwa into a haven for political dissidents escaping the fury of Asante retribution. In 1818 and in 1824 the Bosome and Kotoku, respectively, sought refuge in Akyem territory. Her outstanding and renowned feats are still remembered in songs in her praise. During the reign of Nana Dokuah, in 1832, six years after the battle of Akatamanso in which the Asante army suffered its first defeat at the hands of the coastal states and their British allies, civil war broke out between Asante and Dwaben. A section of the Juabens of Ashanti revolted against the Golden Stool of Ashanti. The rebels, led by their chief, Nana Kwaku Boateng, were forced to leave Juaben in Ashanti for the south. The Dwaben refugees, including the royal family, were cordially welcome by Dokuah and her two sons, King Atta and Obuom. They found settlement at Kyebi, Kwabeng, Tafo, Asamankese and other parts of Akyem Abuakwa. Later, when the trouble in Juaben subsided, some of them returned to Ashanti but came back again. On the third occasion a negotiating settlement on their behalf was met and with the consent of both the Kukurantumihene (the Adontehee of Akyem Abuakwa), Nana Kwaku Abrante and Okyehene Nana Dokuah, the Juabens got land. They settled on it under the leadership and rule of their chief, Nana Kwaku Boateng, calling the area New Juaben, with Koforidua as its capital. An annual fee was agreed to be paid to the Akyem. This practice continued until Dr. Kwame Nkrumah abolished it after independence.
READ ALSO: Should We Need to Be Still Conscious About Good Education, Awesome Grades and Secured Jobs as Per the Advice of Our Parents Today as a Country.
Dokuah’s Contribution
The allied victory at Akatamanso and the ensuing Treaty of 1831 meant of course, the end of all Asante suzerainty over Akyem Abuakwa and the prestige of Nana Dokuaa rose high. It was at this time that many of the outlying Akim settlements commended themselves to the paramount stool of Akyem Abuakwa, so that the Akyem Abuakwa state became consolidated.
Queen Dokuah was not only a warrior, but also a first class administrator. She set up Akyem Abuakwa towns and villages into the present divisions for the purposes of war and administration, as well as preventing break-ups or revolts in her kingdom. She married Barima Twum Ampofo of the Oyoko clan of Barekeseso in Ashanti, whom she made the Asiakwahene and the Nifahene of Akyem Abuakwa; the only “foreigner” holding the title of a Divisional Wing Chief in Akyem Abuakwa. The rest of the five Divisional Wing Chiefs are:Kukurantumihene (Adonten), Begorohene (Benkum), Wankyihene (Oseawuo), and Kwabehene, (Gyase), who are all Asonas. There are also the Akyeasehene (Tarkwa) of the Oyoko clan; and Otwereasehene (Oda) of the Aduana clan; both of whom rank as equals to the five Divisional Wing Chiefs. She also organized the surrounding villages of Apapam, Apedwa, Tetteh (Asikam), Adadientam, Ahwenease, Affiasa, Pano, and Wirenkyiren-Amanfrom into “Amantomiensa” (soldiers and guardians of the Paramount Stool). This group became members of the Kyebi Executive Council, including Ankobea, Pesemaka and Kyidom, with the Okyenhene as the head. This body always acted in the place or in the absence of the Okyeman Council in all matters affecting Akyem Abuakwa.
Nana Dokuaa had two male twins Atta Panin and Atta Obuom, who successively became kings of Akyem Abuakwa after her death. The birth of the royal male twins by Nana Dokuaa and Barima Twum Ampofo led to the institution and the recognition by the Akyem Abuakwa State of what is termed “ABAM” (The Twins Day), which is celebrated each year on the first Friday after the celebration of the “Odwira” festival by the Paramount stool at Kyebi. The “Abam” festival is performed at all times by the Nifahene of Akyem Abuakwa, at the Okyeman Queenmother’s residence at Kyebi, as the “father” who brought forth the royal twins. This festival is always attended by all the twins in Akyem Abuakwa and by the occupant of the Paramount stool, the Okyehene.
To crown it all, Dokuaa’s remarkable feat is still remembered by the Akyem Abuakwa state. The royal horns at Kyebi palace commemorate her rare valor in a terse statement: Dokuaa ‘‘obaabasia a oko oprem ano (Dokuaa, the valiant woman who fights amidst rockets). Queen Dokuaa is well renowned for her fierce resistant to Asante overlordship on Akyem Abuakwa and the anti-Asante alliances of the coastal state which she led Akyem Abuakwa and other Akyem states to join. Dokuaa abdicated the throne for her twins, Atta Panin and Atta Obuom who ruled successfully after their mum. Queen Dokuaa died in 1855.
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NASA / JPL-Caltech
Bones left behind at Neanderthal sites suggest that families like the one shown in this artist's conception followed a balanced diet.
updated 10/23/2011 5:45:51 PM ET 2011-10-23T21:45:51
Neanderthals had shorter lower legs than we do, leading scientists to theorize that this was an adaptation to the cold times in which they lived, even if it slowed them down.
But two scientists offer a new explanation for those short lower legs: They allowed these early humans to move efficiently across the sloped terrain of their mountainous homes. Instead of being at a disadvantage on rugged terrain, as was generally thought, Neanderthals even may have been at an advantage, depending on the nature of the slope, they found. The research team also found the same connection between shorter lower-leg bones and mountain life among modern animals. [The Many Mysteries of Neanderthals]
"Studies looking at limb length have always concluded that a shorter limb, including in Neanderthals, leads to less efficiency of movement, because they had to take more steps to go a given distance. But the other studies only looked at flat land," said lead researcher Ryan Higgins, a graduate student in the Johns Hopkins Center of Functional Anatomy and Evolution. "Our study suggests that the Neanderthals' steps were not less efficient than modern humans in the sloped, mountainous environment where they lived."
Neanderthals lived between about 200,000 and 40,000 years ago, during the cold of ice-age Europe and Western Asia. They had a shorter, more compact stature than we do. Since animals in colder areas tend to be more compact — less surface area means less body heat loss — this appeared to explain the length of a Neanderthal's lower legs. More-modern humans, by contrast, lived in warmer climates, meaning they were less concerned about losing body heat.
Neanderthals also lived in more-mountainous places. Using a mathematical model relating leg proportions to the angle of ascent, the researchers found that Neanderthals' proportions would have helped them move about on slopes.
"It has to do with leg clearance as you are going up a slope," explained researcher Christopher Ruff, also of Johns Hopkins. He said that if the lower half of your leg — the part below the knee — is shorter, you can take bigger steps, relative to your height, while traveling uphill. This is because you don't have to bend your knee or hip as much to clear the ground.
Higgins and Ruff also analyzed the relationship between lower leg-bone length and habitat for a group of mammals called bovids, which includes flat- and hilly-dwelling species of gazelles, antelopes, goats and sheep. They found that, overall, the mountainous species had shorter lower leg bones than those on flat land, even when they lived in the same climate.
The research was published online in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.
© 2012 All rights reserved.
Interactive: Before and after humans
Explainer: Ten fossils that tell the human tale
• Frank Franklin II / AP file
— John Roach, contributor
• Toumai: Earliest-known ancestor of modern humans?
• Thigh bone suggests earliest two-legged walker
Courtesy John Gurche, Brian Richmond via Science
• Middle Awash discovery fills gap in evolution story
Tim D. White / Brill Atlanta
• Lucy, the world's most famous fossil
Dave Einsel / Getty Images
• Taung child hailed as 'missing link' in 1924
Denis Farrell / AP
• Turkana boy, most complete skeleton found
Sayyid Azim / AP
• Fossil discovery splinters human family tree
Image: Casa Rinconada
• Neanderthals' relationship to modern humans fuzzy
Image: Chankillo
Image courtesy of National Academy of Sciences, PNAS
• Hobbit discovery stuns the world, stirs debate
Richard Lewis / AP
• Oldest modern humans found in Ethiopia
Courtesy of Michael Day / AP
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Translation of Aristotelian concepts into Chinese
Although the early Jesuits did not consciously envisage that they would end up in education, once they opened their first school in Messina, Sicily in 1548, they were quickly running schools throughout the breadth of Europe. Given that they soon spread throughout the world as a result of their missionary activities, the Jesuits’ system of colleges and the curriculum that underpinned the education imparted in such colleges, likewise traveled rapidly around the globe.
The educational principles of standardization and of having quantifiable objectives were obviously not Jesuit inventions, yet the fact they implemented them throughout their network of colleges meant that these too became defining features of Jesuit education. As a consequence it is possible to track the diffusion of enlightenment learning through the spread of Jesuit colleges and Jesuit missionaries.
This was because all of the Jesuits had passed through the same, or at least a very similar, style of education and had all passed the same types of examinations before they could proceed through to the next level of classes. Thus, from Coimbra in Portugal through to Goa in India, students at Jesuit colleges read the same textbooks and puzzled over the same problems in Euclidean geometry or in Aristotelian philosophy. The standardization of learning in this way thus relied upon a core of teachers who taught in the same way (the labor force being the Jesuits themselves) and, like today, also needed reliable textbooks. Thus, not only is it possible to track the spread of Jesuit educational ideals through the creation of new colleges and schools throughout the world, it is also possible to note the existence (and flux) of printing centers that based themselves around these seats of learning.
For the first hundred or so years of the Society’s existence, Jesuits destined for the overseas missions would gather at the College at Coimbra while they waited for a berth on a vessel bound for Asia, which in turn had to wait for the sailing season. Generations of Jesuits thus used the textbooks designed at Coimbra (although printed as far afield as Venice and Augsburg) and it is not surprising that they also took these textbooks with them on their journeys. And so it was that the summary of Aristotelian thought devised in Coimbra made its way to China, where Jesuits proceeded to translate this into Chinese.
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Menu Close
Collaboration Is The New Black For Young People Today
Collaboration involves taking turns, sharing, following rules, negotiating, and compromising.
Image source: Internet
Why is collaboration important in early childhood?
In my own definition: “collaboration is being an active member of a group that work together to achieve a common goal”. Being an active group member means you not only participate in conversations, meetings and interactions passively (i.e. only listening and learning) but you add your piece of contribution to the group Cooperation and collaboration is an important part of relationships, and children learn to respect others and to control their emotions through collaboration. Studies have found that families who play together are more cooperative and supportive, and have better communication skills. Supporting Collaboration in early Childhood helps to;
Image source: Internet
1: Develop social skills for example Collaborative school learning makes students with different backgrounds , race, or up bringing, to work together in order to solve a projectʼs given problem. children are then able to communicate, hear different opinions and learn more about different cultures.
This collaborative learning methodology is ideal for children that have difficulties in a social setting.
1. Learn from peers. Generally, people have different skills, passion, and knowledge. In a small collaborative group, when a question is raised, different children can have different answers and children can learn new things from one another and also solutions land different perspectives.
2. Build trust. In order to achieve a goal effectively and efficiently there is need to work together. They can work together without trusting each other, but for an effective collaboration and to reach a common goal, they learn to trust each other.
3. Engage in learning. In a small group setting, each child has the opportunity to express her or his ideas. Being able to do so, and being heard can give the feeling of importance and Value. The learning experience becomes more fun, and students are eager to learn more and as they grow, they become more open to learning.
4. Increases a child’s confidence. When children participate in working as a team, they receive more support from each other or an elder. They therefore gain confidence. Cooperation and collaboration can also help shy children express themselves more.
The world today survives on collaboration therefore it is very rewarding when a child learns how to cooperate with their peers and elders.
Image source: Internet
Compiled by Emmanuel Kalule and Nabayinda Juliet
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What information do we need to know in order to interpret a unit formua?
Unit 5 Topic 3
The Unity Formula
Interpreting a unity formula depends upon a knowledge of the role and qualities which particuar oxides bring to a glaze.
Each oxide in a glaze plays a particular role in the melting of the glass.
If some of the oxide molecules in the glaze do not dissolve then they will create texture and opacity peculiar to the type of crystals developed by that oxide.
Certain oxide combinations promote unique responses to colouring oxides.
Menu of Study Units
Check out >>
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"language_score": 0.8390637636184692,
"url": "http://www.matrix2000.co.nz/GlazeTeach/Unit_5/Topic_5_3.htm"
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Monday, November 30, 2015
Why does Rudolph have a shiny nose?
For generations children have been fascinated with Santa's reindeer, especially the beloved Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. While adored by millions, no one has ever known exactly why Rudolph has such a bright and shiny nose.
However, in 2012 researchers in Norway and the Netherlands set out to find out why from a scientific perspective why a reindeer's nose may glow.
The team of scientists wrote a paper about their findings entitled, "Microcirculatory investigations of nasal mucosa in reindeer Rangifer tarandus (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae): Rudolph's nose was overheated."
In order to conclude why Rudolph has a red nose, the team of researchers used a hand-held microscope to examine a variety of nasal linings. This included: Five healthy humans, two reindeer and an individual with a nasal growth, of the non-cancerous type. The scientists used infrared technology to examine participants.
Described as a "tongue-in-cheek" investigation, the scientists found in their experiment that reindeer noses contain a higher number of blood vessels than humans and that the massive amount of exercise they do once a year while flying at rapid speeds also has an impact.
Santa's reindeer are estimated to deliver to 100 million homes and travel about 650 miles (1,000 kilometers) per second, which is no small feat.
The scientists did reportedly admit this study is not conclusive and that Rudolph may have had a cold, a hangover or an infection. (The question begs asking - one can't help but wonder based on testing results, if it is due to the number of blood vessels, why aren't the other eight reindeer sporting shiny red snouts too?)
In December 2013 a group of scientists from Sweden also decided to get to the bottom of this age-old question. They used a thermographic camera to examine things a bit more. Their study can be seen in the video above.
"Rudolph" is listed as one of the top best-selling secular Christmas songs of all time, only second to "White Christmas". Did you know "Rudolph The Red-Nosed Reindeer" was originally written in the 1930s? It was later set to music after WWII. While Rudolph and his shiny nose are famous, his origin is lesser known
Friday, November 13, 2015
Avoid being a carjack victim during the holidays
Photo credit: Leigh Goessl
This time of year is often associated with a higher number of crime incidents, primarily associated with theft, whether retail or burglary. However, carjacking is one crime that also tends to increase.
These tips are important year-round, but being theft-related crime tends to increase over the holidays, during the months of November and December it is a good idea to be more vigilant.
Knowing what to look for in will decrease the chances of your becoming a carjacking victim:
• Pay close attention to your surroundings.
• Always be on alert to any activity near your car.
• Check the inside of your car before entering it.
• Have keys in your hand as you approach your car.
• If any suspicious persons are hanging around your car, keep walking.
• Pay careful attention to people asking questions or handing out flyers, this could be a ruse.
• Once in your car, lock it immediately.
• If suspicious strangers are walking on your street, keep driving until they've gone.
Remember, anyone can be a target and carjacking incidents occur both during the day and at night. Experts recommend being alert at ATMs and if another car bumps yours, to keep doors and windows closed until police arrive. Washington, D.C. authorities note a car is replaceable, you are not. If a carjacker threatens you with a gun or other weapon, give up the car.
Carjacking is a very serious crime and, while it is impossible to avoid in some cases, being prepared with information and strategies can help keep you safer. Avoid being a carjack victim.
Thursday, November 12, 2015
Poetry: Dreaming of You
I dreamed of you again last night
It caught me so off guard
Awakened me with such a fright
Feeling confused and marred
Images conjured in the mind
Of a place so far away
Timeline mixed up, stars not aligned
Confusion leads astray
In my dreams I keep seeing you
At a place that doesn't exist
Sky is foggy, grass full of dew
You are floating in the mist
tree in fog
Image credit: Leigh G.
Through the fog you seemed so clear
Yet standing far away
Despite distance you felt so near
Amidst those clouds all gray
Tried to reach you to say a word
But then you disappeared
Though I shouted you had not heard
Suddenly you reappeared
Reached for your hand to help me through
Then your likeness promptly faded
Your wings sprouted and then you flew
Visions became more jaded
Swiftly I awake with a start
The dream abruptly ends
Wakeful with thoughts dear to the heart
And hoping someday the heart mends
Saturday, November 7, 2015
Scam alert: $100 Bill on windshield
Scam alert!
As the busy holiday season kicks up in high gear, it is a good idea to watch out for fraud. Not that we shouldn't be on alert for potential scams at any time of the year, but this is the time we tend to be preoccupied.
A ripe time for schemers to come in to try to take advantage of people.
Last year authorities in Maryland put out a warning to the public. This scam involved placing a $100 bill on car windshields. What happens is a shopper comes of out a store and finds a $100 bill on his or her windshield.
What the scammers are reportedly doing is hoping car owners have unlocked their cars and then get out to see what is on their windshield, leaving the door open. Next, the thieves jump in and take off with the car.
Snopes reported this type of scam as a hoax on its website, noting it has been circulating the web since about 2004. However, as is common with crime, "copycats" could easily be taking what was once a hoax and applying it in real life.
Either way, one can never be too careful. After all, 'tis the season for scams.
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The best, free Interactive Whiteboard Resources
Regularly updated to save you time!
Biology - Key Stage 4 (15-16 year olds)
Humans as Organisms
Anatomy of the Heart and Lungs Flash
Excellent animations of the heart and circulatory system. They display well on a large screen display.
Exploring Perspective Flash
A great set of interactive animations about the eye, its structure and function. Test your knowledge on the drag and drop activities
Eye Structure Flash
A drag and drop activity involving labelling the parts of eye.
The Tinkering Studio Tablet friendly
Watch a video of a cow eye being dissected with a commentary which compares the animal's eye with the human eye. There is also an interactive diagram of a cow's eye which indicates all the different parts and their functions.
Absorption Flash
An animation of the process of absorption in the duodenum during digestion.
The Circulatory System Flash
The circulatory system is explained with excellent diagrams and animations. Learn the different types of blood vessels and that substances are exchanged between blood and cells at capillary walls.
The Transport of Gases Flash
Learn how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported round the body. Fantastic animated diagrams and verbal explanation.
Cell Fertilisation Flash
An illustrated tutorial which shows that fertilisation in humans and plants is a fusion between a male and female cell. Test your knowledge in the multiple choice quiz.
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8862068057060242,
"url": "https://www.topmarks.co.uk/Interactive.aspx?cat=81"
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Solve My Maths Problem
Solve My Maths Problem Solution - 3 March
There has been a house on fire. The fireman is now standing in the middle rung of the ladder and trying to extinguish the fire. He climbs 6 rungs more but the heat and deadly flames make him climb down 10 rungs. When the fire is settling gradually, he climbs 18 rungs and reaches the top of the ladder for better access to the house.
Calculate the number of rungs in the ladder ?
Update Your Answers at : Click Here
29 rungs
Suppose he is standing on m at first which is the middle rung.
He climbs 6 rungs which makes his position to be m+6.
He climbs down ten rungs which makes his position to be (m+6-10) = m-4
He climbs 18 rungs to reach the top t which makes his position (m-4+18) = m+14
Now, m+14 = t
Which means there are 14 rungs above the middle rung and 14 rungs below the middle rung. Counting the middle rung as well, it makes a total of 29 rungs
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Gauss' Law and a Gaussian Sphere
1. Jun 7, 2014 #1
A Gaussian Sphere with a radius of 1m surrounds an unknown charge at the center. At this surface a uniform outward directed electric field is 1 N/C. Use Gauss' Law to calculate the amount of charge enclosed by the sphere.
2. Relevant equations
E = q/4∏εor^2
3. The attempt at a solution
i've been reading about gauss' law in my physics book and i thought that the charge inside a gaussian sphere was always zero? or is that only for an electric field?
2. jcsd
3. Jun 7, 2014 #2
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Staff Emeritus
Science Advisor
Homework Helper
Gold Member
The Electric Field (under static conditions) is zero within the conducting material of a conductor. A Gaussian surface is simply any closed surface over which it is convenient to apply Gauss's Law.
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Alienation and Language in "Local School"
In his personal narrative "Local School," Patrick Karjala uses spatial imagery in order to demonstrate how different groups can be divided over, or form around, language. Each of the many groups in the story has a specific language, or jargon, as well as a specific place they fill. Together, they do not form a definitive whole, however. Rather they are chaotic and muddled. Patrick, as the outsider, can understand and appreciate this "salad bowl" culture, but not become a part of it. Thus, it is only from this unique viewpoint, the reader is able to clearly see each of the groups in the story and the ways that language and space divide and define them.
The most obvious example of a language barrier that divides two groups is the difference between the "local style of speech" (Karjala 1) and the English which he author normally uses; it is this "pidgn English" (Karjala 1) that most sets Patrick apart from the locals. He states that even after nine years, he could not speak the dialect and that the "locals still laughed at him when he tried" (Karjala 2). Throughout the whole narrative, he rarely speaks directly to any of the other characters; there is virtually no dialogue in the story. This emphasizes the character’s lack of communication with those around him. Instead, he is simply commenting on the events which take place around him. He observes, but rarely interacts. In addition, throughout the narrative, Patrick refers to "the locals" a term which deliberately excludes him. He does not consider himself a part of the whole. The language forces him to only observe and occasionally participate in, but not become a part of, the regional culture.
This linguistic exclusion makes it evident that Patrick is not a part of the community that has been created by the locals, despite living on Kauai for nine years; while he may participate in the building of the playground, or be able to move freely through all the high school groups, he is still separate. First, he states that he "had felt that he was in an alien place when he had first arrived, but over the years, he had come to appreciate the way people acted and lived" (Karjala 2). Appreciation does not imply that he is a part of that which he is assessing. It suggests a distance that allows him to observe, understand and impartially comment upon the dynamics around him. He can appreciate but not assimilate.
This is not the only point where the character actually declares his separateness, but as Patrick observes the cliques in the school’s courtyard, he states that he "didn’t feel a part of any specific one" (Karjala 3). This is not necessarily a negative situation, for the character’s impartiality allows him to candidly comment on the less desirable traits of the locals as he does on page one. Here, the character remarks that "they tended to be nice and smiling one second, then in your face the next" (Karjala 1). Perhaps the character is wise to remain aloof.
This distance between Patrick and the others around him is also reinforced through the author’s use of spatial imagery. At the school, each group is carefully defined by its space; the "‘surfers were surrounding a banyon tree in the center, and on the other side of them, against the library wall were the ‘skaters’" (Karjala 3). Each clique is "grouped in their specific places in the courtyard" (Karjala 3). The space they occupy defines who they are and with whom they belong. Patrick, in contrast, is not down in the courtyard among the groups, but rather above them, on a bridge. This provides an ideal place to observe "the fray" (Karjala 3) below. Yet it also symbolizes the distance between his character and those that surround him. He is a part of the larger picture of the school as a whole, and has connections to individuals in many of the groups, but he does not have a defined place in the scheme. He does not "feel a part of any specific one, yet felt like he was part of the whole clutter. No group acknowledged him as an elite member of heir number, but he was always welcome wherever he meandered" (Karjala 3). Like a gypsy, he has broad connections to the culture around him, but no defined role or place which he inhabits. This physical separation is a powerful way of demonstrating what the language barrier hints at.
Through dialogue and spatial imagery, the author shows readers how Patrick, despite his many years in Hawaii, is not specifically a part of any one group, and this position give hi an unusual view of the world. Each of the many groups in "Local School" has their own space at the school as well as their own language which keeps them separate from the rest. Many readers of this story, belong to a group themselves, and so cannot impartially observe the dynamics of the "fray." It is only because of his unique space "above" the groups that Patrick is able to show the reader a different view.
Works Cited
Karjala, Patrick. "Local School." Narr. U. Puget Sound, 2000.
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The kanji 寺 – 持待侍特時詩等 – “to hold; sustain”
The kanji 寺 “temple” appears in many frequently-used kanji as a tsukuri (旁 “the right side of a kanji”), but their meanings do not appear to be related to anything like a temple. In this post, we examine how the component 寺 came to be used in those kanji.
(1) The kanji 寺 “temple”
History of Kanji 寺The top of the kanji 寺 looks like the kanji 土 /do/ “soil; ground,” but in bronze ware style, in green, it was a footprint that would become 止 “to halt” or 之 ”to go.” Both kanji 止 and 之 came from the same image of a footstep, and the oracle bone style share the same shapes. History of Kanji 之The development of the kanji 之 is shown on the right. (We have discussed the kanji 止 in the posts of December 28, 3013, and July 5, 2014.) Even though the kanji 之 is used in a male name, such as /yuki/, and is a frequently used kanji in any kanbun style writing, surprisingly it is not included in the revised Joyo kanji. Both 止 and 之 have the sound /shi or ji/ and played a phonetic role in many of the kanji that contain 寺.
Now, the meaning of 寺. In bronze ware style, it had a footstep and 寸, “hand” (please refer to the June 22, 2014 post.) The footstep gave the sound and probably the meaning of halting one’s step or staying in one place. The hand gave the meaning “to hold in hand.” Together the kanji 寺originally meant “to have in hand; keep; sustain.” Then in the Han dynasty it came to mean “government office; court office.” People who serve in imperial court and government offices worked using their hands. The government office that handled guests and diplomatic delegates from foreign countries was called 鴻臚寺 /kooroji/. Later on this guest house became a place for visiting Buddhist monks from the west to stay. From that the kanji 寺 came to mean a “temple.” So, the original meaning of 寺 “holding in hand; staying in one place; to sustain” changed to “government office” and further to “temple.”
The kun-yomi is 寺 /tera/ and means “temple.” The on-yomi /ji/ is in 寺院 (“temple” /ji’in/) and 東大寺 (“Todaiji temple” /to’odaiji/).
(2) The kanji 持 “to have; hold”
History of Kanji 持Now we are going to look at kanji that use 寺 as a tsukuri. Generally speaking, tsukuri indicated sound, and it was often the case that component used phonetically also kept its original meaning.
For the kanji 持, In bronze ware style, it had a footstep and a hand, which was the same as the kanji 寺, and it meant “to hold in hand.” In ten style, the left side had five fingers, which became a bushu tehen, ”hand; an act one does using a hand.” (Please refer to the June 7, 2013, post.) The right side 寺 was used phonetically and to mean “to hold in hand.” Together they meant “to hold or keep something in hand; sustain; possess.”
The kun-yomi 持つ “own; have; to hold in hand” is in 持っている (“to own; have; hold in hand” /mot’teiru), 持ってくる (“to bring” /motteku’ru/), 持ち物 (“belonging; property” /mochi’mono/). The on-yomi is in 持続する (“to last long time” /jizoku-suru/), 持参する (“to bring” [humble style] /jisan-suru/).
(3) The kanji 待 “to wait”
History of Kanji 待For the kanji 待, In bronze ware style, the left side was the left half of a crossroad, which became a bushu gyoninben “to go; conduct.” The right side had a footprint and a hand, and was used phonetically to mean “to sustain”. Holding back to crossing a crossroad meant “to wait.”
The kun-yomi 待つ /ma’tsu/ “to wait” is in 待ち合わせる”to meet up,” キャンセル待ち (“on a wait-list” /kyanserumachi/). The on-yomi /ta’i/ is in 招待する (“to invite” /sho’otai-suru/), 待遇がいい (“to be treated well” /taiguu ga i’i/.)
(4) The kanji 侍 “vassal; attendant; retainer”
History of Kanji 侍In the ten style of the kanji 侍, the left side was a person, a bushu ninben. The right side 寺 was used phonetically for /ji/ and meant “government office; court office.” Together a person who serves someone in a high position closely meant “vassal; attendant; retainer.” Later on in Japan it was used for /samurai/ “military retainer (who serves a daimyo).”
The kun-yomi are 侍 /samurai/ (“samurai warrior”) and 侍る /habe’ru/ (“to wait upon.”) The on-yomi /ji/ is in 侍従 (“chamberlain” /jijuu/) and 侍医 (“court physician” /ji’i/.)
(5) The kanji 特 “special; to stand out”
History of Kanji 特For the kanji 特, in ten style, the left side was a bushu ushihen “cow; bull.” The right side 寺 was used phonetically for /to’ku/ and meant “to stay in one place.” Together they meant a big mature stallion that stayed in a place and stood out in the herd. From that it meant “to stand out.” There is no kun-yomi. The on-yomi /to’ku/ is in 特に (“especially” /to’kuni/), 特別な (“special” /tokubetsuna/) and 特売 (“special sale” /tokubai/.)
(6) The kanji 時 “time; o’clock”
History of Kanji 時For the kanji 時, in oracle bone style, it was a footprint to signify “to sustain” at the top, and the sun at the bottom. In bronze ware style and ten style, the sun moves to the left. The right side took the shape of the kanji 寺 that had meant “to keep,” and had the sound /ji/. From “to sustain movement of the sun,” it meant “time.”
The kun-yomi /toki/ is その時 (“at that time; then” /sonoto’ki/), 時々 (“sometimes’ /tokidoki/), その時々によって (depending on the occasion /sono-toki’doki ni yotte/), 潮時 (“good timing” /shiodoki/). The on-yomi /ji/ is in 時間 (“time; duration of time” /jikan/), 何時 (“what time” /na’nji/), and 時代 (“era; period” /jidai/.)
(7) The Kanji 詩 “poetry”
History of Kanji 詩In the ten style writing of the kanji 詩, the left side was a bushu gonben, “words; language,” and the right was used phonetically for the sound /shi/ to mean “one’s own wish” (志.) The kanji 志 “aspiration” comes from “one goes (from “a footprint”) as his heart (from “a heart”) desires.” Words that express one’s own thought or idea are “poetry” and the kanji 詩 means “poetry.” There is no kun-yomi. The on-yomi /shi/ is in 詩 (“poetry” /shi/), 詩的な (“poetic” /shitekina/), and 詩人 (“poet” /shijin/).
(8) The kanji 等 “equal; such things as; etc.”
History of Kanji 等For the kanji 等, in ten style the top was a bushu takekanmuri “bamboo” and the bottom 寺 was used phonetically only. Bamboo or wooden tablets were cut to an equal length to be bound to make a rolled book. It meant “equal; equivalent of.”
The kun-yomi 等しい /hitoshi’i/ means “equal.” It is also used as a plural suffix 等 /na’do or /to’o/ “such things as; etc.” and ら, as in 我等 (“we all” /wa’rera/). The on-yomi /to’o or do’o/ is in 平等 (“equality” /byoodoo/), 等分する (“to divide equaly” /toobun-suru/), 高等な (“advanced” /kootoo-na/).
We have seen eight kanji that contain 寺 in this post. The component 寺 is not a traditional bushu, but we have seen that the original meaning of “to hold; sustain” permeates the meanings of those kanji. We should remember that the meaning “temple” was added to 寺 much later well after kanji were established. That is why other kanji have no connection with the meaning “temple.” [January 24, 2015]
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v. im·print·ed, im·print·ing, im·prints
1. To produce (a mark or pattern) on a surface by pressure.
2. To produce a mark on (a surface) by pressure.
3. To impart a strong or vivid impression of: "We imprint our own ideas onto acts" (Ellen Goodman).
4. To fix firmly, as in the mind: He tried to imprint the telephone number in his memory.
5. To cause (a very young animal) to recognize and be attracted to another animal or to an object identified as the parent. Often used with on.
6. To modify (a gene) chemically, as by DNA methylation, affecting the gene's expression in offspring.
To become imprinted on another animal or on an object identified as the parent. Used of newborn or very young animals. Often used with on: lab animals that imprint on researchers.
n. (ĭm′prĭnt′)
1. A mark or pattern produced by imprinting; an impression.
2. A distinguishing influence or effect: Spanish architecture that shows the imprint of Islamic rule.
3. A chemical modification of a gene affecting the gene's expression in offspring.
b. A publishing business with a unique name, usually owned by a larger publishing firm: started a paperback imprint for young-adult novels.
[Middle English emprenten, from Old French empreinter, from empreinte, impression, from feminine past participle of empreindre, to print, from Latin imprimere, to impress; see impress1.]
(Zoology) the development through exceptionally fast learning in young animals of recognition of and attraction to members of their own species or to surrogates
(ɪmˈprɪn tɪŋ)
rapid learning that occurs during a brief receptive period, typically in early life, and that establishes a long-lasting behavioral response to a specific individual, object, or category of stimuli, as attachment to a parent or preference for a type of habitat.
[1937; translation of German Prägung, K. Lorenz's term]
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun1.imprinting - a learning process in early life whereby species specific patterns of behavior are established
[ɪmˈprɪntɪŋ] N (Bio, Psych) → impresión f
References in classic literature ?
So saying, Madame de Saint-Meran extended her dry bony hand to Villefort, who, while imprinting a son-in-law's respectful salute on it, looked at Renee, as much as to say, "I must try and fancy 'tis your dear hand I kiss, as it should have been.
Airy figures, absolutely bodiless ideas, and forms of unsubstantial beauty came and danced before her, imprinting their momentary footsteps on beams of light.
With that, he jocularly tapped Mrs Sliderskew under the chin, and appeared, for the moment, inclined to celebrate the close of his bachelor days by imprinting a kiss on her shrivelled lips.
Accredited Promotion Consultants at Active Imprints oversee every aspect of creating promotional items, ranging from artwork development and imprinting to warehousing and distribution.
The topics include molecularly imprinted polymers as recognition elements in sensors, the fabrication and development of molecularly imprinted polymer-based sensors for environmental applications, comparing optical and mass-sensitive detection, discriminating analytes with fluorescent molecular imprinting sensor arrays, luminescent optical sensors based on nanoscale molecularly imprinted polymers, conductive polymers for plastic electronics, and molecularly imprinted sol-gel sensors.
ColorDynamics, a Dallas-based commercial printer, has purchased a KODAK PROSPER S10 Imprinting System to significantly improve turnaround time on direct mail jobs.
Genomic imprinting is monoallelic and involves epigenetically expressed parent-of-origin-dependent inheritance of specific autosomal genes (mother (egg) or father (sperm)) (Cheng et al.
Molecular imprinting is a novel method for designing materials with molecular memory, which consists of cavities that bear the shape and dimensions of a template molecule.
Studies have linked a loss of imprinting to some diseases, including cancer.
In generics, imprinting describes the condition where one of the two alleles of a typical gene pair is silenced by an epigenetic process such as methylation or acetylation.
Most likely, they followed him because of behavioral imprinting.
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Wednesday, October 11, 2006
Does missing gene point to nocturnal existence for early mammals?
A gene that makes cells in the eye receptive to light is missing in humans, researchers have discovered.
They say that whereas some animals like birds, fish and amphibians have two versions of this photoreceptor, mammals, including humans, only have one.
The findings - published in the Public Library of Science journal PLoS Biology - reveal how our experience of the light environment may be impoverished compared to other vertebrates and fits with the suggestion that early mammals were at one time wholly nocturnal creatures.
"The classical view of how the eye sees is through photoreceptive cells in the retina called rods and cones," explained Dr Jim Bellingham, who led the research at The University of Manchester.
"But, recently, a third photoreceptor was discovered that is activated by a gene called melanopsin. This melanopsin photoreceptor is not linked to sight but uses light for non-visual processes, such as regulating our day-night rhythms and pupil constriction."
Although the melanopsin gene is present in all vertebrates, the version in mammals was unusually different to that found in fish, amphibians and birds.
"At first, we put this genetic anomaly between mammals and other vertebrates down to evolutionary differences," said Dr Bellingham, who is based in the Faculty of Life Sciences.
"But we have now learnt that other vertebrates have a second melanopsin gene - one that matches the one found earlier in mammals and humans. The first melanopsin gene found in the other classes of vertebrates does not exist in mammals."
It is not yet clear how the functions of the two melanopsins differ but having different cone genes or 'opsins' allows vertebrates to detect different wavelengths of light and allows them to see colour.
The Manchester team now hopes to find out whether the two melanopsin genes in non-mammals play similar or different roles in non-visual light detection and so provide clues as to the implications of only having one melanopsin gene.
"The two genes and their associated proteins have been maintained in vertebrates for hundreds of millions of years, only for one of them to be lost in mammals.
"We are keen to discover why this might have happened - perhaps the early mammals were at one stage nocturnal and had no need for the second gene, for instance. We also want to find out what losing one of these genes means for humans."
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Monday, October 02, 2006
U.K University of the year
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Epistemic Injustice Homework
Students write about an instance of epistemic injustice in their own lives.
Background Information
This homework exercise will help students connect the concept of epistemic injustice with their own lives as well as help them grasp some of the features of the concept in greater detail.
This exercise is best used as a homework activity.
Texts / Connections
Relevant texts:
• Miranda Fricker. Epistemic Injustice.
Activity Plan
Give students the following prompt:
Describe an experience of epistemic injustice. Preferably, it should be from real life, and it should involve you. If you can’t come up with one, pick something from literature, movies, tv, or whatnot. Describe it in enough detail to answer the following questions:
1. Explain how it is an example of epistemic injustice.
2. What are the different specific elements of the situation that make it such an example?
3. How could you change the details of the story so that it is not an example of epistemic injustice?
Wayne Riggs (University of Oklahoma)
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Ding Dong
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• Published : May 2, 2013
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Phillip’s Change
In The Cay Phillip undergoes a change while trapped on an island called a cay, a cay is an island surrounded by coral reefs. It all starts when Phillip and his mom get separated when a torpedo hits there ship. Phillip is raciest and he has to overcome his racism to survive on the cay.
At the beginning Phillip and his mom get separated and he gets stuck on a raft with Timothy, an old black man. Phillip treats Timothy like an animal and is extremely rude to him he calls him ugly, stupid, and stubborn. When Phillip and Timothy land on the cay Timothy builds a shelter to sleep under. The next day Timothy asks Phillip to weave a mat together and Phillip refuses to work because of his blindness and calls Timothy an “ugly old man” then Timothy slaps him. After that Phillip starts to earn respect for Timothy.
Phillip realizes that he needs timothy to survive on the cay and starts to work instead of being a stubborn worthless brat. After a while timothy starts to make Phillip more independent and Phillip realizes that Timothy is preparing him just in case Timothy dies. During their time on the cay timothy notices that the sky is weirder than normal he realizes that a hurricane is coming he ties himself and Phillip to a tree and shields Phillip from the debris of the hurricane. After the hurricane Timothy dies because of the debris and saved Phillips life.
As you can see Phillip changed from the beginning of the story. He changed from a bratty stubborn little boy to a mature loving and caring little boy. Phillip is racist and he has to overcome his racism to survive on the cay.
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The First Concentration Camp in the U.S. Was Built for Freed Slaves – The Bitter Taste of the Devil’s Punchbowl
Originally Published by
As the slaves made their way to freedom, the town of Natchez went from a population of 10,000 to 120,000 people almost overnight. In order to deal with the population influx of recently freed slaves, a concentration camp was established to essentially eradicate the slaves. The men were recaptured by the Union troops and forced back into hard labor. The women and children were locked behind the concrete walls of the camp and left to die from starvation. Many also died from the smallpox disease. In total, over 20,000 freed slaves were killed in one year, inside of this American concentration camp.
A researcher studying the existence of the concentration camps said, “The union army did not allow them to remove the bodies from the camp. They just gave ’em shovels and said bury ’em where they drop.” The camp was called the Devil’s Punchbowl because of the way the area is shaped. The camp was located at the bottom of a cavernous pit with trees located on the bluffs above.
Today the bluffs are known for the wild peach grooves but the locals will not eat any of the fruit because some are aware of what has fertilized the trees. One researcher has noted that skeletal remains still wash-up when the area becomes flooded by the Mississippi River. Even when America tries to bury its racist ways, we must force America to acknowledge what has occurred and not shy away from the truth. Let’s never forget all the freed slaves that died in American concentration camps at the Devil’s Punchbowl.”
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"url": "https://rbgthesoundtrack.com/2016/10/26/the-first-concentration-camp-in-the-u-s-was-built-for-freed-slaves-the-bitter-taste-of-the-devils-punchbowl/"
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Friday, January 13, 2012
Aircraft Ejection Seats.
The concept of an eject-able escape capsule has also been tried. Once clear of the aircraft, the ejection seat deploys a parachute. Ejection seats are common on certain types of military aircraft.
The modern layout for an ejection seat was first proposed by Romanian inventor Anastase Dragomir in the late 1920s. The design, featuring a parachuted cell (a dischargeable chair from an aircraft or other vehicle), was successfully tested on August 25, 1929 at the Paris-Orly Airport near Paris and in October 1929 at Băneasa, near Bucharest. Dragomir patented his "catapult-able cockpit" at the French Patent Office (patent no. 678566, of April 2, 1930, Nouveau système de montage des parachutes dans les appareils de locomotion aérienne).
The design was perfected during World War II. Prior to this, the only means of escape from an incapacitated aircraft was to jump clear ("bail-out"), and in many cases this was difficult due to injury, the difficulty of egress from a confined space, g forces, the airflow past the aircraft, and other factors.
Martin-Baker WY6AM ejection seat
The first ejection seats were developed independently during World War II by Heinkel and SAAB. Early models were powered by compressed air and the first aircraft to be fitted with such a system was the Heinkel He 280 prototype jet fighter in 1940. One of the He 280 test pilots, Helmut Schenk, became the first person to escape from a stricken aircraft with an ejection seat on 13 January 1942 after his control surfaces iced up and became inoperable. The fighter, being used in tests of the Argus As 014 impulse jets for Fieseler Fi 103 missile development, had its regular HeS 8A turbojets removed, and was towed aloft from Rechlin, Germany by a pair of Bf 110C tugs in a heavy snow-shower. At 7,875 feet (2,400 m), Schenk found he had no control, jettisoned his towline, and ejected. The He 280, however, never reached production status. Thus, the first operational type to provide ejection seats for the crew was the Heinkel He 219 Uhu night fighter in 1942.
In Sweden a version using compressed air was tested in 1941. A gunpowder ejection seat was developed by Bofors and tested in 1943 for the Saab 21. The first test in the air was on a Saab 17 on 27 February 1944, and the first real use occurred by Lt. Bengt Johansson (who later changes it to Järkenstedt) on 29 July 1946 after a mid-air collision between a J 21 and a J 22.
In late 1944, the Heinkel He 162 featured a new type of ejection seat, this time fired by an explosive cartridge. In this system the seat rode on wheels set between two pipes running up the back of the cockpit. When lowered into position, caps at the top of the seat fitted over the pipes to close them. Cartridges, basically identical to shotgun shells, were placed in the bottom of the pipes, facing upward. When fired, the gases would fill the pipes, "popping" the caps off the end, and thereby forcing the seat to ride up the pipes on its wheels and out of the aircraft. By the end of the war, the Do-335 Pfeil and a few prototype aircraft were also fitted with ejection seats.
The first live flight test of the Martin-Baker system took place on 24 July 1946, when Bernard Lynch ejected from a Gloster Meteor Mk III. Shortly afterward, on 17 August 1946, 1st Sgt. Larry Lambert was the first live U.S. ejectee. Martin-Baker ejector seats were fitted to prototype and production aircraft from the late 1940s, and the first emergency use of such a seat occurred in 1949 during testing of the jet powered Armstrong-Whitworth AW.52 experimental flying wing.
In the early 1960s, deployment of rocket-powered ejection seats designed for use at supersonic speeds began in such planes as the F-106 Delta Dart. Six pilots have ejected at speeds exceeding 700 knots (1,300 km/h; 810 mph). The highest altitude at which a Martin-Baker seat was deployed was 57,000 ft (from a Canberra bomber in 1958). Following an accident on 30 July 1966 in the attempted launch of a D-21 drone, two Lockheed M-21 crew members ejected at Mach 3.25 at an altitude of 80,000 ft (24,000 m) The pilot was recovered successfully, however the observer drowned after a water landing. Despite these records, most ejections occur at fairly low speeds and altitudes, when the pilot can see that there is no hope of regaining aircraft control before impact with the ground.
Late in the Vietnam War the USAF and US Navy became concerned about its pilots ejecting over hostile territory and those pilots either being captured or killed and the losses in men and aircraft in attempts to rescue them. As a result both services began studies, for what is and will most likely, remain in aviation history the most unusual combat eject seat type ever researched and designed. Both services began a program titled Air Crew Escape/Rescue Capability or Aerial Escape and Rescue Capability (AERCAB) ejection seats (ie both terms have been used by the US military and defence industry), where after the pilot ejected, the ejection seat would fly him to a location far enough away from where he ejected to where he could safely be picked up. A Request for Proposals for concepts for AERCAB ejection seats were issued in the late 1960s. Three companies submitted papers for further development: A Rogallo wing design by Bell Systems; a gyrocopter design by Kaman Corporaton; and a mini-conventional fixed wing aircraft employing a Princeton Wing (ie a wing made of flexible material that rolls out then becomes ridged) by Fairchild Hiller. All three after ejection would be propelled by small turbojet engine developed for target drones. With the exception of the Kaman design, the pilot would still be required to parachute to the ground after reaching a safety-point for rescue. The AERCAB project was terminated in the 1970s with the end of the Vietnam War. The Kaman design was the only one in early 1972 which was to reach the actual hardware stage and come close to being tested with a special landing gear platform attached to the AERCAB ejection seat for a first stage ground take offs and landings with a test pilot.
Pilot safety
The purpose of an ejection seat is pilot survival. The pilot typically experiences an acceleration of about 12–14 g (117–137 m/s²). Western seats usually impose lighter loads on the pilots; 1960s-70s era Soviet technology often goes up to 20–22 g (with SM-1 and KM-1 gunbarrel-type ejection seats). Compression fractures of vertebrae were (and are) a recurrent side effect of ejection, and are often a career-ending (if not fatal) injury for pilots and aviators.
Lt. (j.g.) William Belden ejects from an A-4E Skyhawk on the deck of the USSShangri-La in the
The U.S. government selected the Martin-Baker seat for the U.S.A.'s new Joint Strike Fighter. The F-22 Raptor uses a variant of the ACES II ejection seat. Both JSF and the Eurofighter Typhoon use the Mk.16A ejection seat.
The capabilities of the Zvezda K-36 were unintentionally demonstrated at the Fairford Air Show on 24 July 1993 when the pilots of two MiG-29 fighters successfully ejected after a mid-air collision.
The minimal ejection altitude for ACES II seat in inverted flight is about 140 feet (43 m) above ground level at 150 KIAS. While the Russian counterpart - K-36DM has the minimal ejection altitude from inverted flight of 660 feet (200 m) AGL. When an aircraft is equipped with the Zvezda K-36DM ejection seat and the pilot is wearing the КО-15 protective gear, he is able to eject at airspeeds from 0 to 1,400 kilometres per hour (870 mph) and altitudes of 0 to 25 kilometres (16 mi). The K-36DM ejection seat features drag chutes and a small shield that rises between the pilots legs to deflect air around the pilot.
As of July 2010, Martin-Baker ejection seats had saved 7325 lives. They give survivors a unique tie and lapel pin. The total figure for all types of ejector seats is unknown, but might be considerably higher.
Egress systems
Intended especially for the maintenance and emergency crews.
Through-Canopy Penetration is similar to Canopy Destruct, but a sharp spike on the top of the seat, known as the "shell tooth," strikes the underside of the canopy and shatters it. The A-10 Thunderbolt II is equipped with canopy breakers on either side of its headrest in the event that the canopy fails to jettison. In ground emergencies, a ground crewman or pilot can use a breaker knife attached to the inside of the canopy to shatter the transparency. The A-6 Intruder and EA-6 Prowler seats are capable of ejecting through the canopy, with canopy jettison a separate option if there is enough time.
Soviet Yakovlev Yak-38 VTOL naval fighter planes were equipped with automatically activated ejection seats, mandated by the notorious unreliability of their vertical lifting powerplants.
Crewmember escape capsule from a B-58 Hustler
Encapsulated Seat egress systems were developed for use in the B-58 Hustler and B-70 Valkyrie supersonic bombers. These seats were enclosed in an air-operated clamshell, which permitted the aircrew to escape at airspeeds high enough to cause bodily harm. These seats were designed to allow the pilot to control the plane even with the clamshell closed, and the capsule would float in case of water landings.
Zero-zero ejection seat
Zero-zero technology uses small rockets to propel the seat upward to an adequate altitude and a small explosive charge to open the parachute canopy quickly for a successful parachute descent, so that reliance on airspeed and altitude is no longer required for proper deployment of the parachute.
Other aircraft
The Kamov Ka-50, which entered service with Russian forces in 1995, was the first production helicopter to be fitted with an ejection seat. The system is very similar to that of a conventional fixed-wing aircraft; the main rotors are equipped with explosive bolts and are designed to disintegrate moments before the seat rocket is fired. Prototype #9 (s/n 66-8834) of the AH-56 Cheyenne was fitted with downward firing ejection seats in 1970 after a fatal testing accident the previous year.
The Lunar Lander Research Vehicle (LLRV)/Training Vehicle (LLTV) used ejection seats; Neil Armstrong ejected on 6 May 1968; Joe Algranti & Stuart M. Present, later.
The only spacecraft ever flown with installed ejection seats are the Space Shuttle, the Soviet Vostok and American Gemini series. During the Vostok program, all the returning cosmonauts would eject as their capsule descended under parachutes at about 7,000 m (23,000 ft). This fact was kept secret for many years as the FAI rules at the time required that a pilot must land with the spacecraft for the purposes of FAI record books.
The Sukhoi Su-31M is a single-engine aerobatic aircraft factory-equipped with a Zvezda SKS-94 ejection seat.
Some ultralight, single-engine and glider general aviation aircraft such as the Cirrus SR-22 or Schempp-Hirth Discus 2c have been fitted with ballistically deployed parachutes recently. However, these systems cannot be considered "ejection" systems because the entire aircraft with occupants is suspended by the chute.
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Day of the national anthem of Canada
The history of the national anthem of Canada and the content of his texts as well as possible better reflect the unique binational nature of the Canadian state. Anthem has two officially accepted version is not quite the same content — French and English.
During the British colonial rule in Canada at official ceremonies, public meetings sung melody of the hymn "God Save the Queen." When Dominion was formed, the role of his "national song" claimed folded in 1867, the song "Maple Leaf Forever".
In contrast to this national song was composed anglokanadtsev and French Canadian folk songs — "O Canada!". It was written in the days of preparation for the celebration of Quebec (French province) famous Quebec composer Calixa Lavall?e overnight on the verses of the former Chief Justice of the province Adolphe Basile Routhier. Born this way anthem was first performed in Quebec City on June 24 in 1880, the national holiday French Canadians.
Over the next two decades, the hymn "O Canada!" has gained immense popularity in the province of Quebec, but did not go beyond it, he performed exclusively in French. However, due to the popularity of the anthem was that over time it began to appear the English version. The most popular of them are created by Judge Robert Stanley Weir in 1908, later became a traditional English version of the anthem.
Since 1921 anthem printed in school textbooks. Hymn melody chimes began to beat on the Tower of the world, crowning the building of Canadian Parliament, it played at hockey games and other sporting and cultural events. However, the official national anthem of Canada adopted until recently had not.
Only in 1964, the Canadian government adopted a resolution recognizing the "O Canada!" the national anthem and "God Save the Queen" royal anthem.
The current version of the anthem is based on the text of Weir and amended in 1968, which had been made by the Special Joint Committee of the Senate and the House of Commons. French version of the text is unchanged.
However, the relevant act (law) Parliament then was taken. Only 27 June in 1980 — 100 years and three days after his first performance — "O Canada!" Received the official status of the national anthem of Canada, secured a special Act of the national anthem, which came into By this day.
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Wednesday, April 20, 2016
Jacques Cartier, Chief Donnacona, and developing perspectives on Canadian Colonialism
Inference exercise, with some of my observations.
Historically, what is missing are the facts that Jacques Cartier, on behalf of the king of France, set him on a voyage of exploration to help establish French trade connections to Asia and to "make France rich," according to the Pearson Grade 7 History textbook. I am not certain who Iroquoian Chief Donnacona is; I am assuming he could be the man to the right of the cross. Remember, this is a painting and an artist's rendition, or interpretation, of this historical event.
In searching for references to Colonialism in the textbook, I could not find any. Even the scene pictured above, where Cartier is in the process of showing France's claim to the "new" land, is not critiqued in the textbook. What is mentioned in more detail on p. H7 of the textbook is story of how we got the name for Canada.
Historica Canada, a non-profit organization promoting key stories in our history, created a 1 minute movie around this naming. Apparently, this happened in the year 1594, when the cross was erected. I am not sure if there were two separate events, but here are a couple of screen shots, from the video, and a link to the video on YouTube. You will notice some similarities between the painting and the screenshots below.
The placement of the cross is somewhat troubling because it scratches the surface of Canada's history of Colonialism. Colonialism, is a definition which we need to get into our history books. For our purposes, we should understand that what eventually became Canada, had a history of Colonialism.
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Simple Interest Program in C
This post explains clearly what is simple interest, the equation to calculate simple interest and how to implement a logical program to find the Simple interest by using given input values in C language syntax.
Simple Interest :
Formula for simple interest as follows
SI = (P*T*R)/100 ;
P is the “Principle amount”
T is the “Time”
R is the “Rate of interest”
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
float amount, time, rate, SI;
printf(“Enter principle amount : “);
scanf(“%f”, &amount);
printf(“Enter time : “);
scanf(“%f”, &time);
printf(“Enter interest rate : “);
scanf(“%f”, &rate);
SI = (amount * time * rate) / 100;
printf(“Simple Interest = %f”, SI);
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What is 211 hundredths?
211 hundredths means that if you divide something into one hundred equal parts, 211 hundredths is 211 of those parts that you just divided up.
We converted 211 hundredths into different things below to explain further:
211 hundredths as a Fraction
Since 211 hundredths is 211 over one hundred, 211 hundredths as a Fraction is 211/100.
211 hundredths as a Decimal
If you divide 211 by one hundred you get 211 hundredths as a decimal which is 2.11.
211 hundredths as a Percent
To get 211 hundredths as a Percent, you multiply the decimal with 100 to get the answer of 211 percent.
211 hundredths of a dollar
First, we divide a dollar into one hundred parts, where each part is 1 cent. Then, we multiply 1 cent with 211 and get 211 cents or 2 dollars and 11 cents.
What is 212 hundredths?
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The title of the map, Fuji ryōdō ichiran no zu 富士両道一覧之図, literally means “the illustration of the two paths of Mount Fuji”. The height of Mount Fuji is 3776 meters which equals to approximately 12,389 ft. It is the highest mountain in Japan. The location of Mount Fuji is in between Shizuoka Prefecture and Yamanashi Prefecture. Mount Fuji is a very popular tourist site for numerous travelers all around the world. Despite its quiet appearance, Mount Fuji is actually a volcano and the last time it was active was back in the year 1708.
Mount Fuji is an important symbolic existence of Japan and it is very famous across the world. Many tourists would visit the Mount Fuji on their trip to Japan. Mount Fuji’s significance is apparent in this quote: “A large crowd milled around it as politicians, pundits, and policymakers, speaking from a nearby stage, loudly condemned the ‘privatization’ of Fuji, ‘symbol of the Japanese people’ …” (Bernstein, 51) According to the data provided online with the map, it was painted or created in the 8th month of the year 1859. The time period that this map was illustrated was labelled as was the Ansei period（安政）which was before the Manen period and after the Kaei time period. The Ansei time period lasted from roughly the year 1854 to the year 1860. During this particular time, Japan was beginning to be modernized near the end of the Edo period which is also known as Bakumatsu. This map was painted by an artist called Utagawa Sadahide and the collaborator of this map is called Komakichi Moriji.
Click here to see the entire image on the UBC maps collection site.
This is a comparison of the routes of climbing Mount Fuji that are illustrated in the map and the mountain routes today. As one can see, there are similarities and differences of the mountain routes. In the map “Fuji Ryōdō Ichiran no Zu”, the mountain routes were illustrated in two different colours which are red and yellow. The purpose of the colours red and yellow is probably to indicate the two different routes of climbing up to the top of the mountain.
Despite the different colours, there are several similarities of the Mount Fuji climbing route of the Edo Period and today. The yellow route that is being labeled in the map is likely to be identified as the Gotemba trail at the modern day Mount Fuji. The location and position of the yellow route and the location of the Gotemba trail is roughly the same or similar. Furthermore, the entrance of the route Gotemba 御殿場 is labeled on the bottom of the yellow route in the map and it is quite close to the Subashiri route 須走口. In the map of the mountain routes on the right, the blue route is the Fujinomiya trail, the green one is the Gotemba trail, the red one is the Subashiri trail, and the yellow is the Yoshida trail. The labels of the places of the route are quite similar in general. Moreover, even the mountain, Houeizan, remains the same. Houeizan is the biggest lateral volcano near Mount Fuji and was generated by the big eruption that took place in around the year 1707.
There are also differences between the mountain routes in the map and the routes of climbing the Mount Fuji today. For example, there are four distinct routes to climb up the Mount Fuji today, but the routes in the map is not as clear and distinctive. There seems to be numerous labels or names of the stops of the mountain routes in the map, but the order of the labels are not as clear or easy to follow as the one on the right. Another difference of the Mount Fuji illustrated in the map and the modern day Mount Fuji is the name of the peak of the mountain. The name of the peak of the mountain has changed a little bit, but it still has the same reference to Asama. In the map that was created in the Edo period, the peak of the mountain was simply labeled as Asama. However, the peak of the mountain is labeled as Asama Sengen Okunomiya. It is a temple located on the peak of Mount Fuji and was constructed by Tokugawa Ieyasu. Tokugawa Ieyasu was the first Tokugawa shogunate of that time and the history of the initial construction of the temple is mentioned in the research by Berstein: “…the new shogunate funded the reconstruction of the shrine’s main hall of worship, which had burned to the ground in 1582.” (Berstein, 55)
The religious significance of the Sengen temple is also apparent in the research by Berstein: “Over the ensuing centuries, other institutions dedicated to worshiping Fuji’s Sengen deity, but unbeholden to Sengen shrine…” (Berstein, 53) In addition to Asama, the peak of the mountain is also labeled with honzon dainichinyorai and yakushi. The phrase, honzon dainichinyorai, refers to mahavairocana or vairocana and is an important Buddha figure. Furthermore, the word yakushi refers to the healing Buddha. As one can see, the influence from Buddhism on this map of Mount Fuji is significant. It also further suggests the important role that Buddhism or religion as a whole had been playing during that particular period of time. It is possible that those names were given to the peak of the Mount Fuji because this particular mountain was thought to be or treated as a sacred place to a certain extent and this belief further adds a sense of spiritual significance to the Mount Fuji. Another difference between the old Mount Fuji and the present-day Mount Fuji is the name of the Sunabashirimichi 砂走り道. In the map, Fuji ryōdō ichiran no zu, this path or trail is simply labeled as Sunabashirimichi. However, the same path is labeled as gezanmichi sunabashiri 下山道.
One important detail about of this map is the western influence that is apparent in the illustrations. The light blue pigment that was used to paint the sky above the Mount Fuji was produced in Europe. Therefore, it is possible that there were ties or connections between the Western countries and Japan at a quite early time period in order for the goods such as paints to be imported to Japan.
The significance of Mount Fuji is also apparent in various Japanese literary works and sources including paintings, waka, monogatari, haiku, and kanshi. For example, Mount Fuji is mentioned in the ninth episode of the Ise Stories. The rough meaning of the first few lines of this episode is that “when you look at Mount Fuji, there is white snow that has been falling and accumulating even though it is the end of May. This mountain is the mountain that is known to be unaffected by seasons”. Furthermore, Mount Fuji is mentioned in a classic literary work called Taketori monogatari which is also known as The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter. This literature piece was written in the tenth century and it is said to be the oldest Japanese tale. Mount Fuji is suggestively referred to as “the mountain that is closest to the moon” at the end of the tale. Also, Mount Fuji is apparent in waka such as Manyoshu and One Waka from A Hundred People on Mount Fuji 富士山百人一首 which was originally known as The Tanka of Mount Fuji. It is interesting that it was likely that many people in the Heian period did not have the chance to visit or see the Mount Fuji in person. Therefore, Mount Fuji was thought to be a volcano that was the source of inspiration for many people based on their imagination. Mount Fuji was often used to describe the feelings or passions of love and the smoke of the volcano was used as a metaphor for expressing the ideas of “burning feelings” ,”intense passion”, or “eager longings”. In the Kamakura period, Mount Fuji was thought to be a beautiful and sacred place and also a place for religious austerities to visit. In the Edo period, Mount Fuji was no longer a place only for the mountain ascetics to visit. Rather, it was visited by ordinary people as well. After the Meiji period, the fame and significance of the Mount Fuji in the world was more acknowledged to a certain extent and this is apparent in one of the tanka in The Tanka of Mount Fuji.
A photo that I took while traveling in Japan in the summer of 2014.
Even though it might be a little difficult to see Mount Fuji clearly in this photo, the real Mount Fuji was magnificent and breathtaking. The scenery looked mysterious because of the fog and the clouds that seemed to be surrounding it. The mountain was not very clear to see but its outline was vaguely recognizable from our bus as were were driving by. Mount Fuji looked enormous and it had a sense of calmness and tranquility as it quietly sat there.
Works Cited
Bernstein, Andrew. “Whose Fuji? Religion, Region, and State in the Fight for a National Symbol.” Monumenta Nipponica 63.1 (2008): n. pag. Web. 28 March 2016.
「世界遺産 富士山とことんガイド」,<; 2016年4月5日アクセス．
Image Source
Contributor: Alice Jin (Sheng Hui)
(Edited by Elle Marsh)
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Society under the Mughals : The Mughals were the last of the great traditional Indian dynasties. Mughal combined Muslim and Hindu and even Persian concepts and cultural values.
Society and Occupations:
Mughal society can be categorized into the rich, middle, and poor class. At the top of the ladder was the King followed by his nobles who lived in palatial homes with many lavish luxuries and anything at their disposal. Often the food and dress were costly and their life’s included grand banquets. The downside of being in the upper class was that towards the end of the Mughal Empire many emperors were no longer interested in running the empire. They had more fun enjoying the wealth they had as Kings and wasting it away.
At the time of the Mughal Empire the middle class was still developing. There was a very prosperous Merchant class it consisted of merchants, industrialists, traders, and various other professionals. Many Indians established trading ties with the foreigners specifically the Europeans. This seemed to benefit them in the beginning but eventually resulted in European domination. They didn’t have the extravagant lives of the rich class but the still had some luxuries unlike the lowest class.
There was a major gap in-between the lifestyle of the poor class and the two previous classes. People in the lowest class were usually without adequate clothing and often went without food. Many describe their lifestyles as being voluntary slaves to the upper classes. They were often harassed by the officers of the King who extorted money out of them by accusing them of false charges.
Education under the Mughals:
Most of the organization of an Education system was accredited to the ruler Akbar. He opened many schools and colleges and made efforts to promote and expand it to all the classes in society. Akbar mad important changes to the syllabus of education and Islamic schools were attached to mosques. Although Akbar tried for education for all the quality differed form rank to rank. Girls in the Upper class often had private institutions and were tutored in their own home. Middle class girls could go to the same schools as the boys and the underclass often did not attend school.
Mughal Emperors were patrons to education and there were considerable developments throughout the Empire. One of duties of the public work’s department was to build schools and colleges. In a law passed by Shah Jahan if a rich man was to die without an heir then his assets would be used by the State to help develop and maintain educational institutes.
external image akbar_18988.jpg
Position of Women:
Women from aristocratic families were awarded honorific tittles, received salaries, and were permitted to own land and engage in business. Women at court sometimes received education. They could write poetry, paint, and play music. Women in all castes could spin thread; some sold it as income for the household. Mughal attitudes towards women may have had an impact of Indian society. Females could inherit land, and some even possessed Zamindar rights. Women form the mercantile castes took an active role in business activities.
The Muslim practice of isolating women and preventing them from associating with men outside the home was adopted by the Hindu upper class. They did it to protect their women from unwelcome advances by Muslims in positions of authority.
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See more Kandyan Era Frescoes articles on AOD.
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A detail of gods in First Sermon at Dambulla Temple
Kandyan era frescoes are "mural paintings created during the "Kingdom of Kandy (1469–1815) in "Sri Lanka, a time when kings gave a special place to arts and literature.
As there was a political instability in Sri Lanka after the "Anuradhapura Era, which lasted more than 500 years, kings didn't take much effort to build up the religious side of the people. So there were no monks with "Upasampada and people had no much education about "Buddhism. So with the start of Kandyan Kingdom, the monks got Upasampada, and started to teach people the Buddhism. As people didn't know many things, monks (Specially Sangaraja Maha Nahimi) advised the kings to paint the walls of the temples with "Jataka Stories so that anyone could understand even he didn't know to read. That's the start of "frescoes of the Kandyan Era.
Special features of Kandyan Era frescoes[edit]
The walls of the Kandyan Era were built by clay which was stuck in between sticks. Then after they used Makulu Meti, a white colored clay, to smooth the walls in temples and palaces as it was only allowed for palaces and temples to built in white color at that time. The frescoes were drawn after dividing the wall of the image house into horizontal rows. After dividing, drawing the whole Jataka Story was started from right to left, then left to right in the next row ("Zigzag) in Akhanda Kathana Kramaya [akhaṇḍa-kathana-kramaya] or painting the whole story in fresco. To separate different scenes, the artists have drawn a tree, a river, or a house. The pictures of people were drawn in Parshawa Darshi Kramaya [pārśava-darśī-kramaya] , or drawing the faces and legs facing to a side. The background of the frescoes were painted in a dark red color, and "flowers like "Lotus, "Pandanus flowers are used to fill the blanks. These frescoes were drawn in very "fine lining.[1]
Flower patterns at Upper Shrine, Budugehinna
Flower patterns[edit]
The blanks of the Kandyan Frescoes have been filled with traditional flower patterns. Not only for filling blanks, these patterns have been used to decorate the Udu Viyan (Ceilings). As flowers, mainly "lotus flowers are used. Instead of them, "Pandanus flowers, Binara flowers, "Beraliya flowers, "Jasmine flowers have been used.
Almost all the paints which were used in Kandyan Frescoes were natural. Those were made up from trees, fruits, etc. mixed together with juices or oils. These were made by artists themselves.
40 Shades of paints used in Kandyan Era Frescoes by mixing white, grey and black to colors
Red Color[edit]
Sadilingam, "Ixora was mixed to get red color. Red color was also taken from red clay and rocks.
Yellow Color[edit]
Yellow was made from mud limestone. Sometimes it was also made from CLUSIACEAE juice.
Blue Color[edit]
Blue color was made from FABACEAE. Sometimes sea sand is heated and mixed with Arrack.
Green Color[edit]
This was made from mixing some blue powder with yellow color.
Dahamsonda Jathakaya, Kudakatunoruwa Reswehera Rajamaha Viharaya
White Color[edit]
White color was always taken by Makulu Meti, a white clay.
Golden Color[edit]
Golden was made by mixing limestone and golden limestone in same amounts. Or else it was made by mixing limestone with milk of CLUSIACEAE, mercury, white lead, Seenakkaran, and Salt.
Black Color[edit]
Black color was made by mixing charcoal of coconut shells with Dorana Oil.
Dahamsonda Jathakaya, Kudakatunoruwa Reswehera Rajamaha Viharaya
Brushes was made by the artists themselves. A grass type called Theli was used for this. The hair from the tails of cats and squirrels, hair from downside of deer, horses and stags, beard of cats have been used for this. Even camel hair sometimes. These were tied to a handle and then used. Some popular artists have been offered from golden handles from king.
A fresco at Akurassa Godapitiya Rajamaha Viharaya
First, if its in a cave, then it is roughed and then plastered. This plastering was made by clay and hay. Then a layer of white clay is plastered. Then after clothes were pasted and then started to paint.
Dividing the Wall[edit]
The wall was divided into horizontal rows in Kandyan Era Frescoes. A small space was left between two rows to write the story. Sometimes it was written in the fresco in a rectangle. The height of the row varies from 30" - 40" range in low country, while some upcountry temples have range of 5" - 6". Then after the fresco was painted.[2]
Jataka Stories and Episodes of the "Lord Buddha’s Life have been the major themes of Kandyan Frescoes. Other than them, Suvisi Vivarana or Bodhisattva Gautama getting blessings from 24 Previous Buddhas, Bodhisattva Gautama in Thusitha Heaven, first council of Arahaths, "Atamasthana (8 famous Buddhist Religious Places), "Solosmasthana (16 famous Stupa and Buddhist Religious Places), Other "Bodhisattva, Thousand "Buddhas, and History of Sri Lanka and of the Buddhism of Sri Lanka (e.g.: War of "Elara and "Dutugamunu) have been themed. Actually the religious rise-up made the artists to draw mostly Buddhism Related Frescoes. And those flowers used to fill blanks are Traditional Flower Patterns.[3]
A detail at Budugehinna Temple
Regional variations[edit]
A fresco at Dehiwala "Sri Subhodharamaya
As the whole country was ruled by the Kingdom of Kandy in early times, this influence of the Kandyan Frescoes was distributed in all over the country. But with the start of "Portuguese, "Dutch, and "British Eras, the "European Arts influenced the Kandyan Frescoes. As Portuguese and Dutch only ruled coastal areas, this influence can be seen very largely in coastal areas than upcountry areas. According to these changes Kandyan Frescoes can be divided into two as,
1. Up Country Kandyan Era Frescoes
2. Low Country Kandyan Era Frescoes
Temples which contain up country Kandyan Era frescoes[edit]
1. "Temple of the Tooth
2. "Degaldoruwa Temple
3. Madawala Tampita Viharaya
4. Gangarama Temple - Kandy
5. "Ridi Temple - Kurunegala
6. Suriyagoda Temple
7. Theldeniya Bambaragala Viharaya
8. Nilagama Thissamaharama Rajamaha Viharaya
9. Yapahuwa Rajamaha Viharaya
10. Gampola Lankathilaka Viharaya
11. Mahanuwara Gangaramaya
12. Matale Dambawa Rajamaha Viaharaya
13. Dehipagoda Agrabodhi Viharaya
14. Makulugaswewa Budugehinna Viharaya
15. Kundsale Viharaya
16. Isurumuni Rajamaha Viharaya
17. Dodanthale Viharaya
A low country Kandyan Era fresco
are some temples with Up Country Kandyan Era Frescoes. These frescoes are very simple and anyone can easily understand the story. But there are Minor European Influences. For an example, the '"Demons' of the fresco of Mara Parajaya are holding European Guns.
Temples which contain low country Kandyan Era frescoes[edit]
1. Kathaluwa Viharaya
2. "Subodharamaya - Karagampitiya, Dehiwala
3. "Mulkirigala Temple
4. Walalgoda Temple
5. Samudragiri Temple
6. Kadolgalla Subdraramaya
7. Pathgama Rahularamaya
8. Kosgoda Ganegodalle Viharaya
9. Thotagamuwa Subadraramaya
10. Welihnida Sudarshanaramaya
11. Ambalangoda Sunandaramaya
12. Thelwaththe Aluth Pansala
13. South Kaluthara Duwe Pansala
14. Mihiripanne Ariyakara Viharaya
15. Hikkaduwe Jananandaramaya
16. Koggala Dewala Building
17. North Payagala Ethagama Sumananramaya
18. Bambarande Kurumbure Viharaya
19. Matara Walgama Kotikagoda Viharaya
A fresco at Muruthawela Sri Narendrarama Viharaya
These are very complex and a bit hard to understand. Here there are many European influences. For an example, these frescoes contain ladies who wearing frocks and gentlemen who are wearing trousers, Western style houses, etc.[1]
A fresco at Dehiwala "Sri Subodharamaya
Artists of Kandyan Era[edit]
It is believed that there were many artists in Kandyan Era. The variations of the style, not from temple to temple, but sometimes in the same temple. Artists who painted the marvelous Kandyan Frescoes are not much popular. Instead of their names, their "clans were popular. The more refined, detailed drawings with fine lines are often the work of the artists of 'Central School'. They received the direct patronage of the king. The simpler, less sophisticated drawings with thicker lines are often work of 'Provincial Schools' maintained by regional leaders and villagers.[3]
Respect and patronage of the Kings to an Artist at Kandyan Era[edit]
An artist was a person who was well respected in the society at Kandyan Era. Kings also gave their patronage to artists. There is a folk story about an artist in Kandyan Era.
"One day, Devaragampola Silvath Thana, the chief artist who worked in Dambulla Renovations was on the "scaffolding, painting. Not able to go out to split out wad of "betel he was chewing as he worked, he called out his henchman and handed it down to be thrown away. Then that person threw it out and came back, asked from the artist 'How long have you been up there to have chewed such a lot of betel?'. The artist tilted the flame and peered down as the voice was not that of his attending "henchman. It was the "king..."[3][4]
This story shows how much the king respected artists at that time. So the respect of the society is clear. It is told that the artist is the only person who could ever bear the king's crown in Nethra Mangalya.
A fresco a Sri Wanasinghe Viharaya
Popular artists of the Kandyan Era[edit]
There are no recognizable action has taken to conserve these Kandyan Frescoes other than in the temples where "department of archaeology has stepped in. In some temples, "photographing these frescoes without permission have been prohibited.
It seems that renovation, new construction and "over painting, rather than "conservation and preservation were the "Sri Lankan Tradition. It still is, expect where Archaeological Department of Sri Lanka has stepped in. The present day paintings at "Dambulla Temple, have been done over about 2000 year old frescoes of "Anuradhapura Era, in the 18th century. Now only a small piece of Anuradhapura Era Frescoes can be seen. But thanks to the archaeological department, conservation of these frescoes are up to a certain level.[3]
See also[edit]
1. ^ a b National Institute of Education, Grade 10 Art Syllabus. 2016
2. ^ a b Charles, S. P. (2001). මහනුවර යුගයේ සිතුවමින් පෙනෙන වර්ණ, තෙලිකූරු හා බදාම. Colombo: Paper Right Press. zero width joiner character in |title= at position 34 ("help)
3. ^ a b c d Priyanjan De Silva; Yohan Weerasuriya; Prabodha Abewardane; Naranjana Gunathilake (2016). SIGIRIYA & BEYOND. pp. 38, 39, 40, 41, 133. "ISBN "978-955-3900-00-5.
4. ^ A Folk Tale from Sri Lanka
External links[edit]
) )
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Basic Geology: Magnetic Stripes and their relationship from ridge crests.
1. Sep 12, 2011 #1
(Picture attached)
How does the process of sea-floor spreading produce these orientations and relationships [between the ages of magnetic stripes and the distance from the ridge crests, as well as the parallel direction of the magnetic stripes with those of the ridge axes]?
Why are some magnetic stripes wider than others?
2. Relevant equations
I don't think I need any.
3. The attempt at a solution
Don't need answers, just help!
1. I'm guessing that the older magnetic stripes are furthest away from the ridge axes because sea-floor spreading is pushing them away. I don't know why the magnetic lines are parallel to the ridge axes though.
2. I have no idea why some stripes are wider than others, does it have to do with sea-floors' surface features?
Attached Files:
2. jcsd
3. Sep 13, 2011 #2
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Staff: Mentor
So far so good. Think where and how the stripes are created and how they move.
It has nothing to do with the sea floor. Again, why and how are they created?
4. Sep 13, 2011 #3
Does the width of the stripes have to do with the time period between flipping polarity?
5. Sep 13, 2011 #4
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Staff: Mentor
6. Sep 13, 2011 #5
Okay great! So the negative (lighter) stripes are reversed polarity... and the positive (darker) stripes are normal polarity?
7. Sep 13, 2011 #6
User Avatar
Staff: Mentor
8. Sep 13, 2011 #7
Okay thank you so much!
Similar Discussions: Basic Geology: Magnetic Stripes and their relationship from ridge crests.
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2. Some geology questions (Replies: 1)
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Alexander's Feast, or the Power of Music Symbols, Allegory and Motifs
In the classical world, much like in the world today, roses were associated with love and desire. In Greek and Roman myth, roses represented the love goddess Aphrodite/Venus. Roses were also common symbols in epic song and poetry, as they symbolise the great strength and determination of the empire. Roses were also often used to celebrate an individual's great achievements, as can be seen through the poem, which praises Phillip's military victory.
The myrtle represents growth, expansion and conquest. This alligns with widely held Classical values of strength, honour and military achievement. Myrtle, like many other plants, was also a symbol of death and rebirth. Ancient Greeks carried myrtle with them when they colonised new land to represent their expansion and represent the new possibilities and opportunities brought about through the new land. Furthermore, myrtle was closely associated with the rose as a symbol of love, as both roses and myrtles were closely connected to the goddess Aphrodite.
Musical instruments
Musical instruments are a key motif throughout the poem. References to music contribute to the grand, optimistic tone of the poem. Lines such as "Timotheous ... with flying fingers touched the lyre" contribute to the magical, playfu quality of the poem. Furthermore, references to musical instruments in the imperative declaration "Sound the trumpets, beat the drums!" create a sense of a grand celebration and engender notions of heroism, legacy and praise. This motif is further significant given the religious and classical overlay of the poem, in particular, references to the Greco-Roman diety Bacchus. In classical times, Bacchian celebrations were characterised by excessive dance, song and music. In this way, the musical instrument motif also adds historical authenticity, while proclaiming the predominant theme of celebration and community spirit.
In ancient literature and poetry, snakes represent the wielding of great power. Serpents and snakes represent both positive and negative traits. While they can represent healing and transformation (due to the snake's ability to shed its skin), they are also associated with cunning and deception, as a number of ancient myths depict snakes as misleading, trickster figures. In Greco-Roman mythology, snakes predominantly a symbol of fear and power. This can be seen through numerous snake-like creatures, such as the Gorgon and the Giants, who were powerful mythological adversaries. This is strengthened through the poem's explicit reference to "the Furies", mythological figures with snake-like hair, as well as the frightening description "See the snakes that they rear
How they hiss in their hair," which suggests an ominous strength.
Torches were powerful symbols in Greek and Roman art and funerary monuments. A torch held upwards symbolises life and truth. These positive notions are conveyed through the optimistic image "Behold how they toss their torches on high". Torches also symbolised the eternal power of the flame and notions of strength and regeneration.
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Documentary Film based on Gibson's book: Qur'anic Geography
The Sacred City from Glasshouse Media on Vimeo.
The Nabataean Port City in Arabia
The Nabataeans maintained two ports that we know about. The first was Aila at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba. This port was used almost exclusively by Arab boats as the Gulf of Aqaba was known for its foul winds, making it a very difficult port for the square rigged European boats. (Casson, Periplus page 144) Arab dhows however, could sail much closer to the wind, and could better utilize Aila, providing it with goods from southern Arabia. It is interesting to note that the Romans ended their road at Aila, rather than continuing farther down the Arabian coast.
The Nabataeans also maintained a port on the Red Sea known as Leuce Come (meaning white village.) This harbor later served as a port of trade for European ships as well as the smaller Arab dhows that would come loaded with freight from Arabia. (Periplus 19) The Nabataeans/Romans maintained a customs office at Leuce Come as well as a centurion and a detachment of soldiers. The usual customs on luxury goods was 25%. This port may have been located at the modern village of Khuraybah. (See Where was Leuce Come?) From Leuce Come a caravan route wound it's way north to Petra. (Strabo 16.781)
To date, no one has established the exact location of Leuce Come. The Periplus describes briefly describes it, mentioning that there was a fort there where taxes were collected. It also mentions that small ships used this port. Perhaps this was due to coral reefs. Strabo mentions Leuce Come in his narration about the Roman attempt to take Arabia. He tells how the Romans had trouble navigating their ships through the coral reefs to land.. "After enduring great hardships and distress, he arrived on the fifteenth day at Leuce-Come, a large mart in the territory of the Nabataeans, with the loss of many of his vessels, some with all their crews, in consequence of the difficulty of the navigation, but by no opposition from an enemy. These misfortunes were occasioned by the perfidy of Syllaeus, who insisted that there was no road for an army by land to Leuce-Come, to which and from which place the camel traders travel with ease and in safety from Selah, and back to Selah, with so large a body of men and camels as to differ in no respect from an army." XVI.iv.24
The fort and taxation center at Leuce-Come demonstrates to us that foreign caravans would frequent the place, and that they would be taxed. Nabataean caravans and boats were part of internal trade, and may not have been taxed in the same way. Interestingly enough, to date this is the only reference we have of the Nabataeans taxing goods passing through their land.
For many centuries, historians have wondered about the exact location of the famed Nabataean city of Leuce Come. Recently, a researcher began work on locating this missing city. Using ancient historical records and modern satellite photos he assembled much of the evidence available today, but no satisfactory port was located along the Saudi Coast. Then, looking once more at the evidence, he believes he may have solved this centuries old riddle. Check out a report of this research on the following page: A Possible Solution for Leuce-Come. has several papers about the possible location of Leuce-Come.
Where was Leuce Come?
by Bob Lebling
A Possible Solution for Leuce-Come
By Dan Gibson
Petra (A complete section in itself) Bostra
Nabataens in the Negev Wadi Rumm
Mampsis Aila
Mampsis Photos Humeima
Nessana Meda'in Saleh
Ruheiba Meda'in Saleh: Tombs: Exteriors and Interiors
Avdat Meda'in Saleh: Tomb Decorations, Falcons, Faces, etc
Elusa Meda'in Saleh: Niches, Altars and God Blocks
Gaza Ma'an
Shivta Leuce Come
The Wall Where was Leuce Come? by Bob Lebling
Negev Wall A Possible Solution for Leuce-Come By Dan Gibson
Sela South Forts
Archeological sites in Saudi Arabia More South Forts header with menus
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SCAMPER Technique
The SCAMPER technique was developed by Bob Eberle. SCAMPER is an acronym for idea-spurring verbs to improve objects or generate ideas. The letters represent the words “substitute,” “combine,” “adapt,” “modify,” “magnify,” “minify,” “put to other uses,” “eliminate,” “rearrange,” and “reverse.” Questions associated with these verbs, as well as examples of objects that illustrate them, are listed below:
Substitute: What can you use instead of the ingredients, materials, objects, places, or methods now used? Vegetarian hot dogs and disposable diapers are examples of products which illustrate substitution.
Combine: Which parts or ideas can you blend together? Televisions with built-in VCRs and musical greeting cards are examples of combinations.
Adapt: What else is like this, what can be copied or imitated? Air fresheners that resemble shells and children’s beds that look like racecars illustrate adapting.
Modify: Can you change an attribute such as color, sound, taste, odor, form, or shape or perhaps add a new twist? Parabolic skis and scented crayons illustrate modifying.
Magnify: Can it be stronger, larger, higher, exaggerated, or more frequent? Extra-strength medicines as well as over-sized sports equipment and televisions are examples of products that have been magnified.
Minify: Can it be smaller, lighter, less frequent or divided? Wrist-band televisions and 12-hour pain relievers are examples of minifying objects.
Put to Other Uses: Can it be used in a way other than how it was intended to be used? Old tires used for fences, swings, and bird feeders, and the development of snowboards illustrate “put to other uses.”
Eliminate: What can you take away or remove? Sodium-free and fat-free foods and cordless telephones are examples of eliminating something.
Rearrange: Can you interchange parts or change the pattern, layout, sequence, or schedule? The new surround sound (360-degree) stereo speakers and vertical paper staplers are examples of rearranging.
Reverse: Can you turn parts backwards, inside out, upside down, or around? Reversible clothing is a classic example of reversing something.
After making children aware of these verbs and how they have been applied to existing objects and products, encourage them to use the SCAMPER verbs to identify new solutions to their problem. For example, a young child looking for a solution for keeping squirrels out of a bird feeder thought of eliminating the pole entirely by attaching the bird feeder to balloons filled with helium, which would enable the feeder to float approximately four feet off the ground.
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People can pull out information stored in memory through either recall or recognition. Recall means that someone can remember something learned earlier. Recognition is the ability to identify something that has been seen or experienced before. Recognition is easier than recall. It may be easy to recognize a person’s face, but it is more difficult to recall the person’s name.
Patterns are also easier to remember than random information. For example, it is easier to…
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For Women's History Month we've been looking at the story of Grace Darling. In the final part of our series, Assistant Curator Nick Ball looks at the fame that followed Grace's heroic actions.
Yesterday we looked at the event that made Grace Darling famous, today we pick up as the story breaks to the wider public. Read our last post here
The courage and heroism of Grace, aged just 22 at the time, caused a sensation. The news of the rescue soon spread across the country and Grace almost instantly became a national heroine. Her fame reached an unprecedented level, and Grace became the subject of newspaper articles, novels, paintings and plays.
Grace Darling, from the National Maritime Museum
Grace was in almost every newspaper in Britain both local and national and she was showered with honours, including the Royal National Lifeboat Institution's Silver Medal for Gallantry and the gold medal of the Royal Humane Society. Her fame even prompted a donation of £50 from Queen Victoria.
The objects connected to Grace took on an almost cultish or religious quality in the eyes of her admirers. They became relics for veneration. Her story was the topic of many ballads and she entered the wider folk tradition of the nation and in the nascent consumer capitalism of Victorian Britain her image and name was even used to sell soap.
Grace Darling print from the National Maritime Museum
To understand her fame, it is necessary to take into account the historical context of the time. It was a time of great progress and excitement in Britain and the Empire, steam powered travel was just taking off, a young queen had just ascended to the throne the year before, and despite some major unrest amongst the working class, Britain was entering a period of peace and prosperity.
However, the advances in technology did not result in a reduction of the dangers of sea travel. The increasing number of shipwrecks after the introduction of steam power meant the nation was gripped by a sense of panic at the number of deaths that occurred at sea. In 1836 a Select Committee of the House of Commons into the ‘Causes of Shipwrecks’ reported that between 1833 and 1835 there were 1, 573 vessels stranded or wrecked, and another 129 lost or missing.
Painting of a shipwreck at the National Maritime Museum
Within this context Grace was a young woman was doing her bit to help, and someone people of all classes could rally around.
The Newcastle Cronicle declared:
This perilous achievement stands unexampled in the feats of female fortitude. From her isolated abode… she made her way through desolation and impeding destruction… to save the lives of her fellow beings.
The Times asked:
Is there in the whole field of history, or fiction even, one instance of female heroism to compare for one moment with this?
However, I think the incredible fame accorded to Grace can be seen as a product of the age. Victorian society never imagined that a young woman such as Grace would be able to perform such a feat of bravery.
It was an ‘unexampled feat of female fortitude’. In the Victorian social world of separate spheres, Grace, as a woman, was in some sense an interloper in the masculine sphere of the sea.
What is most strange, is that a society which regularly condemned female attempts to involve themselves in what were seen as traditional male activities, embraced and celebrated Grace.
The widespread appeal of Grace, and the longevity of her story, was perhaps due to the way her story could be changed to suit the needs of different groups.
She could be both the embodiment of Imperial femininity with her sense of duty in the face of danger; she could be the epitome of Christian charity in her selfless act; and she could represent the ordinary people as the working class girl -turned heroine.
She remained famous throughout the 19th century and in 1938 a Museum dedicated to Grace and seafaring in the region was founded at her birthplace, Bamburgh.
That her femininity undoubtedly contributed to her fame doesn’t diminish the bravery of the rescue. The heroism of Grace cannot be doubted, and is emphasised by the great loss of life on that stormy night.
Grace Darling
Adding to her appeal is the way Grace herself didn’t embrace her fame or seek fortune through it; instead she sat for a number of portraits, and answered as many letters as she could from her numerous admirers both male and female. It was noted that she was rendered almost bald by the number of requests for locks of her hair!
Grace Darling purse
Purse containing a lock of Grace Darling's hair
She never married, despite numerous requests but instead remained at the Longstone Lighthouse to assist her mother and father.
In 1842 she was taken ill on a visit to the mainland, after a short period of deteriorating health she died of tuberculosis in October 1842. She was buried at St. Aidan’s churchyard in Bamburgh.
Her death served only to cement her fame and she remained forever the infallible young woman of the rescue.
See all our objects relating to Grace Darling here
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The UVic Writer's Guide
Poetic Justice
Poetic justice is a term invented by the critic Thomas Rymer in the late seventeenth century to describe the proper moral resolution that he believed drama or narrative should have. That is, unlike the often random justice in real life, literary plots should end with the reward of the good and the punishment of the evil.
Obviously, such an outcome greatly narrows the scope of literature, for one thing making tragic error (hamartia) and catharsis impossible. It is the kind of ending which Aristotle blamed people for preferring, ascribing its preference to their "weakness." In Shakespeare's King Lear, it is highly ironic when Albany tries to establish some kind of poetic justice while Lear grieves over the body of the innocent Cordelia:
"All friends shall taste / The wages of their virtue, and all foes / The cup of their deservings."
Literary Terms (By Category)
Literary Terms (Alphabetized)
Table of Contents
Start Over
Copyright, The Department of English, University of Victoria, 1995
This page updated September 23, 1995
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Friday, 2/24/17- B Day- Wear Red for American Heart Association!
Core Ideas:
• Each pure substance has characteristic physical properties (for any bulk quantity under given conditions) that can be used to identify it.
Learning Activities:
1. Do Now- Get out your science notebook and open to page 61. Solve the following density problem:”What is the density of the 12 g cube at the right?”
2. Science Friday- The Bouba-Kiki Effect
3. Demonstration– Set up page 61. There are two identical containers. One is half filled with water and one is filled with only 1 cup. By lifting the containers, which bucket has the most mass of water? Which do you think has water with the most density? Answer questions on page 61 (Think-Pair-Share).
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Red Fox is Native to the Southeast
For many years, it was believed that red foxes in the eastern half of North America were introduced by early European settlers for hunting purposes. However, recent DNA evidence suggests that red foxes in the East are a result of natural range expansions.
Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are native to boreal and western mountainous portions of North America but their origins are unknown in many lowland areas of the United States. Red foxes were historically absent from much of the East Coast at the time of European settlement and did not become common until the mid-1800s. Some early naturalists described an apparent southward expansion of native foxes that coincided with anthropogenic habitat changes in the region.
Alternatively, red foxes introduced from Europe during Colonial times may have become established in the east and subsequently expanded their range westward. The red fox also was absent historically from most lowland areas of the western United States. Extant populations of red foxes in those areas are considered to have arisen from intentional introductions from the east (and by extension are alleged European), escapes or releases from fur farms, or range expansions by native populations.
To test these hypotheses we compared mitochondrial DNA sequences (cytochrome b and D-loop) from 110 individuals from 6 recently established populations to 327 native (primarily historical) individuals from Eurasia, Alaska, Canada, the northeastern United States, and montane areas in the western contiguous United States, and to 38 individuals from fur farms. We found no Eurasian haplotypes in North America, but found native haplotypes in recently established populations in the southeastern United States and in parts of the western United States. Red foxes from the southeastern United States were closely related to native populations in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, suggesting that they originated from natural range expansions, not from translocation of European lineages, as was widely believed prior to this study.
Similarly, recently established populations in the Great Basin and in western Oregon originated primarily from native populations in western montane regions, but also contained a few nonnative North American haplotypes. In contrast, populations in western Washington and southern California contained nonnative, highly admixed stock that clearly resulted from intracontinental translocations. Several common haplotypes in these populations originated in regions where fur-farm stocks originated. Although European red foxes translocated to the eastern United States during Colonial times may have contributed genetically to extant populations in that region, our findings suggest that most of the matrilineal ancestry of eastern red foxes originated in North America.
Source article is a PDF file that you can open or download: Statham et al 2012 – JM 93(1), 52-65
Here is some trivia for you: How can you tell the difference between a red fox and gray fox? The red fox will always have a white tipped tail! The gray fox will have a solid colored tail. Some red fox may express seasonal color coats and/or melanism that may be confused with being a gray, but the tail will never lie.
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The Mexican mural movement was born in the early 1920s in the wake of revolutionary changes happening in Mexico. The country had just endured a decade of civil war. The war ended more than 30 years of a dictatorship that guaranteed wealth and power to a small group and left Mexico’s vast majority with limited freedom and challenging economic conditions. Popular revolutionary figures such as Francisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata helped bring about changes that resulted in a new government, headed by President Alvaro Obregon, which hoped to offer a new vision of Mexico. To help achieve that goal, Obregon’s Minister of Education, Jose Vasconcelos, began awarding government funded commissions to paint large scale murals on government buildings.
A new President Obregon also faced the challenge of uniting a largely illiterate population, alienated for years from education and politics by a tyrannical dictator and later devastated by the violence of the war. Mural art could educate, promote political ideology and foster a sense of pride in a new Mexico. The movement would also carry on a legacy of mural painting in Mexico that long predated the Spanish conquest. The new murals would recall indigenous roots and ancient mural masters of civilizations such as the Aztec and Maya.
The muralist’s use of art as a tool to unify, educate and radically change an entire nation’s sense of identity was something very new to western art. The movement emerged at a time when the artist represented an introspective individual, possibly separated from mainstream ideals, selling canvases to decorate homes, and creating art simply for art’s sake as the impressionist’s statement on art’s purpose claimed. Suddenly, the Mexican muralists began capturing the spirit of revolution and providing bold imagery that often offered a clear message to a population oppressed for years under the dictator Porfirio Diaz: we will reclaim the glory of our indigenous forefather’s empires and create a great new Mexico together.
Three Mexican muralists emerged as the most recognizable artists of the movement; Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros and Jose Clemente Orozco. They collectively became known as “Los tres grandes”. Since the government commissions granted the painters full artistic freedom, the style and political views of each of these three make their work clearly identifiable. They all expressed themselves with unique visual language that offered widely different views. The work of Rivera and Alfaro Siqueiros often glorified the revolution while Clemente Orozco was much more critical of the violence that it caused. Clemente Orozco’s work, which depicted the horrors of Mexico’s bloody war, earned him criticism for its graphic nature.
While their opinions and styles differed, their work shared certain elements. One reoccurring theme common to the muralist’s work includes historical imagery which tells the tale of Mexico’s past, offering detailed depictions of: its rich traditions of indigenous civilizations, the devastating effects and permanent influence of the Spanish conquest, and finally independence and contemporary culture. The murals call on contemporary Mexicans to celebrate their roots and cultural identity, and to always remember and respect the struggles, injustices, triumphs and achievements that make up Mexico’s ancient and recent history.
The immediacy of the visual art would have a lasting effect on the Mexican people’s image of their country, their history and themselves. The Mexican murals also helped shape the image that many people around the world still have of Mexico’s ancient empires, admirable fight for freedom and justice, and the modern nation’s movement toward a promising future.
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Only available on StudyMode
• Topic: Thinking Maps, Flow map, Graphic organizer
• Pages : 7 (1393 words )
• Download(s) : 121
• Published : March 10, 2013
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Program i-Think g
Thinking Maps
Bila dan Siapa yang Terlibat
Fasa 1 2012 (Jan-Mac) 2012 2013 2014 2015 Rintis di 10 buah sekolah (4 SM + 6 SR)
Fasa 2 Fasa 3 Fasa 4 Fasa 5
280 buah sekolah + 3 IPGK 1000 buah sekolah ? buah sekolah Semua sekolah
• Semua murid kecuali tingkatan 5 • Semua guru sekolah
Circle Map
Thinking Process: Defining in Context Key Question: How are you defining this thing or idea? Key Words and Phrases: List, define, tell everything you know, brainstorm, identify, brainstorm identify relate prior knowledge describe explore the knowledge, describe, meaning Design: the topic is in the middle, smaller circle. Everything you know about th t i i i th l b t the topic is in the larger circle. A b i l box, th t may b i l d d that be included, around the entire map is a “Frame of Reference” that is used to answer the question “How did I learn this?” (The frame of reference can be used around any of the maps y p Common Uses: Brainstorm for writing, used as a starting point during the prewriting stage, defining words, identifying audience and author’s point of view Writing Mode: Point of View Essay
Science kit
Circle Map
Help plants Lives in soil Tube shaped body
slimy li
Need moisture
Enemies are birds
2,700 kind
No feet have hair Books
Lay eggs Vibrations Teacher
School keeper
Who measures things? chair table Table l T bl leg Our bags door whiteboard floor
Mum and Dad
Height of coat hook pencils arms radiator Workman W km
What can We Measure?
ourselves feet head
books b k desk
Frame of Reference
What is the Frame of Reference? The Frame of Reference can be used with any of the eight maps. It provides an area for students to synthesis information, think more deeply, and support th i reasoning. d t their i What goes into the Frame of Reference? •How do you know what y know? y you •Elaborate with Extras (E’s) ~or~ Interpret the Information (I’s)
Frame of Reference
Elaborating with the Extras (The E’s) Interpreting Information (The I’s) Include your own personal experiences What is the importance of this experiences. information? Use supporting examples from the text. What inferences can be made? Incorporate evidence from text/world. What historical/literary events support your ideas? Include further explanation on the subject. Elaborate on your thinking and reasoning. What expert “opinions” can you find as support? t? Include excitement or personal feelings about the topic. What influences affect this information?
Thinking schools schools….. Setting the context The
st 21
Group 1 From the point of view of a parent What are the skills that are needed? A 21st Century learner
Group 2 From the point of view of the school What are the skills that are needed? A 21st Century learner
Group 3 From the point of view of an employer What are the skills that are needed? A 21st Century learner
Group 4
From the point of view of Malaysia, the country
What are the skills that are needed? A 21st Century learner
Bubble Map
Thinking Process: Describing Qualities; Characterization Key Question: How are you describing this thing? What adjectives best describe it? Key Words and Phrases: Describe, use vivid language, describe feelings, observe using the five senses Design: The topic being described is in the center bubble. The outer bubbles contain adjectives and adjective phrases describing the topic. Common Uses: Describing things, identifying qualities, character traits, attributes and/or properties of things. The Bubble Map is a tool for enriching students’ abilities to identify qualities and use descriptive words. Writing Mode: Descriptive Writing
How would my History teacher see me? ?
irritating g disinterested di i t t d
under achieving
Double Bubble Map p
Thinking Process: Comparing and...
tracking img
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Term 1 2014 Written Language
Write about:
· when and where you did something special
· who was with you
· how you felt and why you felt this way.
By Harrison Jones
The Beach
Once I went to the beach with my mum and friends. The beach was sparkly like crystals. Me and my friends and mum all went to a restaurant.
Next steps
You need to add more details to make it clear exactly where you went and what you did.
Where was the beach? Who were your friends? What did you do at the beach?
2014 Term 1 Art Attack
WALT: use different painting techniques to paint a picture of a Lizard or Geko.
We will know we can do this when:
· we can mix colours
· use different colours to emphasise specific features/details
· use different brush stroke techniques to create different effects
· we can paint a background
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<< Previous Page
The ability of the earth to begin immediately producing abundant plant life everywhere, on the very same day as the forming of the land surfaces, shows that the upper portion of the crust was a rich soil, fertile in chemical nutrients and retaining adequate moisture to sustain the lush vegetation. This fact illustrates an important principle. True creation necessarily involves the theory of a "creation of apparent age," or better, "creation of functioning maturity." That is, the soil did not gradually form over hundreds of years by rock weathering and other modern uniformitarian processes. It was readied instantaneously by divine fiat. The plants did not develop from seeds; rather the herb was formed "yielding seed." Similarly, the fruit trees were "yielding fruit," not requiring several years of preliminary growth as do modern fruit trees.
Publisher: Thomas Nelson
Language: English
DEF 10 ISBN 0-529-10444-x
DEF 10-1 ISBN 0-529-10445-8
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Episode 51: Vultures Inherit The Earth
The Bicknell's Thrush is a bird that can only live in a few very very restricted places. It spends its summers in dense alpine forests in the Northeast of the US. In the winter, perhaps as many as 90 percent of the birds fly to the Dominican Republic. It's a bird without many options, and that makes it a poster child for what's to come.
“Our bird”—that’s what conservationists in New England call the Bicknell’s Thrush. Why do they love it so much? It’s not a particularly comely bird. It’s almost entirely indistinguishable from the much more common gray-cheeked thrush. It has a nice song, but it’s about as endearing as any other song bird you might notice in the woods. What gets the Bicknell’s thrush its the moniker is simply that you can’t find it anywhere else.
“They’ve pigeon-holed themselves into a pretty narrow ecological niche,” says Chris Rimmer, director of executive director of the Vermont Center for Ecostudies, a little research and conservation outfit that has taken up the challenge of trying to study and conserve the thrush.
That ecological niche is so small it’s almost comical. In the summer, the birds stick to “thick stands of stunted conifers on steep mountain slopes or near tree-line” according to the researcher that successfully argued the bird should be considered its own species, back in 1993. That means we’re talking about a handful of weather-beaten, high mountain peaks in the northeast of the U.S. and Southern Quebec. In the winter, the birds fly south, and nearly all of them head to the same place. Rimmer says that somewhere around 90 percent of Bicknell’s thrushes spend the winter in wet forests in the interior of the Dominican Republic.
In other words, the Bicknell’s thrush is a specialist: on both ends of its range, it lives only in a very narrow band of habitats. They don’t seem to know how to live anywhere else. “If these habitats disappear from our mountain tops,” explains Rimmer, “I don’t think the birds are going to just find a different place to go.”
Consider, now, another bird, one nobody seems to call “our bird,” though it has its aficionados: The turkey vulture.
“I think turkey vultures are just about a perfect creature,” says Katie Fallon, author of Vulture: The Private Life of an Unloved Bird. “They breed from south central Canada, throughout most of North America, Central America, and all of South America. They’re even on islands... Caribbean Islands... the Falkland Islands. They’re a bird that can be seen by almost everyone in the hemisphere.”
Turkey vultures aren’t picky. They will nest in dark crevices, abandoned buildings, the nests of other birds, mammal burrows, and even quiet spots on the forest floor, if nothing else is available. They are also shockingly efficient. When soaring, their heart-rate is nearly the same as when they are sleeping, which has even led some to suggest turkey vultures might actually take quick naps while flying. This is just one of the many delightful facts about these birds—my personal favorite is that their stomachs are acidic enough that it can neutralize cholera, botulism and anthrax.
When you add these various evolutionary talents up, you get an animal that is poised for success in virtually any habitat; basically, you have a generalist on your hands.
The world is made up of many species, and any one of them will loosely either fit the profile of a generalist or a specialist. That has always been true. What is newly true is that species are disappearing at an alarming rate, and many scientists believe we’re seeing the beginnings of something that will eventually be recognized as a mass extinction event.
“If these habitats disappear from our mountain tops, I don’t think the birds are going to just find a different place to go.”
And the problem is that these extinctions are not distributed equally. They’re coming for the specialists first.
“There’s really a striking common pattern that specialist species are declining everywhere,” explains Romaine Julliard, a researcher with the National Museum for Natural History in Paris, who co-authored a paper on the subject with the striking sub-title: toward a global functional homogenization? He say he found the decline “in coral fish, marsupials in Australia, and bumblebees in the UK, and some plants.”
But what’s intriguing about the trend is that the decline of specialists is “almost balanced by the increase in population size of generalist species.” Julliard has studied European birds in particular, and he found that while the abundance of specialist birds has declined 20 percent, numbers of generalists has increased by 20 to 25 percent.
We see this in our tale of two birds as well. The Bicknell’s thrush is losing habitat at both ends of its range. The high, coniferous forests are retreating upslope towards oblivion as climate change warms the Northeast, and illegal agriculture has eaten into the national parks that serve as the bird’s refuge in the Dominican Republic. There are estimated to be around 100,000 of the birds in total, and the species is on several lists of birds that the conservation community is concerned about.
a baby turkey vulture in its nest
a baby turkey vulture in its nest
The turkey vulture—in contrast with the Bicknell’s thrush—is thriving. Roadkill on our highways has created what amounts to a massive network of turkey vulture smorgasbords, crisscrossing the nation. Because the black asphalt absorbs and re-radiates heat during the day, these serpentine buffets also act as a ready source of thermal updrafts for the birds to surf along, spreading their ever-growing population to every nook and cranny of the hemisphere. Fallon says that 25 years ago the birds were estimated to number around 5 million, but today that number has risen to nearly 20 million worldwide.
This is the current trajectory we are on: The beautiful finely tuned specialists, hyper-efficient little motors built to extract calories from their own very, very specific habitats, are on the way out. As they vanish, the generalists—admittedly, marvels of flexibility and adaptation in their own right—are ascendant, rising to fill the space that’s left behind.
What’s behind this shift? According to Julliard, to date, it’s just regular old habitat loss. “Even though the climate change footprint on pressure on biodiversity is increasing and the evidence for that is increasing, it’s still likely lower than habitat degradation,” he says. In fact, a paper on extinction risk that was published in the most recent Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences came to the same conclusion: Large animals are most at risk from us eating them, small animals are at risk because we are destroying the places they live.
We already see the same starlings and house sparrows in almost any city anywhere in the world. Could we get to a future where the skies are full of nothing but turkey vultures, and the oceans are populated entirely by jellyfish?
sam evans-brown thrush-listening, with little luck
Is there anything wrong with this push toward functional homogenization? We already see the same starlings and house sparrows in almost any city anywhere in the world. Could we get to a future where the skies are full of nothing but turkey vultures, and the oceans are populated entirely by jellyfish? To me that feels like a nightmare scenario—something from Margaret Atwood’s Maddaddam trilogy, except minus the genetic engineering.
Julliard has a reminder for me: “Evolution is really a force that drives to specialization and to differentiation,” he says. Pointing out that just as soon as we stop doing all the things that make life hard on them, the specialists will start to thrive again, and given enough time, speciation of new specialists will start to pick up again.
This reassurance is thanks to one of the tenets of ecological niche theory: In a stable habitat, natural selection favors the specialist. Which means “you need really a very high pressure to maintain this homogenization,” he says.
The problem, of course, is that the time-scales involved are deeply out of whack with our human experience. The world can recover from a whole heck of a lot, but that can take millions of years, and the world we’ll inhabit in the meantime will be a deeply impoverished one in comparison. And more to the point, who knows if we’ll even be around to watch the birds that repopulate that sky, to call them our own.
Outside/In was produced this week by:
Outside/In was produced this week by Sam Evans-Brown with help from: Maureen McMurray, Taylor Quimby, Hannah McCarthy, and Jimmy Gutierrez.
Music from this week’s episode came from Blue Dot Sessions, Poddington Bear, David Szesztay, Jason Leonard and Ikimashoo Aoi.
Our theme music is by Breakmaster Cylinder.
Episode 50: Ask Sam
The Ask Sam hotline has been blowing up lately! Not like the Galaxy 7, no. In a good way! So Sam, along with a couple of producers from the Outside/In team, took a moment to answer your questions about tree killing, grass eating and the sound in the woods that scared the colonists away. And that's just to name a few. Somebody even gets a trail name out of this one.
Question 1: Trevor in Bailey, CO asks:
"Is the tradition we have of bringing flowers to funerals and cemeteries propagating invasive species?"
Trevor, what's your story? You a man of the cloth? A gravedigger? A mourner? Whatever the deal, calling us from a cemetery with your question about cemeteries really set the scene. We applaud your commitment to the hotline... and to the ceaseless pursuit of knowledge about the outside world.
So, Sam played in-studio expert here and you can rest in peace, Trevor! Those funeral flowers probably aren't doing anything to mess with the delicate balance of the graveyard, or lands graveyard-adjacent. First of all, those flowers are likely picked, cut, and artfully arranged before an insect can get around to pollinating. No pollination, no seed. Not to mention the fact that most florist blooms are annuals. They've got one shot to impress, and then they're gone for good. They're also delicate. That leaves them with pretty rotten chances in the invasion business. Sam says funeral flowers don't stand much of a chance against robust greenery.
That said, if you're in Maine laying a bouquet at the grave of your late cat in a mysterious place that your neighbor Jud took you to, well. All bets are off. Sam didn't speak to the fate of flowers in the pet cemetary.
Question 2: Gregory in MA asks:
"I am sitting across from my neighbor's tree and it is just pissing me off. It is really big and obnoxious, and I was wondering what the punishment is if I just poisoned it and made it come down on its own."
giphy-downsized (1).gif
Look, Gregory, we're not lawyers over here or anything. But producing a podcast is kind of like going to law school, right? Right?Either way, producer Hannah McCarthy took your case. Congratulations!
This crime is on the books in your state, Gregory. It's actually on the books pretty much everywhere because people killing other people's trees is a popular past time. What is it about these tall drinks of pulp that makes people snap like a dead branch? Whatever the reason, Massachusetts Neighbor and Tree law says you could go away for up to six months for injuring someone else's tree. It's more likely, though, that you'll just be fined for three times the assessed value of the 'ol leafy giant. And a mature tree goes for anywhere between $1,000 and $10,000. So, unless you're looking to shell out thirty grand to your tree-hugging neighbor, this not-lawyer is going to recommend against the surreptitious offing of the offending arbor.
Now, if you were going to poison a tree, and do so without getting caught, the internet is flush with helpful information. Especially the forums of cycling websites. Don't ask me why, Gregory, but I do want to point out that our own Sam Evans-Brown is an avid cyclist. Coincidence?
Yeah. Probably. Sam loves trees.
Question 3: Eric in Philadelphia, PA asks:
"On the "Tell Me Something I Didn't Know," podcast, I learned the weight we lose when we lose weight is exhaled via carbon dioxide when we breathe, and I was just curious, or had the assumption that if everyone on Earth lost the weight that we need to lose to be at, I guess, a regular BMI, would that have any measurable impact on CO2 levels in the atmosphere, and could that have any impact on global warming."
giphy-downsized (2).gif
It may sound like a load of hot air, but it's true! If you trace the atoms in fat being lost, most of them are exhaled as carbon dioxide. The rest becomes water. Just think... every time you throw Terms of Endearment on for a good cry, that could be former fat falling down your cheeks. Weird.
As for whether a weight loss craze could put a dent in the atmosphere, well, Sam says a couple billion jazzercisers can't really compare to the Industrial Revolution. But we're a facts-based operation over here, so Sam Good-Will-Hunted this one for you, Eric.
Here's the rundown. There are approximately 2.1 billion overweight people on Earth, all an average of 20 pounds overweight. Those 20 pounds are about 18-percent carbon. So, if everyone who is overweight lost twenty pounds, it would release about 3.3 million tons of carbon into the atmosphere. That's the equivalent of the amount of carbon produced by 698,339 cars. So, a little more than all of the cars in Florida. Now, I know what you're thinking. Dang! That's a lot of carbon! Better discourage that whole "jogging" thing. But here's the deal. That's only 0.08-percent of global carbon emissions.
So, in short, no. Even if everyone worked their tucheses off to get in shape, it wouldn't make a measurable difference as far as global warming goes.
It's not your fault, Fat. It's not your fault.
Question 4: Rhine* in Purvis, MS asks:
"I've been told my entire life that when dogs and cats eat grass, it's because they have intestinal worms, but my dog has had fecal tests and takes a de-wormer pill every month. So, I know he doesn't have any intestinal worms, but he still eats grass occasionally. So, I'm just wondering if there's any truth to that claim that animals will eat grass if they have worms. And if so, why? And do all animals do that?"
giphy-downsized (4).gif
Look, who among us hasn't gone for a walk and munched on some Bermuda, or sampled the neighbor's finest Fescue? But are we doing it to keep the worms at bay? Well, to get to the root of this belly scratcher, producer Jimmy Gutierrez placed a call to someone who knows a thing or two about weird pet habits.
See, Jimmy's cat, Juanito, has something in common with your canine companion, Ryan.* He's got his go-to activities in the great outdoors. Watch birds, walk under cars, eat grass. And every time Juanito indulges? Well, it kind of seems like that grass isn't agreeing with him. Because it comes right back up. Jimmy's theory? Juanito's stayin' regular. But he called his favorite animal doc to confirm.
We hate to disappoint, Brian*, but New Hampshire-based veterinarian Allison Frontz says this one remains a mystery, "There truly is not an answer to the question. Dogs and cats will eat grass really for no apparent reason. " Dr. Frontz says that it's commonly thought that animals eat grass in order to throw up, but that's really only based on the fact that so many do when they eat it. There's no evidence to show that Juanito actually needs to throw up in that moment, through. Animal scientists have studied this behavior and concluded that, well, some cats and dogs just like to eat grass.
Dr. Frontz does recommend that you stop your pet from regularly eating grass if it makes them throw up, because nobody needs to be getting sick every day.
*Okay, we admit it. We couldn't make out your name on the tape, Rhine-Ryan-Brian. We haven't been able to enjoy a single bite of grass since.
Question 5: Shredder* in VA on the Appalachian Trail asks:
"We are all New Englanders but we've come down here in the South and we've made it to Virginia and we keep hearing this strange noise everywhere and we don't know if it's an insect or a bird or a frog, and I feel like I've failed my friends as the one with the forestry degree, so I'm just gonna hold my phone out and let the sound be heard and see if any of you guys know what it is."
giphy-downsized (5).gif
I mean, we don't want to suggest you've wasted your time and money and energy on that forestry degree or anything, but Sam knew what this was right away, so...
Just kidding, Shredder! You've just hiked thousands of miles through the thing that you've got a degree in, so you put us all to shame.
Anyway, there are katydids in them there hills! Of the Tettigoniidae family, for those of us with a forestry degree. Our friends across the pond call 'em bush crickets, and some old-schoolers refer to these wee beasties as long-horned grasshoppers. Whatever you call them, these guys are loud. The sound that you're hearing out there on the trail, Shredder, is a bug song made when these guys rub their forewings together. The upper wing, called the file, has a serrated edge. The lower wing scrapes against the file to produce a heck of a tune. Put thousands of these musicians in one place and you get a pretty overwhelming sound. So overwhelming, Sam explains, that when European colonists first encountered the katydid song they were scared silly of the shrieking in the woods.
There are 258 identified species of katydid, and each species has it's own distinct sound. That's because these songs really only have one purpose: to attract a mate. The different songs, otherwise known as trills, are designed to attract females of the same species. So whenever you're lying under the stars, cursing this deafening late-summer sound, just remember... it's a love song. Or, a couple hundred love songs, all played at the same time. So romantic.
Katydids are most commonly found in the Southern part of the United States, so that's why you might be unfamiliar with them. And these insects would be pretty hard to spot -- they're designed to blend into their surroundings, mimicking leaves while they rest during the day. So, Shredder, you've far from failed your friends. Besides, you were the one clever enough to call the Ask Sam hotline!
*Shredder is a trail name (the name fellow hikers give you on the Appalachian Trail). We asked Shredder to give Jimmy a trail name, but she demurred. So, Sam let Jimmy have GZA, even though Mr. Gary Grice of Wu-Tang kind of already has it.
Question 6: Claire in St. George, ME asks:
"I'm wondering whether harbor seals and other aquatic life know if it's raining or not."
giphy (2).gif
We didn't spend much time guessing on this one, Claire. Between the nature of sounds in the ocean and harbor seals' notoriously reticent ways, Sam decided to go straight to an expert.
Enter Jim Harvey of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in Moss Landing, CA. We caught Jim at a good time, because he'd recently heard some data from the Monterey Bay aquarium. turns out they've got a hydrophone in the bay that's listening to sounds in the ocean. And that hydrophone has picked up the sound of rain on the ocean's surface at almost a thousand feet below. So, Jim says, "the answer is that if the harbor seals have [hearing as good] as the hydrophone, then, yes, certainly seals should be able to hear rain if they were underwater, if they can hear that frequency."
Harbor seals have hearing similar to that of a cat or dog when they're on land, and that hearing improves once they're under water. So, Claire, it's certainly possible that these sea dogs (as well as other aquatic life) can hear a rainstorm even when they're underwater.
But what about on land? Jim says he's spent plenty of time observing harbor seals, and that they tend to tolerate a light rain. But when things get heavy, you'll see them escape the storm by slipping underwater.
Oh, and one more thing! It isn't relevant to rain, but it is adorable. Seals do this thing called bottling, resting with their head above water and their bodies submerged. And Jim says they'll dip below the water, rest on the ocean floor for a moment, and then bob back up. For hours. And when they just float on their sides? That's called logging. A mysterious and noble creature.
Outside/In was produced this week by:
Sam Evans-Brown, with help from, Maureen McMurray, Taylor Quimby, Jimmy Gutierrez and Hannah McCarthy.
Our theme music is by Breakmaster Cylinder
Outside/In is a production of New Hampshire Public Radio.
Episode 49: In Too Deep
This week, we're bringing you an adventure from our friends at the Outside Podcast. Trapped in a shipwreck on the ocean floor, running out of oxygen, body temperature falling, how long could you survive? Intrepid producers Robbie Carver and Peter Frick-Wright take a deep dive on this one.
In 1991, a man named Michael Proudfoot was SCUBA diving off the coast of Baja, Mexico. The details of his story are everywhere. And, more or less, the same. Exploring a shipwreck, Proudfoot breaks his regulator and surfaces in an air pocket deep in the belly of the ship. He finds a tea-kettle full of fresh water, and eats sea urchins to survive. But as producers of the Outside Podcast— Robbie Carver and Peter Frick-Wright — dig deeper and deeper into the tale, it becomes harder and harder to tell what's real and what isn't.
This is a story about deep-sea fact checking. Fact checking to the point of no return. What happens when you can't prove a story -- a really great, big fish of a story -- right or wrong?
Outside/In was produced this week by:
Outside/In was produced this week by Sam Evans-Brown with help from: Taylor Quimby, Hannah McCarthy, and Jimmy Gutierrez.
Special thanks to Robbie Carver and Peter Frick-Wright for sharing their reporting and story from the Outside Podcast. You can hear more here.
Our theme music is by Breakmaster Cylinder.
Episode 48: Pick Your Poison
In our long, evolutionary history, modernity is just a blip. The wiring of our brains took place over hundreds of thousands of years of hunting and gathering food out in the wilderness, and nothing proves that more vividly than the practice of mushroom hunting. It’s incredibly addictive, even to those who know all too well the associated dangers.
Photo © 2012 J. Ronald Lee
Photo © 2012 J. Ronald Lee
***DISCLAIMER*** Don't pick and eat wild mushrooms based on photos you find in this post, or really anywhere on the internet. Please consult professionals. ***DISCLAIMER***
|This story comes to us from Barbara Paulsen, the host and producer of Midway: A Podcast about Midlife Transitions.
To tell that story, we’ll start with a woman named Donna Camille Davis. On a November day a few years back, Donna and her boyfriend got in their car and drove north for a weekend getaway from their home in San Francisco.
“We were finding the most amazing mushrooms,” she says, “I think we counted seven different types of edible mushroom, from hedgehogs, to chanterelles, to black trumpets, to blewits, and matsutakes.”
The difference between those mushrooms and the ones you find in your grocery stores (besides not tasting like styrofoam) is that wild mushrooms can’t be cultivated. So if you want to eat wild mushrooms—and lots of people do because they’ve got way more interesting mushroomy flavors—you have to go into the forest and find them yourself.
And when it came to foraging, Donna knew what she was doing. She’d been mushroom hunting for years. She’d found porcinis the size of her head. She had no trouble telling a black trumpet from a chanterelle.
They took one look at me and wheeled me right upstairs immediately, because they knew that this was not good.
— Donna Camille Davis
But, as it turned out, on that particular day in November, Donna made a mistake. Within days, she was living every mushroom hunter’s worst nightmare.
On the way home from her trip up north, the first symptom appeared: drop dead fatigue. She slept for three whole days. When she got up, she looked at herself in the mirror and saw that her skin was jaundiced, and she rushed to the hospital.
“They took one look at me and wheeled me right upstairs immediately,” she says, “because they knew that this was not good.”
When the doctors told her, “We think this is mushroom poisoning,” all she could think was this is going to be interesting... this is going to be interesting.
Scratching a Primal Itch
Salt Point Park in Sonoma Valley California is an oak and pine forest perched on the Pacific Coast. It’s a mecca for mushroom hunters—and one of the few parks that permit foraging in California. | Photo by Barbara Paulsen
To understand why mushroom hunters would take the risk of getting poisoned, you’ve got to go hunt mushrooms. So last Spring, I went to the very place where Donna Davis got herself into trouble: Salt Point State Park in California’s Sonoma Valley. I drove there with a self-taught mushroom expert, Patrick Hamilton. He’s got a ponytail and a soul patch and he became fascinated with mushrooms back in the 80s, after smoking some really strong Maui Wowie. These days, he teaches groups of beginners how to identify edible mushrooms.
There was a steady drizzle as about a dozen of us gathered in the parking lot. First, Patrick sent us off to pick any mushrooms we could find, declaring, “If you see something fun, bring it!” After 15 minutes we met up to share what we’d picked, and Patrick had us lay all the mushrooms out on a log. Most of them, he told us, were inedible, and one was a particularly poisonous specimen called a Deadly Galerina.
He proceeded to tell us how to identify the three or four mushrooms we wanted to find that day: black trumpets, hedgehogs, candy caps, and chanterelles. And then he sent us off again. Only this time, we knew what we were looking for.
But it was really hard! I came across a British couple who also couldn’t find anything. We told Patrickour plight, but he wasn’t having it. He knew that our eyes just hadn’t adjusted yet—we were looking, but our eyes didn’t know what to see. He told us to get on our hands and knees (“For Chrissakes!”) and look underneath things.
Take a peek into the bag of a novice mushroom hunter who’s delighted to have found chanterelles, black trumpets, and other edible mushrooms. | Photo: Barbara Paulsen
Fungi hunting is a muddy business. Mushrooms pop up a week and a half after a rainstorm and thrive in moist environments, like the sides of streams. | Photo: Barbara Paulsen
It’s extremely important to keep the entire mushroom intact for correct identification, as Donna Davis learned when a bit of poisonous mushroom contaminated an entire bag of edible mushrooms. | Photo: Barbara Paulsen
After I found this yellowfoot chanterelle, I finally got my “mushroom eyes.” Yellowfoots are a chef’s favorite for their delicate, mushroomy flavor. | Photo: Barbara Paulsen
And then something weird happened. He pointed to some black trumpets right there, hidden under leaves, and once Id seen them, they began to snap into focus everywhere I looked. It was like one of those Magic Eye books from the ‘90s, the ones with the meaningless pattern that hides a 3-D image. You stare and stare and stare, and then all of a sudden…Pop! There’s the picture.
I was drenched by the rain. My pants were smeared with mud. But I was crazed with the hunt. And right then is when Patrick said it was time for us to head back.
As it turns out there’s a term for what happened to me in the woods of California: Scientists call it the “pop-out effect.” Mushroom hunters call this “getting your eyes on.” I used to work for National Geographic, and for years I sent reporters all over the world to hang out with hunter-gatherer tribes. When they got back, their feet would be cut up and they’d be covered with insect bites, but they’d all tell me the same thing: Even though it’s really hard living off the land, there’s something deeply satisfying about finding your own food.
Veteran mushroom hunter Patrick Hamilton sorts the mushrooms our group has collected on a log in the forest. He’s taught thousands of people in the San Francisco Bay area how to safely identify edible mushrooms. | Photo: Barbara Paulsen
And that makes sense, right? I mean, our eyes are built to do this, to scour the ground for food. And every time we find something tasty, our brains give us this little chemical jolt. That’s what foragers call mushroom fever.
Invasion of the Death Cap
And that’s exactly what happened on that day in November 2014, when Donna and her boyfriend went mushroom hunting. They stuffed bags full of mushrooms, and they brought them back home to sort through.
“We didn't see anything unusual,” she says, “There were some pieces there that didn't have the caps so we tossed them out just to be safe.”
The next day, Donna invited friends over for wild mushroom soup. It was so delicious that she had a second bowl—and you know the rest.
Three days later, Donna was in the hospital, where they told her about an earlier patient who’d gotten poisoned and died. Before she was told it was the mushrooms that were making her sick, the thought of having picked the wrong mushroom never crossed her mind.
The reason Donna didn’t realize she’d been poisoned is that it took so long for her symptoms to appear. That delay was actually a clue, since it suggested that Donna had probably eaten a mushroom called Amanita phalloides, or the “death cap.” Other mushrooms can poison you—make you so sick you might wish you were dead—but it’s the death cap that’s most likely to kill you. Its toxins work slowly, and by the time you begin to feel really sick, it’s got a head start on digesting your liver from the inside out.
“There are people that accidentally poison themselves with death caps just about every year,” says Cat Adams, who studies mycology at the University of California at Berkeley. She says the death cap is responsible for 90 percent of fatal mushroom poisonings worldwide.
Despite its deadly reputation, Cat is enchanted by it. “I think it’s a really beautiful mushroom. It starts as a cute little button,” and grows up to be an elegant, mostly white mushroom that has gills underneath and a greenish tinge to its cap.
It’s so common, it smells good, it tastes good, apparently. I’ve read a lot of reports of people who’ve been poisoned and unanimously people report that it was a very delicious mushroom, even as they’re dying.
— Cat Adams
But (and this perhaps is no terrible surprise) it’s actually not even supposed to be in North America. The death cap arrived here around 1930, when American botanists imported certain oak trees from Europe and the native soil around the trees’ roots were laced with death cap spores.
The deadly mushroom has been spreading across North America ever since. It’s been spotted in forests from Maryland, north into New Hampshire and Maine, and on the West Coast from Los Angeles all the way up to British Columbia. It’s especially plentiful in northern California, where Donna got herself into trouble. When you combine this with so many amateurs now cooking up wild mushrooms in their risotto, the number of poisonings is going up.
“It’s so common, it smells good, it tastes good, apparently,” says Cat Adams, “I’ve read a lot of reports of people who’ve been poisoned and unanimously people report that it was a very delicious mushroom, even as they’re dying.”
Last winter 14 people were poisoned in northern California in the month of December alone. Four were trying to get high on magic mushrooms, but most of the victims were just cooking up mushrooms for dinner. One meal poisoned five people, including an 18-month-old girl who now has permanent brain damage. In every case, a death cap was somehow mistaken for an edible mushroom.
Adams says the death cap can grow intermixed with other edibles mushrooms, so if you’re not paying really close attention one may wind up in your basket. And since only a few milligrams of its toxins can be fatal, minor mistakes can become deadly.
Heart of a mushroom | Stanley Zimny by CC BY-NC 2.0 via flickr
Donna’s Path
“The whole episode of being in the hospital is like an Alice in Wonderland story in and of itself,” Donna says. Once doctors realized she had likely been poisoned by a death cap, they asked her more questions. Terrifying questions.
Do you have a will? …You need one, now.
Do you understand what it's like to have a liver transplant?
Donna was in bad shape. She was throwing up the charcoal doctors had given her to extract the poison. Enzyme levels showed her liver was failing. “I was just in this kind of like dazed world of not really knowing what was going on,” she says.
And then she started to hallucinate. On the wall of her room in the intensive care unit, she saw a path.
“I could look down and the ground is like pebbles, clear, clear pebbles, and a canopy of trees and I could see the leaves and the veins and the bark,” she remembers, “and I'm beginning to walk down this path because it's like, ‘Wow, this is such a beautiful path!’”
But then, in her vision, things began to change. “As I walk down the path it was completely pitch black, and I thought … I'm not going there.”
Donna decided something remarkable, something that might have seemed—in that moment—nonsensical. Even though doctors were telling her to write a will, and that her liver was failing, Donna began to think otherwise. She didn’t believe she was going to die. Because of how badly she was doing, her doctor told her she was at the top of the liver transplant list, which has more than 14,000 people waiting on it. But when a liver became available, she turned it down.
She remembers the doctor looking at her and saying, “You don't want the liver?” and she replied, “If I don’t need it, I don’t want it.” She says they must have thought she was insane, or high (maybe a side effect of the mushrooms?).
But Donna was right. Her enzyme levels stayed dangerously high for several days, but on her fifth day in ICU, her levels came way down, and her liver started to regenerate. She says it was—inexplicably, unbelievably—a full recovery.
By Quinn Dombrowski from Berkeley, USA - Hedgehog mushroom, CC BY-SA 2.0,
Backlash from the Mycophiliacs
This past summer, citing the rise of mushroom poisonings, the CDC issued a warning. They called the spread of death cap mushrooms a serious public health concern and issued a caution against eating foraged mushrooms.
Patrick Hamilton, the guy who took me mushroom hunting, wasn’t impressed.
“Mushrooms have a notoriety, right? It’s like “Ow! Wow! Wild mushroom poisoning!” he told me, over the phone, “I think people fall off ladders a lot more, right? It’s a much greater public health concern!”
That’s true, but of course a lot more people climb ladders every day than go foraging for mushrooms. Regardless, Patrick is right that there are very few mushroom-related deaths, only 10 or so annually. And If you’re a mushroom hunter, this all fits into a maddening pattern: Even though very few wild mushrooms are poisonous, most Americans are afraid of them, because they don’t know which ones are safe to eat. That’s called mycophobia. But then when they do learn about mushroom foraging and try it out, a few get themselves poisoned. That triggers sensational press, warnings from the CDC, both of which feed Americans’ fear of mushrooms. A classic vicious circle.
So when people get poisoned by mushrooms, there’s often this backlash against the victims by the mushroom hunting community. Patrick says whenever he hears about these poisonings, he just thinks it’s “people doing stupid things.”
“Really why would you put something in your mouth and eat it when you don’t know what it is?” he asks.
He must have used the word stupid a half dozen times when I asked him about this.
— Patrick Hamilton
“How many red lights do you have to go through?” he sputtered, “Stupid, stupid, stupid, stupider, stupidest!”
Given the mushroom hunting community’s sensitivity to this issue, it’s no surprise that when Donna Davis’ poisoning became public, they weren’t exactly sympathetic. They seized on a detail from a news report that said Donna had confused a hedgehog mushroom, which has pretty distinctive toothy spikes under its head, with a death cap mushroom, which has gills underneath.
The backlash to Donna’s story on the internet was just as dismissive. Mushroom hunters were like, this lady doesn’t know her ass from her elbow. She hasn’t bothered to learn to identify the number one deadly mushroom! If you know what you’re doing, you could never make that mistake.
Patrick cites this old adage: “There are old mushroom hunters and there are bold mushroom hunters, but there are no old, bold mushroom hunters.” In other words, experienced mushroom hunters don’t accidentally eat deadly mushrooms.
But Cat Adams disagrees. “I’ve read like every paper there is about the death cap,” and she says even super-experienced mushroom hunters can make mistakes. She says she’s read cases of people who have been hunting mushroom for decades and —who accidentally poisoned themselves by eating death caps.
“I really...I think sometimes a lot of people that do mushroom hunting are scornful toward those who get poisoned as a way to sort of make themselves feel better, but I think that really this could happen to anyone,” says Cat, “I think that really we should see them as examples of the fact that what we do is inherently a little dangerous and that we have to stay vigilant, always.”
But She Can’t Put Down the Basket
True mushroom hunters collect their bounty in baskets, to prevent the fungi from getting squashed. Plastic bags are a no-no: By day’s end, mushrooms turn to mush. | Photo: Barbara Paulsen
I asked Donna where she thinks she went wrong that day she got poisoned, and she told me it’s hard to say. Her best guess is that she accidentally slipped a death cap into her bag of hedgehog mushrooms, and that must have been one of the capless stems she’d discarded when she and her boyfriend sorted through the mushrooms after the hunt.
While it’s remarkable that Donna survived, it’s maybe more remarkable that she was the only one at the dinner party who got sick. She thinks this is because she actually made two batches of soup, one with chanterelles, the other with only hedgehogs. “Lo and behold, I was the [only] one who ate the soup that had the poisonous mushroom,” she says. “Thank God, they didn’t eat the poisonous soup.”
In retrospect, Donna says her real mistake was that she got overconfident, and that made her careless. Given the minute amount of toxin needed to kill you, the safest thing would have been to throw out all of the mushrooms from the contaminated hedgehog batch…no matter how delicious they were.
But Donna doesn’t beat herself up over her mistake. She never thought, how could I be so stupid? “It was,” she says, “just something that happened.” Since her recovery, she’s slowed things down in her life. But she still forages for mushrooms.
“You know you make your decisions. How you want to live your life. Do you want to live your life in fear?” She says, “Yes there are things that I did learn from that. Absolutely. But is it going to stop me from ever eating mushrooms again? No. I don't choose to live my life that way.”
Outside/In was produced this week by:
Barbara Paulsen with help from Sam Evans-Brown, Taylor Quimby, Molly Donahue, Jimmy Gutierrez, Ben Henry, Hannah McCarthy, and Logan Shannon.
Music from this week’s episode came from Podington Bear, Blue Dot Sessions, and Antony Raijekov.
Our theme music is by Breakmaster Cylinder.
Episode 47: Lime & Tabasco
Trying to Catch a Turtle
Jeff Seminoff with the first turtle he and J ever caught.
Lime & Tabasco
But the second time was much harder.
Grupo Tortuguero
Getting Closer
Outside/In was produced this week by:
Our theme music is by Breakmaster Cylinder.
Episode 46: The Hitchhiker's Guide to WWOOFing
Looking for a relatively cheap way to spend a few weeks abroad? You might want to consider World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms, or WWOOF. Have an aversion to mud, farm animals, and learning on the job? Maybe reconsider that first suggestion. But for those of you who are looking for an adventure, on a budget, Sam and Molly have composed a “guide” for would-be WWOOFers to think about before taking off–from how to make sure your visa is in order, to embracing the awkwardness of close quarters with strangers, while still maintaining your dignity.
Sam and Aubrey in a place where they WWOOFed without a visa, because they are a couple of rule breakers.
When you WWOOF, you don't get "paid" in the traditional sense, but what you are doing is working in exchange for room and board. And in some countries, you're not allowed to WWOOF unless you get a visa issued by that country. That needs to be done in advance. You can't just fly to the country where you plan to WWOOF and say, "I'd like a visa, please!"
Claire WWOOFed in Sweden and Spain for two months with no problems, but when she went to Ireland, she and her girlfriend were stopped in customs. Ireland, as it turns out, is one of a handful of countries that require a special visa just for WWOOFers and other work exchange programs, called a working holiday visa. Claire and her girlfriend were detained, their mugshots were taken, and they were kicked out of the country. Not ideal.
Other countries consider WWOOFers to be just like any other tourist, like in Europe where you can stay for just three months. Sam and Aubrey tested the limits of that rule when they WWOOFed. They stayed in Europe for ten months, moving from farm to farm. When they were heading back to the US, a customs official in Iceland called them out on it. After a tense moment, they were eventually allowed to return to the US but were told they wouldn't be allowed back to Europe for three months. Crisis averted, but the lesson here is one all travelers should heed: make sure your papers are in order before you leave the country.
Ian West holding one of the turkeys.
Ian West holding one of the turkeys.
Killing and cleaning chickens, hard physical labor, chickpeas upon chickpeas, fertilizing with your host's stored urine, all of these scenarios and so many more can be part of the WWOOFing experience. You need to be ready to roll with the punches, which could mean slaughtering poultry or adapting to a new diet.
When Ian arrived on a farm in Oregon, within minutes he was helping kill and prep chickens for eating. What started out as a way to fill a few weeks in between finishing up a backpacking trip and starting a trip with a National Outdoor Leadership School wound up being a crash course in learning where your food comes from.
For Andy, who WWOOFed in New Zealand, most days were filled with hard physical labor, building a long fence, digging post holes for hours in the hot sun. After a full day he was famished, only to find that his meal would be chickpea burgers with hummus on top. Chickpeas on top of chickpeas is not the most satisfying meal. Another woman Sam spoke to worked on a farm where her meals were toast. Three times a day. Just slices of toast.
WWOOFing can be challenging and it's important to try new things you might not have otherwise tried, but it's equally important to know your own limits.
Shea and her friend at one of their WWOOF homes.
Shea and her friend at one of their WWOOF homes.
To be fair, a whole lot of things are harder as a woman, and WWOOFing is no different. Shea had a couple of really uncomfortable moments WWOOFing. One of her hosts, a single male, would have her and her friend fertilize the crops using a mixture of water and urine that he had stockpiled. To be clear, it was his urine. On another occasion, a male host at one of the farms would take all of his baths in the stream, and then walk the property naked, with no warning.
Aubrey struggled at one WWOOF location when one of her hosts would ask Sam to go prune trees and chop wood and then ask Aubrey to clean the kitchen. At first, she felt like it was a chore like the others, but after a while it became clear to her that her host thought she was useless.
When you are choosing a WWOOFing opportunity, do your research before you choose a farm to work on, but also, don't be afraid to speak up or leave if you feel you're being treated unfairly. Man or woman, if you're in a situation where you, or someone you're with is not being treated with respect, stick up for yourself and for others!
Jacob heading to the fields with his WWOOF host's child in tow.
Molly was fortunate to have a WWOOFing experience that included a big, beautiful farm house, with a private bath. Sam had a variety of experiences, good and bad, large and small. But quarters, in general, can be tight. It can start to feel claustrophobic when you're sharing space with relative strangers.
For Jacob, the experience was particularly intimate and uncomfortable. The family at one of the farms where he worked was having marital problems. Serious marital problems. In the mornings he would hear the couple shouting at each other, and he was left tending to two toddlers who were clearly upset that their parents were fighting. On top of that, the patriarch of the family began asking Jacob for advice. Jacob was 24 years old, so imagine his confusion when a forty-year-old father of two was asking him for parenting and marital advice.
Your experience will definitely vary, but living in close quarters can be tricky and you may find that you are privy to very personal and, ahem, challenging conversations and situations.
A breakfast Molly ate while WWOOFing in Ireland.
A breakfast Molly ate while WWOOFing in Ireland.
WWOOFing is a two-way street. You're counting on the host to be gracious and fun, but they're counting on YOU to be a good guest. Sam's favorite WWOOF host was Maria Jesus who ran a cheese farm in Spain. Her experiences with WWOOFers run the gamut of great to just plain bad. One guest showed up, ate dinner, did laundry, showered, and the sneaked off in the morning without doing a speck of work.
At Maria Jesus' farm WWOOFers were given a place to cook for themselves and then she would go grocery shopping to stock the kitchen. On one occasion she had a pair of WWOOFers who didn't know the first thing about cooking and she had to teach them the basics, like how to cut a tomato.
Molly's host in Ireland, Anne, was an amazing cook and incredibly accommodating. But just like WWOOFers, hosts have their limits. An Italian couple came to work on the farm and she found them delightful, but on the evening of their arrival the woman announced that she was vegetarian. Anne explained that ham was on the menu for dinner and the woman replied with: "Oh that's alright, I eat ham." This seemed odd to Anne, but her guest did in fact eat the ham and then ate the other meatless options. Eventually, the woman discovered that the ham had come from the pigs on Anne's farm, and became terribly upset and refused to eat any more ham. Farm to table was a little too close for her comfort, apparently.
Anne also has a few repeat WWOOFers that come to help out on the farm including Bob who despite having no background in farming, became a vital helper on the farm. The first time he arrived he stayed with Anne for 3 months and did everything that needed to be done. Bob puts his head down and works hard, something any WWOOF host can appreciate. So remember, you want to have a good experience, and your host has probably invited you into their home hoping to provide a good experience, but sometimes you have to meet in the middle. When in doubt, do your best, and treat people how you'd like to be treated!
Jeremy enjoying some of the fruits of his labor.
Jeremy enjoying some of the fruits of his labor.
Everyone we spoke to about their experience loved it, would do it again, and recommended it to others. Even Shea who dealt with a naked host AND a host who stored his own urine to use for fertilizer. Even Jacob who became a defacto au pair and a reluctant marriage counselor.
One more person who had perhaps the most unbelievable WWOOFing stories is Jeremy. He went to Spain, Italy, Israel, and Wales during a gap year between high school and college. In Italy he stayed in a castle on the outskirts of a little village with what sounds like the descendant of the feudal lord who used to rule the village. He ate wild boar, drank home-made wine, did shots of whiskey in the morning; he provided a slew of coming of age stories set in an idyllic Italian location.
Soon after his Italian adventures, he traveled to Israel and worked on an herb farm next to the border with the Gaza strip. This was in 2009 when a new round of hostilities had kicked off and he said he could see rockets flying overhead from Gaza at night. An experience he will not soon forget.
These are likely not the experiences that a tourist gets while riding a bus though the historic district of old European cities. WWOOFing is a strange, difficult, and often times wonderful way to explore other countries, meet new people, and build up a stockpile of amazing stories to share with family and friends.
Correction: Jeremy misspoke, he was in Israel in 2009, not 2007. This post has been changed to reflect that correction.
Outside/In was produced this week by:
Outside/In was produced this week by Molly Donahue and Sam Evans-Brown with help from: Maureen McMurray, Taylor Quimby, Hannah McCarthy, Jimmy Gutierrez, and Logan Shannon
Special thanks to everyone who responded and shared their sometimes shocking, always entertaining WWOOFing stories.
Music from this week’s episode came from Gillicuddy.
Our theme music is by Breakmaster Cylinder.
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Astrophysics (index)
(enlargement of a star or black hole by gravitationally attracting additional mass)
Accretion by a star is the drawing of matter into the star, e.g., for a Binary Star, from its companion. A Black Hole (BH) can also accrete matter.
The Accretion Rate in mass per unit time is used in calculations regarding Accretion Disks and other phenomena.
Accretion can result in heat as the release of the potential energy due to the gravitational force between the accreting matter and the body to which it is falling, which is called the Accretion Luminosity (L). A Maximum Accretion Rate can be calculated by assuming that Black Body (BB) radiation from the accretion-generated heat creates Radiation Pressure against the fall of the accreting matter, and assuming the phenomena is spherically symmetric and steady-state. Higher accretion (Super-Eddington Accretion) could be achieved if all these assumptions do not apply, and may explain some apparently very bright sources.
(gravity,black holes,stars,binary stars)
Referenced by:
Accretion Disk
Active Galaxy
Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN)
Algol (Beta Per)
Autoconversion Rate
Bondi Radius
Carbon Star
Cold Mass Accretion (CMA)
Cold Gas
Core Accretion Model
Giant Planet
Isolation Mass
Mass Loading
Neutron Star
Planet Formation
Protoplanetary Disk
Transitional Disk
Variable Star
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Ask Questions, Get Answers
Home >> CBSE XII >> Math >> Model Papers
Suppose a girl throws a die. If she gets a 5 or 6, she tosses a coin three times and notes the number of heads. If she gets 1, 2, 3 or 4 she tosses a coin once and notes whether a head or tail is obtained. If she obtained exactly one head, what is the probability that she threw 1, 2, 3 or 4 with the die?
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Related questions
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<urn:uuid:0bdbcc1a-e793-4748-8790-476fc15c333a>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
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"fasttext_score": 0.9642006754875183,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8679680228233337,
"url": "http://clay6.com/qa/3351/suppose-a-girl-throws-a-die-if-she-gets-a-5-or-6-she-tosses-a-coin-three-ti"
}
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Separate Lives: The Society of Separatists of Zoar
Furniture: A carved schrank, Zoar, Tuscarawas County, Ohio, mid 19th century, cherry, walnut, and poplar. One-piece [wardrobe],with [molded cornice], canted and carved pilasters, paneled door, and diamond panels below the door. Interior with carved hooks and a shelf.In the 1810s, a group of German religious separatists left Wurttemberg in what is now southwestern Germany, after years of persecution and oppression which included imprisonment and property seizures by the Lutheran Church, with whom they found themselves at odds, the separatists, under the leadership of Joseph Bimeler, decided to flee to the United States.
One can only imagine how uncertain things were for them, a group of nearly 200 native Germans, when they arrived in Philadelphia as immigrants in dire financial straits, but they quickly found “Friends” in the Society of Friends, Philadelphia’s large Quaker population and after gaining some stability, the separatists decided to relocate to eastern Ohio, where they purchased 5,500 acres in Tuscarawas County. They would name their community Zoar from the biblical story of Lot, who fled to Zoar from Sodom in Genesis, and they would become known as Zoarites.
The first few years of the settlement were very rough, so in the spring of 1819, the residents formalized what had essentially become a commune (not their initial intent) by creating the Society of Separatists of Zoar and turning all property over to the Society. Like many early communes and utopian communities, they were very democratic and women were permitted to sign, to hold office and to vote.
Zoarites would eventually be self-reliant and prosperous. In addition to the community’s agricultural production, they would also operate mills and foundries, manufacture textiles and wagons, and run a variety of stores, supplying the community’s needs and selling any surplus goods. They would also build a portion of the Ohio and Erie Canal, which would bring profits from the canal boats they owned as well as from the increased traffic in the vicinity of Zoar.
By the second half of the 19th century, communal spirit in Zoar began to decline and in 1898, the community voted to dissolve the society and divide up the property. Zoar, however, continues to exist as a village and today several of the society’s original buildings have been restored and gathered into an historic site for visitors.
A number of artifacts of the early settlement still survive, primarily furniture, but other items like coverlets and earthenware pottery occasionally turn up as well. (Furniture pieces are frequently seen with diamond panels, fairly typical of Midwestern Germanic furniture, but especially so of Zoar furniture.) Although their popularity is rather regional, Zoar-related objects are quite sought after. Provenance often makes firm attributions, but as there were a number of Germanic separatist communities throughout the Midwest, particularly in Ohio and Indiana, all heavily influenced and deeply rooted in Germanic craft traditions, further scholarship is necessary to draw clearer distinctions between the communities’ wares.
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<urn:uuid:5d0f9a02-8b10-4b6d-8d1e-3f141e401e8b>
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{
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"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.08726799488067627,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9759882092475891,
"url": "http://www.prices4antiques.com/blog/separate-lives-the-society-of-separatists-of-zoar/"
}
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Dependent Clauses
A dependent clause is a clause that is unable to stand meaningfully by itself.
They are marked by having the auxiliary at the end.
Subordinate Clauses
A subordinate clause is one introduced by a subordinating conjunction in the matrix clause. A comma is used to separate a subordinate from its matrix. The conjunction is placed on the side of the main clause that is closest to the subordinate. The clauses can be put in either order.
ʔusu ru lu’i fu daru’i, ba pu’iba miku ra’u.
ʔusu ru lu’i fu daru’i, ba pu’iba miku ra’u.
1int prs;gno love 2tra because, 2gen ball red prs;sta
“I love you because your ball is red.”
Ba pu’iba miku ra’u, daru’i ’usu ru lu’i fu.
Ba pu’iba miku ra’u, daru’i ’usu ru lu’i fu.
2gen ball red prs;sta, because 1int prs;gno love 2tra
“I love you because your ball is red.”
Here the subordinate clauses are underlined. The cause is subordinate to the effect.
Adverbial Clauses
An adverbial clause is one which acts as an adverb.
Location Adverbial Clauses
The word ma where is often used as a prefix for adpositions used as clausal conjunctions.
ʔusu lu’i fu madi, ba pu’iba miku qixa.
1int love 2tra where-up, 2gen ball red pst;dyn.
“I loved you before your ball turned red.”
Content Clauses
A content clause is one that takes the place of a noun. They begin with the complementiser li and are separated from the matrix clause by commas. The auxiliary is not optional, and is given a low tone. Quote marks are used around reported speech, replacing the complementiser.
Li ’usu kissajisuka kugibiʔasi’a rusa, qixa puttu pa’illu.
1int fight-ideology dat-east-Asia pst;gno, pst;dyn 1abl think-psv
“That we’ve always been at war with Eastasia, is what I think.”
Suma qixa kululani ’icipu, li quhu pixi kuffa dissudanagi qixa.
1tra pst;dyn dat-queen speak-question, com 3ani;tra 1dat give new-decree pst;dyn
“I asked the queen if she had pardoned me.”
Mihu qixa ’i, “Filli mulisa ra’u?” pst;dyn speak “2int fool prs;sta?”
“He said, ‘Are you a fool?“
Relative Clauses
Relative clauses specify the noun by describing it. They are placed before the modified noun, beginning with the relativiser xiku. The auxiliary is not optional, and is given a rising tone. Only subjects can be relativised. Other cases must be promoted to subject.
Xiku lu’i kimilli pi lulani.
rel love king pst;sta queen
“The queen who loved the king.”
Xiku kalukimilli lu’illu pi lulani.
rel abl-king love-psv pst;sta queen
“The queen whom the king loved.”
Any noun can be modified by relative clauses, including pronouns and proper nouns.
Xiku lu’i kimilli pi mihu.
rel love king pst;sta
“The one who loved the king.”
Xiku lu’i kimilli pi Sa’imi.
rel love king pst;sta Caemi
“Caemi, who loved the king.”
If the only argument of the relative verb is the modified noun, the auxiliary is appended to the verb, and the relativiser is dropped. This auxiliary is given a mid-tone.
kiluqupi kimilli the walking king
dissu’ahatira’u mulisa the happy fool
bibuna suma the occasionally complaining me
ka’ucani Ra’ani the jumping Ryan
Similar are intransitives utilising the case markers and other adpositions.
kalukimilli nuhu the letter from the king
kululani nukki the strawberry for the queen
di’i’uja pa the thing under the table
Questions and Requests
Questions and requests are main clauses, but have the same auxiliary movement as dependent clauses, and thus are treated alongside them here.
An interrogative is a question sentence. There are two main types, polar questions and content questions.
Polar questions are one in which the answer is “yes” or “no”. They are spoken with a rising tone on the last word. The auxiliaries are used to answer.
Lulani lu’i suma ra’u?
queen love 1tra prs;sta
“Does the queen love me?”
Ra’u. / Ji. / Ruku. / Pi.
prs;sta prs;neg fut;gno pst;sta
“Yes.” / “No.” / “She will.” / “She did.”
Lulani nimalu ji?
queen bear prs;neg
“Is the queen not a bear?”
Ji. / Ra’u. / Na.
prs;neg prs;sta prs;itr
“Yes, she’s not.” / “No, she is.” / “Sometimes.”
If the focus of the question is on a particular noun, that noun receives a falling tone.
Content questions are ones in which the expected answer is more than just “yes” or “no”. These questions have a rising tone on the main question word itself.
Lulani lu’i sama ra’u?
queen love what prs;sta
“Whom does the queen love?”
Kimilli / Fu / Cu’i
king / 2tra / nothing
“The king.” / “You.” / “No one.”
Lulani questions regarding quantity or measurement are phrased thus:
Filli kikasama huba rusa?
2int interval-what breathe pst;gno?
“How old are you?”
Kikasama kuʔirri’a (kiluqu) ru?
over-what dat-Irìa (walk) prs;gno?
“How far is it (to walk) to Irìa?”
An imperative statement is an order.
Second person imperatives are directed to the listener. In these, the subject is dropped, a future auxiliary in the appropriate aspect is suffixed to the verb, and this verb complex is moved to the end of the sentence. These are spoken with a falling tone on the auxiliary.
Lulani lu’iruku!
queen love-fut;gno
“Love the queen!”
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<urn:uuid:e257b1cb-7ca6-4d1c-9529-8879ed44e5f9>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.875,
"fasttext_score": 0.026845037937164307,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8219724297523499,
"url": "http://grammar.tinellb.com/highlulani/syntax/dependentclauses.html"
}
|
Why were so many Islanders deported to internment camps?
The Channel Islands served no purpose to the Germans other than the propaganda value of having occupied some British territory. The “Channel Islands had been demilitarized and declared…’an open town”.
Commencing Sunday 30 June 1940 The Channel Islands were occupied by Nazi Germany.
The Jersey Evening Post’ publishes a German notice:
Tuesday 15 September, 1942.
By order of higher authorities the following British subjects will be evacuated and transferred to Germany:
Detailed instructions will be given by the Feldkommandantur 515.
Der Feldkommandant’
What was the reason for this ?
In late 1941 Hitler ordered the deportation of non-island born British residents of the Channel Islands in retaliation for the internment of Germans living in Iran.
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<urn:uuid:6887fee5-9d19-4a7a-8da5-01d18e4c7886>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.546875,
"fasttext_score": 0.9946533441543579,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9575067162513733,
"url": "http://www.sthelierbadwurzachpartnerschaft.com/internees/why/"
}
|
Reasons & Procedure For Conducting a Delayed Hypersensitivity Skin Test
Submitted on March 27, 2012
What Is Delayed Hypersensitivity?
Delayed hypersensitivity refers to a condition of the body, wherein a reaction to certain stimuli takes time to occur. In most cases, if the body reacts to something, it happens almost immediately. However, in people who suffer from delayed hypersensitivity, the immune system takes anywhere between twenty four and seventy two hours to react to the stimuli or microbe. Most often, the reactions that take place do so with violent force. Contrary to the reactions of antibodies that cause immediate hypersensitivity, delayed hypersensitivity is caused by reactions of the lymphocytes. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity refers to the reaction of the body with respect to tumor cells.
Reasons Why a Delayed Hypersensitivity Test is Conducted
A delayed hypersensitivity test is a test that is conducted in order to find out the reaction of lymphocytes to a particular substance. There are three primary reasons for which delayed hypersensitivity testing is carried out. The most important of the three is to test for specific diseases. For example, the antigen of the tuberculosis disease is injected into the body of the person. Though there are no live or dead organisms of the illness present, it can still cause a reaction. Similarly, it is used to check the sensitivity of the skin to certain irritants.
Delayed hypersensitivity tests are also carried out to judge the reaction time of the lymphocytes in certain illnesses, such as cancer or AIDS, where the immune system of the body undergoes a great deal of damage. The delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity test is carried out mainly in women who are suspected of having cancer of the breast. The objective of the delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity test is also to check the level of reaction to certain antigens in people who have been tested positive for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Once the allergen has been located, it is advisable for people with delayed hypersensitivity to stay away from the allergen itself.
The most commonly used method of hypersensitivity testing is through injecting a person with an antigen. In the event that there is a reaction that occurs, it most commonly manifests in the hardening and redness of the area where the hypersensitivity test injection has been administered. Skin hypersensitivity testing can also be done by placing adhesive pads that contain the antigen of the suspected irritant in contact with the skin. In delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity testing, the test is carried out in the primary area of the malignancy and the reaction to the antigen is recorded thereof.
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<urn:uuid:3de41d39-b5d1-4ebe-83c0-3cbddbadc070>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.640625,
"fasttext_score": 0.08264690637588501,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9517862796783447,
"url": "http://www.medicalhealthtests.com/pathology-test/delayed-hypersensitivity-skin-test.html"
}
|
ES students produce animated movies
Grade 3 and grade 5 students are proud to present their stop motion animation movies. For their Unit Of Inquiry on water, grade 3 students imagined a story that involved water and drew it as a story board. They made a diorama in a shoe box and created figures in plasticine. Based on their story board, they produced a stop motion animation movie.
Grade 5 students worked on Architecture and Cities. Each student has built their ideal house to add on to their class street which then became the set for their “Urban Stories” stop motion animation movies. Please see an example below:
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<urn:uuid:44cb53f4-9a05-4748-893c-3e2fb681f4db>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.59375,
"fasttext_score": 0.25287777185440063,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9803644418716431,
"url": "http://blog.stjohns.be/2016/06/14/es-students-produce-animated-movies/"
}
|
A hippo grazes on water grasses in the shallows of a river.
The hippopotamus is common throughout the waterways of the African continent.
Scientific Name:
Hippopotamus Amphibius
1500Kg (M) 1350Kg (f)
Shoulder Height:
1.5m (M) 1.5m (F)
Mating Season:
Throughout the year
The Hippopotamus, or hippo for short, is one of the largest land mammals in the world. They are a dark purple-like color and have a very stocky build, with their huge torso’s rested on top of 4 short yet strong and thick legs. They have very strong and large jaws which they sometimes open wide in an attempt to show off. Males and females look almost identical with the main differences the size of their teeth and their overall size. Males reach sizes of an average of 1500kg (3300lb) and around 1300kg (2900lb) among females of the species, with some of the largest individuals recorded weighing nearly double that.
Hippos are found widely throughout Africa, but are typically confined to areas near a perennial water source in which to live. They are found in areas of South Africa near rivers, particularly near the Limpopo, along with parts of Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Kenya, The DRC and other equatorial countries along with the southern parts of West Africa’s horn. Namibia has a low hippo total mainly due to its dry nature, but parts of Botswana thrive with live in the water, particularly seasonally in deltas and marshes. On the coast between Namibia and South Africa hippos are however found in the shallows of the ocean near the beach, the only place where this occurs.
Hippos, like many water dependent animals, have suffered great losses as a species over the past few decades, with these same declines expected to persist in the near future, leading to their status as being vulnerable. Continued habitat loss has posed the greatest threat to their existence and has greatly cut down their populations in countries they previously thrived in, with some 7 – 20% declines reported, although their current population of 125 000 to 148 000 on estimate seems a lot. The Kruger National Park is one of the sanctuaries in which hippos are found in a safe environment fit for them to keep up a stable rather than declining population trend.
Hippos aren’t very high maintenance, but do require a few things to make a habitat work for them, a water source in which they can completely emerge, preferably year round, along with a nearby grassland or woodland in which to graze upon grass. They are so dependent on water because of their skin which naturally dehydrates quickly and rapidly, even more so on hotter African days. They only come out of this water and into the open during the night, when they walk to feeding grounds. This walk is up to a few kilometers for some populations in areas where grasslands aren’t found close to water sources like river or lakes.
Social Organization
Hippo’s are not territorial animals, with dominance hierarchies based on size determining who gets mates during that time of the year. Hippos, otherwise, form groups of a few individuals who all inhabit the same water source by day, but scatter themselves during the evening when they go to forage or graze alone under the moonlight, not worrying about their safety or security when predators come their way like other grazers. They tolerate the presence of other creatures of the water, but do not respond with the same calmness when their spot away from the sun is threatened.
Social Behavior
In a fully flourishing and vibrant hippo community there are a number of everyday signs or sounds they use to portray certain messages. Dominance displays for example include yawning, which shows off their magnificent tusks to their attackers, intimidating or striking fear into the mind of any unworthy opponent. The same displays are shown when two males of this species settle a quarrel over a possible mate, with the loser swimming away with an injury of some sort more often than not. This behavior peaks during mating times when a female goes into heat, creating a mating opportunity.
Hippos generally mate around the driest times of the year, causing most births to occur during the rainy or wet season of the year when offspring have the greatest chance at survival. This birth comes after an 8 month long gestation period from the point at which the female conceives. She can only start this process that ends with these beautiful young offspring around the age of 9 years when she matures sexually. Males will know whether a female is in heat by carefully walking around the back of each female in their close vicinity to smell their behind. Mothers can have new young every 2 years or so.
Anti-Predator Behavior
Hippos are fairly immune to predation for the most part, not easily being rattled by even the largest animals. Their very cute, but also quite large and robust young are however much more vulnerable in this regard, and often need protection from large plain predators; namely lions and spotted hyenas. For this reason mothers have on high alert when going out to graze with their young at night. Mothers are perfectly capable of protecting their young and even killing their attackers in the process, with jaws and a bite force able to pierce a crocodile in half.
African Travel
Read More +
South Africa
Travel to South Africa for a truly comprehensive African vacation.
Read More +
Botswana travel is characterized by eco-friendly safaris.
Read More +
Namibia's most popular destinations are Etosha National Park and Sossusvlei.
Read More +
Travel to Zambia for an authentic safari experience reminiscent of yesteryear.
Read More +
Zimbabwe's most famous natural feature is the Victoria Falls.
Read More +
Mozambique is revered for its tropical splendor and 1000km of beaches.
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<urn:uuid:8ec647e7-ccb7-4343-b54d-6604bc6534fa>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.04213529825210571,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9583725333213806,
"url": "https://www.africansky.com/african-travel/south-africa/destinations/national-parks/kruger-park/mammals/hippo"
}
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Another type of figurative language is personification. This is the description of the nonhuman as if it were human. Literally, the word means the process of making something into a person. There is a wide range of approaches to personification, from common expressions like “whispering wind” to full novels like Animal Farm, by George Orwell, in which the Bolshevik Revolution is reenacted by farmyard animals. The general intent of personification is to describe things in a manner that will be comprehensible to readers. When an author states that a tree “groans” in the wind, she of course does not mean that the tree is emitting a low, pained sound from its mouth. Instead, she means that the tree is making a noise similar to a human groan. Of course, this personification establishes a tone of sadness or suffering. A different tone would be established if the author said the tree was “swaying” or “dancing.”
Provided by: Mometrix Test Preparation
Last updated: 12/18/2017
Find us on Twitter:
Mometrix eLibrary
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<urn:uuid:c4e3df73-cf8c-4577-9529-f8aeda5977f5>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.78125,
"fasttext_score": 0.02392488718032837,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9548691511154175,
"url": "https://www.mometrix.com/academy/personification/"
}
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Fasciation (AKA cresting) is a mutation or disease that appears on rare occasion in vascular plants; specifically, the growing tip, instead of forming a point, forms a line. This means that stems grow to look like flat ribbons, flowers grow in long ovals, trees grow a tangle of branches, and cacti form fleshy fans. This mutation may also cause increased growth in the affected part of the plant. While fasciation is most commonly recognized as affecting the heads of flowers, it can also occur in branches, stems, roots, and fruits.
Fasciation is valued in some plants, particularly flowers and cacti. In most cases the widening of the growing tip is only 2-6 inches, although in the some plants, such as the fasciated cristate cactus, it may be several feet wide. The wide blooms and fans resulting from this can be quite striking -- and in some cases, freaky-looking. Unfortunately, there is no reliable way of causing fasciation in most plants, although in woody plants it can be propagated through grafting and in cacti it can be cloned through vegetative propagation.
Ironically, despite being quite rare, fasciation can be caused by any number of factors, including genetic mutation, hormonal imbalances, and bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Risk factors include exposure to herbicides, insects, damage to the growing tip (including frost damage), and any factors that cause accelerated growth. Fasciation can be bred in some plants, and was in fact one of the seven traits that Gregor Mendel used to illustrate the concepts of dominant and recessive traits.
The most well-known fasciation-bearing species (among botanists) is the cockscomb celosia, although there are other species that have reliable (or semi-reliable) fasciated cultivars. These cultivars are commonly given Latin cultivar names of Monstrosa, Cristata, or Tortulosa (monstrous, crested, and twisted). The word 'fasciation' comes from the Latin word fascia, meaning 'a band', referring to the stem's resemblance to a wide band or ribbon.
References and further reading:
The Wisconsin Master Gardener Program: Fascinating Faciation (Good photos here).
Fasciation: Fasciating distortions of the plant world, Curtis E. Smith
Wikipedia: Fasciation
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<urn:uuid:cbf9de8f-b72e-4e42-866d-8f8e35878e1b>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.921875,
"fasttext_score": 0.4779086112976074,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9370726943016052,
"url": "https://everything2.com/user/Tem42/writeups/Fasciation"
}
|
Archaeological dating labs
When the sediments cool, the orientations are fixed and remain as a "thermoremanent magnetic moment" (TRM).
TRM alignments generally persist until the material is again heated to the original or a higher temperature, so that the archaeomagnetic orientation retains evidence of the last heating or burning event.
In this section of Methods of Gathering Data you will learn how archaeologists gather and analyze information by utilizing historical research techniques, field methods for data recovery, and laboratory analyses.
Since Dan's death in 1994, the lab has continued under the direction of Dr. The lab is one of three dedicated laboratories in the Americas—the others are at the Illinois State Museum (Dr. The method is based on comparing the magnetic properties of burned archaeological deposits with calibration curves for the region of the earth's surface that includes the site.
When magnetic minerals in soils and sediments are heated, their magnetic fields become oriented to the prevailing magnetic field.
The methods used by archaeologists to gather data can be applied to any time period, including the very recent past. This “garbology” project proved that even recent artifacts can reveal a lot about the people who used and discarded them.
has become known for his study of the garbage discarded by the people of Tuscon, Arizona in the 1970s!
The Archaeomagnetic Dating Laboratory was established in 1988 by Dr. Archaeomagnetic dating was advanced in the United States in the 1960s by Dr.
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<urn:uuid:8fc99936-ff2c-40df-b4fd-6337d1df4c23>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.033941805362701416,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9484573602676392,
"url": "http://yardizelmarket.ru/archaeological-dating-labs-24907.html"
}
|
Melam System in Detail (1)
We have briefly touched the concept of Melam in discussing the Raagam classification. Historically, the concept of building scales by selecting notes is about 6 centuries old (attributed to Vidhyaaranya 15th Century). Earlier the entire theory of Indian music was based on 22 'Sruthis' in an octave. Seven notes, each with certain number of 'Sruthis' above the previous note were considered as 'Suddha'. When some notes 'sacrificed' their sruthi values they became 'Vikrta' which were also called as 'Anthara' or 'Saadharana' (intermediate). Raagaas were also defined by terms like Graha ( starting note), Amsa (dominant) and Nyasa (ending note). The concept of Tonic or Aadhaara Sruthi was also perhaps not well evolved as even Shadjam could become 'Vikrta'.
After many attempts by theorists to define a system based on selection of notes, the current system was evolveed by Venkatamakhi in his work Chathurdandiprakaasika (c. 1620). We still use his system with nomenclature modified and extended by others (for instance Govinda (1750-1800) in his Sangrahachoodaamani). All the works use only 12 positions in an octave though 16 names are used. The shift to 12 positions from 22 Sruthis might have been influenced by the development of fretted instruments. It may be noted that even today, fixing frets on a Veena is called 'Melam fixing' in the south. The word 'That' used in Hindustani music is also mentioned in one work of the Mela period (Raagavibhodham of Somanatha) to indicate fixing of frets.
With sa and pa having no variations, the simple informal system of 2 variations each for ri,ga,ma,da and ni can give 32 combinations, but would not include some raagams in vogue like Varaali or Naata. Venkatamakhi proposed only 2 variations for ma, but for the rest his system is different. With sa,ma and pa having been taken care of, we are left with four positions between sa and the lower ma and 4 positions between pa and upper Sa.
Venkatamakhi proposed that any two from the 4 positions above sa could be chosen, the lower being named ri and the higher ga. Simlilar choice is to be made from the 4 positions above pa, the lower being named da and the higher ni.
< Prev Next>
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<urn:uuid:f880c2d1-1c54-4dec-99ba-bfd0cd20b107>
|
{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.10307753086090088,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.975710391998291,
"url": "http://carnatic2000.tripod.com/JSA/intro11.htm"
}
|
By | September 9, 2016
Prehistoric bats such as Icaronycteris were not very different from the ones found today. They even hunted in the same manner—flying around in the night skies and swooping over places where plenty of insects gathered, such as among the trees or above lakes. Some scientists suggest that these early bats flew at night to escape the clutches of predatory birds that hunted during the day.
Icaronycteris (ICK-ah-roe-NICK-teh-riss)
When: 55–50 million years ago (Paleogene)
Fossil location: USA
Habitat: Woodlands of N. America
Length: 1 ft (0.3 m)
Diet: Insects
We know Icaronycteris was a night-flying bat that caught prey in midair because moth scales have been found in the stomach of one fossil. To catch moths at night, modern bats send out pulses of sound and use the echoes to “see” in the dark (echolocation). The structure of Icaronycteris’s inner ear suggests it was able to use echolocation, too.
Icaronycteris fossil
Icaronycteris is one of the earliest known bats. Unlike some modern bats, its long tail was not connected to its hindlimbs by a flap of skin. However, it did sleep hanging upside down from a tree branch or a cave roof.
A representation of Icarus
Icaronycteris is named after Icarus, the son of the ancient Greek craftsman Daedalus. According to Greek myth, Icarus and his father escaped from prison on wings attached by wax. Icarus flew too close to the Sun. The wax melted, and he plunged to his death in the sea below.
Fruit bat
Bats are the only true flying mammals. They have membranes of skin between their arms and fingers, which have evolved into long wings. Some bats, such as this fruit bat, or flying fox, feed on fruit instead of insects.
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Tuesday, November 29, 2016
Wednesday, November 30. 2016
Today's schedule is B-A-D-C
B & C Blocks Social Studies 11 - Today we are going to start looking at Mussolini, Hitler, Tojo and Stalin, which prepares us for your Dictatorship for Dummies project that we start in the library next week. This is your first major project for term two and can be a very effective way of starting off the term well! I really don't want you to get caught up in the minutia of details. The important thing here is to see the big picture and understand how the dictators in the 30's came to power and then held on to power. Naomi Wolf wrote an article in the Guardian newspaper back in 2007 that outlined some steps:
1. Invoke a terrifying internal and external enemy
2. Create a gulag
3. Develop a thug caste
4. Set up an internal surveillance system
5. Harass citizens' groups
6. Engage in arbitrary detention and release
7. Target key individuals
8. Control the press
9. Dissent equals treason
10. Suspend the rule of law
Wolf argued that these steps existed in the United States and that is certainly a debatable proposition however the steps she identified are a scripted pattern. Start with economic and social turmoil, throw in some perceived lawlessness and humiliation, then add a national threat and the conditions are ripe for a charasmatic personality to promise a golden path to either a renewed past of halcyon days or a bright future...Hmmmm I wonder if we've seen this recently? So look for the common threads between the three dictators. Look at their methods of gaining power. Who did they seek for help? How did they convince people of their ideas? Once they got power how did they keep it? Remember the word totalitarian? Big Ideas folks. To help we'll watch the CBC series Love, Hate and Propaganda focusing on the first episode "The Strongmen". From the CBC website...
The Strongmen is the story of Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin and Emperor Hirohito of Japan. Each employed propaganda in their own way to gain absolute control over their citizens. In Italy, the face of fascism is that of Benito Mussolini, a colourful performer, and a brutal thug who counts Hitler as his friend and ally. In Russia, Joseph Stalin's insistence on total devotion would range from the horrific to the tragic-comic. And in Japan, Emperor Hirohito is seen as a demi-God, able to protect his people from all outside threats.
The Spanish Civil War in 1936 is effectively a dress rehearsal for the real war that would soon erupt between the Axis and Allied powers, and Communist and Fascist ideologies. In the Pacific, Japan launches a brutal attack on Nanking, foreshadowing the barbarity that would soon engulf Europe.
A Block Geography 12 - Today we'll continue our look at weather; working on an activity called “Sunlight and the Seasons” (week 13 package "Solar energy and the reason for seasons"). After you have finished this activity you need to complete questions 17, 19, and 20 from page 62 in your Geosystems textbook. If there's time we'll see what Bill Nye has to say about seasons. Below you'll find a decent if somewhat slow video on seasons...
and what does the rotation of the Earth on its axis -giving us seasons-look like and mean for us?
Don't forget, we'll start the class by looking at the synoptic chart for North America and begin to understand weather station plots. Take some time on the following sites to learn more and to practice your weather operational analysis capabilities:
WW2010 - University of Illinois Weather site
National Weather Service "Jet Stream" online weather school
American Meteorological Society "Data Streme"
British Broadcasting Corporation Reading Weather Maps
USA Today Reading Weather Maps
Practise at: Weather Office (Environment Canada) Operational Analysis Charts or at the Data Streme site above
C Block Crime, Media and Society 12 - Today we are going to watch a Dateline video called "My Kid Would Never Do That: Stranger Danger".This episode deals with the fear associated with stranger abductions and tests whether kids would know what do to when confronted by someone who attempts to lure them. The Dateline website says:
Check out these Facebook and Twitter posts in response to the show
So now for the reality of stranger danger and abductions...
• Stranger Danger doesn't teach what a stranger is
• It doesn't account for trusted adults and
• It can demonize all adults to children.
A 2000 Justice Department study found that of the 800,000 kids who were reported missing that year, half turned out to be runaways. MOST abductions turned out to involve family members; only 115 of all the cases reported were a version of the nightmare scenario that most troubles parents - abduction by a stranger. For more information look at kidshealth.org; yahoo.com; ncpc.org; ncjrs.gov; or keeping children safe OK so now what? Here's what I'd like you to answer:
1. What do you think the purpose of the "My Kid Would Never Do That: Stranger Danger" show and what assumptions or beliefs do its creators have that are reflected in the content?
2. Who and what is shown in a positive light? In a negative light? Why might these people and things be shown this way? What conclusions might audiences draw based on these facts?
3. What techniques does the Dateline show use to get your attention and to communicate its message?
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The job of the lintel is to bear the loads that rest on it (and its own load) without deforming or breaking. Failure occurs only when the material is too weak or the lintel is too long. Lintels composed of materials that are weak in bending, such as stone, must be short, while lintels in materials that are strong in bending, such as steel, may span far greater openings. Masonry lintels are inefficient because they must depend on the cohesiveness of mortar, which is weaker than the blocks it bonds; so, in masonry construction, lintels of monolithic (single-slab) stone, wood, and stronger materials are employed.
The job of the post is to support the lintel and its loads without crushing or buckling. Failure occurs, as in lintels, from excessive weakness or length, but the difference is that the material must be especially strong in compression. Stone, which has this property, is more versatile as a post than as a lintel; under heavy loads it is superior to wood but not to iron, steel, or reinforced concrete. Masonry posts, including those of brick, may be highly efficient, since the loads compress the joints and add to their cohesiveness. Although monolithic stone columns are used, they are extravagant to produce for large structures, and columns are usually built up of a series of cylindrical blocks called drums.
From prehistoric times to the Roman Empire, the post-and-lintel system was the root of architectural design. The interiors of Egyptian temples and the exteriors of Greek temples are delineated by columns covered by stone lintels. The Greeks opened their interior spaces by substituting wooden beams for stone, since the wood required fewer supports. The development of the arch and vault challenged the system but could not diminish its importance either in masonry construction or in wood framing, by its nature dependent on posts and beams.
Ancient uses of the post-and-lintel were refined but not fundamentally altered until the production of cast-iron columns, which, offering greater strength and smaller circumference, greatly reduced the mass and weight of buildings. Much construction in modern materials is based on the post-and-lintel system of the past. Steel and concrete skeletons restore to modern architecture the formal simplicity of the oldest structures known. But, because they are rigid frames, they abandon the fundamental concept of the duality of post-and-lintel by fusing them into a unit throughout which stresses are distributed. The “mushroom” column is a further departure, since the unit can be extended into a covering slab and becomes a ceiling as well as a support.
The arch can be called a curved lintel. Early masonry builders could span only narrow openings because of the necessary shortness and weight of monolithic stone lintels. With the invention of the arch, two problems were solved: (1) wide openings could be spanned with small, light blocks, in brick as well as stone, which were easy to transport and to handle; and (2) the arch was bent upward to resist and to conduct into its supports the loads that tended to bend the lintel downward. Because the arch is curved, the upper edge has a greater circumference than the lower, so that each of its blocks must be cut in wedge shapes that press firmly against the whole surface of neighbouring blocks and conduct loads uniformly. This form creates problems of equilibrium that do not exist in lintels. The stresses in the arch tend to squeeze the blocks outward radially, and loads divert these outward forces downward to exert a resultant diagonal force, called thrust, which will cause the arch to collapse if it is not properly buttressed. So an arch cannot replace a lintel on two free-standing posts unless the posts are massive enough to buttress the thrust and to conduct it into the foundations (as in ancient Roman triumphal arches). Arches may rest on light supports, however, where they occur in a row, because the thrust of one arch counteracts the thrust of its neighbours, and the system will remain stable as long as the arches at either end of the row are buttressed by walls, piers, or earth.
The size of arches is limited only by economy; large arches exert large thrusts, and they are hard to buttress and to build. The form may be varied to meet specific problems; the most efficient forms in masonry are semicircular, segmental (segment of a circle), and pointed (two intersecting arcs of a circle), but noncircular curves can be used successfully.
Arches were known in Egypt and Greece but were considered unsuitable for monumental architecture. In Roman times the arch was fully exploited in bridges, aqueducts, and large-scale architecture. New forms and uses were found in medieval and particularly Gothic architecture (flying buttress, pointed arch), and Baroque architects developed a vocabulary of noncircular forms for expressive reasons. Steel, concrete, and laminated-wood arches of the 20th century changed the concept and the mechanics of arches. Their components are completely different from wedge-shaped blocks (voussoirs); they may be made entirely rigid so as to require only vertical support; they may be of hinged intersections that work independently, or they may be thin slabs or members (in reinforced concrete) in which stresses are so distributed that they add the advantages of lintels to those of arches, requiring only light supports. These innovations provide a great freedom of design and a means of covering great spans without a massive substructure.
The evolution of the vault begins with the discovery of the arch, because the basic “barrel” form, which appeared first in ancient Egypt and the Near East, is simply a deep, or three-dimensional, arch. Since the barrel vault exerts thrust as the arch does, it must be buttressed along its entire length by heavy walls in which openings must be limited in size and number. This is a disadvantage, since it inhibits light and circulation.
But Roman builders discovered that openings could be made by building two barrel vaults that intersected at right angles to form the groin vault, which is square in plan and may be repeated in series to span rectangular areas of unlimited length. This vault has the additional advantage that its thrusts are concentrated at the four corners, so that the supporting walls need not be uniformly massive but may be buttressed where they support the vault.
Two disadvantages of the groin vault encouraged Gothic builders to develop a modification known as the rib vault. First, to build a groin vault, a form must be made to pour or lay the entire vault, and this requires complex scaffolding from the ground up; second, the groin vault must be more or less square, and a single vault cannot span extended rectangular areas. The rib vault provided a skeleton of arches or ribs along the sides of the area and crossing it diagonally; on these the masonry of the vault could be laid; a simple centring sufficed for the ribs. To cover the rectangular areas, the medieval mason used pointed arches, which, unlike round arches, can be raised as high over a short span as over a long one. Thus, the vault could be composed of the intersection of two vaults of different widths but the same height.
To reduce further the thickness of the wall (to the point of substituting large areas of glass for masonry), Gothic builders developed the flying buttress, which counteracts vault thrust not by continuous wall mass and weight but by counterthrust created by exterior half-arches placed at the height of the vaults at the points of greatest stress. These buttresses conduct stresses to heavier wall buttresses below the window level.
The next important development in vaults, as in arches, came with 19th-century materials. Great iron skeleton vaults were constructed as a framework for light materials such as glass (Crystal Palace, London). The elimination of weight and excessive thrust, the freedom in the use of materials, and the absence of centring problems favoured the simple barrel vault and made more complex types obsolete. But in many of the modern frame systems the vault itself loses its structural function and becomes a thin skin laid over a series of arches.
While the arch is supplanting the vault in one area of technique, the vault has abandoned the arch principle in another. The reinforced-concrete shell vault, based on the principle of the bent or molded slab, is one of the most important innovations in the history of architecture. It has all the advantages of load distribution of the concrete floor slab, plus the resistance to bending provided by its curved form. The shell is reinforced in such a way that it exerts no lateral thrust and may be supported as if it were a beam or truss; hence, the form no longer necessitates the conducting of loads into the wall, and the vault may be designed with great freedom.
Domes appeared first on round huts and tombs in the ancient Near East, India, and the Mediterranean region but only as solid mounds or in techniques adaptable only to the smallest buildings. They became technically significant with the introduction of the large-scale masonry hemispheres by the Romans. Domes, like vaults, evolved from the arch, for in their simplest form they may be thought of as a continuous series of arches, with the same centre. Therefore, the dome exerts thrusts all around its perimeter, and the earliest monumental examples required heavy walls. Since the walls permitted few openings and had to be round or polygonal to give continuous support, early domes were difficult to incorporate into complex structures, especially when adjacent spaces were vaulted.
Byzantine architects perfected a way of raising domes on piers instead of walls (like groin vaults), which permitted lighting and communication from four directions. The transition from a cubic plan to the hemisphere was achieved by four inverted spherical triangles called pendentives—masses of masonry curved both horizontally and vertically. Their apexes rested on the four piers, to which they conducted the forces of the dome; their sides joined to form arches over openings in four faces of the cube; and their bases met in a complete circle to form the dome foundation. The pendentive dome could rest directly on this foundation or upon a cylindrical wall, called a drum, inserted between the two to increase height.
The dome was unsuited to the lightness and verticality of late medieval styles but was widely used in the Renaissance and Baroque periods. Renaissance builders adapted the Gothic rib system to dome construction and found new means to reduce loads and thrust (concentric chains, etc.) that permitted high drums and variations in the curvature of the dome. The awkward, tunnellike effect produced on the interior by high domes was often hidden by an internal shell built on the same foundations (as at Florence Cathedral and St. Paul’s Cathedral, London).
The effort and ingenuity devoted to doming rectangular buildings can be explained principally by the symbolic character of the form, since vaulting is a simpler alternative. So it was chiefly the desire to observe tradition that preserved the dome in the early era of iron and steel construction, and, with rare exceptions (Halle aux Blés, Paris; the Coal Exchange, London), 19th-century examples retained masonry forms without exploiting the advantages of metal.
Newer techniques, however, have added practically to the expressive advantages of domes. The reinforced-concrete slab used in vaulting can be curved in length as well as width (like an inflated handkerchief or a parachute). And in this development the distinction between vaults and domes loses significance, being based on nothing but the type of curvature in the slab. Geodesic domes, developed in the 20th century by R. Buckminster Fuller, are spherical forms in which triangular or polygonal facets composed of light skeletal struts or flat planes replace the arch principle and distribute stresses within the structure itself, as in a truss. Geodesic domes can be supported by light walls and are the only large domes that can be set directly on the ground as complete structures.
By far the commonest covering throughout history is the trussed roof, constructed upon a frame composed of triangular sections spaced crosswise at intervals and made rigid in length by beams. Trusses formerly were principally of wood and were used to cover masonry as well as framed structures, even when these were vaulted. The variety of trusses is so great that only the general principle of the form can be given here.
The truss is based on the geometric law that a triangle is the only figure that cannot be changed in shape without a change in the length of its sides; thus, a triangular frame of strong pieces firmly fastened at the angles cannot be deformed by its own load or by external forces such as wind pressure. These forces, which in a vault thrust outward against the walls, are contained within the truss itself, because the piece (chord) at the base of the triangle resists by tension the tendency of the two sides to behave like a vault. With its forces in equilibrium, the truss exerts only a direct downward pressure on the walls, so that they need not be thickened or buttressed. This explains why most roofs are triangular in cross section.
In trusses that are too large to be constructed of three members of moderate size, a complex system of small triangles within the frame replaces the simple triangle.
Not all peaked roofs are trusses, for in primitive building, in ancient Greece, and in much Chinese and Japanese wood architecture the chord is omitted and the sides exert thrust. Nor are all trusses triangular, since the principle may be modified (as in modern steel and heavy timber construction) to apply to arches and vaults if chords of sufficient strength can be found.
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Gaussian filters are a common method used to explore trends in annual and seasonal rainfall. For each rainfall measurement in a series a new value is calculated that takes into account the values of neighbouring measurements. The weights used for each calculation are determined using a Gaussian distribution. Consequently, the further a value is away from the centre of the filter the smaller its weight.
The two most important parameters to set when applying a Gaussian filter are sigma, which is the standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution, and the filter width. Higher sigma values decrease the amplitude of the Gaussian distribution and increase the weight given to measurments further away from the filter centre. Ideally, a high sigma value is combined with a large filter width. In the visualisations below, the weights are normalised so that even in the case of a high sigma value and small filter width the weights still sum to 1. However, in such cases the resulting filter loses its Gaussian nature to some extent.
Annual Rainfall Trends for Indian Meteorological Regions
The visualisation illustrates how varying filter widths and sigma values can significantly impact the shape of the trend line produced by a Gaussian filter. This is an important point to bear in mind when interpreting such graphs, which often play an important role in studies of rainfall trends.
The visualisation was developed using D3 and data downloaded from India's Open Government Data Platform. The code can be found on GitHub.
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American indian place names
About half of the states and many modern towns in the US got their names from American Indian words. The name of Kentucky comes from an Iroquoian word (Kentahten), which means “land of tomorrow.”
Connecticut’s name comes from the Mohican word (Quinnehtukqut), which means “beside the long tidal river.” And the word “Podunk,” meant to describe a insignificant town out in the middle of nowhere, comes from a Natick Indian word meaning “swampy place.”
Arkansas: from the Quapaw Indians.
Chicago (Illinois): Algonquian for “garlic field.”
Chesapeake (bay): Algonquian name of a village.
Illinois: Algonquin for “tribe of superior men.”
Indiana: meaning “land of Indians.”
Narragansett (Rhode Island): named after the Indian tribe.
Ohio: from an Iroquoian word meaning “great river.”
Tennessee: of Cherokee origin; the exact meaning is unknown.
Texas: from an Indian word meaning “friends.”
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Read by QxMD icon Read
Catherine Preece, Natalie F Clamp, Gemma Warham, Michael Charles, Mark Rees, Glynis Jones, Colin P Osborne
The domestication of crops in the Fertile Crescent began approximately 10,000 years ago indicating a change from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a sedentary, agriculture-based existence. The exploitation of wild plants changed during this transition, such that a small number of crops were domesticated from the broader range of species gathered from the wild. However, the reasons for this change are unclear.Previous studies have shown unexpectedly that crop progenitors are not consistently higher yielding than related wild grass species, when growing without competition...
May 2018: Journal of Ecology
Mark Lipson, Olivia Cheronet, Swapan Mallick, Nadin Rohland, Marc Oxenham, Michael Pietrusewsky, Thomas Oliver Pryce, Anna Willis, Hirofumi Matsumura, Hallie Buckley, Kate Domett, Nguyen Giang Hai, Trinh Hoang Hiep, Aung Aung Kyaw, Tin Tin Win, Baptiste Pradier, Nasreen Broomandkhoshbacht, Francesca Candilio, Piya Changmai, Daniel Fernandes, Matthew Ferry, Beatriz Gamarra, Eadaoin Harney, Jatupol Kampuansai, Wibhu Kutanan, Megan Michel, Mario Novak, Jonas Oppenheimer, Kendra Sirak, Kristin Stewardson, Zhao Zhang, Pavel Flegontov, Ron Pinhasi, David Reich
May 17, 2018: Science
Beatriz Gamarra, Rachel Howcroft, Ashley McCall, János Dani, Zsigmond Hajdú, Emese Gyöngyvér Nagy, László D Szabó, László Domboróczki, Ildikó Pap, Pál Raczky, Antónia Marcsik, Zsuzsanna K Zoffmann, Tamás Hajdu, Robin N M Feeney, Ron Pinhasi
The development of farming was a catalyst for the evolution of the human diet from the varied subsistence practices of hunter-gatherers to the more globalised food economy we depend upon today. Although there has been considerable research into the dietary changes associated with the initial spread of farming, less attention has been given to how dietary choices continued to develop during subsequent millennia. A paleogenomic time transect for 5 millennia of human occupation in the Great Hungarian Plain spanning from the advent of the Neolithic to the Iron Age, showed major genomic turnovers...
2018: PloS One
Peter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, Michaël Peyrot, Gabriel Renaud, Thorfinn Korneliussen, J Víctor Moreno-Mayar, Mikkel Winther Pedersen, Amy Goldberg, Emma Usmanova, Nurbol Baimukhanov, Valeriy Loman, Lotte Hedeager, Anders Gorm Pedersen, Kasper Nielsen, Gennady Afanasiev, Kunbolot Akmatov, Almaz Aldashev, Ashyk Alpaslan, Gabit Baimbetov, Vladimir I Bazaliiskii, Arman Beisenov, Bazartseren Boldbaatar, Bazartseren Boldgiv, Choduraa Dorzhu, Sturla Ellingvag, Diimaajav Erdenebaatar, Rana Dajani, Evgeniy Dmitriev, Valeriy Evdokimov, Karin M Frei, Andrey Gromov, Alexander Goryachev, Hakon Hakonarson, Tatyana Hegay, Zaruhi Khachatryan, Ruslan Khaskhanov, Egor Kitov, Alina Kolbina, Tabaldiev Kubatbek, Alexey Kukushkin, Igor Kukushkin, Nina Lau, Ashot Margaryan, Inga Merkyte, Ilya V Mertz, Viktor K Mertz, Enkhbayar Mijiddorj, Vyacheslav Moiyesev, Gulmira Mukhtarova, Bekmukhanbet Nurmukhanbetov, Z Orozbekova, Irina Panyushkina, Karol Pieta, Václav Smrčka, Irina Shevnina, Andrey Logvin, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Tereza Štolcová, Kadicha Tashbaeva, Alexander Tkachev, Turaly Tulegenov, Dmitriy Voyakin, Levon Yepiskoposyan, Sainbileg Undrakhbold, Victor Varfolomeev, Andrzej Weber, Nikolay Kradin, Morten E Allentoft, Ludovic Orlando, Rasmus Nielsen, Martin Sikora, Evelyne Heyer, Kristian Kristiansen, Eske Willerslev
For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers...
May 9, 2018: Nature
Peter de Barros Damgaard, Rui Martiniano, Jack Kamm, J Víctor Moreno-Mayar, Guus Kroonen, Michaël Peyrot, Gojko Barjamovic, Simon Rasmussen, Claus Zacho, Nurbol Baimukhanov, Victor Zaibert, Victor Merz, Arjun Biddanda, Ilja Merz, Valeriy Loman, Valeriy Evdokimov, Emma Usmanova, Brian Hemphill, Andaine Seguin-Orlando, Fulya Eylem Yediay, Inam Ullah, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Katrine Højholt Iversen, Jeremy Choin, Constanza de la Fuente, Melissa Ilardo, Hannes Schroeder, Vyacheslav Moiseyev, Andrey Gromov, Andrei Polyakov, Sachihiro Omura, Süleyman Yücel Senyurt, Habib Ahmad, Catriona McKenzie, Ashot Margaryan, Abdul Hameed, Abdul Samad, Nazish Gul, Muhammad Hassan Khokhar, O I Goriunova, Vladimir I Bazaliiskii, John Novembre, Andrzej W Weber, Ludovic Orlando, Morten E Allentoft, Rasmus Nielsen, Kristian Kristiansen, Martin Sikora, Alan K Outram, Richard Durbin, Eske Willerslev
The Yamnaya expansions from the western steppe into Europe and Asia during the Early Bronze Age (~3000 BCE) are believed to have brought with them Indo-European languages and possibly horse husbandry. We analyze 74 ancient whole-genome sequences from across Inner Asia and Anatolia and show that the Botai people associated with the earliest horse husbandry derived from a hunter-gatherer population deeply diverged from the Yamnaya. Our results also suggest distinct migrations bringing West Eurasian ancestry into South Asia before and after but not at the time of Yamnaya culture...
May 9, 2018: Science
Ananyo Choudhury, Shaun Aron, Dhriti Sengupta, Scott Hazelhurst, Michèle Ramsay
Genetic variation and susceptibility to disease are shaped by human demographic history. We can now study the genomes of extant Africans and uncover traces of population migration, admixture, assimilation and selection by applying sophisticated computational algorithms. There are four major ethnolinguistic divisions among present day Africans: Hunter-gatherer populations in southern and central Africa; Nilo-Saharan speakers from north and northeast Africa; Afro-Asiatic speakers from east Africa; and Niger-Congo speakers who are the predominant ethnolinguistic group spread across most of sub-Saharan Africa...
May 8, 2018: Human Molecular Genetics
Karen L Kramer, Amanda Veile
Across human societies infants receive care from both their mothers and others. Reproductive cooperation raises two important questions: how does allocare benefit mothers and infants, and why do caretakers help mothers when they could spend their time in other, perhaps more valuable ways? We use behavioral and biological data from three small-scale societies to evaluate 1) how allocare affects a nursing mother's time, 2) whether a mother's birth interval length, surviving fertility and infant weight vary as a function of the childcare help that she receives, and 3) the opportunity cost for helpers to spend time caring for children...
May 2, 2018: Physiology & Behavior
Carina M Schlebusch, Mattias Jakobsson
In the last three decades, genetic studies have played an increasingly important role in exploring human history. They have helped to conclusively establish that anatomically modern humans first appeared in Africa roughly 250,000-350,000 years before present and subsequently migrated to other parts of the world. The history of humans in Africa is complex and includes demographic events that influenced patterns of genetic variation across the continent. Through genetic studies, it has become evident that deep African population history is captured by relationships among African hunter-gatherers, as the world's deepest population divergences occur among these groups, and that the deepest population divergence dates to 300,000 years before present...
May 4, 2018: Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
Courtney L Meehan, Kimberly A Lackey, Edward H Hagen, Janet E Williams, Jennifer Roulette, Courtney Helfrecht, Mark A McGuire, Michelle K McGuire
OBJECTIVES: We present the first available data on the human milk microbiome (HMM) from small-scale societies (hunter-gatherers and horticulturalists in the Central African Republic [CAR]) and explore relationships among subsistence type and seasonality on HMM diversity and composition. Additionally, as humans are cooperative breeders and, throughout our evolutionary history and today, we rear offspring within social networks, we examine associations between the social environment and the HMM...
April 26, 2018: American Journal of Human Biology: the Official Journal of the Human Biology Council
George B Stefano, Rachel Fine, Richard M Kream
Simon Blockley, Ian Candy, Ian Matthews, Pete Langdon, Cath Langdon, Adrian Palmer, Paul Lincoln, Ashley Abrook, Barry Taylor, Chantal Conneller, Alex Bayliss, Alison MacLeod, Laura Deeprose, Chris Darvill, Rebecca Kearney, Nancy Beavan, Richard Staff, Michael Bamforth, Maisie Taylor, Nicky Milner
Understanding the resilience of early societies to climate change is an essential part of exploring the environmental sensitivity of human populations. There is significant interest in the role of abrupt climate events as a driver of early Holocene human activity, but there are very few well-dated records directly compared with local climate archives. Here, we present evidence from the internationally important Mesolithic site of Star Carr showing occupation during the early Holocene, which is directly compared with a high-resolution palaeoclimate record from neighbouring lake beds...
March 26, 2018: Nature Ecology & Evolution
Kristen Hawkes, James O'Connell, Nicholas Blurton Jones
The century long publication of this journal overlapped major changes in the sciences it covers. We have been eyewitnesses to vast changes during the final third of the last century and beginning of this one, momentous enough to fundamentally alter our work separately and collectively. One (NBJ) from animal ethology, another from western North American archaeology (JOC), and a third (KH) from cultural anthropology came to longtime collaboration as evolutionary ecologists with shared focus on studying modern hunter-gatherers to guide hypotheses about human evolution...
April 2018: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
Alejandro Romero, Fernando V Ramirez-Rozzi, Alejandro Pérez-Pérez
OBJECTIVES: Odontometric studies of African populations show high within-group variation in tooth size. Overall, North Africans exhibit smaller dimensions than groups from eastern and southern sub-Saharan regions, but no previous studies have analyzed the full dental metrics among extant African Pygmy hunter-gatherers and Bantu-speaking farmers. Furthermore, the population variability in tooth crown sizes from equatorial rainforest regions remains to be elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters of the permanent teeth (I1-M2) were measured in vivo using high-resolution replicas from Baka Pygmies and Mvae and Yassa Bantu-speakers from Cameroon (western Africa)...
March 22, 2018: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
Neda Nemat-Gorgani, Hugo G Hilton, Brenna M Henn, Meng Lin, Christopher R Gignoux, Justin W Myrick, Cedric J Werely, Julie M Granka, Marlo Möller, Eileen G Hoal, Makoto Yawata, Nobuyo Yawata, Lies Boelen, Becca Asquith, Peter Parham, Paul J Norman
The functions of human NK cells in defense against pathogens and placental development during reproduction are modulated by interactions of killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) with HLA-A, -B and -C class I ligands. Both receptors and ligands are highly polymorphic and exhibit extensive differences between human populations. Indigenous to southern Africa are the KhoeSan, the most ancient group of modern human populations, who have highest genomic diversity worldwide. We studied two KhoeSan populations, the Nama pastoralists and the ≠Khomani San hunter-gatherers...
April 15, 2018: Journal of Immunology: Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists
Yasuo Hagihara, Takashi Nara
March 15, 2018: American Journal of Physical Anthropology
Remco R Bouckaert, Claire Bowern, Quentin D Atkinson
It remains a mystery how Pama-Nyungan, the world's largest hunter-gatherer language family, came to dominate the Australian continent. Some argue that social or technological advantages allowed rapid language replacement from the Gulf Plains region during the mid-Holocene. Others have proposed expansions from refugia linked to climatic changes after the last ice age or, more controversially, during the initial colonization of Australia. Here, we combine basic vocabulary data from 306 Pama-Nyungan languages with Bayesian phylogeographic methods to explicitly model the expansion of the family across Australia and test between these origin scenarios...
April 2018: Nature Ecology & Evolution
Marie Lopez, Athanasios Kousathanas, Hélène Quach, Christine Harmant, Patrick Mouguiama-Daouda, Jean-Marie Hombert, Alain Froment, George H Perry, Luis B Barreiro, Paul Verdu, Etienne Patin, Lluís Quintana-Murci
April 2018: Nature Ecology & Evolution
Cristina Valdiosera, Torsten Günther, Juan Carlos Vera-Rodríguez, Irene Ureña, Eneko Iriarte, Ricardo Rodríguez-Varela, Luciana G Simões, Rafael M Martínez-Sánchez, Emma M Svensson, Helena Malmström, Laura Rodríguez, José-María Bermúdez de Castro, Eudald Carbonell, Alfonso Alday, José Antonio Hernández Vera, Anders Götherström, José-Miguel Carretero, Juan Luis Arsuaga, Colin I Smith, Mattias Jakobsson
John R Speakman
March 7, 2018: Journal of Experimental Biology
Daniel Lemogoum, William Ngatchou, Claude Bika Lele, Cecile Okalla, Marc Leeman, Jean-Paul Degaute, Philippe van de Borne
BACKGROUND: High salt intake increases blood pressure (BP) and hypertension risk. This study aimed to examine association of urinary sodium excretion with BP and hypertension correlates among Cameroonian pygmies under hunter-gatherer subsistence mode and Bantus, living in urban area under unhealthy behavioral habits. METHODS: In this cross-sectional cluster sampling study, we randomly enrolled rural pygmies living in Lolodorf and urban Bantus living in Douala. The World Health Organization steps questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and lifestyle data...
March 7, 2018: BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
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Alice Walker Biography | Poet
Alice Walker Biography. Read biographical information including facts, poetic works, awards, and the life story and history of Alice Walker. This short biogrpahy feature on Alice Walker will help you learn about one of the best famous poet poets of all-time.
Photo of Alice Walker
Poems | Best Poems | Short Poems | Quotes
The American novelist Alice Walker is one of the most celebrated in modern history. Her most famous work, The Color Purple, won the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and it remains one of the bestselling books in the United States. She was born in Georgia, in 1994, at a time when Jim Crow Laws made the world a dangerous place to grow up black.
However, the young Alice Walker was deeply fortunate to have parents who risked their lives to support her ambitions. When Jim Crow Laws told Minnie Lou Grant and Willie Lee Walker that their children should be out sharecropping the fields as well, they resisted, at the risk of great trouble. As a foremost advocate of black rights, Walker has continued what her parents started and now fights for equal rights for women and minorities.
Despite being repeatedly told that ‘black people have no need for education,’ Minnie Grant enrolled her daughter in the first grade. Unbeknownst to her parents, she started to write stories at around the age of eight, taking inspiration from the winding tales her grandfather would tell. This new hobby was initially kept very secret.
Learning How to Connect the Dots
In 1952, Walker was involved in an accident with a BB gun which left her blind in one eye. As the family did not own a car, her parents had no way to get their child to the emergency room for treatment and there was never a chance for the eye to be saved. Later, a visible layer of scar tissue formed over the eye and she became cripplingly self-conscious. She was often bullied or laughed at, so Walker took comfort in reading and writing.
At age 14, the scar tissue was removed and Walker later become queen of her senior class, valedictorian, and ‘most popular girl.’ However, she did not forget the way in which she had been treated and, for the first time, began to question social norms of beauty, gender, skin colour, and social class.
After taking a sabbatical to work with the civil rights movement, Walker published her first novel, The Third Life of Grange Copeland, in 1970. Her second novel, Meridian, was published in 1976. The book told the tale of civil rights campaigners in the south and was inspired by many of the people she had met. The year 1982 would see life change forever, because she published The Color Purple to critical acclaim.
Becoming a Household Name in America
The novel was a massive commercial success and would be turned into a blockbuster film just five years later. Yet, as her professional status grew, Walker struggled to stay in control at home. During the sixties, she had met and married a celebrated Jewish civil rights attorney, Melvyn Leventhal. The couple relocated to the heart of deeply segregated Mississippi, where they stayed even in spite of daily threats and insults from the Ku Klux Klan.
In 1976, Walker and Leventhal divorced and the writer became increasingly estranged from her daughter. In later years, the child, Rebecca, confessed to feeling like ‘a political object’ and revealed that her mother would often leave her to a diet of fast food whilst closed off in her writing studio. The two are now completely estranged and Walker has removed her daughter from her will.
Over the years, Walker has consistently explored themes of sexuality, gender, race, feminism, and tradition. In the anthology of short stories, Everyday Use, she discusses the issues confronting young black people who relocate and then lose knowledge and respect for their parent culture and traditions. She continues to be an admired figure within liberal political circles for her courage to side with often deeply unpopular opinions.
In 2007, Walker offered her entire collection of literary papers (122 boxes of material) to the Emory University Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library. It includes a litany of remarkable pieces – everything from a scrapbook of poems penned at 15 years of age, to early drafts of The Color Purple, letters to family members, and heaps of fan mail.
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Tuesday, August 2, 2011
1.Define “coulomb” on the basis of coulomb’s law. (Mar.06,oct 10)
2. Why is it safer to be inside a car than standing under a tree during lightning? (Mar 06 June 06 09Mar10)
3. State Gauss’ law in electrostatics.(June 06, Oct 06, Mar09)
4. What is meant by electric polarisation? (or) dielectric polarization. (Oct 06, 09)
5. Define electric potential at a point. (Mar 07, June 09)
6. What is a polar molecule? Give any two examples. (Mar 07)
7. State Coulomb’s law in electrostatics. (June o 07, Mar 10, June 10)
8. What is corona discharge? What are its advantages? (June 07, Oct 08)
9. Write the applications of Capacitor. (Oct 07)
10. What do you mean by “Additive nature of charge”? Give an example. (Oct 07)
11. Three capacitors each of capacitance 9PF are connected in series. What is the total capacitance of the combination, if the combination is connected to 120 V supply? (Mar 08)
12. What is electrostatic shielding ? (Mar 08)
13. Define electric flux. Give its unit (June 08)
14. Explain the working of a microwave oven. (June 08)
15. Calculate the effective capacitance of the combination shown in the figure. (Oct 08)
16. What is an electric dipole? Define electric dipole moment? (Oct 09)
17. What is a capacitor? Define its capacitance?( M ar 09)
18. Mention any three properties of electric lines of force. (June 10)
19. What is non-polar molecule? Give example. (Oct 10)
20. What is an equipotential surface?
21. What is a dielectric and write the effect of dielectric?
22. State Ohm’s law. (Mar 06, Oct 07, 09, Mar 10)
23. In the following circuit, calculate the current through the circuit. Mention its direction. (Mar 06)
24. State Faraday’s law ;of electrolysis (Mar 06, June 10, Oct 10)
25. Write any three ;applications of superconductors. (Jkune 06, Oct 06, June 07, Oct 07)
26. A manganin wire of length 2 m has a diameter of 0.4 mm with a resistance of 70 ohm. Find the resistivity of the material. (June 06)
27. State Kircfhhoffs (i) current law and (ii) voltage law. (June 06, March 08)
State Kirchhoffs second law for electrical network? (March 09)
28. Define mobility of electrons. Write its unit. (Oct 06, Mar 08, 09)
29. Three resistors are connected in series with 10 V supply as shown in the figure. Find the voltage drop across each resistor. (Oct 06, June 10)
30 .State Kirchhoff’s voltage law (Mar 07)
31. Define Drift velocity. (Mar 07, Oct 08, June 09, Oct 09, Mar 10, Oct 10)
32. The resistance of a platinum wire at 0 degree C 4 ohm. What will be the resistance of the wire at 100 degree C if the temperature coefficient of resistance of platinum is 0.0038% C?
33. The resistance of a nichrome wire at 0 degree C is 10 ohm. If its temperature coefficient of resistance is 0.004%C, find its resistance at boiling point of water. Comment on the result.
(June 07, Oct 07, Mar 08, June 09, Oct 10)
34. Define temperatrure coefficient of resistance. (June 08)
35. Distinguish between electric power and electric energy. (June 08, 09)
36. An iron box of 400W power is used daily for 30 minutes. If the cost per unit is 75 paise, find the weekly expense on using the iron box. (June 08)
37 What are the applications of secondary cells? (Oct 08)
38. In the given circuit, what are the total resistance and current supplied by the battery? (Oct 09)
39. Two wires of same material and length have resistances and respectively. Find the ratio of radii of the two wires. (Mar 09)
40. What are the changes observed at transition temperature when the conductor becomes a superconductor? (June 10)
41. Why is copper wire not suitable for a potentiometer
42. Why automobile batteries have low internal resistance.
43. What is electrical Resistivity and conductivity.
44. What are superconductors.
45. What are the limitations of electron microscope? (Mar 06, 09)
46. Write any three uses of photoelectric cells. (June 06, Mar 10, Oct 10)
47. What are intertial and non-inertial frames of reference? (Oct 06, Mar 08)
48. Mention the uses of electron microscope. (Mar 07)
49. What is the de Broglie wavelength of an electron of kinetic energy 120 eV? (June 07, 08)
50. State the postulates of special theory of relativity. (Oct 07, June 09)
51. Calculate the threshold wavelength of certain metal of work function 1.8 e V. (Oct 08)
52. Define stopping potential. (Oct 09)
53. According to classical mechanics, what is the concept of time? (June 10)
54. What is called Frame of reference?
55. What is photoelectric effect?
56. What is Lorentz- Fitzgerald contraction?
57. What are the concepts of time and mass in classical mechanics.
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
58. What is alpha-decay? Give an example. (Mar06)
59. What is pair production and annihilation of matter? (Mar 06, June 06, Mar 07)
60. Write any three properties of neutron. (June 06, Mar 08)
61. Write any three conclusions obtained from Binding energy curve. (Oct 06, Mar 07)
62. Define curie (Oct 06, Mar 08, 10, Oct 10)
63. The half-life of radon is 3.8 days. Calculate its mean life. (Oct 09, June 10)
64. Define roentgen. (June 07, Oct 08)
65. Write a note on Leptons. (June 07)
66. What is the use of a control rod in the reactor? Mention any two control rods. (Oct 07)
67. What are cosmic rays? (June 08, 10)
68. Define critical size and critical mass. (Oct 08)
69. What is meant by breeder reactor? (March 09)
70. Write any three properties of unclear force. (June 08, March 09)
71. How do you classify the neutrons in terms of its kinetic energy? (June 09)
72. What is Binding energy of nucleus? (Oct 09)
73. Tritium has a half-life of 12.5 years. What fraction of the sample will be
left over after 25 years? (March 10)
74. What is mass defect? (Oct 10)
75. What do you mean by artificial radio activity?
76. What are isobars and isotones?
77. Distinguish between natural radioactivity and artificial radioactivity?
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Chunker Example in Apache OpenNLP
What does a Chunker do ?
A chunker breaks the sentence into groups( of words) containing sequential words of sentence, that belong to a noun group, verb group, etc.
In this section Apache OpenNLP Tutorial, we shall write a java program to demonstrate the usage of Chunker API with the help of ChunkerME class for chunking (NLP task). Also we shall analyze the output (chunks) and what the chunks represent.
Pictorial representation of the test sentence that we are going to divide into chunks is given below :
Chunker Example in Apache OpenNLP Tutorial -
Chunker Example in Apache OpenNLP
Java Program : Chunker Example in Apache OpenNLP
Chunker API needs tokens and corresponding pos tags of a sentence. In this example program, we shall use provide the takens as an array (you may use Tokenizer for this job), and a POS Tagger to postag the tokens. And then both the tokens and postags go as input to chunker. Please follow the below program with well written comments for better understanding.
Output :
Let us see what these chunks (displayed in the output) represent.
If you observe, there are two notations for the chunk_id s in the output.
• B- : Represents the start of a chunk
• I- : Represents the continuation of a chunk
We shall represent the output in a table, and mention the chunks in the last column.
TokenPOS TagChunk IDChunk
MostJJSB-NP1st chunk in the sentence
(Noun Phrase)
inINB-NP2nd chunk in the sentence
(Noun Phrase)
theDTB-NP3rd chunk in the sentence
(Noun Phrase)
hadVBDB-NP4th chunk in the sentence
(Noun Phrase)
morningNNB-NP5th chunk in the sentence
(Noun Phrase)
..0no chunk
Hence, the sentence has been divided into five chunks. In this example we have only -NP (Noun Phrase). There are other phrases like -PP(Preposition Phrase), -VP(Verb Phrase), etc. Try out with different sentences and observe the chunks.
Official Manual for chunker is present at
Conclusion :
We have learnt what a chunker does, and how to use the Java Chunker API in Apache OpenNLP, and how to identify the start and continuation of a chunk, different types of chunks (-NP, -VP, -PP,..)
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The Dutch Painters
Ter Brugghen, van Honthorst, Hals, Leyster
Hendrick ter Brugghen, Gerrit van Honthorst, Frans Hals, and Judith Leyster were important genre painters of the Dutch Republic.
Learning Objectives
Explain the importance of ter Brugghen, van Honthorst, Hals, and Leyster to genre painting of the Dutch Republic
Key Takeaways
Key Points
• Ter Brugghen and Honthorst were both artists from the Dutch city of Utrecht who worked in the Caravaggisti tradition, emulating Caravaggio’s dramatic use of light and shadow. Both artists were directly inspired by their travels to Italy.
• Tavern scenes and other depictions of lively entertainment were common subjects for genre painters of this period.
• Frans Hals, another well-known Dutch painter, is remembered primarily for his portraiture and his pioneering use of loose brushwork.
• Judith Leyster is one of the few recognized female artists of the Dutch Golden Age and is known for depicting female subjects in domestic interior scenes.
• Leyster’s work is extremely similar to Hals, leading some historians to speculate that she may have been his apprentice.
Key Terms
• chiaroscuro: An artistic technique developed during the Renaissance, referring to the use of exaggerated light contrasts in order to create the illusion of volume.
• Caravaggisti: Stylistic followers of the 16th century Italian Baroque painter Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio.
• Mannerism: A style of art developed at the end of the High Renaissance, characterized by the deliberate distortion and exaggeration of perspective, especially the elongation of figures.
The Dutch Golden Age
The Dutch Golden Age was a period in the history of Holland generally spanning the 17th century, during and after the later part of the Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) for Dutch independence. Although Dutch painting of the Golden Age comes in the general European period of Baroque painting and often shows many of its characteristics, most lacks the idealization and love of splendor typical of much Baroque work, including that of neighboring Flanders . Most work in Holland during this era, including that for which the period is best known, reflects the traditions of detailed realism inherited from Early Netherlandish painting .
A distinctive feature of the period is the proliferation of distinct genres of paintings, with the majority of artists producing the bulk of their work within one of these. The full development of this specialization is seen from the late 1620s, and the period from then until the French invasion of 1672 is the core of Golden Age painting. The Utrecht Caravaggisti Hendrick ter Brugghen and Gerrit van Honthorst, as well as Frans Hals and Judith Leyster, were genre painters of the Dutch Republic. Their work generally depicted taverns and other scenes of entertainment that catered to the tastes and interests of a growing segment of the Dutch middle class.
ter Brugghen
Hendrick Jansz ter Brugghen (1588—1629) was a Dutch painter and a leading member of the Dutch followers of Caravaggio, or the Dutch Caravaggisti. Ter Brugghen began painting at the age of 13, studying with Abraham Bloemaert, a history painter trained in Mannerism . Around 1604, ter Brugghen traveled to Italy to expand his skills like many of his Dutch counterparts. While in Rome , he could have been in direct contact with Caravaggio. He certainly studied his work, as well as that of his followers, known as the Italian Caravaggisti. Upon returning to the Dutch city of Utrecht, he worked with Gerard van Honthorst, another member of the Dutch Caravaggisti.
A man is shown playing a flute. He is seen from the side, looking away from the viewer.
Flute Player by ter Brugghen, 1621: ter Brugghen, with Gerard van Honthorst, imported Caravaggio’s techniques from Italy in the early 17th century.
Ter Brugghen’s favorite subjects were half-length figures of drinkers or musicians, but he also produced larger-scale religious images and group portraits. He carried with him Caravaggio’s influence, and his paintings have a strong dramatic use of light and shadow, as well as emotionally charged subjects. Though he died fairly young at age 41, his work was well received and highly influential in his lifetime.
Three musicians are seated in a circle.
The Concert by ter Brugghen (1627), 99.1 x 116.8 cm, National Gallery, London: Some of ter Brugghen’s favorite subjects were half-length figures of drinkers or musicians, with a strong dramatic use of light and shadow in the style of Caravaggio.
Van Honthorst
Gerard van Honthorst (1590—1656) was born in Utrecht and also studied under Abraham Bloemaert. In 1616, Honthorst also traveled to Italy and was deeply influenced by the recent art he encountered there. Honthorst returned to Utrecht in 1620 and went on to build a considerable reputation, both in the Dutch Republic and abroad.
Honthorst briefly became a court painter to Charles I in England in 1628. His popularity in the Netherlands was such that he opened a second studio in The Hague, where he painted portraits of members of the court and taught drawing. Honthorst cultivated the style of Caravaggio and had great skill at chiaroscuro , often painting scenes illuminated by a single candle. Apart from portraiture, he is known for painting tavern scenes with musicians, gamblers, and people eating.
Scene depicts a woman lit by a single candle, leaning on a table, smiling. Two men in shadows are conversing with her.
The Matchmaker by Gerard van Honthorst, 1625: This painting demonstrates Honthorst’s use of chiaroscuro, a style made popular by Caravaggio.
Frans Hals the Elder (c. 1582—1666) was most notable for his loose painterly brushwork, a lively style he helped introduce into Dutch art. Hals was also instrumental in the evolution of 17th century group portraiture. He is perhaps best known for his portraits, which were primarily of wealthy citizens and prominent merchants like Pieter van den Broecke and Isaac Massa. He also painted large group portraits for local civic guards and the regents of local hospitals. His pictures illustrate the various strata of society: banquets or meetings of officers, guildsmen, local councilmen from mayors to clerks, itinerant players and singers, gentlefolk, fishwives, and tavern heroes. In his group portraits, such as the The Officers of the St Adrian Militia Company, Hals captures each character in a different manner. Hals was fond of daylight and silvery sheen, in contrast to Rembrandt’s use of golden glow effects.
In this group portrait, the men are seated outside in the courtyard wearing sashes.
The Officers of the St Adrian Militia Company by Frans Hals, 1633: This is the second painting for the Cluveniers, St. Adrian, or St. Hadrian civic guard of Haarlem, by Frans Hals; today it is considered one of the main attractions of the Frans Hals Museum.
Judith Jans Leyster (1609—1660) was one of three significant women artists in Dutch Golden Age painting. The other two, Rachel Ruysch and Maria van Oosterwijk, were specialized painters of flower still lifes, while Leyster painted genre works, a few portraits, and a single still life . Leyster largely gave up painting after her marriage, which produced five children. Leyster was particularly innovative in her domestic genre scenes . In them, she creates quiet scenes of women at home, which were not a popular theme in Holland until the 1650s.
This scene depicts a group of women playing cards, laughing and smiling.
A Game of Cards by Judith Leyster: Leyster’s subject matter was similar to other genre painters of the period, with the exception that she tended to focus on female subjects.
Although well-known during her lifetime and esteemed by her contemporaries, Leyster and her work were largely forgotten after her death. Leyster was rediscovered in 1893 when the Louvre purchased what it thought was a Frans Hals painting, only to find it had, in fact, been painted by Judith Leyster. Some historians have asserted that Hals may have been Leyster’s teacher due to the close similarity between their work; for example, Leyster’s The Merry Drinker from 1629 has a very strong resemblance to The Jolly Drinker of 1627—28 by Hals.
Rembrandt is remembered as one of the greatest artists in European history and the most important in the Dutch Golden Age.
Learning Objectives
Describe the characteristics of Rembrandt’s painting
Key Takeaways
Key Points
• Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606—1669) is primarily known for portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits, landscapes, and illustrations of scenes from the Bible.
• Rembrandt’s self-portraits are exceptionally sincere, revealing, and personal, illustrating his development over time.
• Stylistically, Rembrandt’s work evolved from smooth to rough over the course of his lifetime.
• The thick, coarse strokes in Rembrandt’s work were unconventional at the time and poorly received by many of his contemporaries, though this technique is now viewed as essential to the emotional resonance of his work.
• Though he is remembered as the master of Dutch painting, Rembrandt’s success was uneven during his lifetime.
Key Terms
• variegated: Streaked, spotted, or otherwise marked with a variety of color; very colorful.
• chiaroscuro: An artistic technique popularized during the Renaissance, referring to the use of exaggerated light contrasts in order to create the illusion of volume.
Overview: Rembrandt
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn (1606—1669) was a Dutch painter and etcher during the Dutch Golden Age, a period of great wealth and cultural achievement. Though Rembrandt’s later years were marked by personal tragedy and financial hardship, his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, earning him an excellent reputation as an artist and teacher. In 1626, Rembrandt produced his first etchings, the wide dissemination of which would largely account for his international fame.
Characteristics of Rembrandt’s Work
Among the more prominent characteristics of Rembrandt’s work is his use of chiaroscuro , the theatrical employment of light and shadow. This technique was most likely derived from the Dutch Caravaggisti , followers of the Italian Baroque painter Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio who had first used the chiaroscuro technique. Also notable are his dramatic and lively presentation of subjects, devoid of the rigid formality that his contemporaries often displayed, and a visible compassion for the human subject, irrespective of wealth and age.
Throughout his career, Rembrandt took as his primary subjects the themes of portraiture (dependent upon commissions from wealthy patrons for survival), landscape, and narrative painting. For the last, he was especially praised by his contemporaries, who extolled him as a masterly interpreter of biblical stories for his skill in representing emotions and attention to detail. His immediate family often figured prominently in his paintings, many of which had mythical, biblical, or historical themes.
Titus as a Monk by Rembrandt, 1660: Rembrandt’s immediate family frequently figured in his paintings. This work features Rembrandt’s son Titus as a monk.
In later years, biblical themes were still often depicted, but his emphasis shifted from dramatic group scenes to intimate portrait-like figures (such as in James the Apostle, 1661). In his last years, Rembrandt painted his most deeply reflective self-portraits (he painted 15 from 1652 to 1669) and several moving images of both men and women (such as The Jewish Bride, c. 1666) in love, in life, and before God.
This painting depicts a man and woman, the man’s left hand on the woman’s shoulder and his right hand on the front of her body.
The Jewish Bride, Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. : In his later years, Rembrandt painted several moving images of both men and women such as this painting of The Jewish Bride.
Stylistically, Rembrandt’s paintings progressed from the early “smooth” manner, characterized by fine technique in the portrayal of illusionistic form , to the late “rough” treatment of richly variegated paint surfaces, which allowed for an illusionism of form suggested by the tactile quality of the paint itself. Contemporary accounts sometimes remark disapprovingly of the coarseness of Rembrandt’s brushwork, and the artist himself was said to have dissuaded visitors from looking too closely at his paintings. The richly varied handling of paint, deeply layered and often apparently haphazard, suggests form and space in both an illusory and highly individual manner.
Rembrandt’s self-portraits trace the progress from an uncertain young man, through the dapper and very successful portrait painter of the 1630s, to the troubled but massively powerful portraits of his old age. Together, they give a remarkably clear picture of the man, his appearance, and his psychological make-up, as revealed by his richly weathered face. In his portraits and self-portraits, he angles the sitter’s face in such a way that the ridge of the nose nearly always forms the line of demarcation between brightly illuminated and shadowy areas.
Self-portrait, c. 1629: Rembrandt’s earliest self-portraits portray his youthfulness and, sometimes, his uncertainty.
This self-portrait shows Rembrandt as an old man with wrinkles on his face and a troubled expression.
Self-portrait by Rembrandt, 1659: Rembrandt’s numerous self-portraits provide a strong record of his development as an artist and offer insight into his personal psychology.
Landscape Art and Interior Painting
Landscape and interior genre painting of the Dutch Republic became increasingly sophisticated and realistic in the 17th century.
Learning Objectives
Evaluate Dutch landscape and interior genre painting in the 17th century
Key Takeaways
Key Points
• The first phase of Dutch landscape painting was known as the “tonal phase,” which was characterized by soft outlines , atmospheric effect, and focus on the sky.
• The ” classical phase” of Dutch landscapes began in the 1650s and retained an atmospheric quality; however, they featured contrasting light and color and the frequent presence of a compositional anchor, such as a prominent tree, tower, or ship.
• Paintings featuring animals emerged as a distinctive sub- genre of Dutch landscape painting around this time.
• Romantic Italianate landscapes, featuring soft golden light, also emerged as a sub-genre of landscape painting.
• Interior genre paintings were also extremely popular during the Dutch Republic, featuring lively scenes from everyday life, such as markets, inns, taverns, and street scenes, as well as domestic interiors.
• Jan Vermeer, whose work uniquely captured lighting in interior spaces , is now the most renowned genre painter of the Dutch Republic.
Key Terms
• atmospheric: Evoking a particular emotional or aesthetic quality.
• atmospheric perspective: A technique in which an illusion of depth is created by painting more distant objects with less clarity and with a lighter tone.
• genre: A stylistic category, especially of literature or other artworks.
Background: Dutch and Flemish Painting
Landscape painting was a major genre in the 17th century Dutch Republic that was inspired by Flemish landscapes of the 16th century, particularly from Antwerp . These Flemish works had not been particularly realistic, most having been painted in the studio, partly from imagination, and often still using the semi-aerial view style typical of earlier Netherlandish landscape painting, in the tradition of Joachim Patinir, Herri met de Bles, and Pieter Bruegel the Elder.
Dutch Landscapes
A more realistic style soon developed in the Netherlands, with lower horizons making it possible to emphasize the often impressive cloud formations so typical of the region. Favorite subjects were the dunes along the western sea coast and rivers with their broad adjoining meadows where cattle grazed, often with the silhouette of a city in the distance. Winter landscapes featured frozen canals and creeks. The sea was a favorite subject as well, holding both military and trade significance. Important early figures in the move towards realism were Esaias van de Velde (1587–1630) and Hendrick Avercamp (1585–1634).
The Tonal Phase
From the late 1620s, the “tonal phase” of landscape painting began, as artists softened or blurred their outlines and concentrated on an atmospheric effect. Great prominence was given to the sky, with human figures usually either absent or small and distant. The leading artists of this style were Jan van Goyen (1596–1656), Salomon van Ruysdael (1602–1670), Pieter de Molyn (1595–1661), and, in marine painting, Simon de Vlieger (1601–1653), with a host of minor figures.
Scene depicts a river and a river bank. A house is seen on the bank and the outline of three men on a small boat is seen in the bottom left.
River Scene by Jan van Goyen, 1652: Jan van Goyen was influential in the “tonal phase” of Dutch landscape painting, which was characterized by softened or blurred outlines and emphasis on the sky.
The Classical Phase
From the 1650s, the “classical phase” began, retaining the atmospheric quality but with more expressive compositions and stronger contrasts of light and color. Compositions are often anchored by a single “heroic tree,” windmill, tower, or ship in marine works. The leading artist of this phase was Jacob van Ruisdael (1628–1682), who produced a great quantity and variety of work, including Nordic landscapes of dark and dramatic mountain pine forests with rushing torrents and waterfalls.
The painting shows the riverside town of Wijk bij Duurstede with a giant windmill dominating the scene.
Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede: Jacob van Ruisdael (1628–1682) was one of the most prominent artists of the classical phase of Dutch landscapes.
Other Landscape Styles
Landscapes with animals in the foreground were a distinct sub-type and were painted by Aelbert Cuyp, Paulus Potter (1625–1654), Adriaen van de Velde (1636–1672), and Karel Dujardin (1626–1678), with Philips Wouwerman painting horses and riders in various settings. The cow was a symbol of prosperity to the Dutch and, apart from the horse, by far the most commonly shown animal; goats were used to indicate Italy.
Another important type of landscape, produced throughout the tonal and classical phases, was the romantic Italianate landscape, typically in more mountainous settings than are found in the Netherlands, with golden light and sometimes picturesque Mediterranean and ruins. Jan Both (d. 1652), who had been to Rome and worked with French painter Claude Lorrain, was a leading developer of this sub-genre. Italianate landscapes were popular as prints, and more landscape paintings by painter Nicolaes Berchem were reproduced in engravings during the period itself than those of any other artist.
This painting depicts a scene in the countryside with gold light. A ruin is seen near the center and a two people in the foreground, one on a horse, are traveling down a road away from the ruin.
A Southern Landscape with a Ruin by Jan Both: Both was known for working in the Italianate landscape style.
Dutch Interior Genre Painting
Apart from landscape painting, the development and enormous popularity of genre painting is the most distinctive feature of Dutch painting during this period. These genre paintings represented scenes or events from everyday life, such as markets, domestic interiors, parties, inn scenes, and street scenes.
Genre painting developed from the realism and detailed background activity of Early Netherlandish painting , which Hieronymus Bosch and Pieter Bruegel the Elder were among the first to turn into their principal subjects. The style reflected the increasing prosperity of Dutch society, and settings grew steadily more comfortable, opulent, and carefully depicted as the century progressed.
Adriaen Brouwer is acknowledged as the Flemish master of peasant tavern scenes. Before Brouwer, peasants were typically depicted outdoors; he usually shows them in a plain and dim interior. Other artists whose common subjects were intimate interior scenes included Nicolaes Maes, Gerard ter Borch, and Pieter de Hooch. Jan Vermeer specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle class life; though he was long a very obscure figure, he is now the most highly regarded genre painter of Dutch history.
A maid or servant is seen in a plain room carefully pouring milk into a squat earthenware container on a table. Also on the table are various types of bread. She is a young, sturdily built woman wearing a crisp linen cap, a blue apron and work sleeves pushed up from thick forearms. A foot warmer is on the floor behind her. Intense light streams from the window on the left side of the canvas.
The Milkmaid by Vermeer, 1658: Vermeer is a confirmed master of Dutch genre painting known for his interior scenes of middle class life.
Still Life Painting
Still life painting flourished during the Golden Age of the Dutch Republic.
Learning Objectives
Discuss themes and attributes of 17th century Dutch still life painting
Key Takeaways
Key Points
• Ambrosius Bosschaert was one of the early still life painters of the Dutch Republic.
• Still lifes presented opportunities for painters to demonstrate their abilities in working with difficult textures and complex forms .
• The vanitas theme, a moral message frequently found in still life painting, alluded to the fleeting nature of life.
• In the mid-16th century, the pronkstilleven style emerged, focusing on ornate and exotic objects.
• Still lifes were frequently drawn by copying flowers in books, as the Dutch were leaders in scientific and botanical drawings and illustrations.
Key Terms
• vanitas: A type of still life painting, symbolic of mortality and characteristic of Dutch painting in the 16th and 17th centuries.
• Pronkstilleven: A style of ornate still life painting produced in Holland in the 17th century.
Overview: Dutch Still Life Painting
The Dutch still life tradition was largely initiated by Ambrosius Bosschaert (1573–1621), a Flemish-born flower painter who had settled in the north by the beginning of the period and founded a dynasty . Early still lifes were relatively brightly lit, with bouquets of flowers arranged in a simple way. From the mid-15th century, arrangements that could fairly be called Baroque , usually against a dark background, became more popular, exemplified by the works of Willem van Aelst (1627–1683). Painters from Leiden, The Hague, and Amsterdam particularly excelled in the genre . In addition to still life paintings, the Dutch led the world in botanical and other scientific drawings, prints, and book illustrations at this time.
A variety of flowers in different colors are in a vase decorated with a floral design. One flower has fallen on the table, and a butterfly sits on the other side of the table.
Flowers in a Porcelain Vase by Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder: Bosschaert was an early still life painter who established a dynasty of flower painters.
Themes of Still Lifes
Still lifes offered a great opportunity to display skill in painting textures and surfaces in great detail, and with highly realistic light effects. Food of all textures, colors, and shapes—silver cutlery, intricate patterns, and subtle folds in table cloths and flowers—all challenged painters.
Flower paintings were a popular sub-genre of still life and were favored by prominent women artists, such as Maria van Oosterwyck and Rachel Ruysch. Dead game, as well as birds painted live but studied from death, were another sub-genre, as were dead fish, a staple of the Dutch diet. Abraham van Beijeren painted this subject frequently.
Virtually all still lifes had a moralistic message, usually concerning the brevity of life. This is known as the vanitas theme. The vanitas theme was included in explicit symbols, such as a skull, or less obvious symbols such as a half-peeled lemon (representing life: sweet in appearance but bitter to taste). Flowers wilt and food decays, and silver is of no use to the soul. Nevertheless, the force of this message seems less powerful in the more elaborate pieces of the second half of the century.
Initially, the subjects of still life paintings were typically mundane; however, beginning in the mid-century, the pronkstilleven (“ostentatious still life”), showing expensive and exotic objects, became more popular. Willem Claeszoon Heda (1595–c. 1680) and Willem Kalf (1619–1693) were leaders in this shift toward the pronkstilleven. In the works of all of the still life painters, colors tended to be muted, with browns dominating, especially in the middle of the century.
Painting shows an array of decadent food and drink piled on a table.
Banquet Still Life, by Abraham Van Bereyen, 1660: This work is an example of an ostentatious still life.
Despite the intense realism of individual flowers, paintings were composed from individual studies or even book illustrations, and blooms from very different seasons were routinely included in the same composition . The same flowers also reappear in different works, just as pieces of tableware do. In reality, bouquets of flowers in vases were not at all common in houses at the time; even the very rich tended to display flowers one by one in delftware tulip holders.
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FAQ: How 3d Printer Works?
A 3D printer essentially works by extruding molten plastic through a tiny nozzle that it moves around precisely under computer control. It prints one layer, waits for it to dry, and then prints the next layer on top. The plastic from which models are printed is obviously hugely important.
What is 3D printing process?
3D printing is an additive process whereby layers of material are built up to create a 3D part. This is the opposite of subtractive manufacturing processes, where a final design is cut from a larger block of material. As a result, 3D printing creates less material wastage.
Is 3D printing illegal?
Patented Objects: Having a patent on an invention or innovation means no one else can create, use, or sell a product without the patent holder’s permission. Therefore, 3D printing of a patented object is illegal, and the patent holder could sue for patent infringement.
What are the 3 stages of 3D printing?
The 3 Stages of 3D Printing and How They Work
• Stage #1) Preparation. The first stage of 3D printing is preparation.
• Stage #2) Building. The second stage of 3D printing is building.
• Stage #3) Finishing. The third and final stage of 3D printing is finishing.
You might be interested: Readers ask: What Is A Micr Printer?
Is 3D printing expensive?
3D printing can cost anywhere from $3 up to thousands of dollars. It’s hard to get the exact cost of a 3D print without a 3D model. Factors such as material, model complexity, and labor affect the price of 3D printing. 3D printing services can sometimes cost more than an entry level 3D printer.
Can 3D printers print metal?
Metal 3D printing provides a proven menu of benefits to a growing number of industries. Not only can you create parts with shapes and internal structures that could not be cast or otherwise machined, but metal 3D printing can create parts within parts so engineers can design a complex assembly in one piece.
What can 3D printers make?
What Can 3D Printers Make? Designers use 3D printers to quickly create product models and prototypes, but they’re increasingly being used to make final products, as well. Among the items made with 3D printers are shoe designs, furniture, wax castings for making jewelry, tools, tripods, gift and novelty items, and toys.
Who created 3D printing?
Charles Hull is the inventor of stereolithography, the first commercial rapid prototyping technology commonly known as 3D printing. The earliest applications were in research and development labs and tool rooms, but today 3D printing applications are seemingly endless. 4
What problems does 3D printing solve?
Solving the Top Engineering Problems with 3D Printing
• 1) SPEED AND LEAD TIME. Quality manufacturing takes time.
Are there 3D printed cars?
#1 LSEV by XEV & Polymaker The LSEV is the world’s first mass-produced 3D-printed car. Using 3D printing technology, the companies were able to design a car with rapid and cost-effective R&D in just 3-12 months compared to the traditional 3-5 years required.
You might be interested: Quick Answer: Why Is My Printer Paused Mac?
Can you 3D print glass?
Producing glass objects using 3D printing is not easy. Only a few groups of researchers around the world have attempted to produce glass using additive methods. Some have made objects by printing molten glass, but the disadvantage is that this requires extremely high temperatures and heat-resistant equipment.
Can you 3D print a telescope?
A 3D printed telescope can work in a variety of ways. It can use a camera and a microcomputer to take an image, it can use a variety of mirrors, or it can be as simple as a focused lens. The aspect that differentiates them from other telescopes is that their tubing is 3D printed.
What material is not used in 3D printing?
Can you 3D print alloy?
The Inconel nickel alloys are 3D printed using the DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering) or SLM process. A very fine metal powder is melted with a laser to produce your design layer by layer. Once your design is complete any support structures are removed and any finishing completed.
What are the 6 steps to 3D printing?
How 3D Printing Works?
1. Step one – Creation. First in 3D Printing is to create a blueprint slash three-dimensional digital file of the object we want to print.
2. Step Three – Slicing.
3. Step Four – Printing.
4. Step Five – Removal.
5. Step Six – Post-Processing.
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Why Is My Printer Idle?
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The incubation of eggs is a critical stage in the life of a bird. Although the eggs need the warmth of their parent's body to develop, most birds need to leave their eggs for brief periods to forage for food. When the adults are gone, the egg's temperature will fall and might even reach the temperature of the surroundings if the parents don't return soon. And being exposed to the cold is no fun for the embryos; studies have found that suboptimal incubation temperatures can lead to fewer chicks hatching and lower survival rates. However, most studies on this topic have investigated the effects of a stable incubation temperature, which is seldom experienced by the embryos under natural conditions; little is known about the impact of the parent's periodic absences on their embryos. So, Benjamin Burrows and colleagues from Trent University in Canada set out to test the influence of a variable incubation temperature on the life performance and immune function of Japanese quails.
The team incubated quail eggs at temperatures that fluctuated around an average temperature of 36°C over a continuously repeated 3 h cycle. This was achieved by switching off the incubator – which was set to 37.5°C – for less than an hour, allowing the incubation temperature to drop to 28°C, before the incubator was switched back on again to warm up. They then sampled blood from the chicks at three time points – 5 days after hatching, when the birds reached 20 days of age and after reaching adulthood – and tested the ability of the chicks’ blood to kill Escherichia coli, a common bacterium that can cause diarrhea. The researchers then compared the immune function of the chicks that had been warmed and chilled alternately with that of chicks that were raised at a constant low incubation temperature of 36°C or at a constant 37.5°C, which is commonly used as incubation temperature in quail farms.
When the researchers compared how the immune system of the three groups of chicks developed, they found that the birds’ ability to fight the E.coli infection increased as the chicks grew and initially they could see no clear difference across the groups; all of the chicks had similarly strong immune systems at the age of 20 days. However, when they focused on the long-term effects that the incubation temperature had on adult birds, they saw that the quails that had been exposed to the cycling temperature as embryos had the least ability to fight infections. Their immune function was markedly lower than that of the quails that were raised at constant 37.5°C, while the immune function of embryos incubated at a constant 36°C was only slightly worse than that of birds raised at the optimal temperature.
Although it is not yet understood how variation of the incubation temperature causes a decline in immune function, it is clear that incubation conditions can have a large effect on the chick’s immune system and will probably affect the survival of the adult birds. The study emphasizes the importance of environmental conditions, such as food availability or predator presence, which influence the amount of time that parents spend on the nest, with implications for the life performance of their offspring as adults.
Exposure of avian embryos to cycling incubation temperatures reduces adult bactericidal ability
Physiol. Biochem. Zool.
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Readers of today have asked for a map of Yamabuki’s world. However, a 21st century map based on satellite positioning would show a universe totally at odds with what Yamabuki would likely have known.
People in Yamabuki’s era lived on a flat Earth suspended in space. The sun rose and set over the land. The oceans flowed over the edge of the horizon. Comets streaked through the skies. Some stars, wanderers–what today we call planets–moved around.
Many of the land masses we see from orbit would have been completely unknown to her and the shape of a world that’s a sphere would have been fantastical. Why don’t the people on the bottom of the fanciful globe simply fall off?
Yamabuki’s world of 1172 was largely uncharted and people would hold their breath for hundreds of years until what today we know as cartography came into existence.
Maps of the time were more like treasure maps than Google Maps. The Americas were not yet discovered, though there were rumors of it in Asia for the Chinese claimed to have visited a massive continent across the far Pacific (what Yamabuki called the Windward Sea) in the seventh century. Some even say the Chinese sailed to what today is called California.
Yamabuki’s world, and the action taking place in the first four of the seven part Sword of the Taka Samurai is on the south western isle, The Isle of Unknown Fires which today is called Kyushu and across the Barrier Strait on the Main Isle, also known as Honshu.
hand-drawn map of Japan
An inspired map of 12th century Akitsushima – Japan
The Barrier Strait today is called either the Kanmon Strait or the Strait of Shimonoseki. Nagato Prefecture, across the Strait from from the Isle of Unknown Fires, today is known as Yamaguchi prefecture. The modern names would have held no specific meaning for the young warrior as she goes on her journey.
The prefecture names are in large blue italics. Clan names in red. Population centers are in black. Bodies of water, channels, and rivers are also in italics.
In part one, _Cold Blood,_Yamabuki on her journey from O-Utsumi to Kita in Chikuzen prefecture would have followed the road through the lands of the Ito, Sagara, and Kikuchi, traveling through Dazaifu, Mizuki, and finally to Kita. She crosses the Barrier Strait and passes through Akamagaseki in Nagato.
In part two, Cold Rain, she arrives in Minezaki, where the North Road is intersected by the East-West Road, which is also known as The Smugglers’ Highway.
To intercept Yamabuki, Saburo would have come from the headwaters of The River of Forty Thousand Sands on the Isle of Two Kingdoms, crossing the Bungo Strait at the narrowest point, and hugged the coastline, traveling through the lands of the Ouchi before arriving in Kita.
The map is inspired. It is not what we would see from a satellite. It is not to scale, but it attempts to reflect a worldview of a people who are growing, expanding, and developing in an age that is very different from our own or even the one of the Warring States period, 300 to 400 years later.
More maps will be added as Yamabuki makes her way to the capital of Heian-kyo and beyond.
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Symbol Scavenger Hunt: Hands-on Activities for Interpreting Political Cartoons
Interpreting political cartoons can be a real challenge for many students in the classroom. Students struggle to recognize the people, symbols, and events without context, making deducing the message of the cartoonist nearly impossible. Create a political cartoon scavenger hunt activity to help your students identify who and what is depicted. With this basic knowledge, interpreting the larger message conveyed by the cartoonist becomes easier.
Political cartoons first appeared in the 18th century and are thought-provoking primary sources for every era of American history. But recognizing the imagery in historical cartoons is especially challenging. Teaching students to identify the key people, events, and symbols of the historical era under study at the beginning of the unit. The following engaging activities ease the frustration of cartoon and photograph analysis in the weeks that follow.
Setting context for the scavenger hunt
Create an image scavenger hunt for beginning of the instructional units on the history of the Cold War. First, locate the political cartoons you plan to use and make a list of the people, places, events and symbols students must know to interpret the cartoon. The list from my collection of Cold War cartoons includes the Soviet premiers, American presidents, and other famous Communist or Cold War leaders such as Karl Marx, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, Fidel Castro. The places depicted include the Kremlin, Berlin Wall, and Iron Curtain. Because nations are often depicted as animals or symbolic people in cartoons, the Russian bear, American eagle, Uncle Sam, the British bulldog and John Bull make the list. Symbols such as the hammer and sickle, the communist color red, and national flags are also prominent. My collection of Cold War cartoons also includes depictions of the Sputnik satellite and hydrogen bombs, both items typical 21st century students fail to recognize.
Several different activities can be created from this list. For a scavenger hunt activity, create a worksheet with the people, places, and symbols listed, each with a space large enough to glue (or copy/paste if the activity is completed digitally) an image. Students, individually or in pairs, must locate a photograph on the internet of each item and pair it with appropriate term. The first to finish with 100% accuracy wins the scavenger hunt! Students keep their completed worksheets as references for future cartoon analysis activities.
Review to double check for student understanding
After students complete the scavenger hunt, review list with the class while projecting a photograph of the person or place next to a cartoon depiction. Political cartoonists often exaggerate a key feature; helping students recognize this reinforces their memory of the images. For example, the short stature, nose, and bald head of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev were commonly exaggerated in political cartoons.
Another option is for the teacher to create a matching game in which students match images provided by the teacher to the list of people, symbols, and places. This approach allows the teacher to choose the best image to represent each item portrayed in the political cartoons and takes less class time for students to complete, but with similar results.
Teachers often assume that modern political cartoons will be more accessible, but students struggle to recognize the visual and textual references is these as well. Choose a challenging modern political cartoon to feature on a bulletin board daily or weekly. Supply students with bright labels and challenge them to identify the people, symbols, or key issues by conducting a scavenger hunt on the internet. After the key elements are labeled, dedicate some time to critical analysis to determine the point of the view of the cartoonist through small group or whole class discussion, or quick write or journal entries. As the labeled collection on the bulletin board grows, so do students’ grasp of current events, along with their visual literacy and critical analysis skills.
Cynthia W. Resor was a middle and high school social studies teacher before earning her Ph.D. in history. She is currently a professor of social studies education at Eastern Kentucky University. She is the author of a blog, Primary Source Bazaar, and three books on teaching social history themes using essential questions and primary sources: Discovering Quacks, Utopias, and Cemeteries:Modern Lessons from Historical Themes, Investigating Family, Food, and Housing Themes in Social Studies and Exploring Vacation and Etiquette Themes in Social Studies.
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What Is The Sabbatarianism Movement?
By situating Sabbatarianism within its social and historical context, Matt Goldish situates the Sabbatarians within the world of early modernity, making its history accessible to scholars and students alike. Both supporters and opponents of Sabbatarianism offer opportunities for historians to explore social, religious, and cultural dynamics in this time. Attention has focused on Sabbatai Zevi himself, and the movements that coalesced around him in 1665 and 1666, and would go on to manifest themselves in radical proselytizing and underground congregations over decades, even centuries, after his own.
The fact remains that Sabbatai Zevi was the best-known Jewish convert to Islam, and this is what has also become known by the term Sabbatean. In Jewish history, for the two centuries following Zevis death in 1676, many Jews, including some Jewish scholars, who were appalled at Zevis personal conversion to Islam, nonetheless held on to the belief that Zevi was still the real Jewish Messiah. These same Jews fell into the sectarian Sabbatarian category, which originated when many Sabbatarians refused to acknowledge that Sabbatai Zevi (1626-1676)s supposed apostasy may have been an indication that their faith was in reality a delusion.
By the nineteenth century, Jewish Sabbateans had been reduced to a few hidden groups of followers, fearing discovery of their beliefs, deemed entirely heretical and contrary to Rabbinic Judaism. Only wealthy Sabbateans from Bohemia and Moravia could be said to have been moved toward modernity by their heretical beliefs, but those believers were concentrated in only a few families, barely enough to trigger a mass movement. They were bitterly opposed, and ultimately forced into concealing their beliefs, by methodical opposition from nearly every leading Rabbi, who was determined to eradicate the Kabbalistically-derived, anti-traditional Sabbatai Zevi doctrines and its hold on the Jewish masses. Jewish historians say that it is difficult to describe the sense of shock and national trauma that occurred when masses of Jews around the world learned that a man as well known as Sabbatai Zevi had formally abandoned the belief to Islam.
It could indeed be said that the Sabbatai movement was struggling to determine a new concept of what it meant to be Jewish–even after his conversion, Sabbatai Zevi seemed to consider himself still Jewish, and so did those among his followers who continued to believe in him. Nor does Prof. Gershom Scholems denial that Sabbatarianism represented the first major impetus among the Diaspora Jewish population to break from mainstream Judaism without abandoning its Jewishness. Reading the works of Prof. Gershom Scholem, a noted scholar of Jewish mysticism, one realizes that the Hasidim did not simply emerge, but had the spiritual basis of an earlier major larger movement called Sabbateanism.
The founder of Hasidism, Baal Shem Tov, came in an age when the Jewish masses in Eastern Europe were reeling from bewilderment and frustration, especially caused by two Jewish false Messiahs, Sabbatai Zevi (1626-1676) and Jakob Frank (1726-1791). Sabbatai Zevi (1626-1676) was the founder of the Sabbatarian movement, the followers of which later became known as the donmeh converts, or crypt-Jews. Sabbatai Zevi (1626-1676) solemnly declared the author of the masonic relic to be a heretic in Sabbatarianism, worthy of hemesis (excommunication).
Sabbatai stressed several times that he was beyond Jewish law, breaking the holiest of practices, and violating the Sabbath. To the Jews who did not endorse him, Sabbatai was insulting, if only because it brought their religion closer to Christianity. The chief figure in Lvovs Great Excommunication was Rabbi Yaakov Emden (Yaavetz), who condemned Sabbatai–and others like them–the most.
As has been pointed out, their mythology came out of the Lurianic cabal, but Sabbatai Zevi and Nathan of Gaza (who was, as Scholem has shown, the true prophet and leader of the Sabbatean movement) used it in new, revolutionary ways — to express and justify a profound, ancient, elemental urge in human beings to idolize themselves, to become gods. Nathan of Gaza, a scholar who was closest to Sabbatai Zevi, and who led Zevi to disclose his messiahship, and who became in turn his prophet, never followed Nathan of Gaza to Islam, but remained a Jew, though he was excommunicated from his Jewish brothers. Just as with the practice of excommunication, which is still practiced today, the founders and leaders ideologies survived and underwent metamorphosis, and were later introduced once more in the Sabbatean sect Donme, still active in Turkey – the very same location in which the initial Sabbatean movement was formed.
It was not content to be this, and wanted to form a new, refined, highly intensive Sabbatean theology, mostly based around an arsenal of mystic, militant symbols, which were all about destruction and nihilism. While the Sabbateans originally saw themselves entirely as Jewish, though with a belief in the failed seventeenth-century Messiah from Turkey who came in the form of Shabbtai Zevi, Frank developed the notion that Frank and his followers were the real Israel, and that all others were descended from a mixed multitude, who according to the Book of Exodus, who had gone along with the Children of Israel as they left Egypt. Sabbatarians are a variety of Jewish followers, disciples, and believers of Sabbatai Zevi (1626-1676), a Sephardic Jewish rabbi and Kabbalist who was proclaimed the Jewish Messiah in 1666 by Nathan of Gaza.
This post was proofread with Grammarly.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
A pamphlet is an unbound book (that is, without a hard cover or binding). Pamphlets may consist of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths, called a leaflet or it may consist of a few pages that are folded in half and saddle stapled at the crease to make a simple book.
Its modern connotations of a tract concerning a contemporary issue was a product of the heated arguments leading to the English Civil War; this sense appeared in 1642.[3] In some European languages, this secondary connotation, of a disputatious tract, has come to the fore: compare libelle, from the Latin libellus, denoting a "little book".[5]
Pamphlets functioned in place of magazine articles in the pre-magazine era, which ended in the mid-nineteenth century. There were hundreds of them in the United States alone. They were a primary means of communication for people interested in political and religious issues, such as slavery. Pamphlets never looked at both sides of a question; most were avowedly partisan, trying not just to inform but to convince the reader.
A 1918 Finnish propaganda pamphlet signed by General Mannerheim circulated by the Whites urging the Reds to surrender during the Finnish Civil War. [English: To the residents and troops of Tampere! Resistance is hopeless. Raise the white flag and surrender. The blood of the citizen has been shed enough. We will not kill like the Reds kill their prisoners. Send your representative with a white flag.]]]
Due to their ephemeral nature and to the wide array of political and religious perspectives given voice by the format's ease of production, pamphlets are prized by many book collectors. Substantial accumulations have been amassed and transferred to ownership of academic research libraries around the world.
Commercial uses[edit]
The pamphlet has been widely adopted in commerce, particularly as a format for marketing communications. There are numerous purposes for pamphlets, such as product descriptions or instructions, corporate information, events promotions or tourism guides and they are often used in the same way as leaflets or brochures.
See also[edit]
1. ^ "Recommendation concerning the International Standardization of Statistics Relating to Book Production and Periodicals: UNESCO".
2. ^ OED s.v. "pamphlet".
5. ^ In German, French, Spanish and Italian pamphlet often has negative connotations of slanderous libel or religious propaganda; idiomatic neutral translations of English pamphlet include "Flugblatt" and "Broschüre" in German, "Fascicule" in French, and "folleto" in Spanish. In Russian and Romanian, the word "памфлет" in Russian Cyrillic, "pamflet" in Romanian also normally connotes a work of propaganda or satire, so it is best translated as "brochure" ("брошюра" in Russian, broşură in Romanian). (DEX online - Cautare: pamflet)
External links[edit]
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(Roughly) Daily
“Ignorance is the softest pillow on which a man can rest his head”*…
Chinese porcelain pillow, Song Dynasty (960–1279)
So far as we know, the earliest pillows date back over 9,000 years to Mesopotamia, or modern day Iraq. Formed from stone, the top was carved in a half-moon shape to support the neck. The idea obviously wasn’t comfort, at least not immediate comfort. The basic function of the pillow was to keep the head off the ground and prevent insects from crawling into mouths, noses, and ears. Ancient Egyptians and Chinese also used similar pillows, though each culture had its own reasons for them…
Learn how the pillow evolved in function–and happily, in form– at “Pillows Throughout The Ages.”
* Michel de Montaigne
As we lay down our heads, we might send grateful birthday greetings to the extraordinary Jules Verne, imaginative writer non pareil (c.f., e.g., here); he was born in Nantes on this date in 1828.
Best known for his novels A Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), From the Earth to the Moon (1865), Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1869–1870), Around the World in Eighty Days (1873) and The Mysterious Island (1875), Verne is the second most translated (individual) author of all time, behind Agatha Christie. He is considered, with H.G. Wells, the founder of science fiction.
Verne was startlingly prescient: Paris in the 20th Century, for example, describes air conditioning, automobiles, the Internet, television, even electricity, and other modern conveniences very similar to their real world counterparts, developed years– in many cases, decades– later. From the Earth to the Moon, apart from using a space gun instead of a rocket, is uncannily similar to the real Apollo Program: three astronauts are launched from the Florida peninsula– from “Tampa Town” (only 130 miles from NASA’s Cape Canaveral)– and recovered through a splash landing. And in other works, he predicted helicopters, submarines, projectors, jukeboxes, and the existence of underwater hydrothermal vents that were not invented/discovered until long after he wrote about them.
Written by (Roughly) Daily
February 8, 2017 at 1:01 am
%d bloggers like this:
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European Starling
Sturnus vulgaris
Last updated: August 1, 2022
Verified by: AZ Animals Staff
Image Credit Somni4uk/
European starlings are accomplished mimics, often copying songs or sounds of other birds and animals (frog calls, goats, cats), or even mechanical sounds and human speech!
European Starling Scientific Classification
Scientific Name
Sturnus vulgaris
Read our Complete Guide to Classification of Animals.
European Starling Conservation Status
European Starling Locations
European Starling Locations
European Starling Facts
ants, spiders, moths, grasshoppers, flies, beetles, wasps, earthworms, lizards, snails, fruit nectar, grains, seeds.
Name Of Young
Chicks, Fledglings
Group Behavior
• Group
• Flock
Fun Fact
Estimated Population Size
200 million
Biggest Threat
agriculture farming
15.8 inches
Incubation Period
12 days
Age Of Independence
15 days
Litter Size
4-6 eggs
fields, parks, lawns
• Social
• Group
Nesting Location
holes, crevices
European Starling Physical Characteristics
• Blue
• Black
• White
• Green
• Multi-colored
Skin Type
2-3 years
2.1 to 3.4 ounces
7.9 to 9.1 inches
Age of Sexual Maturity
1 year
View all of the European Starling images!
The European Starling is one beautifully dazzling bird.
During the winter season, there are little white spots covering its body but when the summertime comes, they flash their dark and glossy shades. They are sometimes considered aggressive and are very noisy when traveling in flocks. They are known to mimic other species and sing songs.
4 Amazing European Starling Facts
1. The European Starling was brought to the US in the 1890s because the country wanted to have the birds that Shakespeare mentioned in his plays. Around 100 birds were released in Central Park in New York City.
2. They are called Starlings because when they fly, their small body resembles a star that is pointed at four ends.
3. They have the ability to mimic other species’ songs and calls and can even imitate human speech! One European Starling can learn up to 20 calls. The males sing more than the females.
4. The European Starling has a sense of taste. They cannot digest sucrose which is why they have the ability to distinguish between sucrose and other sugars.
Where to Find the European Starling
It is very easy to find the European Starling. They were introduced to America and have a strong population in each of the continental states. These birds can also be found all around the world including in Central Asia, Western Europe, India, and have even been introduced to New Zealand, Fiji, Australia, and South Africa!
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They are spread out across the whole country and are quite common in towns. All you need to do is go to parks, lawns, fields, and such open areas to see the European Starling. You can also spot them perched on top of the trees if you live in the countryside. If they are not in the trees, they will be seen moving quite fast in zig-zag lines on the ground.
They are usually in places where there are crevices, holes for their nests, or amongst fields during their breeding season. But apart from that, you can find them almost anywhere. The best time to see them is during the summer when they are flashing with their dazzling beauty and singing songs of other birds. Keep your ears and eyes open for that magic to unveil.
European Starling Nests
They have a distinct nesting spot within holes of different places. They may be inside buildings, woodpecker holes, birdhouses, and other hollow places. The nest itself is started by the male but is completed by the female. It is a hollow-shaped cup that is made up of twigs, weeds, leaves, and feathers. The European Starling may sometimes even lay eggs in other birds’ nests and they will fight bigger birds if they have to, in order to get the nest.
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After 12 days of incubation, the hatchlings emerge and are fed by both parents. There are usually 4 – 6 eggs, but sometimes there are as many as 7. They are either greenish-white or bluish-white in color.
Scientific Name
The European Starling is also known as Common Starling and even Starling in some countries. It goes by the name Sturnus vulgaris in the scientific world which is Latin in origin. It belongs to the family Sturnidae and the class Aves.
The European Starling belongs to a group of Starlings that are polyphyletic in nature. There are other starlings in the world but none of them are quite related to the European Starling. They may resemble in characteristics but only the Spotless Starling comes close to being a relative to the European Starling. But even this fact is still in debate.
There are a lot of European Starling subspecies. They include:
• European starling
• Faroe starling
• Shetland starling
• Azores starling
• Siberian starling
• Black Sea starling
• Eastern Turkey starling
• Caucasian starling
• Central Asian starling
• Hume’s starling or Afghan starling
• Himalayan starling
• Sindh starling
Size, Appearance, and Behavior
The European Starling is a small-sized bird that has a small and rounded body along with a short tail. They do, however, have long and slender beaks. In measurement, they are around 7.9 to 9.1 inches in length and weigh 2.1 to 3.4 ounces. Their wingspan spreads up to 15.8 inches at most.
The male and female European Starlings are different with distinctive features. If you look into their irises, the male will have a rich brown color while the females have a mouse brown shade. Similarly, the underparts of a male have fewer spots than the female during a specific time of the year.
A European Starling is jet black in color with few green or blue markings. You will also find brown spots all over the body. However, during the winter season, they develop white spots. Their beaks change from yellow to black while a spot under the base of the beak identifies one as male.
A European starling singing in the wild
European starlings are excellent mimics and can imitate other birds, machinery, and even human speech.
Soru Epotok/
Migration Pattern and Timing
The migration pattern is distinctive in the form of two groups. Some birds prefer staying where they are and often follow breeding rituals, while others migrate.
Migration happens around the summer in August or September. The distances depend upon the birds. Some travel far while some don’t. It is still unclear why some of the groups stay behind while others migrate. But they tend to travel south.
The European Starling is quite sociable in nature, whether it is with other Starlings or with humans. They are often found in flocks, breeding together, eating together, and even migrating together in the form of groups. After mating, the male is there by the side of the female, engaging in activities with her. Moreover, they are not afraid of humans, and can often be found in urban areas
The European Starling is mainly insectivorous but they sometimes feed on plant seeds, making them omnivorous too. Their prey includes different pests, arthropods, and fruit nectar. Some of them cannot eat sucrose and since they have a sense of taste, they can distinguish between different sugary items.
What Does the European Starling Eat?
The European Starling eats a bunch of different insects like ants, spiders, moths, grasshoppers, flies, beetles, wasps, and others. Similarly, they also munch on earthworms, lizards, snails, fruit nectar, grains, seeds, and even food waste.
What Is the European Starling’s Feeding Behavior?
The feeding behavior of a European Starling is carried often out in flocks. They move around hopping on the ground and with the help of their bills, pull out prey from underground. Moreover, they may fly around finding insects and eating leaves from trees. They tend to engage in groups and go back to rich areas where the feeding sites offer the best prey.
The basic food etiquette found in European Starlings is that they probe the bills into the prey and widen it to eat the nutrients inside the prey. It is called the prying or bill probing technique.
European Starling Predators, and Threats
Since they travel around in flocks, the European Starling is not that prone to predators. The birds in the flock often warn others about the predators. However, during the breeding season, they are alone which may allow them to be attacked.
What Eats European Starlings?
Some of the known predators of the European Starling are rats, raccoons, hawks, and falcons
What Is a Big Threat to the European Starling?
Their main threat is the agriculture farming that has reduced the population size of the European Starlings. Some of the crops that are grown are not desirable to the bird and the ones that are likable have seen a sharp decline in some areas. Similarly, because of their popularity among humans and in urban areas, they are being caged for biological or domestic purposes.
Reproduction, Young, and Molting of European Starling
The length and the duration of the migration season depend upon the location and might change every year.
The mating ritual depends heavily on how a male European Starling sings. The more complex the call or mimicry, the more the female is attracted to the male bird. The male European Starling sings on repeat to enchant the females. It even sits on the nests’ entrances to make a good impression by singing repeatedly. But the performance reduces during the breeding season.
The breeding season is usually either in the summers or in the spring season. The female lays eggs on a daily basis after the mating has happened. The eggs are blue or white but glossy in nature just like the adults European Starling. The clutch size is around 4 to 6 eggs but in rare cases, 7. The incubation lasts up to 12 days.
After hatching, the young are underdeveloped with blindness in eyes and no feathers. For two weeks and more, both the parents feed the young until they are ready to leave the nest. The same nest is used in the future for further breeding. One or two broods are raised per year.
The molting occurs once every year. After the breeding season, the molting happens and brings whitish new feathers into existence.
What Is a European Starling Baby Called?
They are called chicks or fledglings.
How Long Does a European Starling Live?
They may live up to 2 to 3 years. But the oldest European Starling has lived up to 15 years and 3 months.
Population and Conservation Status
The population size of the European Starling is more than 200 million individuals. They are also considered in the Least Concern category of Endangered Species. However, there has been a sharp decline in their population trends which is concerning.
Up Next…
Take a look at a few of our other bird articles to learn more!
View all 71 animals that start with E
About the Author
Alan is a freelance writer and an avid traveler. He specializes in travel content. When he visits home he enjoys spending time with his family Rottie, Opie.
European Starling FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
Does European Starling migrate?
Yes, they do migrate in groups during the day. But some of the birds prefer staying back and breeding during that time.
How fast does the European Starling fly?
Around 4 to 6 eggs are laid by a female European Starling. In rare cases, the eggs may total up to 7.
How fast does the European Starling fly?
They are strong when it comes to flying. They can travel at a speed of 48 mph.
When does European Starling leave the nest?
After 2 weeks of hatching, the young of the European Starling is ready to leave the nest but may come back to the nest for feeding.
1. Wikipedia, Available here:
2. Animal Diversity, Available here:
3. All About Birds, Available here:
4. Audubon, Available here:
5. IUCN Redlist, Available here:
6. National Geographic, Available here:
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Explanation of the Tax System
Suppose everyday, 10 men go to dinner. The bill for all ten comes to $100. If it were paid the way we pay our taxes, the first four men would pay nothing; the fifth would pay $1; the sixth would pay $3; the seventh $7; the eighth $12; the ninth $18. The tenth man (the richest) would pay $59.
The 10 men ate dinner in the restaurant every day and seemed quite happy with the arrangement until the owner threw them a curve. “Since you are all such good customers,” he said, “I’m going to reduce the cost of your daily meal by $20.” Now dinner for the 10 only costs $80.
The first four are unaffected. They still eat for free. Can you figure out how to divvy up the $20 savings among the remaining six so that everyone gets his fair share? The men realize that $20 divided by 6 is $3.33, but if they subtract that from everybody’s share, then the fifth man the sixth man would end up being paid to eat their meal.
The restaurant owner suggested that it would be fair to reduce each man’s bill by roughly the same amount and he proceeded to work out the amounts each should pay.
And so the fifth man paid nothing, the sixth pitched in $2, the seventh paid $5, the eighth paid $9, the ninth paid $12, leaving the tenth man with a bill of $52 instead of $59. Outside the restaurant, the men began to compare their savings. “I only got a dollar out of the $20,” declared the sixth man pointing to the tenth, “and he got $7!” “Yeah, that’s right,” exclaimed the fifth man. I only saved a dollar, too. It’s unfair that he got seven times more than me!” “That’s true,” shouted the seventh man. “Why should he get $7 back when I got only $2? The wealthy get all the breaks.” “Wait a minute,” yelled the first four men in unison. “We didn’t get anything at all. The system exploits the poor.”
There are lots of good restaurants in Switzerland and the Caribbean.
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"url": "http://charlesstricklin.com/2004/09/"
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From the Grand Dérangement to the Deportation of the Acadians
For many decades, the expressions "Grand Dérangement" and "Deportation" were considered synonyms that designated the dark years surrounding the expulsion of the Acadians in the middle of the 18th century. However, a closer examination of the historical documents of the period, created by the deportees themselves, reveals that the Grand Dérangement extended over a longer period, beginning as early as 1749 when Halifax was founded by the British, or 1750, when the French ordered the destruction of the Acadian villages in the Beaubassin region. The actual Deportation of the Acadians, which constitute the most significant years of the Grand Dérangement, started in the fall of 1755 in the region around Fort Beauséjour and ended in 1764. According to some contemporary historians, the turmoil caused by the Grand Dérangement only ended around the 1780's or even the early 19th century.
Thematic search
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"url": "http://cfml.ci.umoncton.ca/1755-html/indexf55a.html?id=010400000&lang=en&style=G&admin=false&linking="
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Archimedes' principle
From Phantis
Jump to navigation Jump to search
It was the ancient Greek, Archimedes of Syracuse, who first discovered the law of buoyancy, sometimes called Archimedes' principle:
Suppose a rock's weight is measured as 10 Newtons when suspended by a string in a vacuum. Suppose that when the rock is lowered by the string into water, it displaces water of weight 3 Newtons. The force it then exerts on the string from which it hangs will be 10 Newtons minus the 3 Newtons of buoyant force: 10 − 3 = 7 Newtons.
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"url": "http://wiki.phantis.com/index.php/Archimedes%27_principle"
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The wagon that ended the war
The World War I armistice was signed in a train carriage dubbed ‘the wagon that ended the war’. “You had to break the will of the German military, whatever the cost, in November 1918,” says historian Franck Viltard. “This was experienced as a real humiliation for Germany.” But in 1940, it was France’s turn. Hitler wanted to wash away the shame of Germany’s past defeat by humiliating France just as badly. He chose to dictate the terms of France’s surrender in the same train carriage. Camille Nedelec revisits the wagon that played such a central role in European 20th century history.
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Our Own Private Pirate Island
I wanted to add my reflection to the lesson, as a follow up to my post” Map skills and the SmartBoard” with 2nd graders from a few days ago.
As one of the activities for their maps and globe unit, 2nd graders worked collaboratively by creating an imaginary island according to specific directions.
Directions were:
1. Draw a Compass Rose
2. Draw an island
3. Draw an Ocean around the island
4. There is a mountain range on the East side of the island
5. A river running from the mountains West towards the Ocean
6. Draw a small lake in the South of the island
7. There is a pirate ship anchored off the Northwest shores of the island
8. A pod of dolphins is swimming from the North towards the pirate ship
9. 5 palm trees are found in the North of the island
10. A princess is hiding to the East of the palm trees
11. A treasure is hidden in the Southern part of the mountain range
12. 6 pirates have split into two groups and are searching across the island for the treasure
13. The queen’s ship is approaching the island from the North to rescue her daughter
Here is the screenshot of the completed island.
After the map was created, I re-told the story, taking care to include as many times as possible the cardinal directions in relationship to the symbols. I paused in my story to make sure that students were following me on the map and asked them to supply the direction a character in the story was going next.
Ex. “…So, the princess was running (North) towards the beach, where her mother’s ship was approaching….”
Many skills were addressed in this activity, such as :
• following directions,
• cardinal directions
• symbols and visual representation,
• collaboration
• retelling of a story from a map
Although some children were getting antsy, while waiting for their turn to come up to draw or drag and drop the next step, everyone seemed to be engaged when I retold the story. The classroom teacher con further extend the story by asking students to write the story about the pirate island and the princess’ rescue down on paper as homework.
[email_link] [print_link]
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"url": "http://langwitches.org/blog/2009/09/04/our-own-private-pirate-island/"
}
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The peacock: A symbol of royalty
The peacock: A symbol of royalty
The peacock: A symbol of royalty
A peacock dominates an eighteenth century Japanese screen by Nagasawa Rosetsu.
The peacock is native to India and further east, but the bird has a long history in the Middle East, perhaps originally brought by early Indian traders to ancient Babylon. The male peacock’s plumage of shimmering blues and greens fascinate even as its raucous cries seem so at variance with such beauty.
The Greeks learned of the peacock only after Alexander the Great’s conquest - Aristotle called it a Persian bird. They quickly added the bird to their pantheon of deities. For example, in the Hellenistic period, peacocks pulled the chariot of the Greek goddess Hera. Since Hera was considered the goddess of the sky and stars, the gold circles and blue background fit naturally. According to one myth, Zeus became interested in a woman named Io and Hera had her hundred-eyed servant, Argus, guard Io. Zeus had Argus killed in order to free Io. According to the Roman author Ovid, Hera rewarded her watchman Argus by turning his hundred eyes into the eye-like images on the tail of the peacock. In fact, these eyes were at times rather like the so-called evil eye in Egyptian, Greek, and Roman mythology that could see everything.
The Romans seem to have particularly liked the peacock, but not just because of the male bird’s splendid tail. Both the meat and the tongue were a favorite delicacy on the tables of the wealthy. This gastronomical interest
seems to have lasted into the Middle Ages in Europe with the bird skinned and roasted before the skin with feathers still intact would be reattached and served in all its glory. The Romans also used the peacock as decoration in their mosaics and frescos.
The peacock: A symbol of royaltyThe peacock as symbol
The peacock was a symbol of immortality because the ancients believed that the peacock had flesh that did not decay after death. The Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras wrote that the soul of Homer moved into a peacock, perhaps reflecting on the importance of the centuries-old popularity of the Greek poet. While continuing to keep its association with wealth, the bird, which replaces its feathers every year, also became a symbol of renewal and resurrection in early Christian and Byzantine culture. Peacock imagery appears in early Christian tomb paintings and mosaics, especially concerning the resurrection.
In the original home of the peacock, India, peacocks symbolized royalty and power. One of the most important symbols of this was the so-called Peacock Throne, which was built the early 17th century for Şah Jahan. The name was taken from two peacocks covered in gold and jewels that were part of the throne. Unfortunately, the original was captured and taken to Persia by Nadır Şah in 1739 and was never seen again, although future thrones were generally known by the same name in Persia. A far inferior gold and bejeweled throne that was presented to an Ottoman sultan by a Persian ruler is sometimes erroneously referred to in the same way.
Some cultures believe that keeping peacock feathers indoors is bad luck; for instance, the daughters of the house may never get married. But it’s okay to have them outside.
Peacocks and Islam
There are mixed tales told about peacocks in popular Islam. According to one story, God created a peacock which sat on a tree and prayed for 70,000 years using prayer beads. Then God put a mirror in front of the peacock, who was so pleased at its own beauty that it prostrated itself to God five times. So the tradition of five prayers a day arose among the Muslims.
A rather less engaging popular story is told in al-Kisai’s “Qisas” (ca. 1100). The peacock is seduced by the promise of Satan that if he would help the latter enter Paradise, he would teach him three words that would save him from illness, old age and death. So the peacock enlists the aid of the serpent and helps Satan enter Paradise, where the latter seduces Eve. The peacock which until then had been the beautiful bird of Paradise with the most beautiful voice is cast out of heaven along with the serpent and Satan and loses his voice.
The peacock: A symbol of royalty
Peacocks in Middle Eastern art
Somewhat surprisingly, there are few examples of peacocks in the various arts of the Middle East. A 17th century miniature painting of a peacock at the Metropolitan Museum of Art (not pictured here) shows a poem in Ottoman Turkish written around the inside of the peacock’s fan. It is composed of blessings for an unnamed Ottoman sultan and reads: “Beautiful as a houri, of angelic character, of auspicious omen, envy of the perfect ones, parrot of sweet tongue and sweet speech, peacock of the garden of .... the lofty decree, sultan of the sultans of the world, fortunate and august, khan of the shahs, Darius of the time, Faridun of the age, hero of the world, [text reverses direction] champion of earth and time, sultans of the sultan of the family of ‘Uthman ibn Sultan Ghazi Khan ... may God extend the days of his [happiness] to the day of [judgment?].”
A mid-sixteenth century Iznik dish that is currently in the Musée de Louvre is typical of the beautiful ceramic pieces produced in that Anatolian town at the height of the Ottoman Empire. It contains various vegetal forms such as leaves, flowers and buds. In the middle of it all is a lone peacock but not with its tail opened in full splendor. The scarcity of such images in pottery is somewhat surprising, especially since the peacock was taken to represent royalty.
A type of Caucasian carpet from the Baluchistan region has been dubbed “peacock” rugs because of the stylized bird form reproduced on them. Some experts have refuted the notion that these birds are peacocks, preferring to give them the mythical name of Akstafa instead.
Peacocks occur from time to time in Ottoman poetry both for their elegant plumage and also for the beautiful voice the bird possessed before it fell from grace and was cast out of Paradise (Ahmed Paşa).
It has also been suggested that the eyes in the peacock’s plumage should be used to observe the beauty of the beloved (Nabi). On the other hand Şeyh Galib takes up the story from Mevlana about the fox that fell in a dye pit and fancied himself as beautiful as a peacock until his fellow animals deflated his pretensions by asking him to fly.
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"url": "https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-peacock-a-symbol-of-royalty-65241"
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Moby Dick
Herman Melville’s famous story, Moby Dick, also known as The Whale, is a novel that was published in America in 1851. The story follows the sailor Ishmael’s retelling of the quest of Captain Ahab, who was captaining the whaling ship Pequod whom Ishmael served with. Ahab was on a quest for revenge against the whale that had bitten off his leg during a previous voyage.
The novel was not as successful during its release as it is today, with the novel having gone out of print by the time of the author’s death. It wasn’t until roughly 100 years after the birth of Melville that the book gained the success that it deserved, with renowned author William Faulkner admitting that he wished that he himself had written the book.
Melville first began writing Moby Dick in February 1850, taking him over 18 months to write, which was roughly a year longer than he thought it would have taken. His writing was often interrupted when Melville made acquaintances with Nathaniel Hawthorne in August 1850. This friendship had a great impact on Melville, and while it did take a toll on his writing time, it is speculated that without the friendship the story would not have been what it became. Melville acknowledged this and dedicated the book to Hawthorne, stating that the book was a token of his appreciate for the genius that Hawthorne possessed.
Melville drew on his own experience from working on a whaling ship, the Acushnet, incorporating a number of things that he learned into the book, adding a note of authenticity to the story. The book has been reprinted a number of times and has been translated into multiple languages around the world.
|
<urn:uuid:fd368f82-99c1-4c89-ad38-47301b0468c5>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.75,
"fasttext_score": 0.23048001527786255,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9921774864196777,
"url": "https://bcfbooks.co.uk/moby-dick/"
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antinode in a sentence
1) Ideally the right hand should pluck the string at an antinode .
2) This method uses a powder to make the nodes and antinodes visible to the human eye.
3) I have placed two dots on the string, one at an antinode and one at a node.
antinode example sentences
4) Characteristic of standing waves are locations with maximum displacement ( antinodes ) and locations with zero displacement ( nodes ).
5) Halfway between two nodes there is an antinode , where the two counter-propagating waves "enhance" each other maximally.
6) Any sand grains initially located at an antinode are thrown into the air, away from the lines, and tend to collect in the node lines.
7) The antinodes can be adjacent and form lines across the plate; the nodes also can be adjacent and form their own lines.
8) At some points (called antinodes ), the metal plate oscillates most, and at some points (called nodes) the plate does not oscillate at all.
9) When the channel width covers only one pressure node (or antinode ), the particles will be trapped in that node and consequently, focusing is achieved.
10) For example, pressing the center of the membrane makes all the modes with __FORMULA__ becoming impracticable, since this point is invariably an antinode for these modes.
12) where "A"1 is the amplitude of the smaller peak and "A"an is the amplitude of the antinode .
13) The current distribution is assumed to be approximately sinusoidal along the length of the dipole, with a node at each end and an antinode in the center:
You can easily memorize the word and the meaning of antinode
and This is a fast way of learning the meaning of antinode with example sentences.
Always focus on the learning on sentences with antinode
We believe you will easily learn to write and use the word antinode in a sentence.
You can practice spelling and usage of the word by getting 10 examples of sentences with antinode.
20 examples of simple sentences of antinode. We tried to find and publish the the words with Simple Sentences of antinode
Compound Sentences with antinode
Complex Sentences with antinode
Compound-Complex Sentences with antinode
in a sentence
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<urn:uuid:c42af2f8-4cda-4366-be76-5b742b3c81a8>
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{
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.894891083240509,
"url": "https://www.englishpedia.net/sentences/a/antinode-in-a-sentence.html"
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Answer questions below then you will respond to a student
Please to read properly. 1. You will read the information that is provided below in the link. 2. You will answer the following questions, in 200 words. (Paragraph form). 3. After I post your answer, the other student’s answers will appear and you will respond to their answer in paragraph form in 100 words. Your response should address why you agree/disagree with their posting.
Here are the questions:
• According to Black Elk, what atrocities took place at Wounded Knee? How did President Harrison describe these atrocities?
• Whom did Black Elk blame for the Wounded Knee Massacre? Whom did Harrison blame?
• According to President Harrison, what was the future of Native Americans? How did Black Elk’s vision of the future compare to Harrison’s vision?
• Relate this atrocity to the history of Native Americans in the late 19th century.
|
<urn:uuid:68a421f8-d7aa-47ce-8e72-5086141413f7>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.53125,
"fasttext_score": 0.9836084842681885,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9542585611343384,
"url": "https://affordableessaywritingservice.com/answer-questions-below-then-you-will-respond-to-a-student/"
}
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