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Email Print Share Science Nation banner August 17, 2009 Antlers, Shells and Beaks What nature can teach us about making things stronger, lighter and sharper The old saying 'ram tough' is something some researchers at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) are taking seriously. Ram horns are among many naturally tough objects that these scientists analyze, scrutinize and magnify thousands of times in their lab. Marc Myers, a materials science professor, says it all started with the abalone--a sea snail with a shell as tough as nails. You think horns and antlers are tough, just try to break an abalone shell in two. "About ten years ago, I was involved in a project for the Army," says Myers. "We were developing armor. The abalone is made out of a chalk-like material, calcium carbonate, and although chalk is very weak, the abalone shell is thousands of times stronger than chalk. You can try to break it, you cannot succeed." Discovering that a simple material like chalk could be so strong left Myers curious about how shells and others objects in nature are structured for strength and durability. Extraordinary properties Today, the UCSD research team, led by Myers and fellow materials science professor Joanna McKittrick, studies horns, antlers, teeth, beaks and more. "The goal of our research is to understand the extraordinary properties of these biological samples to see if we can duplicate them in the lab," says McKittrick. For example, how can ram horns and elk antlers withstand impacts without breaking apart? And who knew horns were so different from antlers? "The first thing we do is cut it and look at the cross section and that's how we identify what's known as the microstructure of the materials," says McKittrick. "We look at it at the higher magnifications so we can see the features that we can't see with the naked eye." Using a state-of-the-art scanning electron microscope (SEM) purchased with support from the National Science Foundation, scientists are seeing details they've never seen before. The antler and other materials can be magnified as much as fifty-thousand times. "What's surprising about the elk antler is it's really a bone," McKittrick explains. "It has very similar composition and structure to our skeletal bone." Made for fighting McKittrick says they're learning that antlers have a porous bony center surrounded by a sturdy, dense outer shell that evolved over millions of years to do one thing: fight. "It doesn't serve any structural purposes," she says. "Our bones serve a structural purpose, they create bone marrow--they are calcium reserves. But antlers, they're just used for fighting so they have to be very robust." The same can be said about ram horns. But horns are different from antlers. Horns are hollow and made essentially of keratin, the same stuff found in our fingernails and hair. In the lab, horn samples, like antlers, are tested for endurance and strength. Undergraduate Brandon Reynante, a member of the research team, built his own version of a crash test simulator. Taking a stamp-size sample of a ram horn, Reynante sets it at the bottom of a four-foot, tower-shaped machine. "The machine is designed to simulate rams butting heads during fighting," says Reynante. "Once we have the machine set up, we just press the button to drop the impactor." The impactor smashes the sample. Surprisingly, only the center portion of the horn sample is damaged. The rest stays intact. How can these hollow horns withstand such impacts? McKittrick says it has something to do with microscopic tubules running lengthwise that help horns withstand intense forces. From horns to teeth Myers became fascinated with the serrated teeth found in certain meat-eaters, including sharks and Komodo dragons. "You can see the serrations, the tiny serrations along the tooth," says Myers. "The tooth of the Komodo dragon, even though it's a huge and dangerous animal, the teeth are fairly small, but vicious. And, it can cut through meat very easily, through tiny serrations." Then there's the rainbow-colored toucan bird. Its beak is one-third the size of its entire body. You would think the bird would be too beak-heavy to fly, but a toucan can soar and its beak weighs almost nothing. "It has a structure that is utterly fantastic," says Myers. "The inside, it's almost hollow and it has foam; and on the outside, it has a shell and it's extremely strong." Materials of the future? If you wonder why we should bother knowing about all of this, think 'gecko.' Scientists studying and magnifying the gecko's feet and its uncanny ability to stick to surfaces led to the creation of a new surgical tape. Similarly, studying horns and antlers could help engineers create better helmets and knee pads. Knowing more about the rugged shells of armadillos and tortoises could lead to better armor for the police and military. Keying in on the sharp details of the serrated teeth in sharks and Komodo dragons could bring us a step closer to better tools. And remember the toucan bird? Well, one day, the structure of its beak may inspire a new lightweight, super-strong material to build better boats, planes and automobiles. Miles O'Brien, Science Nation Correspondent Ann Kellan, Science Nation Producer	<urn:uuid:a41f740b-d53c-40d7-be50-932de0a88129>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.16454505920410156, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.958922803401947, "url": "https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/science_nation/antlers.jsp" }
Social Studies‎ > ‎ Untitled Post posted Oct 12, 2016, 6:21 AM by Linsey Rose Hermann Struts Hermann Struts, a lieutenant in the German army, fought bravely during the war. He comes from a long line of army officers and is himself a graduate of the German military academy. Struts has always taken pride in the army’s able defense of the nation and its strong leadership. Yet Struts is bitter about the fact that he has not had a promotion in over ten years. Few soldiers have, mainly because the Treaty of Versailles limited the size of the German army. In the old army, Struts would have been at least a captain by now and possibly a major. The treaty, he argues, has harmed not only Germany’s honor but also his own honor as a soldier. He feels that if the government had refused to sign the treaty and allowed the army to fight, both he and Germany would be better off. Otto Hauptmann Otto Hauptmann works in a factory in Berlin. Although his trade union has actively worked for better conditions and higher wages, it has not made many gains. Hauptmann blames their lack of success on the 1923 inflation and the current depression. He believes that the union would be more successful if the economy were more stable. Still, it is the union that has kept him employed. At a time when many of his friends have been laid off, his union persuaded the owners of his factory to keep men with seniority. Karl Schmidt Karl Schmidt is an employed worker who lives in the rich steel-producing Ruhr Valley. Like so many men in the Ruhr, he lost his job because of the depression. Yet Schmidt notes that the owners of the steel mills still live in big houses and drive expensive cars. Why are they protected from the depression while their former employees suffer? Although the government does provide unemployment compensation, the money is barely enough to support Schmidt, his wife, and their two children. Yet the government claims that it cannot afford to continue even these payments much longer. Schmidt feels that the government would be in a stronger position to help people if it cut off all reparations. Elisabeth von Kohler Elisabeth von Kohler, a prominent attorney who attended the University of Bonn, has a strong sense of German tradition. She believes that her people’s contributions to Western civilization have been ignored. Kohler would like to see the republic lead a democratic Europe. She disapproves of the methods the Weimar Republic often uses to silence and repress different points of view. Her sense of justice is even more outraged by the way the victors of World War I, particularly France, view Germany. She would like to prove to the world that the Germans are indeed a great race. She is proud to be an attorney and a German woman in the Weimar Republic. Gerda Munchen is the owner of a small Munich grocery store started by her parents. For years, her parents saved to send her to the university. But Munchen chose not to go and the money stayed in the bank. In 1923, she had planned to use the money to pay for her children’s education. But that year inflation hit Germany. Just before her older daughter was to leave for the university, the bank informed the family that its savings were worthless. This was a blow to Munchen, but even more of a blow to her daughter, whose future hung in the balance. Munchen does not think she will ever regain her savings. With so many people out of work, sales are down sharply. And Munchen’s small grocery is having a tough time competing with the large chain stores. They can offer far lower prices. She and her children question a system that has made life so difficult for hardworking people. Albert Benjamin Albert Benjamin is a professor of mathematics at the University of Berlin. While his grandparents were religious Jews, Benjamin is not religious. Benjamin’s three brothers, however, are religious Jews. He is very proud of his German heritage, and even volunteered to serve in the German Army during World War I. After the war, Benjamin married Eva Steiner. Eva is Protestant and they are raising their three children as Christians. Benjamin is concerned because prices have gone up while his salary as a professor has not. His family can no longer afford vacations and special presents for the children. His wife worries that if the economic problems continue, the family might have to cut back on spending for food. Eric von Ronheim Eric von Ronheim, the head of a Frankfurt textile (fabric) factory, is very concerned about the depression. Sales are down and so are profits. If only Germany had not been treated so ruthlessly at Versailles, he argues, the nation would be far better off. Instead the government has had to impose heavy taxes to pay reparations to its former enemies. As a result, Germans are overtaxed with little money to spend on textiles and other consumer goods. The worldwide depression has made matters worse by making it difficult to sell German products to other countries. Even if the depression were over, Ronheim does not think taxes would come down because of reparation	<urn:uuid:aa557a47-d744-46ae-96b0-a7a6def5143f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4, "fasttext_score": 0.262096107006073, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9767487645149231, "url": "http://www.msrose.net/social-studies/untitledpost-2" }
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary Jump to navigation Jump to search From Middle English dungeon, dungeoun, dongoun, dungoun, dungun (a castle keep" also, "a prison cell below the castle; a dungeon; pit; abyss). The Middle English word is apparently a merger of Old French donjon (castle keep) and Old English dung (a subterranean chamber; a prison; dungeon), which supplied the current sense of the word. Old French donjon may itself be a conflation of Vulgar Latin domnione (from Late Latin dominiōnem, from Latin dominium (lordship; ownership)) and Frankish dungjo (prison, dungeon, underground cellar). Compare Middle English dung, dunge, dong, donge (pit of hell; abyss) Both the Frankish and Old English words derive from Proto-Germanic dungijǭ (an enclosed space; a vault; bower; treasury), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰengʰ- (to cover), and are related to Old Saxon dung (underground cellar), Middle Dutch donc (underground basement), Old High German tung (underground cellar; an underground chamber or apartment for overwintering) (whence German Tunk (manure or soil covered basement, underground weaving workshop)), Old Norse dyngja (a detached apartment, a lady's bower) (whence Icelandic dyngja (chamber)). See also dung, dingle. The game term has been popularized by Dungeons & Dragons. English Wikipedia has an article on: dungeon (plural dungeons) 1. An underground prison or vault, typically built underneath a castle. • Macaulay Year after year he lay patiently in a dungeon. 2. (obsolete) The main tower of a motte or castle; a keep or donjon. 3. (games) An area inhabited by enemies, containing story objectives, treasure and bosses. 4. (BDSM) A room dedicated to sadomasochistic sexual activity. Derived terms[edit] dungeon (third-person singular simple present dungeons, present participle dungeoning, simple past and past participle dungeoned) 1. (transitive) To imprison in a dungeon. • 1830, William Cobbett, History of the Regency and Reign of King George the Fourth Of every act of severity, of every bold violation of the constitution, of every bill for dungeoning and gagging the people, of every tax, of every loan, of all that set frugality at defiance, and that mocked at mercy, these men had been either the authors or the most strenuous supporters []	<urn:uuid:ba48e18f-ea12-4c41-b7bf-39b946b9d323>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.02812981605529785, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8287473320960999, "url": "https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dungeon" }
Essay on Collins English GCSE for AQA pg 52 (win a weekend to Paris) Submitted By sreema1 Words: 558 Pages: 3 How does the writer use the picture to link his ideas in the rest of the text? The writer uses emotive language and the picture of the Eiffel tower to link his ideas in the rest of the text. This gives the reader the image that Paris is an urban, glamorous place because it shows the glistening Eiffel tower. This connects with the emotive word “fabulous” as the Eiffel tower does look elegant in the picture and it stands out. This attracts the reader because when they go on holidays they like to go to beautiful and stylish place which they may call fabulous and in the picture above they show a golden Eiffel tower, which does look beautiful and stylish. That way the reader will be easily persuaded to go to Paris. How does the writer use language to persuade the reader to enter the competition? The writer uses alliteration to uses alliteration to persuade the reader to enter this competition by talking about the positive aspects of Paris. “Friend a fabulous weekend in the French capital” This is effective because it emphasises “French” which states that Paris is the capital of France and you should definitely go there because it is elegant and romantic. “Fabulous” gives the reader the impression that France is a place full of glamour, romance and municipality, which advertises France as a “holiday country” which is what the reader may think of an ideal holiday. Another language feature the writer uses in the advert is listing. The writer uses this so that the target audience is persuaded to go to Paris. “Drawn there by your love of food, fashion, architecture, romance or just a well-earned weekend away.” This persuades the reader to go on holiday to Paris because he lists many reasons why you will enjoy your holiday when you go there. This long list is much more effective than just one or two commas because it portrays that the benefits of Paris is never ending and that is how good Paris is. Another reason why listing is effective is because if the audience of the text…	<urn:uuid:9db9dfad-780e-41c5-8d9d-44e0cecb74cb>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.07659506797790527, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9414235949516296, "url": "https://www.majortests.com/essay/Collins-English-Gcse-For-Aqa-Pg-535127.html" }
Simulated Evolution An algorithm for simulating evolution in a web browser Even food distribution The simulation starts with plenty of food and few microbes. At first the genes are set randomly. The microbes do not have a prefered direction. They are aimlessly wandering around effectively remaining on the same spot due to running in small circles. In the beginning this is fine because there is plenty of food. No matter how clumsy a microbe is moving it will find enough food to reach the energy level needed to start procreating. More microbes are created and suddenly the parent is competing with the child for food. Both are at the same spot and both are hardly moving into any direction. The local food supply is rapidly dwindling and it is now advantageous to be able to move away from the competition. Microbes which are equipped with genes that allow for fewer direction changes suddenly have an competitive advantage. They spend fewer energy for changing their direction an they can reach yet untouched areas of the simulation domain. Soon an equilibrium is reached and the population is more or less stable. Microbes travel longer distances in straight lines with an occasional change in direction. The simulation is now a typical predator-prey interaction similar to the Wator simulation. Image 5: With evenly distributed food supply microbes quickly learn to move in straight line for small periods of time. This allows them to reach regions with more food and escape local competition. The Garden of Eden The next scenario is often called the "Garden of Eden" scenario. Food is spawning randomly across the map but there is a small rectangular region in the middle of the simulation domain with a drastically increased supply of food. Soon microbes reaching this region will exhibit a wildly spinning behavior to avoid leaving the food supply. A degeneration in the genom causes microbes to constantly change their directions. On average they remain at their position by wildly going in circles. The reason is simple: Only microbes unable of leaving the Garden of Eden will benefit from its unlimited food supply in the long term. Outside the "Garden of Eden" there is still food spawning but to a lesser degree. Some microbes will adapt to survive there. Food is sparse there and again the microbes living there are forced to wander long distances in order to survive. In a way its like seeing two different specied evolve due to natural selection. Image 6: The Garden of Eden. A degeneration in the genom causes microbes to constantly change their directions. On average they remain at their position by wildly going in circles. Only microbes unable of leaving the garden of eden will benefit from its unlimited food supply in the long term. Line Runner What happens if we push the "Garden of Eden" scenario to an extreme? Lets say by almost exclusively spawning food along a few horizontal and vertical lines. Some food will also spawn elsewhere but not much. At first the microbes resort to their most basic strategy: Reducing the number of direction changes and travel long distances in order to survive by increasing the chance of finding food elsewhere. This will go on for quite some time until one of the microbes accidentally finds a line full of food. It will wander along this line and receive a sudden boost of energy resulting in a drastically increased chance of procreation. The longer it travels along the line the greater the benefit. Soon it will leave the line again but it will also have created offspring that has a slightly higher probability to walk longer distances in a straight line than the rest of the population. This will continue for quite some time resulting in a gradual decrease in the ability to change the direction. At some point in time one of the descendants will find a line again. The genome is now set up in a way that very few direction changes take place. The energy boost from finding the line will reduce the probability even more in some of its descendants. They will eventually loose the ability to move away from the line altogether. From this point on a new species of "Line Riders" will populate the line. Soon other lines will follow until the "Line Riders" become the dominant species in the simulation. Image 7: Spawning food primarily along horizontal and vertical lines will eventually lead to the creation of a species of "Line Riders" that live on the linear food spawning areas. 1. “Evolution.” Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Web. Date accessed (20 January 2015). 2. "Simulated Evolution" Web Article by Michael Palmiter, Ph.D., Temple City, CA. 3. "Computer-Kurzweil 2" Spektrum der Wissenschaft: Verständliche Forschung, 1992, ISBN 3-86025-030-2 You might also like:	<urn:uuid:39270686-08b2-4149-88f9-f6dce38af55f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.3036664128303528, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9350072741508484, "url": "http://beltoforion.de/article.php?a=simulated_evolution&hl=en&p=observations" }
Human Coordinates teachMathematics: Human Coordinates This hugely entertaining activity introduces students to the idea of plotting straight lines by highlighting certain positions in a grid. The difference is that it is the students themselves that will act as the coordinates in a huge grid of chairs! By watching themselves on a big screen, sharing observations and ideas with one another, the students learn very quickly how simple relationships lead to straight line...	<urn:uuid:c7293322-da26-485f-aaf2-7171a6557c08>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.984375, "fasttext_score": 0.607140839099884, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9429413676261902, "url": "https://www.teachmathematics.net/page/9059/human-coordinates" }
Give each student a copy of the 100th Day Reproducible (PDF), a pencil, and a ruler. Help students locate the first ordered pair (2, 9) on the grid. Then direct them to plot the point on the grid that corresponds with the next ordered pair (3, 6). Next, they use a ruler to connect the two points. Have students continue plotting and connecting points to reveal the hidden picture-a festive party hat!	<urn:uuid:2df463b9-0f5d-423c-8164-d12310f6c6be>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.734375, "fasttext_score": 0.2521146535873413, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8419833183288574, "url": "https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/hip-hip-hooray-100th-day/" }
Black pudding is as old as the civilized world itself. For as long as men have congregated in communities and kept animals to feed their bellies and clothe their backs, they have made a form of black pudding. However what is more shrouded in the mists of culinary time is how the dish that we recognise today came to move across Europe, changing and developing as it traveled from east to west. One belief is that it was the Romans who brought it with them as they conquered land after land, passing through what we now call Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Austria, Romania, Belgium and the British Isles, leaving a legacy of straight roads and black puddings. MoorsAnother popular theory holds that it was the Moors of North Africa who followed the Romans into many parts of Europe and introduced them to the delights of the blood dish, the ingredients of which were so readily available to them. Some even think that the Spanish word for black pudding (morcilla) and the French town which hosts the international black pudding festival (Mortagne) are among those that derive their names from the Moors. The etymology notwithstanding, this view is prevalent in France where they credit the Moors with bringing boudin noir to ancient Gaul. There is no doubt that boudin is one of France’s oldest charcuterie preparations. A sausage-making tradition in France can be dated back well over 2000 years and there is evidence of the activities of the Gaulish charcutier – the lardarius – in cave paintings at Narbone, Bordeaux and Rheims where blood sausages are clearly identifiable. HomerThe first known written mention of black pudding was as early as 800 BC when it appeared in Homer’s classic The Odyssey. In book twenty of his great canon, Homer wrote “As when a man besides a great fire has filled a sausage with fat and blood and turns it this way and that and is very eager to get it quickly roasted…”. In the same epic work, Homer had Odysseus on his return to Ithica literally fight “around the sausage” for a prize of a stomach stuffed with pig blood and fat. Although it is doubtful that one man can claim the glory of having created black pudding, it is sometimes attributed to Aphtonite, a cook of ancient Greece. No less an authority than Larousse Gastronomique, the self-proclaimed world’s greatest cookery encyclopedia, credits Aphtonite with being the first to produce the dish. The oldest written recipe for black pudding is to be found in De Re Coquinaria (The Art of Cooking) – the oldest collection of recipes to survive from antiquity – edited by Apicius. His instructions call for lengths of intestine, rather than a stomach as a container. Apicius’ recipe uses no cereal, but instead calls for chopped hard-boiled egg yolks, pine kernels, onions and leeks. On its journey across Europe, the make-up of black pudding changed as the local products and spices did. It was food for the poor, made up of the cheapest and most plentiful ingredients. Naturally they would use what they had most of and could pay least for. So in Britain they added oatmeal or pearl barley as filler, in Spain they put in rice. Where oregano grew rife it was used, where marjoram was easy to get hold it was added, where there was plenty of pimento or thyme then they too would be in the black pudding. As trade flourished and new spices like nutmeg or allspice became available then they also found their way into the recipe. Henry VIIIBut black pudding was not just food for the poor, it was also food fit for a king. The extravagant Tudor banquets held by Henry VIII at Hampton Court included the likes of whale meat, peacock and spit-roasted meat but there was always black pudding on the table too. By the 17th century, it was also the stuff of controversy as a theological debate raged round it, with many Christian scholars, particularly Methodists, claiming it should not be eaten. At the centre of the great debates which dominated much of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, was Sir Isaac Newton. Those against the eating of blood products – stipulated, they claimed, by Acts 15:28-29 and repeated in Acts 21:25 where the Apostles ruled that Christians must not eat blood – highlighted Newton’s abstinence from black pudding as supporting their beliefs. By the time of Newton’s death, in 1727, the black-pudding debate had been running almost 100 years. In the “Triall of a Black-Pudding”, written in 1652, Thomas Barlow, a future bishop of Lincoln, asserted that God had specifically proscribed blood eating among the Hebrews. Barlow claimed that no meat was unclean in itself, but that black pudding was a violation of both Jewish law and the Christian exemptions as dispensed by the Apostles. EmileZolaLiterary references to black pudding are relatively few for such a splendid and time-honoured dish but the great French novelist Emile Zola made frequent mentions of it in his work The Belly of Paris, including a memorable description of the making of it and spoke of a charcutierie containing “strings of black pudding coiled like harmless snakes”. In Silas Mariner, George Eliot wrote of “The odour of Christmas cooking being on the wind, it was the season when superfluous pork and black puddings are suggestive of charity in well-to-do families.” One of Grimm’s Fairy Tales, The Juniper Tree, is a horrific tale of a stepson being murdered and turned into black puddings by the evil stepmother. “Presently the father came home and sat down to his dinner. He asked, ‘Where is my son?’ The mother said nothing, but gave him a large dish of black pudding, and Marleen still wept without ceasing.” At the other end of the entertainment spectrum, black pudding also has the dubious honour of being at the centre of the only television comedy sketch known to have killed someone. On 24 March 1975, bricklayer Alex Mitchell, of King’s Lynn in England, literally laughed himself to death while watching a sketch about a Scotsman being attacked by a black pudding. His widow later sent the Goodies a letter thanking them for making Mr Mitchell’s final moments so happy. From Moors and Romans, through country after country, surviving religious controversies and the disdain of the unenlightened, black pudding has flourished like never before. From the tables of the poor, it has graduated to the finest restaurants across continents as leading chefs finally realised what everyone else has known for over two millennia. From Aphtonite and Apicius to Heston Blumenthal, Franck Quinton and Anthony Bourdain, the black gold is finally getting the recognition it deserves. 4 thoughts on “History 1. Animal blood pudding was eaten by heardsmen who had little food. The people who began eating blood pudding from humans began the more evil human cults. Roaming heardsmen were captured by ancient aliens and used to feed them biophotons by filling them with harmful microbes. Through generations these heardsmen became kin to these ancient aliens and are the basques that have lived in many countries including Nevada. They are still filled with the pritzoelectric nanocrystal microbes, among others, and capture neighbor humans organs with these microbes so they can be used to feed them biophotons. They also steal all resources and land the neighbors own. Their children are caused to become autistic. Leave a Reply	<urn:uuid:483ff56d-03f5-4640-bfac-d0515bd5d2b1>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.07238167524337769, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9739561676979065, "url": "http://www.blackpudding.org/history/" }
Walk a cube • Email • Sharebar • Email Lesson 4: Walk a cube Now here comes a real challenge! We know that although we live in a 3D world, most of the time when we walk, we only perform 2D movements because we can't leave the ground. If we have wings like birds or butterflies, then we can do real 3D movements. And you know what? The sea turtle and the fish can also do 3D movements too because they swim under the sea. The Jet plane can too as it flies. Now let's imagine that you are the turtle, or the big eyes fish, or the jet plane, so we can think and do 3D. With the track on, we will be able to create some 3D shapes. In this lesson, we will walk the turtle to create a cube. Again, there are many ways to do it, but is there an easiest way to do it?	<urn:uuid:d221d74e-3ff8-4f3c-be41-13a1439163a7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.78125, "fasttext_score": 0.08658081293106079, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9171000123023987, "url": "https://vrmath2.net/node/36" }
Saturday, October 15, 2016 Narrative Writing This term we have been recapping how to write Narritives and Mrs Notley is pretty impressed with our work so far. That means we have been listening in class to make sure we are successful in our writing. When we write narratives we must make sure we have included the following features: * Title * Beginning * Characters * Plot * Problem * Middle * Resolution * End We also like to include special features like onomateopaia (BOOM, CRASH!) and emotive speech!!! Below are some of our cool narratives. Have a look to see if we are including all of the features we should be and give us some feedback below. Thanks! Three little matuas and big bad Dylan! One day Three little matuas were at the Forest . The fast matua said i'm gonna build a mansion built of Gold. Then the dumb matua is gonna build his house out of farts And he said it's gonna smellllll awesome! And the strong matua said… he gonna build his house out of iron YEH HEH! WELL BOYS LET'S GETTTTT building 30 minutes later… YAY we're done said all the matuas. Well look at mine said the fast matua,i'm also done! Said the strong matua!,i'm also also done! Said the dumb matua =(_ But what they didn't know was that there was a big bad Dylan Look at my one said the fast matua I'VE GOT A GOLD TOILET BRO! No one can break in my house said the strong matua! It's made of iron and the dumb matua said because it made of my farts and then the BIG BAD DYLAN was spying on them!. Then the matuas went in their homes for a nap and then the big bad dylan went for the gold house and he puffed he farted and he burnt down the house with his fire breath the fast matua said ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh And ran as fast as he can to the strong matus house and said there is a big bad dylan and the strong matua said. He can't bust it down my house is made of iron! But then the big bad dylan bashed it down with his big as tail and they both said ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh. And then they both ran to the dumb matuas house and they said pew It stinks and then the big bad dylan went to the dumb matuas house and he said oh oh that stinks and then he died because the dumb matuas house was soooooooooooooo stinky and the big bad dylan died from the bad humor/it means stinkiness! By Matua and Dylan The wicked old lady Once upon a time there lived an old lady called miss booms and she lived in a old house in the middle of nowhere. The only way to get to her house was to go through the magic portal that opened every full moon. When miss booms was little she got bullied a lot, and all the kids would call her the cat lady. She did not like being called that because she hated cats and no one would stick up for her. As she got older she started to build her house in a faraway land so no one called call her cat lady or see her again. One day the full moon appeared and then she went into the portal to get to the other side to catch cats. But when she hopped out into the other world she got stuck and the full moon faded away. The old lady was scared and worried because she had not been in the open for 50 years and had forgotten what to do. All was quiet until she heard a noise the sounded like trumpets, she jumped to her feet and there she was before the king of frankland town. Miss booms tried to talk and say “your majesty” but it came out like “mug mugestly”. The king was astonished to see an old lady talking like that and he was so surprised he told his guards to bring her to the castle and dress her for dinner. As she walked down the glass stair mrs boom saw lots of plate, glasses and at the end of the table she saw the king. She was wearing a nice dress that was blue and red, The king who was drinking sou dropped his spoon and his jaw fall open. As the night went on miss booms was getting taught lots more words but when it was midnight she filed the castle and hopped to be never seen again. Two years past and miss booms had now had got a kid the she adopted and she called her sally. Miss booms never saw the king again but after 5 years the full moon appeared and miss booms and sally jumped in the portal not noticing someone watching them from a distance… A few years later miss booms past away and left sally who was 15 all alone but she left one gift and that was the gift of eternal life. When sally was 19 she had grown strength and power so she was now ready to go out into the world to fight and also to get more food because she was running out.As she jumped out of the portal the shouted out “there is a new miss booms and she is coming for you”. The wicked old lady 2 One stormy night Mrs boom went into forest to catch cats and cook them up because her mum is allergic to cats. One day she went into the forest and was abet to catch cats for her to eat so her mum can come back. When miss boom went into the forest one day she saw someone who was trying to catch dogs. Miss boom quickly hide behind a bush as he walk past, miss boom looked at his face and was reminded of her mother's stories. She would always talk about a man who looked just like the man standing in front of her, miss boom stood up and ask the man who he was but he just ran away like he was ashamed. Two years later miss booms got her bag when the full moon was up she went to find the man and then the full in love and get married and cook cats and dogs. By Ashlee and Caitlin The adorable fox Image result for baby foxes pics Once upon a time there lived a mother and father fox who were due to have 5 cubs. When the cubs were born there was one particular fox that stood out of the rest his name was Storm, Storm has 2 sisters and 2 brothers his sisters were named Stella & Rosetta and his brothers were named Carson & Lika. One day the 5 cubs and the rest of their class went on a school trip to fox facts factory, when they got there they had a area that was all about Storm , because he was the cutest fox in the world so every fox scientist researched about him. And the information that they got was that Storm had 4 brothers and sisters, he had a mother who worked at their school and a father who travels a lot. Once all the cubs and the mother got home there was a lovely surprise from their father, it was a TREASURE HUNT! First they had to go to the living room then the master bedroom, kitchen, Rosetta’s room and finally the backyard where the cubs father was waiting with some new toys, Storm was so excited that he ran up on top of the roof and couldn’t get down! 😨😮. Storm’s siblings raced up to get him down but then they were stuck too, so their father called the helicopter to come and get them, the next minute they were down on the ground. The father asked “how much do I need to pay you” and the helicopter man said a hug from the cute one ^-^ “Thank you for saving our lives Mr” said Storm “Ohh that’s alright just doing my job” To be continued in book 2… By Elisa Little Octopus Orange hood and Little Red Riding Hood Once upon a time there lived a Little Octopus orange hood that lived in the toilet. She had a friend called Little red riding hood, she and her were best friends. One day when they grow up they planned to go to Egypt together when they are 21 years old. They finally grew up and boarded the plane to go to Egypt together, but Red riding hood got air sick. So when she was eating her breakfast on the plane she threw up, and she threw up on Little Octopus Orange hood. Little Octopus Orange hood slapped her friend in disgust and walked to the emergency toilet to clean herself. When Little Octopus Orange hood got out of the emergency toilet she had to order another meal. Little orange octopus hood looked at her friend as she ate, her friend had vomit dripping from her lips as she leaned against the window and slowly fell asleep. So Little Octopus Orange Hood wiped the vomit drips of little Red Riding Hood’s lips. A few hours later the plane slowly descended and all the passengers lit up with excitement as the plane was going to land in Egypt air-flies airport. Once they got out of the plane the temperature was boiling hot!!! “Woo!” screamed Little Orange Octopus hood as she tied up her roped suitcase tighter. “Hey little octopus orange hood let’s go find a hotel in Cairo which is the capital of Egypt”, suggested Little Red Riding hood. “Thats a great idea!” said Little Octopus Orange hood as she pointed at Little Red Riding hood's purse for the bus tickets they ordered on the plane. So the two friends got onto a bus and talked about what they will go see tomorrow. The top suggestion for the friends were: The ancient gods, The pyramids, The River Nile and the five star swimming pool they heard about to cool off. When they got to the hotel in Cairo they put everything down, little Red Riding hood was going to sleep upstairs and little octopus orange hood was going to sleep down stairs. The two friends screamed ‘goodnight’ which annoyed the other people in the hotel, because they screamed at each other all night asking what they would do in the morning “EAT BREAKFAST!!!!!!” screamed Little Orange Octopus hood. The next day they woke up and little octopus orange Hood’s hair was like a bush. Little Red Riding hood looked in the mirror and took her secret braces out and brushed her hair only to go down stairs, and find Little Octopus Orange hood on the floor, because she had fallen out of bed. “What are we going to eat for breakfast”? Asked Little Red Riding Hood, Little Octopus Orange Hood got up from the floor and got dressed. “We are gonna eat food for breakfast Red, but at the Egypt cafe!!!!!!!!” Screeched Orange as she and her friend jumped up and down which also happened to annoy the other people staying there. For breakfast they had Fava beans, rice and pasta, “yummy”!!! Steamed orange, everyone was looking at her weirdly. “What did I do?” She mumbled at Red who just giggled until she fell over her seat, “HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA” She laughed when she landed, everyone looked at her funny this time. It was time for the tour around the pyramids, “hey grab your camera out Orange” “what camera I thought you were bringing it” “ No I was brushing teeth!!!” “Do ya have a memory Red?” sighed Orange as she pointed at the Sphinx. “Oh well let’s just use our phones to take the photos, but it is not going to be as good as using our cameras”. Blue: Natalie Shen Pink: Isabella O’Flynn The little mermaid 2 part 1 Once near the ocean floor a mermaid was laughing and playing. You all must have heard of ariel well this is ariel's little sister she is pretty much ariel but her name ella and she doesn’t want to be on land she wishes to stay in the ocean witch pleases her one day she was playing with splash {flounders brother} doing flips and talking to areil , till it started to rain ella swam foweds as the water got deeper areil moved back till out of the blue “i’ve got to go it rain to hard and i’m geting to wet” “ohh” suliked ella as areil ran off ella fliped in to the ocean and swam home and told sandy {sabatiyins sister} about her coversashon with ariel as sandy was only 5 she just nodded and asked if ella had seen her bother sadly areil shook her head “ohh i haven’t seen him in ages” mouned sandy “yeah we haven’t seen him in ages i’m begining to get worried” they were so raped in the covershon that ella nearly swam into the coral wall and seaweed hege protecting the castle sandy said “umm ella look” “ahh” ella just had time to stop and swim to the gate and give the password. She got inside just in time for dinner “ella go wash your tail before you come in and have dinner.” “ok” sighed ella When ella came back inside she sat down to dinner after dinner she went to bed when she woke up the next day there was a poster on the front door wanted crab napper stole a crab called sabatini rewarded with $1 million : O By Kate To be continued in book 2 Cinderella and the Dress up ball A long time ago a Beautiful young girl called Cinderella was doing her snobby step-sisters Chores ‘Man i really want to get out of here, this place is as smelly as mud and Dirt ’ she cried . Then her Ugly Step-sisters entered the room ‘Cinderella clean this sock NOW it has mud on it’ yelled Peaches ‘yes and while you do that polish my heals ‘barked Amelia. Once Cinderella had finished that she was locked in her tiny room all alone this went on for years. One evening their household received a letter and it was from the one and only Prince Arthur And it said You are invited to my royal dress up ball tonight everyone is invited ‘A Ball , Hmm, what do i need for that Amelia ?’ Asked Peaches ‘ i think we need to look Gorgeous ‘ Amelia replied ‘ Cinderella you need to get us everything on this list It shows you what it will look on the list’. The list Pink heals x2 Purple dresses x2 Feather hats x2 Image result for Feather hatsImage result for purple dress for kids Image result for pink high heels ‘Okay , but, where are my Chlothes for the ball ?‘ Cinderella asked By Keira To be Continued 1 comment:	<urn:uuid:01649af3-1b72-4a78-904f-3975dfb47c4d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.049919843673706055, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9819484949111938, "url": "http://room-18-2016.blogspot.com/2016/10/narrative-writing.html" }
Did you know? An Ancient Bond with the Land Communal Hunters Hunting the Bison Constructing a bison pound involved enormous labour. People built converging rows of small rock and brush cairns that could stretch for a kilometre or more across the prairie. These rows formed drive lanes between which the bison were driven towards the pound. The location of a pound was governed by the local landscape, a knowledge of bison behaviour, and the availability of building materials. The walls of the pound were built using hundreds of wooden poles, cut with stone axes. These poles were interwoven with brush and covered with hides, so that the bison could not see a route for escape. Over thousands of years, people developed and adopted new and more efficient weapons to hunt bison. Thrusting spears were superseded by darts propelled with an atlatl or spear-thrower, and then by the bow and arrow. There were also many changes in the styles of weapon tips. The bison pound was the most common type of trap built in the Plains region. If properly maintained, a pound could be used repeatedly over many years. The bones of the animals killed there would accumulate over time. Lieutenant George Back drew A Buffalo Pound on February 8, 1820, as he travelled through Saskatchewan. This engraving by Edward Finden, based on that drawing, was originally published by John Murray, London, in 1823. Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada, C-33615 Bison Pound - Library and Archives Canada - C-33615 Previous Next	<urn:uuid:4282db23-d661-40b7-8409-b9f89d94fb99>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.021052420139312744, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9699779748916626, "url": "https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/fp/fpz3b03e.shtml" }
Story Comprehension Exercise for Class 5 Reading comprehension activities assess a student’s ability to read and understand the given topic. No specialist knowledge is required to do this exercise because all the answers are found in the passage itself. The following passage is meant for class 5 students. Read the story and answer the following questions. Story Comprehension Exercise Grandfather was sitting under the apple tree in his garden. His grandchildren were happily munching on the juicy apples from the tree. ‘Who planted this tree here, Grandfather?’ asked one of the children. ‘Come I will tell you how this tree came to be here,’ said their grandfather. Grandfather began, ‘I came to live here more than fifty years ago. One day I was standing just about where this apple tree now stands and talking to my neighbour. I was telling him that I wanted to earn a lot of money.’ ‘The neighbour, who was a very wise man, said to me, ‘It is so simple. All you need to do is begin well. Right where you are standing, hidden in the ground are hundreds of rupees. It is up to you to dig them out.’ ‘I was then a young man without much understanding of the ways of the world. The next day I dug a huge hole in the ground but I found nothing.’ ‘The next morning, when my neighbour saw the hole, he began to laugh. ‘Oh dear, I didn’t mean that you actually had to dig a hole. Now I will tell you what I really meant.’ ‘The neighbour then gave me an apple sapling and said, ‘Take this. Plant it in the hole you have dug. Look after it well. In a few years from now, when this sapling becomes a tree, you will start getting money. This young apple tree will reward you.’ ‘I planted the apple sapling and looked after it well. The tree grew strong and over the years, it has become the huge tree that you see in front of you. I have been selling its fruit all these years. This tree has certainly given me back hundreds and hundreds of rupee. Even today I earn money by selling it delicious fruit. I have never forgotten the lesson that my neighbour taught me.’ Little plants will grow to bear Abundant fruits some day; If only you can take good care Of the plants you have today! Answer the following questions. 1. Where was the grandfather sitting? 2. What did the neighbour give to the grandfather? 3. What did the grandfather do with what his neighbour gave him? 4. How did grandfather earn money from the apple tree? 5. What lesson do we learn from this story? 6. Give a suitable title to this story. 1. The grandfather was sitting under the apple tree in his garden. 2. The neighbour gave an apple sapling to the grandfather. 3. The grandfather planted the apple sapling and took great care of it. Over the years, the sapling grew tall and strong. 4. Grandfather earned money by selling the delicious fruit of the apple tree. 5. In order to be rich and successful we have to take good care of the resources that are available to use today. Over the years, they will grow stronger and earn us lots of money. Manjusha Nambiar I am the founder and editor of,, and Leave a Reply	<urn:uuid:43117193-d6d6-4548-9fd6-65811c80a451>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.5809733271598816, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9761462211608887, "url": "http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/blog/story-comprehension-exercise-for-class-5/" }
Light, flexible and strong, moccasins are practical all-weather footwear. They are also beautiful, and the design of each pair is unique. Child's Moccasins, Western Sioux (Teton). Indigenous to North America, moccasins are made from tanned deer, elk, moose or buffalo leather and sewn with sinew. They are traditionally decorated with dyed, flattened porcupine quills- a technique hundreds of years old. Newer moccasins are often elaborately decorated with glass beads brought from Venice in the mid-1800's. Moccasins were so ideally suited to the landscape of Western America that the mountain men, trappers and explorers of the 1800's wore them. The moccasins in the collection of the Wyoming State Museum reflect the trade between these European descendants and the Native Americans, and the mixing of regional patterns by individual artists. Moccasins are still made today, and are an essential component of modern powwow regalia. In this exhibit, we will look at how moccasins are made, how they are decorated, and how they have changed over time. Front-seam moccasins have soft soles and the leather is folded so the seam runs up the center of the foot. Possibly Ojibwa Center-seam construction is typical of the Eastern Plains and in the Ohio River Valley. Side-seam moccasins are made of a one piece vamp folded and sewn to the sole. Side seam moccasins are often worn on the Northern Plains. During the reservation period, painted parfleche (rawhide) bags were used to make hard soles for moccasins. The stationary life of the reservation did not require the travel bags that nomadic life did, so this tough material was recycled. Here we see the parfletche paint inside the shoe. Hard soles were designed for the rocky ground of the Western plains, as opposed to the soft soles used on the leaf-covered ground in the East. Cuffs were often added to moccasins.They could be turned up and tied around the ankle with a leather thong in bad weather. These moccasins are decorated with quillwork. Quillwork uses porkupine quills to create designs on leather. The dyed quills are usually wrapped around rows of thread stitched to the leather. These lines were often used to represent trails or paths. In the early 1880's, women of the Teton, Assiniboin, and Cheyenne tribes began to produce moccasins with fully beaded soles. Possibly Blackfoot While some people were buried in them, they were not specifically "burial moccasins." and were considered status symbols worn on special occasions. Beads were often applied with a "lazy stitch" where a string of beads is threaded, then attached to the leather by a stitch every 8-10 beads. Beadwork was usually done before the moccasin was assembled. Bead designs are known by numerous names and vary by tribe and individual. Some designs are named after animals or plants, but are not actually representations of those things. Two-color diamond shapes are also called "whirlwind" or "Breath of Life" designs. Diagonal checkerboard patterns, usually in three or more colors, are called a "twisted" design. Although floral patterns are often associated with tribes from the Eastern United States, the Shoshone tribe of Wyoming is famous for their "Shoshone Rose" design. This pattern of squares and rectangles has been called the "tripe" design. Moccasins with "step triangle" design. This pattern is also known as the "mountain," "hill," or "cut-out design. Oglalla Sioux Triangles can represent numerous things such as arrow points or vertebrae. Triangles with a rectangle inside them represent a tipi and its door. The blue design at the top of the feet is called a "space" or "part-between" design, referred to as "buffalo tracks" by non-Indians for its resemblance to the print left by bison hooves. "One could tell the tribe of the wearer by his footprints." Man's moccasins, possibly Shoshone. Native Americans could often tell which tribe a person belonged to simply by looking at their moccasins because of variations that existed from region to region and tribe to tribe. In time, inter-tribal marriage led to a blending of styles and outside influences changed designs over the years. A pair of moccasins made today might reference traditional patterns, or not. As functioning artwork, each pair is a reflection of history but ultimately and expression of the individual maker. Nowhere is this fact more evident that in the Wyoming State Museum's collection of over 100 pairs of moccasins, no two of which are alike. Credits: Story Organized by the Wyoming State Museum Billinger M, & Ives JW "Inferring demographic structure with moccasin size data from the Promontory Caves, Utah." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156(1) (2015): 76-89. Evans, C. Scott & Reddick, J. Rex. The Modern Fancy Dancer. Pottsboro: Crazy Crow Trading Post, 1998. Horse Capture, Joseph D. & Horse Capture, George P. Beauty, Honor, and Tradition: The Legacy of Plains Indian Shirts. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001. Orchard, William C. Native American Beadwork New York: Museum of the American Indian, 1975. Orchard, William C. The Technique of Porcupine-Quill Decoration Among The North American Indians. New York: The Museum of the American Indian Heye Foundation, 1916. Credits: All media Translate with Google	<urn:uuid:b3c27699-1fc5-43b8-a85e-f79b479ca66a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.047064125537872314, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9577326774597168, "url": "https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/pALSU1kN_gllJg" }
Show Summary Details Quick Reference Queen of Poland (1374–99). Born in Buda (Hungary), the daughter of Louis, king of Hungary and Poland, she was treated as a pawn in dynastic marriage politics from an exceptionally early age. At the age of one she was betrothed to Wilhelm, Hapsburg heir to the Grand Duchy of Austria, aged five. But unexpected early deaths of her sister and her father, followed by considerable diplomatic and political intrigue, resulted in Hedwig being chosen by the Poles as queen and she arrived in Poland, aged ten, in 1384. She was crowned the same year, and it was decided that she should marry Jagiello, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Ruthenia, not yet a Christian. The Hapsburgs attempted to claim her as the wife of Wilhelm but she refused. After Jagiello (aged thirty-six) was baptized with his principal noblemen at Cracow in 1386, Hedwig married him. The result was the emergence of Poland, Lithuania, and Ruthenia into a strong political unit able to resist both Russian and German expansion. The Hapsburgs replied by claiming that Hedwig was an adulteress and Jagiello a usurper, and that Wilhelm had consummated their ‘marriage’. These slanders damaged Hedwig's reputation even after papal praise for the royal couple and Boniface IX's promise to be godfather to their future child. Jagiello meanwhile took a personal part in the Christianizing of Lithuania, destroying pagan temples and shrines. Royal decrees ordered baptism, but force was not used. But baptisms in large numbers took place after sometimes slight instruction. When the Vilnuis diocese was set up, Hedwig sent the cathedral chalices, vestments, and paintings, and endowed a college to train Lithuanian priests. She admired the Byzantine liturgy and attempted to unite her people through the use of Slavonic rites. In Cracow cathedral she endowed sixteen priests to sustain the Divine Office almost continuously. She also dealt with the dangerous Teutonic Knights by skilful negotiation. In 1399, expecting a child, she withdrew from public life. A daughter was born prematurely and she herself died four days later. She was buried in Wawel cathedral. Her will directed her goods to be sold for the benefit of Cracow University. Her cult spread quickly and her cause was opened in 1426, fostered by the conviction that her reign was a decisive point in the history of Poland and eastern Europe. She was beatified in 1986 and Pope John Paul II also canonized her in Cracow in 1997. Feast: 17 July. B. Przbyswewski, St Jadwiga of Poland (trs. B. MacQueen, 1997); J. Braun (ed.) Poland in Christian Civilization (1985), pp. 211–44; B.L.S., vii. 138–40. Subjects: Christianity. Reference entries	<urn:uuid:fa7ce7c2-7db2-49a1-92b3-457170e011f5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.028205573558807373, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9780412316322327, "url": "http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095928160" }
Citizen Center‎ > ‎ The word "Dharwad" means a place of rest in a long travel or a small habitation. For centuries, Dharwad acted as a gateway between the Malenadu region and the plains, and it became a resting place for travellers. The name is derived from the Sanskrit word 'dwarawata', 'dwara' meaning "door" and 'wata' or 'wada'meaning "town". Another theory is that during the Vijayanagara rule of Dharwad there was a ruler by name "of Dharav" (1403), and Dharwad got its name from him. There are some inscriptions that refer to Dharwad as Kampana Sthana. Inscriptions found near Durga Devi temple in Narendra (a nearby village) and RLS High School date back to the 12th century and have references to Dharwad. This makes Dharwad at least 900 years old. Also, there is an inscription at Hanuman Temple at Bokyapur lake near Garag (a village about 18 km from Dharwad). The Chalukyas ruled Dharwad during the 12th century. A stone inscription indicates that there was a ruler by the name of BhaskaraDeva in 1117. In the 14th century, the district was first overrun by the Bahmani Sultanate, after which it was annexed to the newly established Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar, an official of which named Dhar Rao, according to local tradition, built the fort at Dharwad town in 1403. After the defeat of the king of Vijayanagar at Talikot (1565), Dharwad was for a few years practically independent under its Hindu governor; but in 1573 the fort was captured by the sultan of Bijapur, Adil Shah, and Dharwad was annexed to his dominions. Adil Shah built a fort in an area later called MannaKille, and later Nazratabad. With this fort, the strategic importance of Dharwad increased and it thus attracted the attention of subsequent conquerors, including Aurangzeb, Shivaji, Aurangzeb's son Mu Azam, Peshwa Balaji Rao, Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan and finally the British colonizers. In 1685, the fort was taken by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, and Dharwad, on the break-up of the Mughal empire, fell under the sway of the Maratha Peshwa of Pune. In 1764, the province was overrun by Hyder Ali of the Mysore, who in 1778 captured the fort of Dharwad. The fort was retaken in 1791 by the Marathas. After the final defeat of the Peshwa by the British in 1818, Dharwar was incorporated into the territory of the British East India Company's Bombay Presidency. During the early 19th century, when the British were expanding their domains, they faced a lot of opposition from local rulers, including Baba Saheb of Naragund and Kittur Rani Chennamma. Dharwad was the home to the famous freedom fighter and the "Karnataka Kulapurohit", Sri Alur Venkatrao. It was Sri Alur Venkatrao’s work, ‘Karnataka Gatha Vaibhava’, that mooted the idea of unification of Kannada-speaking areas. Dharwad was peaceful for most of late 19th century. During those times, the British started an English medium school in Dharwad in 1848. Later, in 1863, the Basel Mission organization started another school. In 1867 the British opened another school, Varmal school, which later on became known as a training college. In 1883, the municipality area included Sidapur, Lakamanhalli, Haveri Pete, Bagtalan, Madihal, Galaganjikop, Malapur, Kamalapur, Narayanpur, Saptapur, Atti kolla and Hosayellapur. The British government also established a railway station in 1888. The town had a station on the Southern Maratha railway. By 1901, the town had a population of 31,279 and was home to several cotton gina, a cotton mill, and two high schools, one maintained by the government and the other by the Basel German Mission. After India's independence in 1947, the Bombay Presidency was reconstituted as India's Bombay State. In 1956 the southern, Kannada-speaking districts of Bombay State, including Dharwad, were added to Mysore and renamed Karnataka in 1972. Dharwad is home to the Karnataka University and the University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS) as well as numerous other colleges. In 1941, Dharwad had a population of 47,992.[1] In 1961, the town merged with the adjacent town of Hubli to become a single municipality, Hubli-Dharwad. The population of the twin cities is the second-largest in Karnataka, after Bangalore. Hubli-Dharwad's population increased 22.99% between 1981 and 1991, from 527,108 to 648,298, and by 21.2% between 1991 and 2001. In the year 2008, a Circuit bench of the High Court of Karnataka was established in Dharwad.The circuit bench at Dharwad caters to the Mumbai – Karnatak region. [Read More][Refer Map] [1] Wikipedia	<urn:uuid:407a0d74-60a0-4b13-a07e-16a335c95dd4>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.703125, "fasttext_score": 0.1705629825592041, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9763152003288269, "url": "http://dharwad.thinkclickget.com/citizen-Center/history" }
Who invented suspenders? Pair of Pair of "Y" shaped suspenders. Stockbyte/Getty Images The purpose of suspenders is hold up trousers. According to, "the first suspenders can be traced to 18th century France, where they were basically strips of ribbon attached to the buttonholes of trousers. As recently as 1938, a town in Long Island, NY tried to ban gentlemen from wearing them without a coat, calling it sartorial indecency." Unbelievably, early suspenders were considered part of a man's undergarments and politely kept completely hidden from public view. Albert Thurston During the 1820s, British clothing designer Albert Thurston began to mass manufacture "braces", the British word for suspenders. These "braces" were attached to trousers by leather loops on the braces to buttons on the pants, rather than metal clasps that clasped to the trouser's waistband. At that time, British men were wearing very high-waisted trousers and did not use belts. Mark Twain On December 19, 1871, Samuel Clemens received the first of three patents for suspenders. Samuel Clemens' pen name was none other than Mark Twain. Twain is the famous American writer and the author of Huckleberry Fin. His suspenders described in his patent as "Adjustable and Detachable Straps for Garments," were designed to be used for more than just trousers. Twain's suspenders were to be used with underpants and women's corsets as well. First Patent For Metal Clasp Suspenders The first patent ever issued for modern suspenders the kind with the familiar metal clasp was issued to inventor David Roth, who received US patent #527887 issued in October of 1894. The H, X, and Y of Suspenders Besides how suspenders are attached to pants, another distinguishing design is the shape suspenders made in the back view. The first suspenders were joined together to make a "H" shape in the back. In later designs, suspenders were "X" shaped, and finally, the "Y" shape became popular. Original designs show suspender straps made of a tightly woven wool known as "boxcloth".	<urn:uuid:a77cf2dc-11e5-4823-b78e-96e2ffd05f07>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.06780344247817993, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9813923239707947, "url": "https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-suspenders-1992417" }
The sawmill was a common feature of 19th-century eastern Canadian landscapes. Early sawmills were simple structures: water-powered and cheaply built, usually with a single reciprocating blade and a hand-operated ratchet carriage to feed logs into the blade. They were used for cutting local logs for local consumption. Sawing was slow: a day's work might produce 500 boards. Built alongside or in conjunction with a gristmill and near a blacksmith shop, such mills might be the focus of a growing village, though work was seasonal and often part-time. Far more significant were the fewer, larger mills cutting logs for export. Equipped with gang saws and ancillary machinery, they produced better lumber faster. After 1840 new technologies increased their size and efficiency. Circular saws were used for edging and trimming. The continuous-cutting band saw largely replaced the reciprocating gang after 1890. Rollers and log chains moved material through the mill quickly. Steam power, increasingly common after mid-century, meant faster, more continuous cutting and locational freedom. Electric lighting reduced the fire hazard of night work. In 1830 a large mill might have produced 7500 m/day; by 1850, 18 000 m was unexceptional; in 1900 the figure might be 180 000 m. Massive investment lay behind these increases, and with it came concentration in fewer locations and the pre-eminence of a relatively small number of firms.	<urn:uuid:2ed1cddb-ac4d-48a1-b23c-d06dd9c16714>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.125, "fasttext_score": 0.09189897775650024, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9766201376914978, "url": "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sawmill/" }
Sakai which was called 'the Venice of the East.' The starting point of this essay is that Sakai, a representative example of the free cities in the medieval period, was rated by missionaries in some surviving accounts as ‘the Venice of the East; ‘ and continued its autonomy until it was later forced to capitulate to Nobunaga ODA. Firstly, show the general history and systems of Venice, and find some common points to Sakai. The points would be administrative system, cultural aspects, geographical advantages, and trading system, etc.	<urn:uuid:7382c51e-7b26-4015-a7b9-08bd1b3b1484>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.765625, "fasttext_score": 0.7226975560188293, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9730861186981201, "url": "http://www.academicessaywriters.com/chemistry/sakai-which-was-called-the-venice-of-the-east-2/" }
Poor white women had a particularly challenging experience in antebellum Savannah since they were female in a patriarchal society and poor members of the ‘superior race’ that had numerous legal and social advantages. This articles explores the multiple ingenious survival strategies adopted by poor white women in Savannah, including marriage, employment, crime and charity. It ultimately argues that poor white women exploited their racial privileges to the full by taking advantage of legal loopholes and lax law enforcement to earn money, while at the same time earning the sympathy and financial support of elite white men and women via benevolent organisations. Poor white women were able to survive in slave societies because they had significant racial privileges that could not be denied. Back To Top	<urn:uuid:c417e8d7-f881-4caa-aafe-f871e6a5f6d8>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.05411773920059204, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.959889829158783, "url": "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/482982" }
Dedicant's Work Study Program Pagan Student Association CafePress Shop IE Language 1, Requirement 2 Based on what you understand about the language studied, linguistics in general, and your knowledge of the associated culture(s), briefly describe how the characteristics of the language may reflect the attributes, history or values of the associated culture(s). (minimum 300 words) Our most valuable source of the Gaulish language is the Coligny Calendar, which gives us a lot of information regarding Gaulish cosmology. The year was divided into lunar months on a solar year, with two primary seasons: "Samon" or summer, and "Gamon" or winter. Samon seems to have lasted three nights (samon trinux is the inscription), and helps to indicate that the "night before the day" configuration of time, which was verified by Caesar, who stated that the Celts believe that the night preceded the day. The use of Greek letters in inscriptions indicates that contact occurred with the Greeks, as well as a reasonable level of literacy despite Caesar's assertion that there was a Druidic prohibition against writing down anything. This idea that the Celts were literate is supported by the fact that Caesar was worried that his communications would be intercepted. Ordinals one through ten indicate a base-ten numbering system, but we cannot prove this (information may simply be lacking), which is important when considering contact, as Germanic language had a base-twelve number system that seems to have developed away from the Gaulish numbering system, which indicates that contact was after the languages had branched off. Short inscriptions that can best be described as "love notes" indicate a general familiarity with literacy among young women in later Gaul (as illiteracy would make it difficult to seduce a woman with written words). These make up a reasonable percentage of our known inscriptions, and so should not be treated as exceptions. P-Celtic distribution indicates a split between the continent and the islands early on, and also indicates that the islands had a closer affinity for the Iberian Celts, which makes for interesting ideas of migration. In short, we can see and learn a lot from looking at the extant inscriptions, even if they are few and far between. Content © 2003 - 2006, Michael J Dangler Updated on 02/27/2006. Site Credits / Email Me! Basic site design from ADF.org (Yes, I stole it!)	<urn:uuid:cc374c69-1cab-4b72-bc35-cd244e50d83d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.029870569705963135, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9487593173980713, "url": "http://www.chronarchy.com/sp/ielang1/req-2.html" }
Breath holding spells PDF Versions Available This fact sheet is available to print in the following languages: What is a breath-holding spell? Breath-holding spells (or attacks) are a common occurrence affecting approximately 5% of children aged between six months and six years. The spell occurs after the child receives an unpleasant stimulus, such as a bump or fright, and becomes upset. The child opens their mouth as if to cry but nothing comes out. They can look deathly pale (pallid spell) or their lips may turn blue (cyanotic spell). Once this occurs, the child is often unresponsive and unable to stop the spell. The child may become limp and fall to the ground. Convulsive movements of their limbs may then occur. The child will recover quickly after a few seconds, unlike following a seizure, where recovery often takes several minutes. Who gets breath-holding spells? Boys and girls may experience breath-holding spells equally. Half of children with breath-holding spells will have more than one daily. Breath-holding spells often occur as part of toddler tantrums. However, breath-holding spells are a reproducible reflexive reaction to an unpleasant stimulus, which the child can’t prevent, and are not a deliberate behaviour on the child’s part, unlike temper tantrums. Often parents who have witnessed breath-holding spells can predict when another is likely to happen. Parenting style does not appear to influence the development of breath-holding spells. One-third of children with breath-holding spells will have a family history of the condition. Are there different types of breath-holding spells? Two types of breath-holding spells have been described: blue (cyanotic) and pale (pallid) spells. Both may occur in the same child at different times in their lives. Blue spells tend to occur more commonly than pallid spells. What causes breath-holding spells? Breath-holding spells are caused either by a change in the usual breathing pattern, a slowing of the heart rate, or a combination of the two. These reactions may be brought on by pain or by strong emotions, such as fear or frustration. Breath-holding spells only occur when the child is awake and usually standing, unlike apnoeas (breathing pauses), which occur during sleep and usually before six months of age. Apnoeas should always be investigated. Breath-holding spells occur more often when the child is overtired. They are also associated with low iron levels and iron-deficiency anaemia, which occurs when the body does not make enough red blood cells. It is not known why breath-holding spells occur in some children, and not others, or in response to different levels of irritation in the same child. What is the outcome for breath-holding spells? Breath-holding spells cause no short or long term serious consequences (unless the child hurts themself if they fall), but they are frightening to witness. From the age of 4 years most toddlers will have begun to outgrow their breath-holding spells, with a marked reduction in the frequency and severity, before they cease by age six. Treating iron deficiency anaemia often speeds up resolution. Children with breath-holding spells do not have epilepsy. In epileptic seizures, the child may turn blue, but it will be during or after the seizure and not before. Wetting and soiling are common in epileptic seizures, though are rare with breath-holding spells if the child is toilet-trained. There is no increased risk of children with breath-holding spells later developing a seizure disorder. Children with breath-holding spells are not at an increased risk of developing learning problems (if there is no co-existing iron-deficiency). Some children with breath-holding spells may be prone to fainting as teenagers and adults. What to do during a spell? Don’t panic. Lay the child on their side and observe them. Don’t shake the child, put anything into their mouth, or splash water onto them. Keep their head, arms and legs from hitting anything hard or sharp. Allow the episode to stop by itself. Treat the child normally after the event. Do not punish or reward the behaviour. Observation and protection from injury are generally all that is required during an episode. Anti-epileptic medication is not effective, nor recommended. Oral iron supplementation may have a role in reducing the frequency and severity of breath-holding spells, particularly if iron-deficiency anaemia is present (common in toddlers). Make sure your child gets plenty of rest. Help your child feel secure and try to minimise and manage their frustration. It is important that your child is not treated in a special way or different from their siblings or other children, which may reinforce temper tantrums and poor behaviour occurring at the same age as breath-holding spells. Behavioural problems can outlast the period of time that the spell can occur and become more of a burden to the family than the spells themselves. What needs to be done for my child? Discuss the problem with your family doctor. Your child will need a thorough examination to see that they do not have any other problems, such as an irregular heartbeat. Children with breath-holding spells are usually healthy. What should concern my family doctor and me? • Loss of consciousness and becoming very pale without any provoking factors • Children with very frequent spells, any prolonged stiffening or shaking lasting a minute or more, slow recovery, persisting drowsiness or confusion or any associated rash or fever, requires further medical assessment. • Children aged less than six months need to be investigated for other underlying causes of their symptoms, as breath-holding spells are less common in this age group • Children commonly hold their breath after a fright or after becoming upset. • Children with breath-holding spells don’t usually have a serious underlying illness. • Children with breath-holding spells usually outgrow them by 4 years of age. • Children with breath-holding spells should not be treated differently to other children. The Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick Hunter New England Kids Health	<urn:uuid:6d3ae888-6897-4f21-b8da-17a53f4aff93>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.04409778118133545, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9465994238853455, "url": "http://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/fact-sheets/breath-holding-spells" }
Cyberkidz game science lessons for elementary / primary school science - Shockwave - lesson science - Shockwave - lesson Shockwave, stone jumper The platform where the elephants are living is covered with stones. You are the big elephant and you need to clean up the stones. Remove the stones from the platform with the shockwave that you create by jumping. Beware that no baby elephants fall from the platform! 1. A shockwave is a force created by, for instance, a loud bang or a landing after a jump. 2. If the elephant jumps, all things that are near the landingzone are pushed away with a lot of force. The further away, the less force hits the stones. 3. Don’t jump to close to the baby elephants, because they could be pushed off the platform. Ready for classrooms with a SMARTboard or Interactive Whiteboard Educational science lessons for elementary / primary school online homeschool curriculum privacy statement \| linkpartners \| sitemap \| advertising \| © Chato free online educational lessons for elementary / primary school	<urn:uuid:d7139317-a5dd-4244-8c7b-150b7a501df7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.6556138396263123, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8758228421211243, "url": "http://cyberkidz.mobi/cyberkidz/game.php?spelUrl=library/wetenschap/groep7/wetenschap2/&spelNaam=Shockwave&groep=7&vak=wetenschap" }
8 Facts About Cathay Williams; First African American Woman to Enlist in the US Army 1. On November 15, 1886, Cathay Williams became the first African American female to enlist and serve in the United States Army. 2. Cathay Williams had to pretend to be a man to enlist into the United States Army. She went by the name of William Cathay while enlisted. 3. Due to her being frequently hospitalized due to strain and smallpox, the post surgeon discovered that Cathay Williams was a woman. He reported this information to the post commander and on October 14, 1868 Captain Charles Clarke discharged her honorably from the military. Cathay Williams, Female Buffalo Soldier Cathay Williams, Female Buffalo Soldier 4. Though other women who disguised themselves as men were previous granted military pensions (Molly Pitcher and Deborah Sampson), Cathay Williams was never approved to receive a pension or disability even though she suffered from diabetes, had all her toes amputated and could only walk with a crutch. 5. Over 400 women posed as male soldiers during the Civil War, most enlisted with their husbands, brothers or other family members, however, it is unknown if any other women served in the military during the Indian Wars like Cathay Williams. 6. Cathay Williams was born in Independence, Missouri in September of 1842. Her mother was a “slave” and her father was a “free man of color”. 7. During her two year stint in the military, Cathay Williams primarily did regular garrison duties and there are no documented records that can verify that she saw actual combat. 8. Cathay Williams’ life after the military and after she was denied a pension is primarily unknown and most scholars think she died sometime between 1892 and 1900.	<urn:uuid:ebd94733-b9f3-4865-a861-90e2f47b4e65>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.41221970319747925, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9804513454437256, "url": "http://www.buffalosoldiersws.org/8-facts-about-cathay-williams-first-african-american-woman-to-enlist-in-the-us-army/" }
Gallium droplet shape-shifting A droplet of the metal gallium shifts shape to a regular beat. Credit: Z. Yu et al./Phys. Rev. Lett. How to coax liquid metal to shimmy to a beat ‘Gallium heart’ can be slowed or accelerated by electric current. A drop of liquid gallium can throb with a regular rhythm like a beating heart. Interest has surged in ‘smart fluids’, which can be moved by electric or magnetic fields and integrated into computer circuits. To make such a fluid, Xiaolin Wang at the University of Wollongong in Australia and his colleagues placed droplets of liquid gallium inside a ring-shaped electrode in an electrolyte bath. The setup was on an incline, so that the droplet rested against the inside of the electrode. The researchers applied electric current to the apparatus, oxidizing the gallium and reducing its surface tension. That caused the droplet to expand horizontally into a pancake shape and propel itself away from the ring. When the gallium’s contact with the ring was broken, it regained its spherical form and moved down the incline to start the cycle again. By adjusting the current, the team could change the frequency of this ‘heartbeat’.	<urn:uuid:26924c3e-8e2c-4bc5-a6ef-b4b342bc1ca0>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.06108987331390381, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9257099032402039, "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05680-2?error=cookies_not_supported&code=d29fa89e-c871-4ca6-aa83-507f5a75c114" }
Saturday , 21 July 2018 What is malleability? Kedar Kulkarni “Raju, what is new in school,” asked Raju’s father while having lunch on Sunday afternoon. Raju Said: “Papa we are learning about mechanical properties of metals. Teacher taught us about malleability and ductility, and I cannot understand malleability.” His father said: “I will explain it to you after lunch.” After finishing lunch Raju’s father asked his mother to prepare two different types of dough. One made of maida and other of besan. He then gave Raju a small ball of maida dough and asked him to roll it out as a chappati. Raju began rolling and made a very thin sheet with the maida dough. His father then gave him a ball of besan dough asked him to try rolling that out. Raju began rolling that dough ball but could not even make a small round chappati. The dough was cracking as Raju tried to roll it. He remembered what the teacher had said. “Malleability is a physical property of metals that enables metals to be made in to thin sheets without breaking. In other words, it is the property of a metal to deform under compression.” He said: “Papa now I understand, the dough made from maida is more malleable than the one made from besan.” His father said: “Right, just like the maida dough some metals can also be rolled into very thin sheets when rolled between rollers at high pressure. Some like gold can be even rolled as thin as a few microns. You are familiar with the aluminium foil your mother uses to wrap sandwiches. It is so thin. Some metals cannot be made into thin film, they are less malleable.” Gold (Au), copper (Cu), tin (Sn), iron (Fe), Aluminium (Al) and Silver (Ag) are malleable metals. (Writer is an engineer) Please like & share:	<urn:uuid:b47281e7-6ac8-44e5-b258-58fd39fe2c09>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.0386432409286499, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9785823822021484, "url": "http://www.navhindtimes.in/what-is-malleability/" }
Ami Fadhillah Amir Abdul Nasir, Christofer J. Clemente, Melissa L Wynn and Robbie S Wilson In studies of animal performance, it’s commonly assumed that a prey animal should run as fast as it can when trying to escape a predator. Yet running too fast can compromise motor control and step accuracy. A recent mathematical model (Wheatley et al. 2015) shows that these mistakes cause prey to slow down, slip, or even fall, increasing its probability of capture. We tested Wheatley et al.’s model using wild-caught northern quolls (Dasyurus hallucatus), which are squirrel-sized semi-arboreal (tree-living) marsupials. We wanted to understand how fast quolls moved across beams (i.e. branches) of differing widths, and how they traded off the benefits of higher speeds against the risk of slipping or falling when doing so. We found that mistakes were very costly, with slips and missteps decreasing speed by around 50%; they were more likely to happen when the quolls ran faster and on the narrower beam. To avoid making mistakes, quolls therefore voluntarily reduced their running speed on narrower beams. Our data provide support for the assumptions and predictions of Wheatley et al.’s model and suggest that animals do not simply run as fast as they can when escaping predators, but consider the situation and substrate when selecting movement speeds. Most previous studies have assumed that prey should run at top speeds during escape, so we hope our work can be used to understand how organisms select speeds in nature. Read the article in full. Image caption: Northen quoll.	<urn:uuid:51f85488-59bf-4f31-8a9b-e90693d5456f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.78125, "fasttext_score": 0.10182523727416992, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9367764592170715, "url": "https://fesummaries.wordpress.com/2017/05/16/optimal-running-speeds-when-there-is-a-trade-off-between-speed-and-the-probability-of-mistakes/" }
Secrets of the Kodkod Tiny and rare cat might have an important role in rainforest habitat Smaller than a house cat and shrouded in mystery, it individually roams the temperate rainforest sustaining itself on rodents and birds. This felid faces two threats: an endangered habitat and humans. The Kodkod cat—the smallest wild cat known in the Americas—piqued the interest of Rodrigo Castro Bustamante and Stephania Galuppo Gaete when they set out to get their master’s degrees in conservation biology. The married Chilean couple wanted to study something few had studied before. Rodrigo Castro Bustamante“We were looking for a species that is really important but one that you don’t know too much about,” Castro Bustamante said. The Kodkod is smaller than a domestic cat, weighing just 2.4 kg or a little over 5 pounds—and that’s one of the larger ones. The Kodkod has a small head and its base coat color can range from grey to brown with small dark spots. Its tail has darker rings and an M marking on its forehead. Few have seen it. Most Chilean people learn of it only in stories, just as the researchers did before their study. “It’s a very secretive cat,” Galuppo Gaete says. “In almost all of Chilean territory, they call it a güiña. If someone says ‘there is a güiña,’ that means you stole something. It’s a reference to this cat.” The güiña earned a bad reputation when it preyed on poultry, so farmers shot and killed them. Today, reports of Kodkods preying on poultry are rare, but the negative perception remains, Castro Bustamante said. The couple’s research is focused on Kodkods living between two national parks and one national reserve in the Chilean temperate rainforest, a geographic region where the indigenous people—the Mapuche—live. Castro Bustamante wants to determine the connectivity of guiñas among natural parks and reserves, and the crucial fragments and corridors which would allow güiña dispersal in a landscape matrix of forest fragments, agriculture and human presence in the pre-Andean zone of the Araucanía region of southern Chile. Stephania Galuppo GaeteStephania Galuppo Gaete and Rodrigo Castro Bustamante wanted to study something few had researched before when they were beginning their master’s degrees in conservation biology. They chose the rare kodkod cat that lives in their native Chile. Photos courtesy Rodrigo Castro Bustamante and Stephania Galuppo Galuppo Gaete is researching the Kodkod’s basic ecology. “I’m examining its activity patterns. I’m also looking at its dietary preferences,” she said. “Is the Kodkod a specialist or an opportunist?” Recent studies suggest that the Kodkod increases its activity during dawn and dusk and becomes most active at night and decreases activity during the day, she said. No one possesses an accurate estimate of the Kodkod population. “The Kodkod is considered vulnerable because it occupies a narrow strip of geography between Argentina and Chile,” Galuppo Gaete said. “It’s endangered because the native forests are endangered and lately because of the human-carnivore conflict.” Beginning in December 2010, the couple spent about eight months in the field over three years researching the Kodkod. They captured Kodkods, anesthetized them and collected blood and hair samples. They recorded the sex, weight and the cats’ measurements and marked the cats with a subcutaneous microchip before setting them free. Some samples were for a colleague’s work and not for use in their research. Galuppo Gaete collected and analyzed Kodkod scat, which indicates the cat eats mostly rodents, rabbits and birds. The researchers still are analyzing data and are beginning to write about it. They want their research to contribute to the conservation of the Kodkod, which in 2002 was listed as vulnerable by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species and protected. Conserving the Kodkod is important, they said. The cat aids in controlling pests (rodents), which helps diminish the spread of lethal diseases such as the Hantavirus. “All animals are important and have their own intrinsic value and role,” Galuppo Gaete said. “The güiña, as carnivore, is at the top of the trophic chain holding off their prey’s populations and also, thousands of ecological interactions which we as human beings ignore, but are essential for the maintenance of the ecosystems.” –Patty Mattern	<urn:uuid:aba9ca69-0d3e-46bf-9c5e-62fde501c1e1>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.022701680660247803, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9455141425132751, "url": "https://www.cfans.umn.edu/secrets-kodkod" }
Presentation is loading. Please wait. Presentation is loading. Please wait. Vypracovala: Mgr. Silvie Reitharová Similar presentations Presentation on theme: "Vypracovala: Mgr. Silvie Reitharová"— Presentation transcript: 1 Vypracovala: Mgr. Silvie Reitharová Great Britain II Vypracovala: Mgr. Silvie Reitharová 2 The Political System of Great Britain In every country political power can be divided into three parts in Great Britain: the legislative power is represented by: the Parliament the executive power is represented by: the Government lead by the Prime Minister the judicial power is represented by: The Supreme Court 3 The PARLIAMENT The Parliament consists of three parts I) the sovereign Today the sovereign’s role is mostly formal II) The House of Lords The members are called peers They are not elected by people, they are named by the sovereign There are hereditary and life peers III) the House of Commons The main law-making body of GB The members are elected every five years 4 The GOVERNMENT A general elections must be held every five years ( or more frequently) The party which wins forms the Government and her leader becomes the Prime Minister The party which is the second forms the opposition Tony Blair has been the Prime Minister of Great Britain for the second term The main political parties in Britain are The Conservative Party and the Labour party Whitehall - the seat of the government 5 The Royal Family Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II is the official head of the country She was born on 23rd April 1926 Her “surname” is Windsor The name of the dynasty is not old it used to be long and German (Saxon-Coburgh-Ghotta) but during the World War I it was changed to English name Windsor The Queen is a hard working lady Every day of her life is planned in details, her life isn’t easy at all Her biggest hobbies are dogs and horses She also loves all her family, especially her grandchildren 6 The Queen Elizabeth has been the Queen for quite a long time Her father King George VI died in 1952 Elizabeth was a young Princess, she was only 26 when she had to become the Queen She was crowned in Westminster Abbey in February 1953 Her mother, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon was born in 1900 and died in 2002 They called her Queen Mother or simply Queen Mum and she was the most favourite member of the Royal Family The Queen Queen Mother 7 The Queen and her family In 1947 Elizabeth married Prince Philip Mountbatten They have four children Prince Charles was born in 1948 Princess Ann was born in 1950 Prince Andrew was born in 1960 Prince Edward was born in 1964 Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh Princess Ann Prince Andrew, the Duke of York Prince Edward, the Duke of Wessex Prince Charles, the Prince of Wales 8 The heirs to the throne Prince Charles is the next to the throne In 1981 he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons Prince William, the Prince of Wales - born in 1982 Prince Henry – born in 1984 They are the next ancestors to the crown after their father In 2005 Charles married for the second time, he married Lady Camilla Parker-Bowles Prince William Charles and Camilla Prince Henry 9 The School System The school year is divided into three terms Pupils and students have to wear uniforms A lot of children and young people study at boarding schools where they spend most of their childhood and youth They only come home on holidays (especially in summer) Schools organize all parts of their students´ life.Not only the education but also their hobbies and leisure time activities 10 School attandance is compulsory at the age of 5 to 16 At the age of 5 children start their education at elemantary schools At the age of 11 or 12 everybody starts their education at secondary school Schools are mostly state but there are also PUBLIC schools which are private.They are often boarding and single-sexed The most famous public shools are for example Eaton, Harrow and Ruggby 11 At the age of 16 everybody takes an exam called GCSE-general certificate of secondary education. It is also called O-level It is the simpliest way how to finish one´s education However you are not quallified at all if you leave school after passing this exam! Most students continue their studies for next two or three years and then they pass other kinds of exams, especially A- level and AS-level 12 There are several good universities in England For studying at most of them you only need to pass A-level or AS-level and you don´t have to pass any entrance exams Only for studying at the best universities – Oxford and Cambridge you need more You have to be a very good student at secondary school, you have to pass AS-level very well and you have to pass some entrance exams and some entrance interviews To get to those universities isn´t easy and to study there is very hard and expensive (if you are not able to get some kind of a scholarship) However to be a gratuate of Oxbridge is the best recommendation for any employer in the world! Download ppt "Vypracovala: Mgr. Silvie Reitharová" Similar presentations Ads by Google	<urn:uuid:22b9f0e3-02ff-41dc-9aca-6a007a167a8f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.0203249454498291, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9736841917037964, "url": "https://slideplayer.com/slide/3069321/" }
Any ceremonial dance performed to invoke rain is called a rain dance. Rain dances are performed in many cultures, in the hopes of ensuring an abundant harvest. Scenes depicting rain dances have been found in Egyptian tomb paintings dating back to 2700 bc. Rain dances often include costumes, masks, and rituals involving objects that have religious or cultural symbolism. In the southwestern United States, for example, the rain dances of the Hopi Indians feature snakes, which are released in the four directions to seek rain. The South African Angoni carry tree branches in their rain dances, while Papuans carry grass. In southeastern Europe young girls go from house to house where housewives pour water on them.	<urn:uuid:9e1f7cb6-d184-49fc-ad04-d78e4bb50cf6>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.813418447971344, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9473348259925842, "url": "https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/rain-dance/334115" }
For the latest version of JMP Help, visit Design of Experiments Guide > Space-Filling Designs > Latin Hypercube Designs > Visualizing the Latin Hypercube Design Publication date: 11/29/2021 Visualizing the Latin Hypercube Design To visualize the nature of the Latin Hypercube technique, create a plot with Graph Builder: 1. Create another Latin Hypercube design using two factors. 2. Select DOE > Special Purpose > Space Filling Design. 3. Enter two factors and be sure to change the factor values so that they are 0 and 1 instead of the default –1 and 1. 4. Click Continue. 5. Specify a sample size of eight (Number of Runs). 6. Click Latin Hypercube. Figure 21.12 Latin Hypercube Design with Two Factors and Eight Runs Latin Hypercube Design with Two Factors and Eight Runs 7. Click Make Table. 8. Select Graph > Graph Builder. 9. Specify X1 as X and X2 as Y. 10. Click the smoother icon to remove the smoother (blue line) from your graph. 11. Right-click the plot and select Graph > Size/Scale > Size to Isometric to adjust the frame size so that the frame is square. 12. Right-click the plot, select Customize from the menu. In the Customize panel, click the large plus sign to see a text edit area, and enter the following script: For Each Row(Circle({:X1, :X2}, 0.404/2)) where 0.404 is the minimum distance number that you noted in the Design Diagnostics panel (Figure 21.12). This script draws a circle centered at each design point with radius 0.202 (half the diameter, 0.404), as shown on the left in Figure 21.13. This plot shows the efficient way JMP packs the design points. 13. Repeat the above procedure exactly, but with 10 runs instead of eight (step 5). Remember to change 0.404 in the graphics script to the minimum distance produced by 10 runs. You should see a graph similar to the one on the right in Figure 21.13. Note the irregular nature of the sphere packing. In fact, you can repeat the process to get a slightly different picture because the arrangement is dependent on the random starting point. Figure 21.13 Comparison of Latin Hypercube Designs with Eight Runs (left) and 10 Runs (right) Note that the minimum distance between each pair of points in the Latin Hypercube design is smaller than that for the Sphere-Packing design. This is because the Latin Hypercube design constrains the levels of each factor to be evenly spaced. The Sphere-Packing design maximizes the minimum distance without any constraints.	<urn:uuid:fc6f11f3-ab8b-41c6-8fb6-076fabe4cb8d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.018913865089416504, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.81047123670578, "url": "https://www.jmp.com/support/help/en/16.1/jmp/visualizing-the-latin-hypercube-design.shtml" }
1 Example of volume integral: mass of water in a reservoir Sections 27.1 and 27.2 introduced an example showing how the force on a dam can be represented by a double integral. Suppose, instead of the total force on the dam, an engineer wishes to find the total mass of water in the reservoir behind the dam. The mass of a little element of water (dimensions δ x in length, δ y in breadth and δ z in height) with density ρ is given by ρ δ z δ y δ x (i.e. the mass of the element is given by its density multiplied by its volume). The density may vary at different parts of the reservoir e.g. due to temperature variations and the water expanding at higher temperatures. It is important to realise that the density ρ may be a function of all three variables, x , y and z . For example, during the spring months, the depths of the reservoir may be at the cold temperatures of the winter while the parts of the reservoir nearer the surface may be at higher temperatures representing the fact that they have been influenced by the warmer air above; this represents the temperature varying with the vertical coordinate z . Also, the parts of the reservoir near where streams flow in may be extremely cold as melting snow flows into the reservoir. This represents the density varying with the horizontal coordinates x and y . Thus the mass of a small element of water is given by ρ ( x , y , z ) δ z δ y δ x The mass of water in a column is given by the integral h ( x , y ) 0 ρ ( x , y , z ) d z δ y δ x where the level z = 0 represents the surface of the reservoir and the function h ( x , y ) represents the depth of the reservoir for the particular values of x and y under consideration. [Note that the depth is positive but as it is measured downwards, it represents a negative value of z .] The mass of water in a slice (aligned parallel to the x-axis) is given by integrating once more with respect to y i.e. y 1 ( x ) y 2 ( x ) h ( x , y ) 0 ρ ( x , y , z ) d z d y δ x . Here the functions y 1 ( x ) and y 2 ( x ) represent the extreme values of y for the value of x under consideration. Finally the total mass of water in the reservoir can be found by integrating over all x i.e. a b y 1 ( x ) y 2 ( x ) h ( x , y ) 0 ρ ( x , y , z ) d z d y d x . To find the total mass of water, it is necessary to integrate the density three times, firstly with respect to z (between limits dependent on x and y ), then with respect to y (between limits which are functions of x ) and finally with respect to x (between limits which are constant). This is an example of a triple or volume integral.	<urn:uuid:c8483ca0-6086-4c48-9711-9f25b6963b25>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.09375, "fasttext_score": 0.3135177493095398, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8858802318572998, "url": "https://bathmash.github.io/HELM/27_3_vol_ints-web/27_3_vol_ints-webse1.html" }
Latin for beginners (1911)/Part II/Lesson XXXIX From Wikisource Jump to navigation Jump to search 230. Bases and Stems. In learning the first and second declensions we saw that the different cases were formed by adding the case terminations to the part of the word that did not change, which we called the base. If to the base we add in the first declension, and -o in the second, we get what is called the stem. Thus porta has the base port- and the stem portā-; servus has the base serv- and the stem servo-. These stem vowels, -ā- and -o-, play so important a part in the formation of the case terminations that these declensions are named from them respectively the Ā- and O-Declensions. 231. Nouns of the Third Declension. The third declension is called the Consonant or I-Declension, and its nouns are classified according to the way the stem ends. If the last letter of the stem is a consonant, the word is said to have a consonant stem; if the stem ends in -i-, the word is said to have an i-stem. In consonant stems the stem is the same as the base. Ini-stems the stem is formed by adding -i- to the base. The presence of the i makes a difference in certain of the cases, so the distinction is a very important one. 232. Consonant stems are divided into two classes: I. Stems that add -s to the base to form the nominative singular. II. Stems that add no termination in the nominative singular. 233. Stems that add -s to the base in the nominative singular are either masculine or feminine and are declined as follows: prīnceps, m., chief mīles, m., soldier lapis, m., stone Bases or prīncip- mīlit- lapid- Nom. prīnceps mīles lapis -s Gen. prīn´cipis mīlitis lapidis -is Dat. prīn´cipī mīlitī lapidī Acc. prīn´cipem mīlitem lapidem -em Abl. prīn´cipe mīlite lapide -e Nom. prīn´cipēs mīlitēs lapidēs -ēs Gen. prīn´cipum mīlitum lapidum -um Dat. prīnci´pibus mīlitibus lapidibus -ibus Acc. prīn´cipēs mīlitēs lapidēs -ēs Abl. prīnci´pibus mīlitibus lapidibus -ibus rēx, m., king iūdex, m., judge virtūs, f., manliness Bases or rēg- iūdic- virtūt- Nom. rēx iūdex virtūs -s Gen. rēgis iūdicis virtū´tis -is Dat. rēgī iūdicī virtū´tī Acc. rēgem iūdicem virtū´tem -em Abl. rēge iūdice virtū´te -e Nom. rēgēs iūdicēs virtū´tēs -ēs Gen. rēgum iūdicum virtū´tum -um Dat. rēgibus iūdicibus virtū´tibus -ibus Acc. rēgēs iūdicēs virtū´tēs -ēs Abl. rēgibus iūdicibus virtū´tibus -ibus 1. The base or stem is found by dropping -is in the genitive singular. 2. Most nouns of two syllables, like prīnceps (prīncip-), mīles (mīlit-), iūdex (iūdic-), have i in the base, but e in the nominative. 'a. lapis is an exception to this rule. 3. Observe the consonant changes of the base or stem in the nominative: a. A final -t or -d is dropped before -s; thus mīles for mīlets, lapis for lapids, virtūs for virtūts. b. A final -c or -g unites with -s and forms -x; thus iūdec + s = iūdex, rēg + s = rēx. 4. Review § 74 and apply the rules to this declension. In like manner decline dux, ducis, m., leader; eques, equitis, m., horseman; pedes, peditis, m., foot soldier; pēs, pedis, m.,foot. First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291. 1. Neque peditēs neque equitēs occupāre castellum Rōmānum poterant. 2. Summā virtūte mūrōs altōs cotīdiē oppugnābant. 3. Pedes mīlitum lapidibus quī dē mūrō iaciēbantur saepe vulnerābantur. 4. Quod novum cōnsilium dux cēpit? 5. Is perfidam puellam pulchrīs ōrnāmentīs temptāvit. 6. Quid puella fēcit? 7. Puella commōta aurō mīlitēs per portās dūxit. 8. Tamen praemia quae summō studiō petīverat nōn reportāvit. 9. Apud Rōmānōs antīquōs Tarpēia nōn est laudāta. 1. What ship is that which I see? That (illud) ship is the Victory. It is sailing now with a favorable wind and will soon approach Italy. 2. The judges commanded the savages to be seized and to be killed. 3. The chiefs of the savages suddenly began to flee, but were quickly captured by the horsemen. 4. The king led the foot soldiers to the wall from which the townsmen were hurling stones with the greatest zeal.	<urn:uuid:4415b9e8-80b3-403b-a59d-9a105fbcbaf9>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.125, "fasttext_score": 0.5253084897994995, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7398539185523987, "url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Latin_for_beginners_(1911)/Part_II/Lesson_XXXIX" }
Jaehoon Jeong Jaehoon Jeong Nov 13, 2022 Group 6 Copy 445 Please wait... About This Project The Inverted Sequence (IR) of some plants is one of well-known kind of special sequences. But, until now, the exact mechanism of how the IR sequence is made hasn't discovered yet. Most plants have an IR regions, but legumes do not have an IR regions, and among them, deciduous legumes have an IR zone. Thus, the purpose of our study is to elucidate the structure and mechanism of the IR region. Additionally, our team is going to figure out the relationship of it and plants' deciduousness. Blast off! Browse Other Projects on Experiment Related Projects Can we identify spawning events in deepwater snappers and groupers? Nearshore deepwater fisheries are expanding in the Caribbean as coastal fisheries decline. Because deepwater... Do human activities increase antibiotic-resistant disease in Chilean penguins? Penguins are suffering population declines due to a variety of human causes, including disease. One indicator... What genes make domestic dogs friendlier than wolves? Backer Badge Funded	<urn:uuid:6fc13146-7c62-4689-9a42-626bf3364a3d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.78125, "fasttext_score": 0.1529529094696045, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.93080073595047, "url": "https://experiment.com/u/meXeZg" }
First Carnatic War, First Carnatic War Causes, Consequences Of First Carnatic War First Carnatic War(1749-54) The First Carnatic War was the extension of the Anglo- French War in Europe. The Austrian Wars of Succession broke out in 1740 as a result hostilities also broke out in India in 1746.The English navy under Barnett took the offensive when it captured some French ships.Dupleix the French Governor General of Pondicherry sent an urgent appeal for help to La Bourdonnais the French governor of Mauritus.The result was that La Bourdonnais hastened to India with a fleet and reached the Coromondal Coast in 1746.The French and British squadrons faced each other for some time but the English squadrons left for Ceylon after some time. Dupleix asked La Bourdonnais to siege Madras. In the ensuing battle the English fleet was defeated and Madras was captured by the French. The First Carnatic War is memorable for the battle of St Thome fought between the French and the Indian forces of Anwaruddin and the Nawab of Carnatic.The French won the battle with their superior general ship of Dupleix. The First Carnatic War came to an end with the end of hostilities in Europe. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle brought the Austrian war of succession to an end. Under the terms of the treaty Madras was handed back to the English. Dupleix had proved his superiority in skill and diplomacy. The English had failed to defend Madras and unsuccessfully conducted the land cum sea operations against Pondicherry. This war had adequately brought out the importance of naval power as an important factor in Anglo-French conflict in the Deccan.	<urn:uuid:6338e424-955c-482b-be6e-5472d3ad2455>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.9375, "fasttext_score": 0.043084025382995605, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9659825563430786, "url": "https://www.historytuition.com/carnatic-wars/first-carnatic-war.html" }
In this simulation, students can create a variety of standard and non-standard condition galvanic/voltaic cells. Students will choose the metal and solution for each half cell, as well as the concentration of those solutions. They can build concentration cells and other non-standard cells, record the cell potential from the voltmeter, and observe the corresponding oxidation and reduction half reactions. In the accompanying lesson plan, they will compare the results of different data sets, write net ionic equations, and describe electron flow through a galvanic/voltaic cell as well as the direction of migration of ions from the salt bridge. Many thanks to Tom Greenbowe and John Gelder for their input on this simulation, which was inspired by their Flash-based simulation. Since Flash is no longer supported, they provided valuable insight as we designed this new simulation and resource based on their originals. See accompanying lesson plan	<urn:uuid:2a04e78f-aff0-44ee-8e10-5fd9b2d2804d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.0527653694152832, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.950031042098999, "url": "https://teachchemistry.org/classroom-resources/galvanic-voltaic-cells-2" }
NCERT solutions Class 5 EVS chapter 10- Walls Tell Stories NCERT Solutions Class 5 EVS Chapter 10 covers the topic – Walls Tell Stories. This chapter talks about the art of ancient monument of India like the Golconda fort. This chapter in the NCERT publications sheds light on the beautiful wall architecture of the ancient monument. At BYJU’S you can download Class 5 science notes, PDFs, NCERT textbooks – NCERT class 5 science books and also Class 5 NCERT solutions along with other study materials. Download PDF of NCERT Solutions for Class 5 EVS Chapter 10 ncert ans class 5 evs ch10 walls tells stories 1 ncert ans class 5 evs ch10 walls tells stories 2 ncert ans class 5 evs ch10 walls tells stories 3 ncert ans class 5 evs ch10 walls tells stories 4 ncert ans class 5 evs ch10 walls tells stories 5 ncert ans class 5 evs ch10 walls tells stories 6 Access NCERT Solutions for Class 5 EVS Chapter 10 Q1: Why were bastions made in the fort wall? Answer: Bastions were made in the fort wall to ensure security of the fort. Q2: Why were big holes made in them? Answer: Big holes made in fort wall to increase the viewing area thus soldiers could look through these holes and could keep a better vigilance. Q3: What difference would be there if you were to look from a straight flat wall or a bastion at a height? How would the soldiers find peeping from the holes in the bastions useful while attacking? Answer: Bastions were made in the fort in such a way that soldiers can easily peep from the holes and it provided better vantage point where a large area could be seen. It would not have been possible from a flat wall. Think And Discuss: Q1: How would the fountains have worked? Answer: Fountains would have got water supply from a large tanks. Q2: What arrangements would have been made in the building for air and light? Answer: Large windows, doors and ventilators would have been made in the building for air and light. Q3: Look carefully at the picture of the beautiful carving on the wall. What kind of tools would have been used for such fine carving? NCERT Answers for Class 5 EVS Chapter 10 - Image 1 Answer: These carvings would have been made using chisel and hammer which were made up of iron. Q4: We still do not have any electricity at many places in our country. Even at places which do have electricity, imagine what would happen if there was no electricity for one week. What are the things that would be difficult to manage without it? Answer: If there is no electricity in our place we would not be able to use electrical appliances such as computer, mixer, television etc. In other words, life will come to a stand-still. Tell and write: Q1: Look carefully at the map of Golconda. On the map, arrows show all the four directions. NCERT Answers for Class 5 EVS Chapter 10 - Image 2 (a): If you are peeping inside from Bodli Darwaza, in which direction from you is Katora Hauz? Answer: Katora Hauz is in north direction if we peep inside from Bodli Darwaza. (b) If someone is entering from Banjara Darwaza, in which direction from her is Katora Hauz? Answer: In south direction. (c) In which direction will you walk from Bala Hisar to reach Moti Mahal? Answer: If we walk in east direction of Bala Hisar we will reach Moti Mahal. (d) How many gates can you see on the outer walls of the fort? Answer: There are nine gates on outer walls of the fort. (e) Count how many palaces are there in the fort? Answer: There are three palaces in the fort. (f) What arrangements for water can you see inside the fort? For example, wells, tanks, step wells. Answer: There were five baolis and three hauz for water. Q2: On the map, 1 cm distance is equal to a distance of 110 metres on the ground. Now tell (a) On the map the distance between Bala Hisar and Fateh Darwaja is ____ cm. On the ground, the distance between the two would be ____ metres. On the map the distance between Bala Hisar and Fateh Darwaja is 8 cm. On the ground, the distance between the two would be 880 metres. (b) How far is Makai Darwaza from Fateh Darwaza? Answer: Distance from Makai Darwaza from Fateh Darwaza= 12 × 110 = 1320 m. Q1: Have you recently read or heard about any country attacking or going to war with another country? Answer: Yes, recently the USA had attacked Iraq. Q2: Find out what was the reason for this war. Answer: Due to military issues and weapons. Q3: What kind of weapons were used in this war? Answer: USA launched airstrikes using harmful missiles. Q4: What kind of destruction was caused because of this? Answer: Commander of Iranian force was killed and many building were damaged. Find out: The big gun that Shreedhar saw was made of bronze. Q1: Have you seen anything made of bronze? What? Answer: Yes, I have seen statues, medals, utensils and lamps are made up of bronze. Q2: Find out from your elders about some of the things made from bronze that were, or are still used in your house. From its colour try to identify which one of them is made from copper, which from brass, and which from bronze. Answer: With the help of my elders I could find following things: Copper are of reddish brown in colour and I found utensils and statues of god. Brass are of yellowish in colour and I found some utensils of brass. Bronze are in shiny grey in colour and I found medals and lamps. Arrangements of water: Look, this pole shown under the ground joins with another wheel which has a number of pots on it. NCERT Answers for Class 5 EVS Chapter 10 - Image 3 Q1: Now imagine, how would this garland of pots lift water from the well? Answer: The garland of pots is connected with the toothed wheel and thus the garland of pots moves. Once a pot is in water, it gets filled with the water. Then the pots moves upward, carrying water along with it. Q2: Do you now get some idea about how the tanks could have been filled by lifting water from the wells? Even today we can see clay pipes in the walls of the fort. These pipes would have been used to carry water to different places in the palace. Answer: Yes, bullocks have been used to move the garland of pots to lift the water up to the tank. Q3: Where else have you seen such wheels attached to each other. For example, in the gear of a cycle or somewhere else? Answer: Besides, cycles I have seen such attached wheels in pulley, toy cars, sewing machines, industrial machines and in some mechanical watches. Q4: Look around and find out how water is pumped up from the ground to higher places? Answer: These days electric water pumps, wind mills and boring machines are used for lifting the water but in villages bullocks are still is in use for lifting the water. Q5: How is water pumped up using electricity? How is water lifted without electricity? Answer: Using electricity the electric motor runs the water pump which suck water from the well or underground. In the absence of electricity, hand-pumps and pulleys are used for lifting water. Close your eyes and go back in time! Imagine that you are in those days when there was a busy town inside Golconda. Think about the questions given below and discuss in class. You could even put up a play. Q1: What is the Sultan doing in the palace? What kind of clothes is he wearing? What dishes are being offered to him? But why does he seem so worried? And in what language is he talking? Answer: The sultan is holding a meeting with his ministers. He is wearing traditional dress with crown and lots of jewellery. Many types of foods, drinks and sweets are being offered to him. He seems to be worried about the possible attack from the enemies. He is talking in Persian. Q2: Imagine the rooms in the palace—the beautiful carpets and curtains, the fountains on the terrace… and the sweet smell of roses and chameli—where is this coming from? Answer: The room is looking luxurious decorated by beautiful carpets and curtains. Fountains are running on the terrace. Beautiful fragrance of roses and chameli are coming from the garden. Q3: What are the different kinds of factories you can see? How many people are working there? What are they doing? What are they wearing? How long do you think they work? Answer: I can see several factories where clothes, utensils and idols are being made. About 30 people are working in a factory. They are working with their tools. They are wearing dhoti with shirt. I think they work for long hours, right from the early mornings to late evenings. Q4: Look there! See how finely those craftsmen are carving the stones using a chisel and hammer? Can you see the stone dust in the air. Do you think this stone dust would harm them in some way? Answer: No, this stone dust would not be causing any harm to them as they have wrapped a cloth around their nose and mouth. Q1: What kinds of pots have you seen around you? Answer: I have seen pots made up of muds, steel, iron, brass, bronze, glass, copper and paper. Q2: Try to find out from your grandparents about the other kinds of pots and pans they used in their time? Answer: During my grandparents time pots were made up of brass and clay and they were very nice and heavy. Sometimes copper was also used. Q3: Have you ever been to some museum or heard about it? What all things are there in a museum? Answer: Yes, I had visited the museum. There are many antiques, manuscripts and other things of historical importance are kept in a museum. BYJU’S which is India’s largest k12 education company makes learning simple, fun and interesting. Register now to experience easy education. Learning is no more boring with BYJU’S. Related Links Answers Of Maths Ncert Class 8 Ncert Maths Class 11 Ncert Solution Of Class 9Th Ncert Maths Class 12 10 Cbse Ncert Solutions Ncert 8 Science Ncert Solutions For Class 11 Science Ncert Solutions For Class 9 Physics 12Th Ncert Ncert Science Class 10 Cbse Ncert Solutions For Class 8 NCERT Solutions Class 4 Ncert 9 Maths Solution NCERT Solutions for Class 4 Maths Leave a Comment Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published.	<urn:uuid:c56cedb2-978d-46fe-ad30-5e0e6edb45ba>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.958337664604187, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9649744033813477, "url": "https://byjus.com/ncert-solutions/ncert-solutions-class-5-evs-chapter-10-walls-tell-stories/" }
In the 1920s, Twin City Rapid Transit Company Had 523 Miles of Track, No Public Subsidy, and 200 Million Passengers a Year. Eastbound streetcar about to cross Horton (now Como) Avenue, exiting from the Classroom area, 1948. The Como-Harriet Streetcar Line had a great impact on Como Park with its physical presence in the park, its ability to bring many visitors to the park inexpensively, and the investments in the park made by the private operator of the line, Twin City Rapid Transit Company (TCRT). Before electric streetcars reached Como Park, park visitors had no convenient, affordable method of public transportation to the park. Horse car and cable car lines did not extend to the park. An expensive omnibus ran to the lake only three times a week in warm weather. More efficient electric streetcars replaced horsecars and cable cars as early as 1890 in Saint Paul. When streetcars reached Como Park in 1893, the park became easily accessible to visitors. A ride to the park from downtown Saint Paul took half an hour and cost an affordable five cents. Visitors arrived via a single loop track at a small waiting station near Lexington Parkway and Horton Avenue. What Impact Did the Streetcar Line Have on Como Park and the Classroom? Streetcar crossing Beulah Lane bridge in the Classroom. In 1898, the park board agreed to allow the streetcar line to be built through the park. Despite their strong misgivings about its negative aesthetic impact, the board determined that the benefits outweighed the disadvantages. The new Como-Harriet line connected the two cities and greatly increased park attendance. More than one million people visited Como Park in 1898, with up to 40,000 in the park at one time. TCRT agreed to build bridges over road intersections, gave money for the grading of Midway Parkway, and installed electric arc lights in the park. They built a new wooden waiting station and contributed money to expand seating at the lakeside pavilion and build a music float for the nightly concerts they sponsored. TCRT also agreed to makes its tracks as aesthetically pleasing as possible, with no cuts or embankments, and with masking offered by trees. Bridges such as the Beulah Lane bridge were made into ornamental features of the park. They also built a new stone station. Evidence of these efforts still exists. The stone bridge abutments at Beulah Lane have been incorporated into a reconstructed bridge, part of a bicycle and pedestrian path that follows the route of the former streetcar line through the Classroom. The restored Lexington bridge, footbridge, and station are located northeast of the Classroom. What Happened to the Streetcars? Streetcars reached their peak ridership in the 1920s. TCRT then had 523 miles of track, no public subsidy, and 200 million passengers a year. Most lines ran every ten minutes. The increase in automobiles, freeways, and suburbs in the following decades ultimately led to the demise of the streetcar. Buses, which could be operated with greater flexibility, took over the route in Saint Paul in 1953. The Como-Harriet line, the last line in operation, was completely abandoned in 1954 and its tracks were removed from the park four years later. • Streetcar crossing bridge in the Classroom. Photo: City of St. Paul • Streetcar exiting Classroom. Photo: John Stern, Minnesota Streetcar Museum Last Edited: March 23, 2022	<urn:uuid:936c2a1b-39ac-418c-ac3b-10ed03016307>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.027062296867370605, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9685825109481812, "url": "https://www.stpaul.gov/departments/parks-and-recreation/natural-resources/natural-resources-education/como-woodland-17" }
Collision Handlers You will need to create a CollisionHandler that specifies what to do when a collision event is detected. Each object can only have one collision handler associated with it. There are several possible kinds of CollisionHandler available. The simplest kind of CollisionHandler, this object simply records the collisions that were detected during the most recent traversal. You can then iterate through the list using queue.entries: queue = CollisionHandlerQueue() traverser.addCollider(fromObject, queue) for entry in queue.entries: By default, the Collision Entries appear in the queue in no particular order. You can arrange them in order from nearest to furthest by calling queue.sortEntries() after the traversal. This is another simple kind of CollisionHandler. Rather than saving up the collisions, it generates a Panda event when collision events are detected. There are three kinds of events that may be generated: the “in” event, when a particular object collides with another object that it didn’t in the previous pass, the “out” event, when an object is no longer colliding with an object it collided with in the previous pass, and the “again” event, when an object is still colliding with the same object that it did in the previous pass. For each kind of event, the CollisionHandlerEvent will construct an event name out of the names of the from and into objects that were involved in the collision. The exact event name is controlled by a pattern string that you specify. For instance: In the pattern string, the following sequences have special meaning: the name of the “from” object’s node the name of the “into” object’s node ‘t’ if “from” is declared to be tangible, ‘i’ if intangible ‘t’ if “into” is declared to be tangible, ‘i’ if intangible ‘c’ if “into” is a CollisionNode, ‘g’ if it is an ordinary GeomNode generate event only if “from” node has the indicated tag generate event only if “from” node does not have the indicated tag generate event only if “into” node has the indicated tag generate event only if “into” node does not have the indicated tag the indicated tag value of the “from” node. the indicated tag value of the “into” node. You may use as many of the above sequences as you like, or none, in the pattern string. In the tag-based sequences, the parentheses around (tag) are literal; the idea is to write the name of the tag you want to look up, surrounded by parentheses. The tag is consulted using the nodePath.getNetTag() interface. In any case, the event handler function that you write to service the event should receive one parameter (in addition to self, if it is a method): the CollisionEntry. For example: class MyObject(DirectObject.DirectObject): def __init__(self): self.accept('car-into-rail', handleRailCollision) def handleRailCollision(self, entry): Note that all of the following versions of CollisionHandler also inherit from CollisionHandlerEvent, so any of them can be set up to throw events in the same way. This is the first of the more sophisticated handlers. The CollisionHandlerPusher, in addition to inheriting all of the event logic from CollisionHandlerEvent, will automatically push back on its from object to keep it out of walls. The visual effect is that your object will simply stop moving when it reaches a wall if it hits the wall head-on, or it will slide along the wall smoothly if it strikes the wall at an angle. The CollisionHandlerPusher needs to have a handle to the NodePath that it will push back on, for each from object; you pass this information to pusher.addCollider(). This should be the node that is actually moving. This is often, but not always, the same NodePath as the CollisionNode itself, but it might be different if the CollisionNode is set up as a child of the node that is actually moving. smiley = loader.loadModel('smiley.egg') fromObject = smiley.attachNewNode(CollisionNode('colNode')) fromObject.node().addSolid(CollisionSphere(0, 0, 0, 1)) pusher = CollisionHandlerPusher() pusher.addCollider(fromObject, smiley) Don’t be confused by the call to pusher.addCollider(); it looks a lot like the call to traverser.addCollider(), but it’s not the same thing, and you still need to add the collider and its handler to the traverser: traverser.addCollider(fromObject, pusher) smiley.setPos(x, y, 0) If you are using Panda’s drive mode to move the camera around (or some other node), then you also need to tell the pusher about the drive node, by adding it into the pusher.addCollider() call: fromObject ='colNode')) pusher = CollisionHandlerPusher() This kind of handler further specializes CollisionHandlerPusher to integrate with Panda’s Physics Engine. It requires that the NodePath you pass as the second parameter to pusher.addCollider() actually contains an ActorNode, the type of node that is moved by forces in the physics system. anp = render.attachNewNode(ActorNode('actor')) fromObject = anp.attachNewNode(CollisionNode('colNode')) pusher = PhysicsCollisionHandler() pusher.addCollider(fromObject, anp) Whenever you have an ActorNode that you want to respond to collisions, we recommend that you use a PhysicsCollisionHandler rather than an ordinary CollisionHandlerPusher. The PhysicsCollisionHandler will keep the object out of walls, just like the CollisionHandlerPusher does, but it will also update the object’s velocity within the physics engine, which helps to prevent the physics system from becoming unstable due to large accumulated velocities. This collision handler is designed to serve one very specialized purpose: it keeps an object on the ground, or falling gently onto the ground, even if the floor is not level, without involving physics. It is intended to be used with a CollisionRay or CollisionSegment. The idea is that you attach a ray to your object, pointing downward, such that the topmost intersection the ray detects will be the floor your object should be resting on. Each frame, the CollisionHandlerFloor simply sets your object’s z value to the detected intersection point (or, if it is so configured, it slowly drops the object towards this point until it reaches it). Using the CollisionHandlerFloor can be an easy way to simulate an avatar walking over uneven terrain, without having to set up a complicated physics simulation (or involve physics in any way). Of course, it does have its limitations. smiley = loader.loadModel('smiley.egg') fromObject = smiley.attachNewNode(CollisionNode('colNode')) fromObject.node().addSolid(CollisionRay(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1)) lifter = CollisionHandlerFloor() lifter.addCollider(fromObject, smiley) This handler is very similar to CollisionHandlerFloor, but rather than positioning objects directly at the floor, it can apply an acceleration to make them fall gradually to the ground. The main parameter to adjust is the gravity property, which sets the acceleration. If your scene unit is metres, and your simulation takes place on earth, then you will want to set this to a value of around 9.81. For the full list of parameters, see CollisionHandlerGravity in the API reference.	<urn:uuid:ff91c1c8-ffac-4d9f-b4c5-20d62365ab67>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.327728271484375, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8266650438308716, "url": "https://docs.panda3d.org/1.10/python/programming/collision-detection/collision-handlers" }
Lesson 2: Exploring “Sempre Libera” Aim: How do opera singers express emotion with their voices and bodies? Summary: Students explore the ways opera singers express emotion through dramatic musical storytelling, vocal effects, and dramatic gesture. Materials: Musical Explorers CD or online audio Standards: GA: MK-2GM.1, MK-2GM.2, MK-2GM.3, MK-2GM.4, MK-2GM.6, MK-2GM.7, MK-2GM.8, MK-2GM.9, MK-2GM.10 SC: MGK-2.1, MGK-2.3, MGK-2.4, MGK-2.5, MGK-2.6 Vocabulary: ornamentation, trill, melisma Learn “Sempre Libera” • Listen to “Sempre Libera,” Track 14 and ask students if they think it is a dramatic, serious part of the opera or a comedic, funny part of the opera. Why? • “Sempre Libera” (“Always free”) is an aria sung by the character Violetta in the opera La Traviata by Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901). • Listen to the pronunciation guide, Track 15 and sing the beginning of “Sempre Libera” with Rebecca, Track 16 Sempre Libera Sempre libera degg’io folleggiare di gioia in gioia, Vo’ che scorra il viver mio pei sentieri del piacer. Nasca il giorno, o il giorno muoia, Sempre lieta ne’ ritrovi, ah! A diletti sempre nuovi dee volare il mio pensier! I am always free! I fly from joy to joy. I travel along life’s path however I please. Whether the day is beginning or ending, I always want to find new things to make me happy! I turn to new delights to make my spirit fly. Explore Vocal Ornamentation in “Sempre Libera” • Opera singing often includes different vocal effects to decorate the song and make it more exciting. We call this vocal ornamentation. • In “Sempre Libera,” Rebecca sings trills and melismas. • A trill is a musical ornamentation where you alternate between the main note and the note above very quickly. Practice a trill with Rebecca, Track 17 • A melisma is a group of notes sung on a single syllable. Practice the melisma below with Rebecca, Track 18 • In “Sempre Libera,” the character Violetta sings about how she loves to be able to do whatever she wants, and how she flies through life looking for things to make her happy. Listen to the aria again. Where are the places where the character sounds happy? Are there any places where she sounds like she’s flying? Explore Dramatic Gesture in “Sempre Libera” • As a class, create dramatic movements to illustrate the words and the feelings in the song (e.g., wave your arms like a bird during the melismas; sway back and forth during the beginning of the song). La Traviata La Traviata is one of the classic operas of the 19th century, written by one of the greatest opera composers of all time, Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901). It was first performed in 1853 and is still one of the most performed operas today! La Traviata is a tragic love story about Violetta and Alfredo. The opera begins with a party at Violetta’s house, where Alfredo tells Violetta that he loves her. Their relationship is complicated—Alfredo’s family does not approve of Violetta, and Violetta does not tell Alfredo that she is very sick. After breaking up, the two reunite and declare their love for each other, but the opera ends tragically when Violetta dies in Alfredo’s arms. Violetta sings “Sempre Libera” at the beginning of the opera, after Alfredo confesses his love. She is torn between wanting to be free to live her life, and wondering if Alfredo is her true love. Creative Extension: Create Your Own Opera! Create an opera as a class. Use one of your class’s favorite stories or movies, and imagine what it would sound like if everyone sang instead of speaking. Challenge your students to create different voices for each character, and different melodies based on different moods. Musical Word Wall Add the words ornamentation, trill, and melisma to the Musical Word Wall. PDF Downloads SG16 ↓ Download File Musical Explorers Audio Tracks	<urn:uuid:7153e866-d875-4c90-a461-90cf363dfb32>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.05042576789855957, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8641936182975769, "url": "https://musicalexplorers.savannahmusicfestival.org/season4/s4-unit2/lesson-2-exploring-sempre-libera/" }
Measure the height of a mountain in the illuminate zone of the moon. What do you need? 1. Paper and pen. 2. The program Salsa J (you can download this program in this page. for the image proccesing. 3. Knowledge of: Estimate the height of a mountain of the moon. Working out. What do we Know? In this exercise we only Know the diameter of the moon, 3476 Km. The other dates that we´ll need for we solve the exercise, we will find out by using the program SalsaJ for the image processing. What do we have to find out? The objective of this exercise is to Know the height of the mountains of the moon by using mathematics. Work out You will can solve this exercise if you do the following points: 1. You can download the following photograph if you click on them. Monte PicoMonte Piton Monte Pico Monte Piton 2. With the program SalsaJ open the photo of the previus point. 3. En the photo, the blue circles show the mountains that you can study. 4. We have to write the scale of the photo in the program SalsaJ, for this we only need to Know the diameter of the moon. 5. What is the distance between the terminador and the mountain shadow (the segment CA)?. Terminador is the line that differentiate the illuminate zone of the not illuminate zone of the moon. 6. We know the radius of the moon, because we know the diameter of the moon: 3476 Km. 7. Determinate the length of the mountain shadow (the segment AB) using the SalsaJ program. 8. Identificate, in the figure of the point 11, two rights triangles. 9. In each right triangle of the previus point, apply the Pythagorean theorem. 10. Rename the segments with letters (you look the next point). 11. Calculate the height of the mountain with a second degree equation. For your need, look the next figure: AB = s (length of the moon shadow) AA_1 = a (mountain height) BC = d (distance of the mountain to the mountain) OA_1 = OB = R (radius of the moon) B = the tip of the shadow of the mountain. NOTE: The solution will be in function of R, d and s. traduccion_fatima2.txt · Última modificación: 24/04/2017 13:13 (editor externo)	<urn:uuid:024ee813-4b45-4fbc-902e-5866d597c4af>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.6162288784980774, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8261141777038574, "url": "https://www.houspain.com/gttp/doku.php?id=traduccion_fatima2&idx=astronomia" }
kids encyclopedia robot Treaty of Lambeth (1212) facts for kids Kids Encyclopedia Facts The Treaty of Lambeth was signed on 4 May 1212 by King John of England and several French counts. The Treaty of Lambeth of 1212 should not be confused with the Treaty of Lambeth of 1217, also known as the Treaty of Kingston. By 1212 John had lost his Angevin possessions in France. Renaud lands had also been seized by King Philip II of France. Renaud brought other continental nobles, including Ferdinand, into a coalition against Philip. In return he was given several fiefs in England and an annuity. In the treaty agreed on 4 May 1212, each prince promised not to make a separate peace with France. This treaty was part of England's retreat from France, and the collecting of all France under the rule of its king. Previously, under the conquering English kings from Normandy, the Norman kings had ruled over large parts of what is now France. kids search engine Treaty of Lambeth (1212) Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.	<urn:uuid:e3f6b634-19cd-436b-a702-e73ffd13f1d4>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.125, "fasttext_score": 0.041574716567993164, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9775592684745789, "url": "https://kids.kiddle.co/Treaty_of_Lambeth_(1212)" }
How an ancient irrigation method makes sustainable life possible in the U.S. Southwest Time-proven acequia irrigation systems already in use in New Mexico make it possible for people to thrive in arid regions. SOURCEIndependent Media Institute Water works: The name acequia is derived from the Arabic word for irrigation canal: al-Sāqiyah. In Spain’s Granada, the magnificent late 13th, early 14th century Moorish Patio de la Acequia is part of the Alhambra complex and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. (Photo credit: Ajay Suresh/Wikimedia) Here in the U.S. Southwest, we are trapped between the extremes of a decades-long megadrought and sudden violent flooding. In New Mexico, the feverish heat started far too early: on June 14, 2021, Albuquerque broke a heat record with a temperature of 103 degrees Fahrenheit. Fortunately, the monsoons arrived, but they didn’t bring much relief; the earth was already scorched, baked hard by the sun and high temperatures. In this region, July and August are usually the wettest months of the year. But the desperately needed rains hit a soil that was extensively compacted and no longer permeable. Much of the water ran off in forceful flash floods. On July 21, it swept three people away in the state’s largest city. They were relaxing on the side of a man-made urban arroyo (channel to contain rushing water) in Albuquerque when the deluge after a sudden storm seized them. They drowned. The population has long been warned to avoid arroyos. In the midst of unsettling weather events like these, it is good to look at something that works in the Southwest: the homegrown water management acequias. The ancient acequia irrigation system—a “community-controlled irrigation system”—has proven to be a lifeline for small-scale farmers in the Southwest. The new Spanish arrivals introduced this system to the Americas. Now, this time-tested, ecologically sound, and culturally significant water democracy of the acequias and the small-scale farmers who depend on this irrigation system for their survival in the arid regions of the Southwest are both under assault in the face of modern development in the region. Acequia irrigation systems are an ancient invention, going back to at least the 1st century B.C. They make it possible for people to survive and thrive in the arid regions of the world, and even in deserts. This irrigation system can be found in India, China, Central and Southeast Asia, and North Africa. The Muslims “who invaded Spain in the 8th century” introduced their water management knowledge to the country, and centuries later the new Spanish arrivals introduced this irrigation system to the Americas, where they encountered various irrigation techniques, including the techniques used by Native Americans north of the Rio Grande. The name acequia is derived from the Arabic word for irrigation canal: al-Sāqiyah. The acequia method appears to be simple, but it is, in fact, quite sophisticated. A superb engineering feat, it works with the help of “gravity-fed ditches” that utilize the lay of the land and depend on various other factors such as season changes and the melting of the snow. The flow and the allocation of the water to individual fields have to be just right to be beneficial; otherwise, they can lead to danger and potential pitfalls: water stagnation, accumulation of salts and pollutants, silt deposits, and more. However, the acequia system is adaptive and beneficial for the environment. The earthen ditches enhance water seepage into the soil, refill the aquifer, create lush narrow wetlands, and boost biodiversity. Data collected in a study of acequias by Sam Fernald, a professor of watershed management and director of the Water Resources Research Institute at New Mexico State University (NMSU), and his fellow researchers found that “only 7 percent of the water diverted from the Rio Grande into a north-central New Mexico acequia irrigation system [was] lost to evapotranspiration,” according to Farm Progress. By intricate interactions, this system allows for the rest of the precious water to return to the river and/or the aquifer. The associations that manage acequia make great stewards of the land thanks to what they have learned from their long experience about how to get by during recurring droughts. There are rules that need to be followed in times of scarcity. Acequias tend to cooperate with nature and have evolved with time after being tweaked and tinkered with over many generations. And what’s more, the Spanish arrivals who built this canal network also created a stable social institution for the entire community: They established the first self-organized local democracy developed by European newcomers in North America. Then, in 1848, after the Southwest became part of the United States, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American war, led to acceptance of the former legal status that Mexicans had under Spain and granted them individual water rights as constitutional rights. On December 21, 2020, NMSU presented the results of a 10-year study of acequia systems titled “Acequia Water Systems Linking Culture and Nature: Integrated Analysis of Community Resilience to Climate and Land Use Changes.” Sam Fernald was the principal investigator of the interdisciplinary project, which involved 10 different fields ranging from hydrology to agricultural economics to global culture and society. It was funded by a $1.4 million grant from the National Science Foundation and studied the many facets of acequia systems. Scientists from the Sandia National Laboratories worked on putting all the data of the research together in models that will support ongoing investigations. In New Mexico, the inhabitants of a village or settlement with membership to an acequia association are known as parciantes. They know in their bones that el agua es la vida (water is life), and they value every drop. They hold the use rights, but do not own the water itself—apparently one cannot own nature. With one farmer, one vote, they elect a mayordomo (or ditch boss) who is in charge of acequia management and governance. Each spring, all able-bodied men perform the essential hard work of cleaning and fixing the unlined channels of the water distribution network. The entire concept is based on mutual aid, shared labor, collective cooperation, and sacrifice in times of scarcity (drought), when water allocations are reduced for all members. The New Mexico Acequia Commission estimates that currently there are about 700 acequias in the state with additional systems operating in southern Colorado. Most are small-scale acequias. Conflict about water was and still remains intense and complex in the entire region. Growing populations, urban sprawl, aggressive development, and extractive industries want more water. Small-scale farmers and the acequia systems are under assault. The political and legal maneuvers employed to obtain water use rights are extremely complicated. One example of this is the big-gun strategies that were used to get access to the water supply and get all the legal and environmental approvals required for building a brand-new city called Santolina, which is meant to accommodate 100,000 people in the middle of the waterless desert west of Albuquerque. The project lingers on. The Guardian published a story in 2015 with the headline, “Why does Barclays want to build a city in the middle of the New Mexico desert?” Why indeed. Yet the British bank Barclays bought the acreage, part of the Atrisco Land Grant, in a foreclosure transaction from the former failed developer SunCal to build a “38,000-home mega-development.” When economic growth and progress are on the menu, how can the centuries-old oasis culture of the Southwest, with its small agricultural producers, prevail? Are acequia systems old-fashioned? Are they no longer relevant? Is the wish to preserve them impractical nostalgia? Of course, the promoters of growth and development also depend on water. They want more and more when there is less and less. Some decades ago, manipulated photos of Albuquerque, New Mexico’s largest city, showed that it was sitting on an underground lake, nicknamed Lake Superior. But this aquifer was an illusion: wishful thinking. There was far less water underground, it was pumped out too fast, and users depleted it rapidly. Thankfully, the city came to its senses. From 1994 to 2018, the Albuquerque metro area reduced water use per capita from 252 gallons per day to 125 gallons. The consumption was down to 121 gallons per capita per day in 2019 (although it crept up again during the pandemic in 2020). To achieve the 2019 decrease in water use, residents reduced consumption of water to maintain their lawns and xeriscaped their gardens, among other adaptations. Albuquerque has earned its reputation as “one of the best water conservation cities in the West.” That’s admirable, but there is more that can be done. Scientists at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and elsewhere fear that the Western United States is advancing toward a “megadrought” situation as severe as anything known since prehistory. Our climate is warming, and the mountain snowpacks that feed and replenish our rivers are decreasing every year. Considering this, the water democracy of the acequias makes a lot of sense. The system works. It has shown staying power and sustainability for centuries. The farmers who participate may have just a few acres of land, and by some measurements, they could be classified as poor; but in rich countries, this is called “relative poverty.” An acequia farmer in Albuquerque’s still semi-rural South Valley may hold a job in the city and also take care of his or her small farm. These farmers are likely to own their own homes, as do 80 percent of the long-established Hispanics who live there. Perhaps the farmers don’t have much, but they have autonomy, dignity, and self-sufficiency. And these farmers can trace back historic roots to this place, as their family might have farmed the same modest parcel of terra firma since the 1600s. But developments like Santolina would cover this land with concrete and make these farmers homeless. The trends are in favor of the acequias. During the pandemic, the global food supply chains were shaken and disrupted. Shoppers in North America, 65 percent of those surveyed in the U.S. and 82 percent in Canada, said they would be more likely to purchase locally produced food. For instance, it makes very little sense to grow lettuce or spinach on the West Coast and ship it for consumption to the East Coast, thousands of miles away. This not only leaves a big carbon footprint but also raises questions about the freshness of these vegetables despite the cooling systems installed in the trucks transporting them. To bypass Big Ag, it is crucial for small-scale farmers to grow value-added crops that are better-tasting, more nutritious, environmentally sound, and income-friendly for the producer: the emphasis should be on quality, not quantity. All over the world, there is much ongoing imaginative innovation, scientific research, and technical know-how that can be studied and perhaps adapted. What is the Netherlands or Singapore doing with regard to small-scale urban farming? How are growers in the Sonoran Desert able to sustain their agricultural needs? The big tasks required to repair and preserve our planet can overpower the mind. So perhaps setting our own local house in order is a good starting point. In this context, the Southwest is fortunate to already have a model for water democracy in the acequias. Something so viable deserves respect and support.	<urn:uuid:fb318757-7a77-4212-937f-bfddc14aa420>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.05527991056442261, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.955384373664856, "url": "https://www.nationofchange.org/2021/09/23/how-an-ancient-irrigation-method-makes-sustainable-life-possible-in-the-u-s-southwest/" }
The current global biodiversity crisis affects many groups of species, including a wide range of mammalian species (Di Marco et al. 2014). A global conservation strategy for mammalian species is therefore urgently needed (Rondinini et al. 2011), but the success of conservation strategies is uncertain as many factors influence the result of conservation projects (Crees et al. 2016). The ultimate strategy to prevent extinction or to increase population numbers of mammalian species is captive breeding followed by reintroduction of captive-bred individuals into the wild (IUCN 2013). However, captive breeding and reintroduction have severe disadvantages. Reintroductions can be difficult and expensive (Tenhumberg et al. 2004), and the release of captive-bred individuals is often accompanied by high initial losses of released individuals (Villemey et al. 2013; McCleery et al. 2014). Moreover, captive breeding is mostly started in species with already highly threatened populations with low numbers (Frankham et al. 2002; Allendorf et al. 2013), which may result in ex-situ populations with small genetic variation. Together with limitations in the number of individuals available for reintroduction (Van Houtan et al. 2009; Brekke et al. 2011; Tracy et al. 2011) it seems almost inevitable that reintroductions initially result in small populations, with a poor genetic status (Spielman et al. 2004; Tracy et al. 2011; Pacioni et al. 2013). Despite these disadvantages, reintroduction has become an important and frequently applied strategy for the conservation of a broad variety of mammals, ranging from small mammals (Ottewell et al. 2014; McCleery et al. 2014) till large carnivores (Hayward et al. 2007). Unfortunately, the overall success of reintroductions is low (Fischer and Lindenmayer 2000; Tenhumberg et al. 2004; Armstrong and Seddon 2008) and several authors (Robert 2009; Weeks et al. 2011) have stressed the need of giving attention to the genetic adaptive potential of reintroduced populations (Carlson et al. 2014; Jamieson 2015) as a low genetic adaptive potential may hamper a successful recovery of the species (Madsen et al. 1999; Westemeier et al. 1998; Carlson et al. 2014; Whiteley et al. 2015). By implementing a systematic genetic monitoring, which we define as ‘quantifying temporal changes in population genetic metrics’ (following Schwartz et al. 2007), when starting a reintroduction project, very important information of both the genetic status of the population and population demographic parameters can be gained, while the results of such a monitoring can be used to optimize conservation actions (Schwartz et al. 2007). Using genetic monitoring as a diagnostic tool, information on population processes such as founder effects, success of supplementation, effective population size, population admixture and the genetic relatedness of individuals can be revealed (DeBarba et al. 2010; Koelewijn et al. 2010; Reiners et al. 2014; Seignobosc et al. 2011; Frosch et al. 2014; Jamieson 2015). Genetic monitoring can also provide estimates of genetic diversity in time, thereby indicating the loss or maintenance of genetic diversity in reintroduced or managed populations (Ozer et al. 2011; Ottewell et al. 2014; Jamieson 2015). Furthermore temporal genetic population sampling can provide estimates on effective population size, which can span several generations and give further insights into population dynamics (Luikart et al. 2010). However, the number of published studies using genetic monitoring to follow genetic diversity of populations before, during and after reintroduction is still limited, although growing during the last years (DeBarba et al. 2010; Ozer et al. 2011; Diefenbach et al. 2015). In this paper we show how genetic monitoring was a useful and informative tool in a large conservation project, including reintroduction and supplementation attempts, of the Common hamster (Cricetus cricetus) in the Netherlands and Belgium. Genetic monitoring was used to study and analyze three important topics: 1. 1) Differences in genetic diversity indices of captive, reintroduced and supplemented populations to access the effect of management decisions i.e. test if release of different breeding lines at the same time versus ongoing supplementation resulted in different outcomes regarding genetic diversity estimates. 2. 2) Magnitude of genetic admixture when releasing animals of different breeding lines or supplementing established wild populations with individuals from different genetic origins. 3. 3) Temporal changes in genetic diversity indices and population size, i.e. testing whether there are significant shifts in genetic indices and if effective population size inferred using the temporal method coincides with changes in census population size. Materials and methods The Common hamster is a rodent inhabiting farmland on loess and loamy soils across Europe (Meinig et al. 2014), with adults weighing 200–500 g. Most hamsters only survive 1 or 2 years in the wild (Kuiters et al. 2010). The species is strongly declining all over Europe (Ziomek and Banaszek 2007; Tkadlec et al. 2012; Meinig et al. 2014; O’Brien 2015; Surov et al. 2016). In the Netherlands and Belgium the species has declined dramatically over the last 30 years (Kuiters et al. 2010). In 2000 only three small relict populations were left in the Netherlands and Belgium (Fig. 1, NL1, B1 and B2) with strongly reduced genetic diversity (La Haye et al. 2012a). In 1999 a breeding program was set up in The Netherlands and ten out of 14 wild-trapped individuals from the last population in the Netherlands (NL1) produced offspring (La Haye et al. 2012b). Some years later, two males from the Belgian population of Bertem (B1) and one male from the nearby German population of Neuss (G1) were successfully crossed into the breeding stock. Within the breeding program different breeding lines were maintained (La Haye et al. 2012b): Fig. 1 figure 1 a Historic range of the Common hamster in Belgium, the Netherlands and nearby North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany). The original wild relict populations, Bertem (B1), Tongeren (B2), Heer (NL1), Neuss (G1) and Zülpich (G2), are indicated with squares. Reintroduced and/or supplemented populations, Sibbe (R1), Amby (R2), Heer (R3), Sittard (R4), Puth (R5), Bertem (B1) and Tongeren (B2) are represented by dots. b Captive breeding, reintroduction and supplementation history of all hamster populations. On the left the original relict populations. Individuals from these populations founded the breeding program and were the basis of the different breeding lines (middle). Solid lines represent reintroductions, dashed lines indicate supplementations, dotted lines represent wild-trapped individuals translocated to other populations. c Overview of estimated population sizes (black lines and dots) with sizes of reintroduction and supplementation cohorts indicated by bars. The color of the bars indicate the breeding lines used for reintroduction and supplementation • NL, with individuals from the last Dutch population (NL1), • B/NL, offspring of the two males from Belgium (B1) and NL line females, • G/NL, offspring of the male from Germany (G1) and NL line females. The G/NL breeding line had an increased litter size (7.1 vs. 5.3, respectively 5.7 offspring, in the NL and B/NL breeding line), which can be interpreted as an increased fitness with a probably positive effect on population persistence or success of reintroduction (La Haye et al. 2012b). Surplus stock of the breeding program was used for reintroduction and supplementation within the Netherlands (R1-R5) and Belgium (B1-B2) to establish new populations, to increase levels of genetic diversity and boost the size of local populations. Reintroduction and supplementation strategy The first reintroduction in the Netherlands started in 2002 and was followed by multiple reintroduction (R) and supplementation (S) attempts (Fig. 1b, c). Attempts were always done at the start of the breeding season in May/June to optimize reproduction. The NL breeding line was used for reintroductions in all areas, while in R4 Sittard and R5 Puth also individuals from the G/NL breeding line were used for reintroduction. Supplementation in the Netherlands was mostly done with captive-bred individuals from the G/NL and B/NL breeding line (Fig. 1b, c). Supplementation in Belgium (populations B1 and B2) was always done with individuals with NL or G/NL genetic profiles, either from captivity (in 2007) or a mix of captive-bred and wild-trapped individuals (in 2008). Population development Population development and local dynamics were considered to be independent in most of the studied populations (B1-B2, and R1-R3). Migration of individuals was only possible between the nearby populations of R4 Sittard and R5 Puth, but very unlikely. Most populations are separated by physical barriers like rivers, cities, highways and unsuitable habitat (Fig. 1a), which result in geographic distances between populations that by far exceed the migration distance of 1.5–2 km for this species (Kuiters et al. 2010). The two Belgian populations are even 60 km apart. The population size and development of all reintroduced hamster populations in the Netherlands (R1-R5) was monitored with yearly burrow surveys in late summer/autumn (Fig. 1c). Each burrow, fresh and abandoned, accounts for one hamster (Kuiters et al. 2010). These surveys, although being estimates, give a good indication of census population size (Kuiters et al. 2010). No yearly population surveys were done in Belgium (B1-B2) and population sizes at these locations are rough estimates based on non-exhaustive inventories, but population sizes in Belgium were assumed to be low in all years (pers. obs. V. Verbist). Sampling and genotyping Samples for DNA analysis were collected within the conservation and breeding program on a regular basis since 1999 and in the wild whenever possible, including tissue from dead hamsters (no hamsters were killed for sampling). High quality hair samples were collected when hamsters were trapped (Kuiters et al. 2010). In Belgium, special hair-traps (Reiners et al. 2011) were used in 2010 for collecting hair-samples in the wild. Hair samples from the wild were genotyped at least two or three times (details in Reiners et al. 2014). Genotyping was done at the laboratory of Alterra, the Netherlands and at the Conservation Genetics Group, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Germany. The technical analysis is described in Reiners et al. (2014). Scoring of alleles was harmonized between institutes by analyzing and scoring the same samples at both laboratories. All samples were genotyped for a maximum of eight polymorphic microsatellite loci: Ccrμ10, Ccrμ11, Ccrμ12, Ccrμ15, Ccrμ17, Ccrμ19, Ccrμ20 (Neumann and Jansman 2004) and Cricri-IPK02 (Jakob and Mammen 2006). However, all loci had only two different alleles, which results in a maximum of 16 different alleles. Some of these loci were polymorphic in one founder population (B1, NL1 of G1), but monomorphic in other populations, resulting in several private alleles per founder population. Samples with more than two missing loci were excluded from further analysis. In our study we used 818 genetic profiles, of which 268 profiles are from wild-sampled individuals and 550 from individuals of the captive breeding program that were released into the wild. The individuals that were used for reintroduction were exactly known due to the Studbook of the European hamster which is managed by Rotterdam Zoo (de Boer 2014). However, not all genetic profiles of released individuals were available and missing genetic profiles were inferred by reconstructing the total pedigree, with known genotypes from founders and their descendants as input. The DNA samples of the original wild populations in Belgium, B1 and B2 before supplementation, were genetically indistinguishable and sampled individuals, at least individuals sampled later than 1999 resp. 2001, had lost all of their genetic diversity; individuals of both populations were genetically monomorphic for all eight microsatellites, but carried unique alleles in comparison with nearby populations from the Netherlands and Germany (La Haye et al. 2012a). Data analysis Several studies have shown that populations of reintroduced species may lose genetic diversity (Ozer et al. 2011; Pacioni et al. 2013) or may shift towards a specific source population when using multiple breeding lines or sources (Kennington et al. 2012). Such an effect can be detected by monitoring the genetic diversity of the released cohort and comparing the genetic diversity with that of the established population. First, genetic diversity indices were calculated using GENALEX 6.5002 (Peakall and Smouse 2006) and FSTAT (Goudet 1995). If genetic diversity is lost or shifted towards a specific source, this may result in changes of genetic diversity indices: the number of alleles (N A ), allelic richness (A R ), the effective number of alleles (A E ), changes in observed heterozygosity (H O ), expected heterozygosity (H E ) and inbreeding coefficient (F IS ). Second, genetic monitoring was used to evaluate the success of admixture between released breeding lines. A successful supplementation leads to admixture between cohorts. For admixture analysis and interference of population ancestries (NL1, B1, G1) we used discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) method in the adegenet package (Jombart et al. 2010) as well as STRUCTURE 2.3.4 (Pritchard et al. 2000; Falush et al. 2003). DAPC was used assuming three clusters and retaining the first six PCA axes, estimated by optim.a.score function, which predicts the optimal number of principal components. We ran STRUCTURE using the admixture model with correlated allele frequencies with no prior population or location information with a K of three (= number of clusters/ancestral populations assumed) with a burn-in of 200,000 runs, following 500,000 MCMC runs. For comparative purpose we also run with a K (= assumed number of ancestral populations) from two to five (Appendix Fig. 4). We repeated STRUCTURE runs 20 times and used CLUMPP 1.1.2 (Jakobsson and Rosenberg 2007) to match runs. Third, reintroduction and supplementation attempts aimed at maintenance of genetic diversity (N A , A R , A E , H O , H E ) and higher effective population sizes (N e ) through time. Therefore, effective population size and genetic diversity was followed in populations from the start of the reintroductions at t0 (differs in each population), after the first phase of reintroductions t1 and until the last year of sampling t2 in 2010 (Fig. 1c; Tables 2 and 3 in Apppendix). Note that t0 is the genetic diversity of captive bred individuals that were reintroduced in R1-R5, but in B1-B2 it is the genetic diversity of the wild relict population before supplementation. The genetic diversity of populations was measured a second time at t1 a few years after establishment or supplementation. A final measurement of genetic diversity in R1-R5, B1 and B2 was done in 2010 at t2. Using FSTAT we tested for an increased pair-wise population-differentiation (increased F ST between measurements). Beside this we also tested group-wise differences in genetic diversity statistics (A R , H O , H E , F IS and F ST ) between t0 and t1 for all Dutch populations (R1-R5), between t0 and t2 for only Dutch as well as a combination of Dutch and Belgian (B1 and B2) populations. The group-wise comparisons were carried out to test significance of general observations. Table 1 Overview for each population of the number of released individuals, number of supplemented individuals, census data and effective population size estimates (N e ), including effective population size estimates with migration taken into account (N e -m), and migration rate (m) Finally, we used the temporal samples of populations t0, t1 and t2 to estimate effective population size N e using NEEstimator V2 (Do et al. 2014) and MLNE (Wang and Whitlock 2003) which both are recommended superior to other programs and methods (Gilbert and Whitlock 2015). NEEstimator V2 was only used for calculations from t0 to t1 to compare estimates with MLNE. For our study MLNE is more appropriate because three temporal samples (t0, t1 and t2) can be used for calculations. We assumed 1.5 generations per year. As we are aware that assumptions may be violated (e.g. no immigration) we included MLNE models with estimation of migration m in populations which were supplemented. Allele frequency data of released cohorts was included in analysis. Successful supplementation can be considered as ‘migration’ of supplemented individuals into the local gene pool. For comparative purpose to N e , we also included minimum and maximum as well as the harmonic mean of population size counts. Differences in genetic diversity indices of captive, reintroduced and supplemented populations A comparison of genetic diversity in established populations in the Netherlands (R1-R5) with that of the cohort used for reintroduction showed a small decline in genetic diversity after a few years in three out of five populations (R1-R3), while no decline was detected in the other two populations (R4-R5). Populations R1-R3 showed lower values for allelic richness (A R ), the effective number of alleles (A E ) and lowered heterozygosity rates (H O and H E ). No loss of alleles was detected in any of the populations. Inbreeding coefficients (F IS ) of all populations increased. Whereas most of the cohorts used for release had a negative F IS , all established populations had a positive F IS (Table 3 in Appendix). Populations R4 and R5 were established by releasing individuals of the NL and the G/NL breeding line during the same reintroduction event. The genetic diversity of these breeding lines differ, with the NL breeding line having lower values for all indices (N A , A R , A E , H O , H E ) in comparison with the G/NL breeding line. However, the combined genetic diversity of the released cohorts (NL plus G/NL) was very similar to the genetic diversity of the established populations in R4 and R5 (Table 3 in Appendix). Supplementation of populations, adding individuals to a population to increase genetic diversity and/or population size, started in 2006 and was performed six times in five populations. Three populations in the Netherlands were supplemented: R1-R3, and two populations in Belgium: B1 and B2 (Fig. 1b). Population R1 was supplemented with a small number of individuals of the NL breeding line, which had the same genetic diversity as the recipient population (Fig. 1b; Table 3 in Appendix). In all other supplementations individuals of non-resident breeding lines were used (Fig. 1b; Table 3 in Appendix). The supplementation of R1 resulted in a slightly increased A E , H O and H E . The population of R2 was supplemented several times with individuals of the B/NL breeding line, but the first attempt had no effect on genetic diversity and A E and H O even declined (Fig. 3; Table 3 in Appendix). The following supplementations in R2 were more successful and resulted in increased A E , H O and H E (Fig. 3; Table 3 in Appendix). Supplementation in R3 with individuals having G/NL genetic origin resulted in increased N A , A E , H O and H E (Fig. 3; Table 3 in Appendix). The relict populations in Belgium, B1 and B2, were supplemented with individuals having a NL and G/NL genetic background. In both areas the number of alleles (N A ) almost doubled and A E, H O and H E increased after supplementation (Fig. 3; Table 3 in Appendix). Magnitude of genetic admixture Both STRUCTURE and DAPC were used to assign individuals of founder populations to clusters according to their ancestral origin (NL-cluster, B-cluster, G-cluster, Fig. 2). STRUCTURE assigned the German and Belgian autochthonous individuals to the respective cluster with a high assignment rate of 0.99. The Dutch founders had also a high mean assignment of 0.94, where the pure NL-breeding line showed reduced mean assignment of 0.92 to the NL-cluster. Mixed lines as B/NL (0.86 to B-cluster and 0.11 to NL-cluster) and G/NL (0.84 to G-cluster and 0.13 to NL-cluster) showed reduced ancestry values compared to their founder populations, confirming admixture. Fig. 2 figure 2 Comparison of genetic structure and diversity of reintroduced populations in R4 Sittard and R5 Puth. In DAPC scatterplots all genotypes are referenced with the relict populations of Belgium (B1, blue triangles), the Netherlands (NL1, orange squares) and Germany (G1, green diamonds). The STRUCTURE assignment, based on the membership proportion of each individual and population for each of the reference populations, is placed directly under the DAPC plots. Genetic diversity of wild populations in specific years is shown on the right as H O (vertical axis) and A E (size of each dot). (Color figure online) Visualization using the DAPC loadings (position in plots) clearly separated autochthonous individuals. Individuals originating from the pure NL-line have similar loadings as the Dutch founders (Fig. 3—R1 Sibbe). Individuals of mixed lines B/NL and G/NL have intermediate loadings and are plotted between Dutch and German relict individuals (Fig. 2—R4, R5) or Dutch and Belgian relict individuals (Fig. 3—R2 Amby), clearly indicating admixture of individuals. Fig. 3 figure 3 Comparison of genetic structure and diversity of reintroduced populations, before and after the release of cohorts used for supplementation (S1, S2, S3). In DAPC scatterplots all genotypes are referenced with the relict populations of Belgium (B1, blue triangles), the Netherlands (NL1, orange squares) and Germany (G1, green diamonds). The STRUCTURE assignment, based on the membership proportion of each population for each of the reference populations, is placed directly under the DAPC. Genetic diversity of wild populations in specific years is shown on the right as H O (vertical axis) and A E (size of each black dot), with dashed lines indicating the supplementation events. (Color figure online) Using both approaches, DAPC and STRCUTURE, enabled to confirm long term survival of admixed individuals in R4 and R5, where released pure Dutch individuals could only be rarely detected in the final sampling. In R2 Amby where pure NL-individuals were initially released and later supplemented with B/NL-animals, only one admixed individual could be detected. In R3 Heer several admixed individuals were detected after supplementation with G/NL-individuals, but also individuals which show high assignment to the NL-cluster. In Belgium where both pure NL- and mixed G/NL-Individuals were released in B1 and B2, individuals with intermediate German, Belgian and Dutch ancestry were found, confirming admixture of supplemented individuals with wild Belgian relict individuals (Fig. 3). Temporal change of genetic diversity Monitoring genetic diversity in the period 2002–2010 in the populations in the Netherlands (R1-R5) showed fluctuating levels of genetic diversity (Figs. 2, 3). Genetic diversity was stable (t0 vs. t1) and slightly increasing (t2) in populations that were established with individuals of the G/NL breeding line (R4-R5), while the other populations (R1, R2, R3) first lost genetic diversity (t0 vs. t1) and genetic diversity only increased after supplementation (t2) (Fig. 3). The genetic diversity of populations in Belgium (B1, B2) strongly increased after supplementation (t0 vs. t2) (Fig. 3). The F ST -values of all five Dutch populations (Table 1) showed slightly increased values in the first phase of the reintroductions between t0 and t1, but without significance. Supplementation in the secondary phase (t0 vs. t2) resulted in significantly increased F ST values in R3 Amby, B1 Bertem and B2 Tongeren (Table 1). Group wise comparison between all Dutch populations (R1-R5) in the first phase of reintroductions revealed no significant difference in any genetic diversity estimate [one-sided p values after 1000 permutations for A R (p = 0.42), H O (p = 0.28), H E (p = 0.6), F IS (p = 0.98) or F ST (p = 0.63)]. Group comparisons between t0 and t2 of R1-R5 revealed higher diversity at t2 for heterozygosity values at marginal significance (H O with p = 0.057, H E with p = 0.062) and no difference for other indices (A R with p = 0.22, F IS with p = 0.47 and F ST with p = 0.49). Including the Belgian populations B1 and B2 in group wise comparisons between t0 and t2 resulted in significantly higher A R (p = 0.001) and heterozygosity (H O = 0.034, H E = 0.02), but still no significance for F IS and F ST . Census versus effective population size Reintroduced populations in the Netherlands showed stable population sizes between t0 and t1 with a moderate growth till 2007, but most populations severely declined in 2008 (Table 1; Fig. 1c). N e estimates derived from genetic data at t0 and t1 were in high concordance with census population size, where the highest numbers for both estimates were found in R1 and R4 and the lowest values in R2 (Table 1). Even though R2 was supplemented, MLNE indicated that only a very small number (m = 0.002) of individuals ‘immigrated’ in the population. In the years thereafter at t2 only the population of R4, somewhat recovered in census size, while the other populations further declined and harmonic mean population size was strongly reduced. In these populations peak estimates where never reached again and populations reached minimum census sizes in 2010. N e estimates until t2 were in less concordance with census sizes. All N e estimates in Dutch populations were higher at t2 than at t1. Highest N e values were estimated for the supplemented populations R1 and R2 at t2, where in both cases ‘migration’ from supplemented individuals was confirmed. In R2, MLNE estimated a low N e with high recruitment of supplemented individuals, whereas in R1, N e was not strongly affected by ‘immigration’. Same situation was confirmed for R3 where N e was higher due to ‘migration’ from supplemented individuals. Only in R4, N e was lowered compared to t1 although population size of this population was highest. In R5 population size and effective population size were more or less stable over the whole period compared to other populations. The populations in Belgium (B1 and B2) were not regularly monitored, but population sizes were very small in all years. Anyhow N e estimation showed that due to a high ‘migration’ of supplemented individuals, effective population size was increased with B1 showing a higher recruitment than B2 (95% CI of N e estimation and comparison between NEEstimator V2 and MLNE, see Table 3 in Appendix). It is expected that in the coming decades reintroductions and other conservation activities will be necessary to prevent endangered species to become extinct (Armstrong and Seddon 2008; IUCN 2013), but the success of reintroductions is poor (Fischer and Lindenmayer 2000) and more systematic monitoring is needed to get a better understanding of the processes during and after reintroductions (Ewen and Armstrong 2007). Here, we applied systematic genetic monitoring to evaluate several aspects of reintroduction and supplementation attempts of the Common hamster in the Netherlands and Belgium in the period 2002 till 2010. Effects of reintroduction on genetic diversity Reintroductions of Common hamsters are often accompanied by high initial mortalities (Kuiters et al. 2010; Villemey et al. 2013), which may reduce the already impoverished genetic diversity of the hamsters used in reintroductions and supplementations in the Netherlands and Belgium (Robert 2009; Kuiters et al. 2010; La Haye et al. 2012a). The decline in genetic diversity in populations R1-R3 as observed in this study is an important warning, as the reintroductions in these areas were performed by releasing individuals from the NL breeding line only, having already a lower genetic diversity compared with other breeding lines. Even a small decline in genetic diversity may affect population persistence of R1-R3 in the long term as a lowered genetic diversity is associated with endangered and failing populations (Madsen et al. 1999; Westemeier et al. 1998; Carlson et al. 2014; Whiteley et al. 2015), although habitat quality and habitat management often plays a more dominant role in population persistence (Spielman et al. 2004; Bouzat et al. 2009; La Haye et al. 2014). The populations of R4-R5 were established by releasing individuals of two breeding lines (NL and G/NL). This strategy was followed to maximize levels of genetic diversity in the new populations. Genetic monitoring of these populations showed that individuals of both breeding lines had clearly mixed, which is also proven by multivariate analysis (DAPC), and did not result in a dominance of one of the breeding lines as genetic diversity was stable (Fig. 2; Table 3 in Appendix). However, the STRUCTURE analysis showed a little different result: a few years after the initial release more individuals were assigned to the cluster which also had highest assignment to the German population compared with the released cohort. This result might be an effect of assuming a K of three when running STRUCTURE. We choose to use K = 3, because the breeding program was founded with individuals from three relict populations: B1, NL1 and G1. However, all breeding lines have NL1 founders (La Haye et al. 2012b), but individuals of mixed breeding lines (B/NL and G/NL) have unique private alleles from the original B1 and G1 population. Admixed Individuals with private alleles from the B1 or G1 population, are therefore more likely assigned to the original relict populations of B1 and G1 by STRUCTURE. Success of supplementation on genetic diversity A good strategy to optimize genetic diversity in reintroduced populations is releasing individuals from different source populations or breeding lines at the same time, because all reintroduced individuals have to adapt to the new area or wild environment (Villemey et al. 2013). In a later phase of a reintroduction some individuals or their offspring may have established a territory, which makes it much harder to integrate into the population (Koelewijn et al. 2010; Frosch et al. 2014). Releasing individuals of different breeding lines (NL and G/NL breeding line) at the same moment in R4 and R5 resulted in populations with a maximized genetic diversity. However, reintroductions in R1, R2 and R3 started before genetically more diverse individuals became available from the breeding program (La Haye et al. 2012b). It was therefore unavoidable that populations R1-R3 had to be supplemented in later years to increase genetic diversity. Most of the supplementations in the Netherlands were successful and genetic diversity increased in R1, R2 and R3 (Fig. 3; Table 3 in Appendix). The only supplementation that failed was the first supplementation in R2 Amby in 2006. It is not clear why this supplementation failed, but a miscalculation of the habitat quality of the release-plot is likely. In Belgium, the populations of B1 Bertem and B2 Tongeren were supplemented in 2007 and 2008 and supplementation had a large positive effect on genetic diversity (Fig. 3; Table 4 in Appendix). Genetic diversity was completely lacking before supplementation, but afterwards genetic diversity of B1 and B2 was comparable with that of hamster populations in the Netherlands (Table 3 in Appendix). The success or failure of supplementations is also proven with DAPC and STRUCTURE analysis (Fig. 3) and this figure show at a glance the success of supplementation through a change in DAPC loadings (position in plots) of individuals and/or changes in the population assignment by STRUCTURE. Overall the success of supplementation, as detected through genetic monitoring, was promising, even when a small number of individuals were released. Genetic diversity and effective population size in the future The Common hamster has been reintroduced in five areas in the Netherlands since 2002 (Fig. 1b, R1-R5) and most populations increased in size in consecutive years (Fig. 1c). However, most hamster populations sharply declined in 2008 due to an increased predation rate (Table 2 in Appendix). In 2008 the population of common vole (Microtus arvalis) also crashed in the Netherlands, which resulted in an increased predation rate of hamsters by all kind of predators normally relying on common voles (Kuiters et al. 2010). Such a population crash is a real threat for the highly endangered hamster populations in Belgium and the Netherlands, as all hamster populations already have an impoverished genetic diversity (La Haye et al. 2012a) and a crash may result in a further loss of genetic variation and a reduction of the effective population size (Allendorf et al. 2013; Keller et al. 2012; Luikart et al. 2010; McEachern et al. 2011). Effective population sizes (Table 1) of established hamster populations in the Netherlands and Belgium are already small compared with other threatened hamster populations like in France, in the Netherlands and Belgium N e ranged from 25 till 147, while the French population had an N e of 427 (Reiners et al. 2014), showing the absolute need to prevent declines in N e . On the other hand, large population fluctuations are typical for rodents like the Common hamster (Krebs 2013) and genetic diversity and effective population size can be maintained in rodents through migration (Rikalainen et al. 2012). Unfortunately, the current populations of Common hamster in Belgium and the Netherlands are highly isolated, which reduces the change of maintenance of genetic diversity through natural immigration drastically (La Haye et al. 2012a). As the isolation of hamster populations in Belgium and the Netherlands will also be problematic in the next decades (Kuiters et al. 2010), it is necessary that populations of the Common hamster consist of at least hundreds of individuals to prevent a loss of genetic variation and to maintain a stable effective population size (Keller et al. 2012; Frankham et al. 2014; Reiners et al. 2014; Waller 2015; Melosik et al. 2017). Unfortunately, it is very uncertain if population sizes in Belgium and the Netherlands can be kept large enough, because the area of suitable habitat is limited and population densities do not exceed more than two individuals per hectare (Kuiters et al. 2010) and realization of much more suitable habitat for the species is challenging because of agriculture regulations (Pe’er et al. 2014). An alternative conservation measure to prevent a loss of genetic diversity is regular supplementation of hamster populations as a substitute of natural immigration. Supplementation is indeed effective as a conservation measure, Table 1 shows that in several hamster populations, R1-R3, B1 and B2, ‘immigration’ rate as detected by MLNE is quite strong between t1 and t2, which results in larger effective population sizes (N e ), than it should have been the case without supplementation. The divergence in population B2 Tongeren, with N e -m being larger than N e , is opposite to what is expected and may be a result of a wrong census estimate, which was probably too low for B2. The populations of R4 and R5, established with individuals of the G/NL and NL breeding line, show that it is possible to establish wild populations with a more or less stable genetic diversity during several years without supplementation. It is attractive to link the relative positive maintenance of genetic diversity and population size in these populations to the genetic advantages of individuals with a G/NL genetic background as individuals of the G/NL line produce larger litters (La Haye et al. 2012b), but many other factors may have played a role as well. The short distance between R4 and R5 may have promoted natural migration and demographic and/or genetic rescue and 20% of all arable fields in these areas have a suitable agriculture management (Kuiters et al. 2010). This makes it very difficult to determine the sole effect of an increased litter size on population development and maintenance of genetic diversity in R4 and R5. To summarize, genetic monitoring can be an effective tool to gather information of management decisions and of data on relevant population-ecological processes. In the case of the Common hamster, it is clearly demonstrated that genetic monitoring was useful in monitoring genetic diversity after reintroduction and to show in which population supplementation was successful. By using multivariate (DAPC) and Bayesian (STRUCTURE) statistical inference and calculating effective population sizes it was possible to reveal changes in genetic diversity in an intuitive and easy interpretable way and to optimize conservation actions.	<urn:uuid:bec684c5-b83c-4595-9bea-4c1ff68930ce>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.042081594467163086, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.927266538143158, "url": "https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10592-017-0940-z" }
Skip to content Newcastle University National Civil War Centre Commemorative Medals Find out what commemorative medals were and how they were used. British Civil Wars > Propaganda & Printing > Commemorative Medals This medal made to commemorate the reign of King Charles I is a piece of political propaganda, not just for a lost king (Charles I) but for the newly restored monarchy (under Charles II). Study the photographs of both sides of the medal and answer the following questions: • How is King Charles I portrayed on this medal? • What does the back of the medal show? Who do you think the sheep represent? What idea is the hand in the sky representing? Around the edge of the medal are some Latin abbreviations: Charles side: CAROL. D. G. M. B. F. T H REX and GLOR MEM Charles by Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland and of Glorious memory Crown side: VIRTUT. EX. ME. FORTUNAM. EX. ALIJS Learn Virtue from me but fortune from others. • Does the language used on the medal suggest that its creator was biased towards King Charles I? if so, which words suggest this? • When do you think that this medal might have been made? Why do you think this? • What is it saying about Charles I and the monarchy? To find out more about this commemorative medal, visit the Consequences section. Scroll to top of page	<urn:uuid:7cd6df8d-0d58-4ba8-98cd-a578f9b8f1d9>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.4152906537055969, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9467658996582031, "url": "https://britishcivilwars.ncl.ac.uk/propaganda-printing/commemorative-medals/" }
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A map of the Bantustans in South Africa at the end of apartheid. A Bantustan (also known as a Bantu homeland, black homeland, black state, or simply homeland) was a territory set aside for South Africa's black inhabitants during apartheid. Ten Bantustans were established in South Africa and ten more in South West Africa (now Namibia), with the goal of creating nation states for the black tribes of Africa. The term Bantustan comes from Bantu (meaning "people" in the Bantu languages) and -stan (meaning "land" in Persian). The founders of apartheid tried hard to make the Bantustans recognised internationally, but this never happened, and most blacks did not like the Bantustans. They were unpopular because: • The borders of the Bantustans were drawn to exclude valuable land. • The large number of reassigned citizens combined with the small size of the Bantustans meant that a lot of people had to share small amounts of land, compared to how people lived in the rest of South Africa. • Becoming citizens of the new territories meant losing citizenship of South Africa, where the majority of candidates for reassignment of citizenship lived and worked. This would cause them to lose what few rights and privileges they had as citizens of South Africa. The Bantustans were dissolved in 1994 and their territory incorporated into the Republic of South Africa. From 1994, most parts of the country were redivided into new provinces. List of Bantustans[change \| change source] Bantustans in South Africa[change \| change source] Lesotho and Swaziland were not Bantustans, but former British colonies granted independence by Great Britain and internationally recognised. Four of the South African Bantustans, Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei (also called the "TBVC States") were granted independence from South Africa, but were never internationally recognised. The other six had a high amount of autonomy. Bantustans in South West Africa[change \| change source] Beginning in 1968, ten Bantustans were established in South West Africa. Unlike the Bantustans in South Africa, only four Bantustans in South West Africa were granted autonomy, and none were granted independence. The Bantustans were abolished in May 1989 in the transition to independence.	<urn:uuid:a5d315ff-94a0-4f41-9ea9-f91fcd08d2d5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.734375, "fasttext_score": 0.2331944704055786, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9664832949638367, "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantustan" }
Skip to content Sheer vs. Shear Let’s discuss homophones sheer vs. shear. Homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings. Shear and sheer are homophones. Shear can be used as both a noun and a verb. Sheer can be used as an adverb, adjective, or verb. The Proper Use of Shear When shear is used as a verb, it means to clip or cut something. For example, you can say that you shear the plant. If you are using shear as a noun, then it means the action of clipping or cutting. A pair of shears is the tool used to shear something. There is are two additional uses of the word shear. In England, shear can be used as a noun to refer to the removal of wool from a sheep. For example, one might say that a sheep has been through a lot of shearing. In physical science, shear refers to a force that causes a substance to split into more than one part. So scientists might refer to “shearing forces.” The Proper Use of “Sheer” When sheer is used as a verb, it means to turn suddenly or change from a course. One example is saying you sheered away from the bully’s fists. If you are using sheer as an adjective, then it means transparent, complete, or fine. One may refer to a sheer blouse. However, when this same word is used as an adjective, it means nearly straight up and down. So, a tall mountain may have a sheer rock face. This versatile word can also be used as an adverb to mean completely or totally. Example Sentences As you can see, sheer has many meanings. But, shear in both verb and noun form refers to clipping or cutting: • She sheared the hedges until they were in a straight line. • The sheep’s wool was removed with shears. Here are some examples of sheer used as an adjective. Remember that it refers to something that is either very steep or see-through: • Her bra strap was seen through her sheer shirt. • The mountain climber was nervous about the sheer drop in front of her. In other contexts, sheer is used like a synonym for complete or total: • He won the game by sheer luck. • She watched her first snowfall with a look of sheer joy on her face. If you’re using sheer as a verb, then it means to turn away from something: • The driver sheered away from the bicyclist. • They sheered out of the path of the raging bull. Help Remembering Sheer vs. Shear Final word on sheer vs. shear: these homophones are easily confused. What’s the only difference between their spelling? It’s the letter A. Here’s a helpful tip: A looks like a pair of scissors. So, when you see an A in shear, remember that it refers to cutting. If you’re not writing about cutting something (and you’re not using a scientific term), then you probably need to use sheer instead. the word shears with the a represented by scissors to show the difference between shears and sheers Posted by Patrice Riley By Patrice Riley Patrice Riley is the pen name of Dr. Deborah Riley. She is a retired English professor that enjoys grammar, literature and all things writing. Leave a Reply	<urn:uuid:aaf41d26-b362-4c98-aad5-24b9556ff4f7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.734375, "fasttext_score": 0.09919977188110352, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9537612199783325, "url": "https://www.businesswritingblog.com/business_writing/2022/02/sheer-vs-shear.html" }
Name: period: Young George Washington’s Adventures: See “Young George Washington NPS” for worksheet 1. What year starts the activity? 1753 (Slide #1) 2. England and France have been fighting for power and land for hundreds of years. 3. There are two soldiers battling. Describe the fight & weapons. What is the purpose of using this image? The soldiers are battling using swords and shields. The purpose of the image is show the many, many years the 2 countries have been fighting. 4. The British & French were fighting over the Ohio River Valley. Describe the location of the area: (Slide 2) It is on the Northern part of North America, Northeast or a relative location description. 5. How would you compare the size of disputed territory to the size of the British territory? Almost the same. 6. List the main Indian nations (3) living in the region (Slide 3): Seneca, Shawnee, and Delaware Nations 7. How is the region identified on the map to the left? A Red circle with a star in the center 8. What is the purpose of the image of the man & woman (Slide 3)? To show the typical Native American 9. The 1st step in diplomacy is often some form of communication. What was the response of King George II to the French building forts in the disputed territory? (Complete sentence) The King is asking the French to peacefully leave the area. 10. The messenger would need to travel wilderness paths during the winter and negotiate with American Indians and the French. It would be a very difficult and hazardous journey. – thoughts of Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie. HOMEWORK: Assume you are helping to select a candidate for this job. Come up with 3 interview questions that might separate the candidate. Also select the 3 most important characteristics you would want in an ideal candidate. List the characteristic and explain the value of each trait. 11. George Washington was 21 years old when he accepted the mission. Imagine you are Washington. Write 3 sentences about your feelings and hopes for the mission. (Slide 6) 12. 3 Characteristics that would make George Washington an ideal candidate. He travelled on the Frontier as a surveyor. He was young & strong. (Slide 7) What kind of things do you think George Washington would bring on his trip? Activity: Rollover items for descriptions. Drag the correct items into the crate. Items taken Items not needed reason why item is not needed 1. Camping Gear 1. Horse & carriage there were no roads, only paths for horses & walking 2. Hatchet (cutting wood) 2. Books & violins not an essential item 3. Trade Good Gifts it was important to 3. Iron Provide gifts to the American Indians 4. Journal He would need to take many notes 5. Compass 6. Shaving kit Washington left on October 21, 1753. On his way to Wills Creek, gathering People & supplies along the way. Activity: Clothing of the 1750s (Major in the Virginia Militia) Items taken brief description 1. musket:The main firearm of soldiers during Washington’s lifetime. Muskets were cheap to make, easy to use, and had a fast firing rate of 3 shots per minute 2. Tricorn hat: The tricorn was a round hat folded up on 3 sides & was the style worn by young gentlemen, like Washington. Military tricorns were often quite fancy with bright edge lace and different colored ribbons called cockades. 3. Shot bag: A shot bag is used to carry necessary items to make a musket work. Bullets, tools, spare gun flints, and cleaning supplies were kept in this handy pouch. 4. Belt with Sword and Bayonet: The belt was called a double frog and held important items for soldier duty, a sword, and bayonet. The bayonet was a blade that fits on the end of the musket barrel. Washington carried a fancy sword since he was an officer. 5. Canteen: Canteens held water, the British soldier’s canteen was made of metal which sometimes imparted a bad taste to the water. 6. Military Uniform: British soldiers were issued one full uniform a year, which included a red wool coat, knee breeches, shirts, and socks. As an officer, Washington was responsible for purchasing his own uniform. 7. Gaiters: Heavy linen gaiters protected a soldier’s lower legs and hose (stockings). Pants of the time, called knee breeches, only reached below the knees. 8. Shoes: Leather shoes are straight last, which means there were no right or left shoes. The shoes were tightened across the foot using a buckle. Washington may have worn knee high riding boots instead of gaiters and shoes. November 14th 1753 Who was Washington’s guide? Christopher Gist Copy the description of the guide A skilled wilderness traveler and American Indian Negotiator. He and Washington both kept journals of the journey. Activity: Who to take? People taken Reason needed 1. Indian interpreter: He needed an interpreter to translate his speech into American Indian languages. 2. 4 strong helpers: Washington needed helpers to control the pack horses that carried all the supplies, put up the tents, cook the food, and do other chores. They would have been very busy. 3. French Interpreter: He needed a translator to interpret with the French. 4. Guide and French Interpreter: Not Needed 1. Carpenter: The did not need to build anything on the journey. 2. Farmer: A farmer would not have been much help on the journey. 3. Wash women: Washington has his men wash his clothes. 4. Cook: His men would have to cook there own force. George Washington and his crew set out for Logstown. November 26, 1753 George Washington met with 2 powerful Indian Chiefs to help with the journey to the French Fort. Chief: description 1. Monacatoocha Oneida knew the Americans Indians could not remain neutral. 2. Half King: A Seneca chief who tried to do what was best for his people as the French and British moved into the area. Describe the American Indian Culture Tradition at important meetings. It was traditional in American Indian culture important to exchange gifts at important meetings to show sincerity. The Half King was upset at the French because: 1. A French officers had called his people names 2. They threatened to take the American Indian lands. Washington hoped he could convince some of the Indians to join him on the journey to be guides, guards, & hunters. Why did the chiefs need time? The chiefs needed time to prepare. They wanted to make sure their interests were represented to both the British and the French Who finally joined Washington’s group? Three chiefs and one hunter. December 11, 1753 French General Description 1. Legardeur De St. Pierre: Born in Canada, he wa a French Marine captain and commander of Ft. Le Boeuf. He only had one eye. The commander needed time to translate & study the letter. Washington’s two fears were confirmed 1. The French were preparing to build more forts 2. The French were going to take control over the disputed land in the Ohio River Valley Explain the shift in foreign policy for the French in regards to the American Indians. Legardeur De St. Pierre realized it was important to have good relationships with the American Indians living in the area. He began to fix the broken relationships with gifts and promises. What was George Washington’s dilemma that was created with the British asked the Indians to stay? He was in a hurry to get back to Virginia, however he knew is was important for the chiefs to stay on the side of the British so he elected to stay. Washington’s horses were weak! How did the French help the British? The French loaned Washington canoes to spare the horses from carrying all the baggages. December 16, 1753 Human-Environment Interaction: Describe the 2 challenges the British faced with the canoes. 1. Several the canoe almost smashed against the rocks! 2. At times low water forced the passengers to walk in the creek pulling the canoes along. December 23 – 25, 1753: Describe the setting and situation for Washington and his group at Venago? It was very cold, the horses were still very weak so the group had to walk instead of ride. Activity: Washington in Indian Dress Clothing Item Purpose 1. wool hat: knit hats made of wool were far more comfortable and practical for winter travel through the forest. 2. Match coat: The match coat was a wool blanket wrap and made a garment to protect against the cold. Usually a pin was used to fasten the blanket below the neck. The match coats were a common trade item to the American Indians. 3. Mittens:knit wool mittens and wool gloves protected the hands from the cold. 4. Leggings: also called mitasses, were made of leather or trade wool. This simple article of clothing protected the lower legs from brush cuts and provided warmth. December 26 – 27: Washington and Gist decide to move ahead. Who do they met? American Indian Warrior (neither journal lists this warriors names or nation.) Why did the Indian carry Washington’s pack? Washington was not used to travelling long distances. What shocking thing does the Indian do? He suddenly turned shot at them and missed. What did Washington and Gist decide to do with the Indian? Let him go. What is the only thing Gist and Washington had to guide them? a compass they walked all night and all day December 19, 1753 Because the river was not frozen. The built a raft with a hatchet. Describe Washington’s close call crossing the river. Large ice chunks raced down the Allegheny River. The force of water and ice jerked Washington’s pole and threw him into the cold deep water. Describe the decision based on the fact the river was too dangerous to cross. They spent the night on a small island in the middle of the river. How do they finally get to the otherside? Overnight the river had frozen so they could walk to the other side. December 30, 1753 Where do they stay? (Frazier’s a friendly British trader) cabin Washington finally reached Williamsburg nearly 3 months after he left. Governor Dinwiddle need to warn the British people about the extreme danger developing on the frontier. How did Washington suddenly become famous? His journal was published and read throughout the AMerican colonies and England. At the Battle at Fort Necessity resulted in Washington having to surrender his army. Describe the battle of Monongahela in 1755. The British lost and were forced to retreat. Washington hd 4 bullets shot through his clothing but was not harmed. 1758 Washington helped capture the important French Fort Duquesne, in the Ohio River Valley.	<urn:uuid:d9c05581-971b-4a97-9339-1bccc32d26ba>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.9375, "fasttext_score": 0.8783837556838989, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9608504772186279, "url": "https://www.mytowntutors.com/young-george-washingtons-adventures-the-beginning/" }
Published in the Windmill Herald, December 7, 1996 Harvesting Peat Became a Way of Life Migrating Overijssel families attracted by Frisian bogs by Albert van der Heide In the eighteenth century, the sparsely populated southwestern and central regions of the northern Dutch province of Friesland saw an influx of labourers in search of peatbogs from which heating fuel for factory and home could be made. The men who literally scooped the peat from the sandy layers below the water surface, moved north from neighbouring Overijssel when the peatbogs of Giethoorn and Wanneperveen could not provide sufficient employment. Friesland's peatbogs offered plenty of opportunity to these men who made this backbreaking work their way of life. Over a period of 200 years, peat diggers in the four northern Dutch provinces over a period of 200 years sent 140,000 hectares of turf, heating fuel - the peat layers averaged about three feet deep - to stoves and furnaces. In this process, they created additional lakes in low-lying wetland. Harvesting peat from bogs was done in many regions of the Dutch United Provinces, often referred to as the United Republic. Unlike in other neighbouring countries, Dutch woods were small while the population density with its energy demand, was the highest in Europe. In search of prosperity migrants were pulled into Holland's cities, causing energy demand to rise further. When properly dried, turf - brick-shaped and light in weight - provided home-owners with efficient and clean fuel, leaving little waste. This type of fuel had been in use for centuries. New was the large-scale commercial harvesting. In the seventeenth century, Overijssel (Giethoorn and nearby Wanneperveen) and Drenthe (Hoogeveen) were shipping vast amounts of turf through the harbour of Zwartsluis - where it was loaded onto bigger barges - to Amsterdam, then the country's largest port city. The peat harvest had evolved from one for local consumption into one of large-scale commercial operations, often involving consortiums of investors, who used veenbazen to oversee the work, done by seasonal diggers - including many German migrants - and turfmakers who would stay on the better part of the year. The veenarbeiders generally loved to be outdoors, harsh conditions notwithstanding. Gietersen, as the men from Giethoorn and vicinity were called, would be among the first to check out the 'new opportunities.' Even in those times, the men of the peat were willing to travel. The first Frisian villages to attract Gieterse peat diggers were Oudehaske and Nijehaske, a short distance north of the town of Heerenveen. This migration took place starting in 1750. A decade later, St. Johannesga, Rotsterhaule and Rottum became the destination of many other migrants. The following years, as the influx continued, Gietersen could be found in an area that stretched south from Nijbeets to the vicinity of Lemmer. Many of the migrants were turfmakers, the men who shaped the product that the dredgers - among them many seasonal workers, often Germans who were called poepen - had scooped from below the surface of the water. However, they likely did not prompt the Gieterse migration. First to arrive were the entrepreneurs, the veenbazen, who had sufficient capital to purchase a plot of land to harvest peat. Egbert Eelken and Jan Willems jointly purchased a parcel of land near Oudehaske on September 6, 1750, and are considered to be the pioneers who introduced the Gietersen and their particular harvesting method to Friesland. Escalating land prices The following year, the partners split up with each taking on a new investor: Willems was joined by Harmen Jacobs Coster, a barge owner from the distant Zuiderzee port of Elburg; Eelken took in his brother Beernt. News of opportunity in Oudehaske must have spread widely, because in 1753 and 1754 the Eelkens and Willems saw nine families arrive from the hamlet of Belt-Schutsloot, an area west of Wanneperveen where the peat had exhausted, and from Zwartsluis. All of them settled on their own parcel of land. Every year, others joined them. By 1775, the group of migrants had reached 221 (62 from Giethoorn; 65 from Wanneperveen; 51 from elsewhere in Overijssel; the rest of unknown origin). According to historians, the influx did not push the native population out. However, the demand for land forced prices sky high: a small parcel of land with a dwelling on it had sold for f400 before the Gietersen arrived, in 1766 its value had escalated to f10,000. In 1765, Jan Harmens Knol and three partners paid a record f13,500. By then, more and more Gietersen had purchased an entire farm for its peat deposit. By the 1760s, the Gieterse veenbazen were prosperous enough that many built stately homes and farm buildings (Koster and Willems led the way and were followed by Bakker, Knobbe, Kollen and De Wit, and many others). The majority of the dwellings were much more modest as tax records from that period indicate. Most people in the area lived along the main roads. Not everyone was overjoyed with the Gietersen and the harvest of peat. Back home, they left an area that had been damaged by reckless harvesting. Coupled with poor drainage and flooding, storms caused serious erosion around the man-made lakes. The same was about to happen in Friesland, causing grietman Johan Vegelin van Claerbergen to sharply protest to Friesland's provincial government in 1766. The mayor repeated his concerns several times and received approval to enforce local bylaws (such as no harvesting of peat within 3.91 metres from any public road) but the veenbazen just ignored these and willingly paid their fines. Their group - they came from four municipalities - felt strong enough to serve the grietman with a public reply, 'Remonstrantie over het regt van vergraaving der laage veenen' (A protest concerning the right to harvest low-peat). Only one signatory of this defence, Jan Tjerks Greveling, was a migrant, the others were Frisians with a financial stake in the peat bogs. Erosion and moving fields Without any doubt, the Gietersen formed the largest group of people owning peat deposits. Tax rolls indicate however, that the migrants, although prospering, were not the richest. Frisian entrepreneurs reserved that honour. Meanwhile, the pressure on Giethoorn's turfmakers continued as more and more peat was dug away, increasing the area covered by water. A couple of floods hastened the erosion of the fragile shores of these man-made lakes. During one flood, the village of Beulake disappeared in the water. In another flood, a spongy field of several acres, complete with a labourer's dwelling, was lifted from its sandy bottom and swept across the lake where it came to rest against the shore. The phenomenon of drifting fields was quite common actually, as experienced men would move small parcels of peat land to places where it was needed. Peat diggers would spread dredged-up dirt on them, so the peat could be left to dry as others made turf from that material. As Giethoorn's peatbogs depleted, many families moved north to such villages as Muggebeet, Nederland, Wetering and Kalenberg. From there it was but a short distance to the rich peat deposits of the Frisian southwest, Lemsterland. Nearly fifty years after the Oudehaske-bound migration had started, another trickle of departures to Frisian peatbogs got underway, this time to the quiet farming villages of Echten and Oosterzee, in a sparsely populated area east of Lemmer. Soon it became a stream of migrants, with the Gietersen outnumbering the local villagers. In the peatbogs, new villages sprung up, notably Bantega which became larger than centuries-old Echten. By that time, peat harvesting had become regulated and environmental damage was being controlled. The areas most affected by reckless harvesting are now great holiday destinations for sailing, and a wide variety of other watersport. Life in the peat bogs was never easy. Poverty was a certainty to many, especially if a family was struck by illness or death. It seems that social problems, including alcoholism, where greatest in areas were large commercial interests controlled peat harvesting. This was especially the case east and northeast of Heerenveen where labour unrest and strikes became regular feature in the peatbogs when poor economic times forced down both turf prices and wages. Cheered on by arising socialist forces, the men of the peatbogs did not take kindly to bosses who tried to cut their piece rates. The bosses usually had their way as the police and the army were called in to put down any rebellion. Eventually, turf as an energy source was undermined by coal and oil. Later, coal, oil and turf were replaced by natural gas as well. Family ties As a group, the Gietersen clung to their identity and usually married partners who originated from the same village in Overijssel. The migrants maintained close family ties, attracting one another to Friesland. Some families which settled in Haskerland were even represented with two, three or four bothers: Bakker, Klompmaker, Knobbe, Kollen, Koning, Krol, Krul, Kuik, Meester, Meijer, Mooij, Oord, Prins, Wever (all 2), Ten Hoeve, Ketellapper, Krikke, Mast, Nenneboog, Taalen, Van der Wal and De Wit (all 3), and Nijmeijer (4). Other Gietersen who settled in Friesland were Aarsen, Akkerman, Appe(r)lo(o), Baas, Be(e)nen, Bennin(g)(k), Berger, Beukman, Beute, Biesterbos(ch), Bloemberg, Bok, Bos(ch), Bouwer, Boxum, Braam, Brink, Bus, Dam, De Glee, De Jong(e), De Leeuw, Dekker, Deuker, Deutman, Doeve, Doop, Drenth, Duiven, Drabbe, Dragt, Drost, Eelken, Ellen, Feijer, Floppe, Fransen, Fynderman, Gort(e), Granis, Greveling, Groen, Hakse, Hamaker, Helder, Hoen, Hoenstra, Hollander, Horst, Huisman, Jaspers, Jetten, Jongman, Jonker, Jonkman, Karsten, Kelderhuis, Kersten, Kikkert, Klaren, Klaver, Klomp(e), Klompemaker, Kooi(j)ker, Kloo(t), Kluitenberg, Kluwer, Knol, Kok, Kolk, Kollen, Kooiman, Korthoef, Kroes, Kruis, Kuiper, Kuilder, Lap, Lasker, Las(s)che(r), Lok, Luiken, Mandemaker, Mantje, Matmaeker, Meilof, Moed(t), Moerman, Mol, Mossel, Mulder, Muurling, Nooi(j), Noppert, Oom, Oost, Oostenwind, Osjes, Otten, Otter, Pals, Pen, Petter, Piek, Plak, Platte, Poepjes, Poorte, Prakke, Puis, Put, Putter, Pijlman, Ram, Regeling, Ruiter, Schaap, Scheer, Schievin(g)(k), Schipper(s), Schokker, Scholten, Sloothaak, Slootheer, Slot, Slump, Smink, Smit, Sok, Spits(en), Steenbergen, Sterken, Stobbe, Stuiver, Swol, Ten Boom, Ten Hove, Terweel, Thalen, Tinge, Toering, Tuk, Tuttel, Vaartjes, Valk, Vink, Viss(ch)er, Vonk, Vos, Wallinga, Weggen, Wilst, Wind(t), Wolf, Woud, Wuite, Wu(r)(v)ing, IJlken, Zoetevent, Zoon, Zwier, Zwol. 1. Local and regional histories such as: Haskerlan, In tal bydragen ta de skiednis, Fryske Akademy, Ljouwert, 1990; 2. St. Johannesga, to be published this Fall; 3. Opstand in de Turf, by Kerst Huisman, Friese Pers, Leeuwarden, 1981; 4. Groepsmigratie: Overijsselse turfgraversfamilies naar de Friese laagveengebieden by Jochem Kroes, Jaarboek, Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie (CBG), deel 47, 1993; 5. De veenbazen, Sociaal-economisch aspecten van de groep Gieterse verveners in Haskerland in het derde kwart van de achttiende eeuw, by Jochem Kroes, Jaarboek CGB, deel 48, 1994; 6. Vier eeuwen turfwinning, De vervening in Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe en Overijssel tussen 1550 en 1950, by M.A.W. Gerding, 'tGoy-Houten, 1995; 7. Aan het veen verknocht, Geschiedenis van een veenarbeidersfamilie, 1872-1922, by Derk Gort, Groningen, 1995; 8. N.W. Overijssel, by Jan Heuff, Houten, 1986; 9. Beknopte Geschiedenis van Friesland, by W. Eekhoff, Leeuwarden, 1851. 10. Geschiedenis van Friesland, by Kalma, Spahr van der Hoek en De Vries, Leeuwarden, 1973. • veenbazen, plural of veenbaas, supervisor or boss of peat diggers. • veenarbeiders, peat diggers. • turfmakers, makers of peat bricks used for fuel in factory or home. • grietman, pre-nineteenth century Frisian term for mayor.	<urn:uuid:08d570cf-9e0e-4126-bce9-6bc3a395d65e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.0804206132888794, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9309061765670776, "url": "https://www.peterlasker.nl/geschiedenis/Harvesting%20Peat%20Became%20a%20Way%20of%20Life,%20December%207,%201996.htm" }
Exploring ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ population ecology This activity explores how natural communities are organized and explores two of the most championed hypotheses. Activity time: 1.5 hr (can be split among two periods) Game: Evolution: Climate 1. Assign and discuss primary literature that matches the learning objectives. 2. Play Evolution: Climate by the publisher’s rules (this is our ‘top-down’ scenario) 3. Now play the game a second time using our ‘bottom-up’ scenario. 4. Discuss how these two game scenarios changed the composition of the communities. Be sure to count how many carnivores and herbivores are present at the end of each scenario. Bottom-up rules: Play by publishers rules except: -Skip the ‘select food cards’ phase (Phase 2). Instead, place 15 food in the watering hole every turn. (note you can change this value as you see fit) -Ignore climate actions that change food amounts. (image credit: kalchio)	<urn:uuid:1e4c02c9-45d2-481e-a5ad-ad703066885c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.30193471908569336, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8433836102485657, "url": "http://www.darwinsgamenight.org/understanding-top-down-or-bottom-up-population-ecology/" }
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Temporal range: Early Oligocene Anagale gobiensis NT.jpg Restoration of A. gobiensis Scientific classification edit Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Anagaloidea Family: Anagalidae Genus: Anagale Simpson, 1931 A. gobiensis Binomial name Anagale gobiensis Simpson, 1931 Anagale is an extinct genus of mammal from the early Oligocene of Mongolia. Its closest living relatives are the rodents and lagomorphs. Anagale was 30 cm (1 ft) long and resembled a rabbit, but with a longer tail. Also, the build of its hind legs indicates that it walked, and did not hop. Judging from its shovel-shaped claws, Anagale burrowed for food, such as subterranean beetles and worms. Anagale fossils have strongly worn teeth from eating soil, further indicating it ate subterranean invertebrates.[1] 1. ^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 210. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.	<urn:uuid:4321d04d-abd6-4ad7-9878-1098bd28d1fd>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.09930694103240967, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7547093033790588, "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagale" }
War Years The Turkish War The ‘Golden Period” for the Hutterites ended, with the start of the Turkish War, which was fought against the Holy Roman Empire. During the war, armies from both sides would come to the Bruderhöfe in search for food and shelter. The Turks, who killed and captured many of the members, frequently raided the colonies. To get money to fight the Turks, the Emperor told all the Lords to contribute taxes or money. The Hutterites refused to pay war taxes, so sheep, cattle, wagons and many other possessions were seized instead. For 13 years the colonies were raided and Hutterites killed. They took refuge in passages and caves, many of which were dug by hand. When the war ended the Brethren tried to rebuild what they had lost. By the time they did that, another war had started, the Thirty Years War. The Thirty Years War The Hutterites hadn’t fully recovered from the Turkish war when the Thirty Years War began in 1618, which lasted until 1648. This fight was between the Catholic and Protestant states, and within a few months the Catholic army had destroyed 12 colonies and plundered 17 others. In 1622 the Cardinal from Dietrichstein expelled all the Hutterites from Moravia. All their possessions were locked up and they were forced to leave empty handed. Most of them fled to Slovakia, but 230 of them joined the Catholic Church.	<urn:uuid:55cf334f-5023-4a41-8f4e-5c71b47cf904>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.03125, "fasttext_score": 0.33388012647628784, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9783828854560852, "url": "https://hutterites.org/history/war-years/" }
Posts filed under: Hydraulics: Ancient Rome to Today Hydraulics has played a significant role in creating valuable devices throughout history. The power generated from water has been improving industrial performances and creating useful systems. Find out more about how hydraulics work here. Let’s take a look at hydraulics from Ancient Rome through the modern era. Romans and Hydraulics The Bramah Press was one of the first devices to be powered by hydraulics. This system allows for a pressurized fluid to power a given machine through science and engineering. Hydraulics have been around since the Egyptians and the Babylonians. However, the critical development and science behind the law of fluid motions started with the Greeks and was implemented by the Romans. Ancient Rome is known for its use and development of various hydraulic applications during its beginnings. An array of different hydraulic practices were manufactured in its infancy Read More see all	<urn:uuid:46526b92-b5d9-44d7-ba18-da64b40a58d6>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.019183337688446045, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9648258090019226, "url": "https://blog.radwell.com/topic/fluid-powers" }
Cecropia as a food resource for bats in French Guiana and the significance of fruit structure in seed dispersal and longevity Cecropia (Cecropiaceae) is a Neotropical genus of pioneer plants. A review of bat/plant dispersal interactions revealed that 15 species of Cecropia are consumed by 32 species of bats. In French Guiana, bats were captured in primary and secondary forests, yielding 936 fecal samples with diaspores, among which 162 contained fruits of C. obtusa, C. palmata, and C. sciadophylla. Infos Guyane Blog gives you a comparative morphological and anatomical study of fruits and seeds taken directly from herbarium specimens, bat feces, and an experimental soil seed bank was made. Contrary to previous reports, the dispersal unit of Cecropia is the fruit not the seed. Bats consume the infructescence, digest pulp derived from the enlarged, fleshy perianth, and defecate the fruits. The mucilaginous pericarp of Cecropia is described. The external mucilage production of Cecropia may facilitate endozoochory. The exocarp and part of the mesocarp may be lost after passage through the digestive tract of bats, but fruits buried for a year in the soil seed bank remain structurally unchanged. Fruit characters were found to be useful for identifying species of bat-dispersed Cecropia. Bat dispersal is not necessary for seed germination but it increases seed survival and subsequent germination. Fruit structure plays a significant role in seed longevity.	<urn:uuid:ba82f4c4-3871-4e41-8d87-e38f7b328260>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.859375, "fasttext_score": 0.0612330436706543, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9067936539649963, "url": "https://www.infos-guyane.com/cecropia-food-resource-bats-french-guiana-fruit-seed-dispersal/" }
Which Of The Following Correctly Describes Nims? 4 mins read Last Updated on September 14, 2022 by Stanley Sanchez Nims is a computer-based system that helps organizations respond to incidents. It is used to track and manage information about an incident, including the people and resources involved. Nims also provides guidance on how to plan and respond to incidents. Nims is a computer game that was developed by Red Wasp Design. It is an action-adventure game that features puzzle-solving and combat. The player takes control of a character who must navigate through a series of levels, defeating enemies and solving puzzles. Which Of The Following Correctly Describes Nims? Credit: apps.apple.com Which of the Following Correctly Describes Nims Quizlet? Nims is a computerized system that allows users to create and administer online quizzes. It provides a variety of question types and allows users to track quiz results. Which Major Nims Component Describes Systems And Methods That Help to Ensure That Incident Personnel And Other? The National Incident Management System (NIMS) is a comprehensive, nationwide approach to incident management that is used by emergency response personnel. NIMS includes systems and methods that help to ensure that incident personnel and other responders are able to work together effectively and efficiently. The five major components of NIMS are: 1) Command and Control: This component describes the system of authority and decision-making that is used to manage an incident. It includes the establishment of an Incident Command Structure (ICS), which provides a clear chain of command and ensures that everyone knows who is in charge. 2) Communications: This component describes the system of communication that is used to coordinate incident response. It includes the use of standard communications protocols, so that all responders can communicate with each other regardless of their agency or affiliation. 3) Planning: This component describes the process of creating an Incident Action Plan (IAP), which outlines the steps that need to be taken to respond to an incident. The IAP helps all responders to understand their roles and responsibilities, and ensures that everyone is working towards the same goal. 4) Logistics: This component describes the process of providing resources and support for incident response. It includes everything from ordering supplies and equipment, to setting up base camps for responders, to providing food and medical care. 5) Finance & Administration: This component describes the process of tracking expenses related to an incident, as well as any reimbursement or compensation that may be available. It also includes information on how donations can be made to support incident response efforts. Who are Incident Management Personnel That the Incident Commander? The incident commander is the person responsible for managing the response to an emergency. They are usually the first responder on scene and take charge of coordinating all the other responders. Incident management personnel typically include firefighters, police officers, paramedics, and hazardous materials teams. The incident commander is responsible for ensuring that all these different types of responders work together effectively to resolve the emergency. Google Mobile Sites Certification Assessment Exam Answers Live Pass ✅ 2020 ✅ 100% Correct ✅ Nims is Applicable to All Stakeholders With Incident Related Responsibilities. NIMS is the National Incident Management System. It’s a comprehensive, all-hazards approach to incident management that can be used by all stakeholders with incident related responsibilities. NIMS provides a framework for how incidents are managed from start to finish, and includes guidance on everything from resource management to information sharing. It’s an essential tool for anyone who might be involved in responding to or managing an incident, and it’s something that all stakeholders should be familiar with. Nims is a system that helps organizations respond to incidents. It includes four key components: preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation. Nims was created in 2004 in response to the 9/11 attacks and the Hurricane Katrina disaster. It is now used by many organizations, including the Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Latest from Blog Ali Wong Net Worth	<urn:uuid:52ab30d9-c2e3-4a8d-8ab0-28cb8c614f43>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.05862802267074585, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9360849857330322, "url": "https://infactdaily.com/which-of-the-following-correctly-describes-nims/" }
Let's Take A Closer Look Explaining complicated subject matter simply since 1986 Beginning in the 15th century and for the next 200 years, European explorers and traders roamed the world in search of peoples to conquer and resources to plunder. In doing so, they came into contact with people who looked, dressed, and acted in ways they had never seen or imagined. And they believed these peoples were innately inferior in every way. The Report of the Philippine Commission, written in 1902, was one of the earliest formal ethnographies: “The government is attempting to develop a new standard of relationship between the white man and the Malay. Success will depend on our understanding of these peoples.” The success the report was referring to was how to make better workers out of the Malaysians. For a very long time, ethnographies were written just like this – as instructions for how to dominate and control “inferior” peoples. Then along came Claude Levi-Strauss. An anthropologist, he had a different perspective. He saw colonialism as “The larger part of mankind being made subservient to the other, with millions of innocent human beings having their resources plundered while they were ruthlessly killed and thrown into bondage.” His NY Times obituary said “his revolutionary studies of what was once called ‘primitive man’ transformed Western understanding of the nature of cultures, customs and civilizations.” They transformed ethnographies, too. What was important for the new ethnographies was the way he approached subjects. The old way, from the outside, was used to take advantage. The new way, from the inside, was objective, rational, and non-judgmental. The notion was to understand different peoples and cultures on their own terms. To anyone conducting research into human behavior, this should still be the goal.	<urn:uuid:3c8fdaec-0f36-4643-907e-08d18e929678>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.04931098222732544, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9750584959983826, "url": "https://www.letstakeacloserlook.com/2018/01/29/the-other-levi-strauss/" }
Union Square A National Historic Landmark This exhibit features the stories and images behind six large illustrated brass plaques about the history of labor in Union Square, installed in the southeast corner of the square. Union Square was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997, in recognition of the site’s importance for over 150 years as a public space for labor. The designation plaque (located in the plaza at the south end of the square) reads: Here workers exercised their rights to free speech and assembly and on September 5, 1882, observed the first Labor Day. A celebration of this historic designation—including a reenactment of the first Labor Day parade—was held in September 1998. The history that led to the landmark designation is depicted in part in the brass plaques illustrated in this exhibit, which were installed in the fall of 2002. These plaques honor the history of Union Square as a home of labor, and commemorate the 100th anniversary of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union, a union that played a significant part in that history. Commissioned by UNITE (Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees), and designed by the artist Gregg Lefevre, each plaque represents a part of the story of why Union Square and its environs is important in the history of the United States. The six plaques are each shown here accompanied by the historical images that inspired the design, and by other related historical images and labor artwork that illuminate this past. A celebration of these six plaques and of the life of Debra E. Bernhardt, who led the effort to designate the square as a historic labor site, was held on May 9, 2003.	<urn:uuid:9e96abee-294c-4e5a-a71c-1e9c155c45f3>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.0372195839881897, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9584956765174866, "url": "https://www.laborarts.org/exhibits/union-square/" }
Historical Notes Historical Notes Delivery chair. In the past, chairs like this with a carved-out seat were used widely in Europe. They allowed women to give birth in a sitting position . Today, there are many modern methods of childbirth, but the goal is always the same: transforming the birth of a baby from a numbing, passive experience into a conscious achievement. More and more often men also demand to contribute to this achievement by giving support to their women, and hospitals often encourage expectant fathers to remain present throughout the entire process. Childbirth preparation classes for both men and women are offered by many doctors, hospitals, and educational groups. This kind of joint parental instruction often brings the partners much closer together and, in fact, can be seen as a very desirable part of responsible parenthood. This was not always the case. Indeed, as the few following historical notes will show, modern childbirth is the result of a series of medical advances that were not always easily achieved. [Course 2] [Description] [How to use it] [Introduction] [Conception] [Pregnancy] [Birth] [Historical Notes] [Modern Childbirth] [Labor and Delivery] [After Delivery] [Lactation] [Sexual Intercourse] [Infertility] [Contraception] [Abortion] [Additional Reading] [Examination]	<urn:uuid:f916791b-8f43-4ac5-b2cc-fd33d77a0e0b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.03395259380340576, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9538314938545227, "url": "http://www.sexarchive.info/ECE2/html/historical_notes.html" }
A Linear Portrait of the USA/Canada Border The 45th Parallel, the line of latitude halfway between the equator and the North Pole, was officially named as the border for this region in 1783, and parts were surveyed even before that, in 1771-1772. A survey starting in 1845 set the majority of the early cast iron monuments along the line. These early surveys introduced errors which, after some debate, were finally accepted as the official boundary. As a result the boundary zigs and zags over the 45th Parallel, sometimes deviating by more than a mile. 3911Google map. 3912Google map. Though it is only 155 miles long, this portion of the boundary, known also as the West Line, is dense. The (sort of) straight line cuts through a rural, agricultural landscape of New England, New York, and Lower Canada that was already partially settled by the time the surveyors showed up in the early 19th century to find the 45th parallel on the ground, and officially divide the territory, anchored now with more than 420 monuments. As a result, this is where most of the houses bisected by the line can be found. All 90 miles of the top of Vermont is along the 45th Parallel, and less than 50 miles from the Canadian cities of Montreal and Sherbrooke. There are 15 official border crossings along Vermont’s boundary, averaging out to one every six miles. 3913Google map. Coming from the east, the complexity of Vermont’s border landscape begins almost immediately, after the boundary descends from its chaotic journey from New Hampshire, along Halls Stream, and landing at Beecher Falls, Vermont, on the 45th Parallel. 3788Google map. The entirety of the state line between Vermont and New Hampshire is the Connecticut River, with one exception, at the 45th. Here, the river curves to the east, 1/3rd of a mile south of the point that is the intersection of Halls Stream and the 45th Parallel, which was established as the international boundary point in the 18th century. The river meanders eastward for another two miles past its confluence with Halls Stream, before curving north and finally crossing the 45th parallel. This creates a two mile sliver of Vermont that is surrounded by New Hampshire on three sides, capped by a two mile stretch of the 45th Parallel, serving as a state boundary. 3914Google map. 4122CLUI photo. The 45th Parallel begins its terrestrial border manifestation by crawling up the western bank of the Connecticut River, and crossing River Road, which expresses the change in statehood with the usual subtle shift in pavement color, based on different blends of asphalt from each state’s road maintenance crews. 4123CLUI photo. On the other side of the road is a granite monument from 1934, which sets in stone the line between Canaan, Vermont, and Pittsburg, New Hampshire, and declares the northeast corner of Vermont to be a point in the river that is 314 feet east from the center of the monument. 4124CLUI photo. The line runs westward through the woods for nearly two miles, then across Halls Stream Road, and into the bushes and Halls Stream itself, where it undergoes a transformation from state line to a federal one, emerging on the other side of the stream as the terrestrial International Boundary. 3915Google map. The boundary begins its journey along the top of Vermont along the property line of the original Ethan Allen Furniture factory. 4125CLUI photo. Out of this plant came the furnishings for the oval office for a number of Presidential administrations. The plant laid off most of its 500 workers a few years ago, and is currently in limbo, though the company continues to operate a plant in Orleans, Vermont. 4126CLUI photo. Then the line goes through Highway 102, which travels under a part of the plant, and enters Canada at the Beecher Falls /East Hereford Crossing, the first of 15 manned border crossings along the top of Vermont. 3928Google map. West of the crossing, the border runs through the woods to the next crossing, at Canaan, three miles away. 4127CLUI photo. Along the highway between the two is a new Border Patrol regional headquarters, where vehicles and field personnel are based, and where hundreds of cameras and sensors positioned at remote parts of the border are monitored. 3917Google map. The Canaan/Hereford crossing has a Port of Entry on either side of the line. 4128CLUI photo. It is considered a lightly traveled crossing, like the one at Beecher Falls. 4130CLUI photo. The boundary comes from the east, where the cut-line is visible in the distance, then crosses the road. 4131CLUI photo. The boundary splits an old building on the other side of the road in half. The two-story wooden structure, more than 100 feet long, used to be a store, with exterior doors on each side of the line, and a connecting door between them inside. 4132CLUI photo. It was also a watering hole, popular during Prohibition, when liquor could be legally bought and consumed on the Canadian side. The building is unoccupied, and in disrepair, though its owner holds on to it, to the chagrin of the Boundary Commission. 3918Google map. A few miles further west, the boundary passes through Wallace Pond, where people from both countries can meet out on the water. 4133CLUI photo. 4231Google map. Five miles further west the border is crossed by high tension lines, bringing electricity to New England from Quebec. 4232Google map. The next border crossing, known as Norton/Stanhope, is actually a double crossing. 4134CLUI photo. In addition to the manned crossing with dual Ports of Entry on Highway 114, there is another unmanned crossing nearby on Nelson road. This is a rare, remaining “uncontrolled crossing,” though it is closely monitored by cameras and sensors. People passing through here are required to check in at the nearby Ports of Entry, before proceeding on – so they might as well drive through on the main road to begin with. 4135CLUI photo. There is a house on the line here, with two front doors, one on either side of the line. This used to be store, where there were shelves and cash registers for the different goods available on either side. 4233Google map. Seven miles further west is an old farm called the Line Farm, with a field that extends north of the border. This is not that unusual, though the land here is not being farmed anymore. 4136CLUI photo. The unoccupied house is just a few feet south of the line. 4137CLUI photo. A barn, next to the house, was on the line, and was encouraged to let fall down. Beyond it, the cut line can be seen plunging into the valley below, towards Derby Line. 4139CLUI photo. The Derby Line/Stanstead road crossing, on the east side of town, is the second-most heavily used of the 15 border crossings in Vermont. It is the crossing for Interstate 91, connecting Sherbrooke and the Eastern Townships of Quebec, with the interstate artery that follows the Connecticut River to Massachusetts, and beyond. 3929Google map. West of the Interstate crossing, the community of Derby Line, Vermont/Stanstead, Quebec has the densest cluster of line buildings on the entire boundary. 4140CLUI photo. The line enters town, first crossing Maple Street/Rue Ball, where a barricade has been constructed on the US side, and the line grazes a Canadian garage. 4141CLUI photo. The gates, located in a few other roads crossing the line in town, were installed a few years ago, as a method to limit travel over the border. They can be opened remotely, to permit emergency personnel to pass, as fire departments can respond to calls on either side of the line. 4142CLUI photo. The next street in town that is crossed by the line is Lee Street/Rue Lee, also gated with an electric gate. 4143CLUI photo. A large Victorian house is divided by the boundary. 4144CLUI photo. Across the street, part of the foundation of a house. 4145CLUI photo. The next structure bisected by the line is the Haskell Library and Opera House, intentionally built on the line by its benefactors in 1904, to celebrate the friendship between the two countries. The line hits the east side of the building obliquely, where two separate fire escapes had to be built, one in the US, and one for Canada. Many such redundancies and building code complexities have to be tolerated by the building managers. After repairing the roof a few years ago, the building’s owners were sued for not hiring a Canadian contractor to work on the Canadian portion of the roof. 4146CLUI photo. Inside the library the line has been painted on the floor, indicating the boundary passing through the lobby … 4147CLUI photo. …reference room … 4148CLUI photo. …and through the theater upstairs. 4150CLUI photo. Outside, a boundary monument clearly shows the line emerging out of the rotunda tower of the building. 4151CLUI photo. Outside, on Church Street/Rue Church, a row of heavy planters has been placed on the street, blocking traffic over the line, instead of a gate. 4152CLUI photo. This international cul-de-sac in the central part of town has become a favorite spot for Border Patrol to hang out. 4158CLUI photo. On the other side of the street, a small apartment building is divided by the line. Most tenants use the door on the US side to go both in and out, to avoid problems with border patrol. 4157CLUI photo. Next to it is another apartment building also split by the line. 4153CLUI photo. Across Main Street/Rue Dufferin, another building divided in half, with doors on either side, and a Boundary Commission plaque locating the line between them. 4154CLUI photo. 4155CLUI photo. The apartment building behind it is split by the line too, making a total of five inhabited structures, divided by the line, not including the library. 4156CLUI photo. Main Street/Rue Dufferin, with three of the line buildings along it, has a Canadian and a US port of Entry on either side of the line, where people must report immediately after crossing the boundary elsewhere in town, by foot or car. However crossing the line inside buildings does not need to be reported, so long as you leave on the same side that you entered. 4159CLUI photo. 4160CLUI photo. The last and largest building straddling the boundary in Derby Line is the Tivoly Incorporated plant, where 160 people work, primarily making industrial drill bits and dies for a company based in France. The machine plant was purchased by Tivoly in 1991, and parts of it are 100 years old. 4161CLUI photo. It was built on top of the Tomifobia River that provided power for the mill, and which happens also to flow along the international boundary at this point. The Tivoly complex is the remnant of a larger network of plants that operated along the river and the international boundary in town, until the 1920s, when several were closed after a widespread illicit international trade scandal, involving federal politicians in Ottawa. 4198CLUI photo. The other mill buildings on the line have been torn down, and an old industrial crossing over the river on Baxter Avenue is gated and monitored by Border Patrol. 3919Google map. A mile further west is the community of Beebee Plain, which also straddles the line. Canusa Road/Rue Canusa, whose name is an obvious reference to its condition, comes westward from Stanstead, Quebec, and lines up right along the boundary for 1/3 of a mile. 4162CLUI photo. Houses on the south side of the street are in the USA, while those on the north side of the street are in Canada. Some home owners on the US side have found this condition too complicated to endure, even though there is a border crossing at the end of the block, and a few houses are empty. 4163CLUI photo. At the west end of Canusa Road is the Beebee Plain/Stanstead border crossing, where travelers on the road, who are considered to be in Canada, can turn south and check in at the US Port of Entry, 4489CLUI photo. or go north, past the Canadian Port of Entry. 4164CLUI photo. The 45th Parallel, of course continues westwards, and runs through a house at the end of the road. 4165CLUI photo. A boundary marker next to the front door has been buried almost to its tip, but is the only visible boundary monument on Canusa Road. 4167CLUI photo. The boundary goes through the back yard behind the house, and hits the back part of a small industrial structure. This is the Rock of Ages plant, which is otherwise mostly in Canada. 4168CLUI photo. Rock of Ages, based near its famous quarries in Barre, Vermont, is the largest manufacturer of tombstones in north America. It operates this plant to work with Stanstead Grey Granite, which is quarried locally, in Canada. The quarries around Stanstead are also the source for many of the large granite boundary monuments along the 45th Parallel. Beyond this region, boundary monuments are generally made of metal or concrete. 3920Google map. In North Derby, west of Beebee Plain, there used to be a border crossing with a Canadian Port of Entry, but none on the US side. Travelers could only use it to go into Canada, but not into the US. The crossing, on Smuggler’s Road, has been closed, and the Canadian Port of Entry was converted into a home. 4191CLUI photo. Neighboring houses are again separated by the line. 4192CLUI photo. The road on the US side comes close enough that it touches the boundary. 4193CLUI photo. Several thin orange composite posts planted along the road have the following warning, in small type: “Warning: you are on or near the international boundary. No construction of trees within 10ft/3m of the International Boundary. For more information please contact: United States Section (202) 736-9100 or Canadian Section (613) 992-1294”. These posts can be found at many locations like this, where public right of way comes within the ten foot/three meters zone of the boundary. 3921Google map. A mile further west down the road is Lake Memphremagog, a large recreational lake well known in the Eastern Townships of Quebec, and which is split by the boundary. The boundary runs through the southern end of Isle de La Province, a privately owned island in the middle of the lake. The cut line, maintained by the IBC, makes even this isolated small segment of the border visible, and a monument, number 571, marks the line on the island as well. 4252Google map. West of the lake are two roads that used to cross the line, on Lake Road and Leadville Road, but which are now closed off, and the road surface covered over. On Leadville Road, a former line house has been removed, and the Canadian Port of Entry building has been turned into a private home. There are dozens of old roads in Vermont that used to cross the border that were unmonitored and uncontrolled. Nearly all of them have been bermed over, dug up, or blocked off and abandoned, over the past fifty or more years. In the old days of a more open border, officials relied on the honor system – people crossing would report to the nearest customs station on their own – or not, which was likely more often the case. 3922Google map. West of Lake Memphremagaog, the next official, open, and legal crossing on the boundary is at North Troy/Highwater, on Highway 243, a small crossing with Ports of Entry on either side of the line. The USA Port building is of the new, modernist shed type, as it is one of a few crossings in Vermont (as well as in Maine, New York, and other states) that were recently replaced as part of the federal government’s stimulus initiatives in 2011. 3923Google map. A mile west of that a pipeline crosses the boundary, bringing crude oil from a terminal in Portland, Maine to a refinery in Montreal. 4199CLUI photo. A pumping station for the 240 mile-long pipeline is on the Canadian side of the line. 3924Google map. A few hundred yards west of the pumping station is a closed and overgrown crossing that used to pass through the testing grounds of the Space Research Corporation, known as the Highwater Range. Space Research Corporation was a weapons company founded by Gerald Bull, famous for inventing a supergun capable of shooting large projectiles for many miles. Versions of the gun were tested here through the 1960s and 1970s, including tests for a model commissioned by Saddam Hussein, that was supposed to be capable of lobbing projectiles from Iraq to Israel. 4200CLUI photo. The Highwater Range, with test and manufacturing facilities, was built on Bull’s family’s land. It was closed in 1980, after he was convicted for violating the arms embargo against South Africa. Bull was later assassinated, allegedly by Israeli intelligence. 4201CLUI photo. For a period there was a customs inspection station outside the company’s south gate for southbound traffic, but there was no northern/Canadian station, as the company was based in Canada. The former boundary crossing point is abandoned and overgrown, fading from existence, like the rest of the Highwater Range. 4253Google map. In the woods along the border west of the range is the northern end of the Long Trail, one of a few lengthy hiking trails in the USA that end at the border, or continue past it into Canada. The Long Trail is the oldest of these trails, and was the inspiration for the more famous Appalachian Trail (which ends in Maine, a hundred miles from the border). The Long Trail, built from 1910 to 1930, takes 273 miles to traverse the whole state of Vermont, from south to north. 4234Google map. The next crossing on the line is the East Richford/Glen Sutton crossing, on the Missisquoi River, which is very quiet, and even more so for the US border officials, whose Port of Entry is open 24/7, while the Canadian Port of Entry is open only until 4PM. 3925Google map. The crossing area has some unusual features. Corliss Road, which used to cross the line from the south, between the Ports of Entry, has been closed. But Chemain Cushion, which enters Canada on the east side of the river, without a Port of Entry, is another of the few remaining “uncontrolled crossings,” though its southern end terminates at Highway 105, directly in front of the US Port of Entry, so illegal crossings here are a problem going into Canada, and not out of Canada. Also, east of the station, East Richford Slide Road passes into and out of Canada on a curve, unmarked, and probably unknown to most drivers. 4194CLUI photo. Next to the road is a graveyard that is split by the line, with some graves in Canada, and some in the USA. The boundary here is unmarked too, and though the Boundary Commission has considered putting their own granite marker among the headstones, they decided its best to leave these souls rest in peace, in whichever country they thought they were buried in. 3926Google map. Four miles west is the Richford/Abercorn Crossing, on Route 139, is open 24/7, and averages around 300 cars per day, relatively busy, compared to others in rural Vermont. It has the old federal style crossing station, as do around half of the crossings in the state. 3927Google map. West of it is a cattle farm that is on the line. The road at the farm continues into Canada, as do the fields, though both are allowed to be used only by farmers working the fields from the US side. 4195CLUI photo. The farm is now operated by the younger members of the Hurtubise family, whose parents established the farm, and who live in a farmhouse that is split nearly exactly in half by the line. In the living room, facing the television, Mr. Hurtubise’s chair is in Canada, and Mrs. Hurtubise’s chair is in the USA. 4196CLUI photo. Behind the house is a border boundary marker, next to the barn, suggesting that a few inches of the barn extend into Canada. Beyond it the cut-line can be seen heading over the mountains to the east. 3930Google map. 3931Google map. A mile west down the line from the farm is the Richford/East Pinnacle crossing, on Pinnacle road, where a new US Port of Entry was built couple of years ago. This is one of the lowest volume crossings in Vermont, with between 3 and 20 cars passing through per day. The Canadian Port of Entry has reduced its hours to 8am-4pm, and is considering closing it completely, despite the new multimillion dollar Port of Entry on the US side. 4197CLUI photo. A new road was built to feed traffic through the new station, bypassing the old surface of Pinnacle Road, which now ends abruptly. Lines on the old roadway routing traffic to the site of the former U.S. Port of Entry, now covered in grass, are still visible. 3932Google map. Its six miles west down the line until the next official crossing of the boundary, the West Berkshire/Frelighsburg crossing, another low volume rural crossing, with old-style, small Ports of Entry on either side. 3933Google map. Past that, a high tension line crosses the border near Morses Line. Hydro Quebec is one of the largest electrical utilities in North America, and supplies most of the electricity consumed in northern New England. 3934Google map. The Morses Line Crossing started in 1871, when the Morse family opened a store directly on the line, a building now long gone. Today the crossing averages around 80 vehicles a day, making it among the least used of the 15 crossings in Vermont. 4202CLUI photo. The Canadian Port of Entry is considering installing a remote check in kiosk that can be used by pre-screened crossers after hours, so they don’t need to run a second shift of officers. The US Port of Entry building is old and worn, constructed in 1935, and all traffic on the road, such as it is, is funneled through its one lane carport. It was among the first to be considered for replacement once the $420 million stimulus money was awarded to the Department of Homeland Security to upgrade Ports of Entry along the entire border a few years ago. 4203CLUI photo. The Rainville family, whose home is between the Ports of Entry, and whose cornfield surrounds the US Port, refused to sell the government the land they needed, and then protested loudly and effectively when preparations were being made to take five acres of it by eminent domain. So Homeland Security proposed closing the Port here all together, which the local community has been protesting (with the exception, of course, of the Rainvilles). 3935Google map. Whatever happens at Morses Line, it is just five miles west to the next border crossing, Highgate Springs/St. Armand, the busiest crossing on the Vermont boundary. Northbound the divided highway goes to Montreal, and southbound it goes to Burlington, Vermont, via Interstate 89. West of the Port of Entry building Homeland Security built a new cattle inspection facility, which is yet to be put into use, despite the high volume of cows carried back and forth over the line here. West of that, the boundary enters the waters of Lake Champlain. 3936Google map. Halfway across the lake, the line clips the tip of Province Point, making a tiny uninhabited US exclave of sorts. 3937Google map. Then the line makes landfall on the Alburg Tongue, a large peninsula projecting into the lake from the north. 3938Google map. The line comes ashore on the Alburg Tongue and passes through the Alburg Springs/Clarenceville crossing, a low-volume border crossing on the shore of Lake Champlain. 3939Google map. The line continues west through the peninsula, crossing some railroad tracks, then through a closed crossing, on Henry Road. 4205CLUI photo. Many of these small uncontrolled crossings like this in western Vermont and upstate New York were barricaded for security purposes in the 1970s, in preparation for the 1976 Olympic games held in Montreal, less than 35 miles away from this point. 4207CLUI photo. The barricade here, on Henry Road, is made of a row of concrete blocks, just a few inches inside the US, attested to by a fresh monument, number 638, installed by the Boundary Commission in 2013. 4208CLUI photo. There is an old line house at the former crossing, abandoned and overgrown in the bushes. 4209CLUI photo. Beyond the barricade, Henry Road continues north, into Canada, as if nothing has changed. 4210CLUI photo. Westward the line passes an occupied house on the US side, then continues down the cut line. 3940Google map. After passing trough a forested area for a mile, the line grazes the north wall of a house, and crosses Blair Road/Chemain de la 4 Concession, which has been barricaded. 4212CLUI photo. 4213CLUI photo. It then heads west along Leduc Drive. Though it is less than a mile long, Leduc Drive is a well monumented dirt road, as the boundary line runs at a slight diagonal relative to the road, slowly crossing it over the course of a half mile. 3941Google map. Cars driving west start out in the USA, and end up in Canada, without obvious warning – though the road ends at an intersection immediately in front of the Alburgh/Noyan Port of Entry. 3942Google map. This Port of Entry building is a shared Port of Entry, intentionally built on the boundary, allowing customs and immigrations officers from both countries to work in one structure. Built in the early 1980s, this was the first of this type, intended to be more efficient in terms of operating costs, and space. Designed with input from the Boundary Commission, the building has floor to ceiling windows on either side where the boundary passes through it, preserving the line of sight along the boundary, symbolically at least. 4214CLUI photo. Inside, this shared part of the office is a kind of international zone, an under-utilized break area, with a table, water cooler, and a dehydrated ficus tree. While the officials carry out their duties in separate spaces, with windows to interview the drivers coming and going on opposite sides of the building, they work within earshot of one another, so there is some office banter, and occasional official business that benefits from the proximity. 4215CLUI photo. The shared space also has the more fundamental effect of uniting the two forces in their common task, as, despite being governed by separate laws, and facing different directions, they are, essentially, doing the same thing. Uniting the enforcement teams under one roof suggests that they work, together, for a greater good, in international space. At least that was part of the idea, though only five of these shared Ports of entry have been constructed, and the two built in the post 9/11 period are severely divided inside. The agents here though may have lots of time to chat though, as the Alburgh /Noyan crossing is one of the slowest in the state, with as few as 20 cars per day. 4216CLUI photo. Outside the inspectors window, on the Canadian side, is an old line house, abandoned and crumbling in the bushes, across the road. Heading west, this is the last manned crossing station in Vermont. 4217CLUI photo. 3943Google map. Two miles west of the crossing, the line passes through one more building before passing out of Vermont. 4218CLUI photo. The building is a small seasonal dwelling, overlooking the water of Lake Champlain, that was restored 15 or so years ago, without the consent of the Boundary Commission. This is an important place for the Commission, directly on the waterfront of a major and historic waterway, and on the edge of the state of Vermont. Not only does the house block the line of site, it sits where a shoreline range marker should be. 4219CLUI photo. The Commission has recently constructed a large boundary monument, nearly blocking the front door of the structure. It has also made an agreement with the owner to turn the wall that faces the water into a range marker. 4220CLUI photo. Beyond the house, the cut line through the trees on the New York/Quebec boundary is visible on the other side of the water. 3944Google map. This northwestern arm of Lake Champlain transitions here into the Richelieu River, which flows into the St. Lawrence River, near Montreal. The river is a significant historic route connecting the US and Canada, a pathway for troops during skirmishes between the two nations, which is why the Americans established a fort here, on the New York side, as early as 1816, to defend the US from British Canada. 4221CLUI photo. It was later discovered that, due to a surveying error, the 45th Parallel, and thus the US/Canada border, was three quarters of a mile south of the fort, which put the fort in Canada. It became known as Fort Blunder. With the signing of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty in 1842, which set the boundary through the region as the 45th Parallel, as previously surveyed, the boundary moved back to the former, incorrect 45th, and the fort thus became part of the US again. 4235CLUI photo. A new and better fort, now called Fort Montgomery, was built at the site from 1844 to 1871, though it never saw battle, and it was eventually decommissioned. Much of its cut stone walls were ground up for aggregate to build a bridge that now crosses the lake, near the fort. The fort and the land around it is in private hands, and has been on the market for years. 4236CLUI photo. The bridge across the lake lands just south of the fort, where there is a dock for Border Patrol boats, defending the nation's perimeter still, along the banks of the Richelieu. 4224CLUI photo. On the west side of the fort property is the US Port of Entry for the Rouses Point/Lacolle border crossing, the easternmost of the 10 Ports of Entry along the 45th parallel boundary in New York State. The Port of Entry is nearly ¾ of a mile south of the border itself. This, presumably, is not as a precaution against a revision of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty. 4237Google map. The line continues west and meets up with Route 276, which turns west to follow the border on the US side for a mile. 4230CLUI photo. 3948Google map. Up to the boundary crossing known as Overton Corners/Lacolle, where there is a quarry and a golf course on the north side of the line. 3949Google map. Two miles west is the former Meridan Road crossing, now closed, with an old US Port of Entry building now unused next to the road. A half miles further west is the Champlain/Lacolle crossing, on Interstate 87, one of the busiest crossings in the country. 4701CLUI photo. I-87 travels through the Adirondacks, and is the most direct route between New York City, and Montreal, less than 30 miles north of here. Over 2 million travelers come through each year, more than half a million just in the summer months of July and August. A major gas line also crosses the border here, on the west side of the station. 4228CLUI photo. West of the Champlain crossing, and less than half a mile from the border is a former Atlas F Missile Intercontinental Missile Silo, operational in the 1960s to protect America from Soviet attack. It is one of several historic missile silos within a mile of the Canadian Border, including another near Alburgh, Vermont. The current owner of the silo bought it off of Ebay in 2006, and is working on restoring it, though without the missile. 3945Google map. Mooers/Hemminford is the next manned crossing west of I-87, seven miles away, at Route 22. It is a lightly traveled crossing, with an old style brick Port of Entry on the US side. 3946Google map. A couple of miles west of it is Blackman Corners Road, which used to cross the line, but was barricaded in the 1970s. 4227CLUI photo. There is an old farm house along the north side of the line in the bushes, that the neighbors say is still occupied. 4226CLUI photo. The driveway and doorway is off the road on the Canadian side of the barricade, though a mailbox remains for the house on the US side. If its occupants ever emerge to pick up their mail, they will likely not do so unobserved, as there is a Border Patrol camera in a tree, trained on the barricaded road. 3947Google map. Another five miles west down the line is the Cannon Corners/Covey Hill crossing, another lightly used remote crossing, with a new, post-911 Port of Entry. 4169CLUI photo. An old Port of Entry, now a home, is located 2.5 miles south of the crossing, at Cannon Corners. In the old days, this station, and ones like it, served as a regional honor system check point for a few of the previously uncontrolled crossings in the area. 4238Google map. Nine miles west of the Cannon Corners crossing is the Churubusco/Franklin crossing. This was a slow enough crossing that Canadian officials closed and demolished their Port of Entry here in 2011. The Americans, however, continued with their plans to upgrade this one, along with dozens of others all over the country, to a more up to date, post-9/11 standard. 4170CLUI photo. The new US Port of Entry here opened in 2013, featuring a structure that is identical to some others of this type along the New York boundary line. It cost more than $10 million. With the Canadian crossing permanently closed, this is a rare, one-way border crossing, and sees even less travel than it did before. 4251Google map. Nearby, at the former town of Frontier, is a former unmanned crossing, that was closed and barricaded in the 1970s. 4171CLUI photo. Like most other closed and barricaded crossings, it has motion sensors that trigger alarms in a Border Patrol facility far away, alerting someone to watch the camera at the location for potentially illegal activity. 4172CLUI photo. 4239Google map. A few miles further is another closed and barricades crossing, on Earlville Road. 4190CLUI photo. Here a barn has collapsed in the vista-line, no doubt to the pleasure of the Boundary Commission, which refuses most applications for construction permits, even for repairs, for buildings inside their 20 foot wide jurisdiction. 4240Google map. The next manned crossing west down the line is Chateauguay/Herdman, seven miles from the previous one, at Churubusco. It is on Route 374, and has relatively few crossings. The US Port of Entry is in the old, federal brick style, and has not been replaced yet. A barn on the west side of the crossing is clipped by the line. 4241Google map. Less than five miles west from the Chateauguay crossing is the Jamieson Line crossing. Very lightly traveled, with as few as 6 cars a day, the Canadians closed their Port of Entry here in 2011, and have torn it down. 4225CLUI photo. It operated as a one-way crossing after that until the US Port of Entry was closed in August, 2014. 4173CLUI photo. The gates on the line have since been closed, and the small Port of Entry will likely be torn down soon. There is a still occupied private home on the US side of the line, with a collapsing garage across the street, that is clipped by the line. 4242Google map. Its nearly seven miles to the next crossing west of Jamieson Line: the Trout River crossing at Highway 30, where there are a few buildings that are directly on the international boundary. 4174CLUI photo. One of them is a duty free store that has been shuttered for years. Before that is what was a bar and restaurant called the Frontier Grill. 4175CLUI photo. The line runs diagonally through the building, and there is a door into Canada from an earlier part of the structure out back, which served as the home for the owners of the Frontier Grill. The main entrance facing the road is in the USA. 4176CLUI photo. Next to the store is a small apartment building, also divided diagonally by the line. Some of the border officers working across the street in the Port of Entry have lived here. 4177CLUI photo. On the back side of the building, the exterior door and landing for the apartment on the second floor is in Canada, though the landing at the bottom of the exterior stairs is in the US. 4178CLUI photo. Boundary monument number 738A is in the yard outside, and draws the line to a fine degree. 4222CLUI photo. It shows that the south edge of the small barn in back is also cut by the line. 4188CLUI photo. Behind the barn, the line crosses the Trout River, and continues as a vista line into the distance, past a swimming pool in another back yard. 4189CLUI photo. Across the street, on the west side of the crossing, is an occupied private home, directly on the line, accessible from Canada. 4243Google map. Ten miles further west is the Fort Covington/Dundee Crossing, at Route 132. 4250CLUI photo. On the west side of the border crossing is the Salmon River, which empties into the St. Lawrence, two miles north. 4186CLUI photo. On the east side of the road a three story building known as the Halfway House, straddles the boundary thoroughly, and proudly. Like the buildings at Trout River, this structure was not built on the border, it was here before the boundary line was measured precisely. The border was built on it. 4187CLUI photo. The building has been here since 1820, an has been a hotel, bar, and store. Its owner, Paul-Maurice Patenaud, has enjoyed and exploited its dual nationality for more than 50 years, and runs it now as the Half Way House Freight Forwarding company. Canadians who order things online from American stores can avoid the complications, expense, and delay of having them shipped across the border, by having them shipped here. Deliveries come through the door on the US side. Customers can then pick up the goods themselves, by entering the door on the Canadian side. There are many mailbox and shipping services that perform this function along the US side of the boundary, but this situation works especially well for people who are uninclined, or not allowed, to enter the US, for one reason or another. 4244Google map. West of Fort Covington the international boundary travels the 45th Parallel for another 7.5 miles, then enters the St. Lawrence River. 4702Google map. Along the way, the border enters another phase, the territory of a “third” nation – that of the Akwesasne Mohawk tribe. Here the USA/Canada boundary has a reduced significance at the local level. There are several roads that cross the international border on the Reservation, but at no point is this fact acknowledged with signage, Ports of Entry, or even visible monuments. Passage over the line is unrestricted. And there is no cut line on the forested portions of the Reservation. 4245Google map. The first road to cross the international boundary west of Fort Covington is Chapman Road, which crosses north into the reservation when it crosses into Canada, without any indication that you are crossing a border of any kind. 4182CLUI photo. Further west, inside the reservation, the same is true along Border Road, which crosses the boundary without any indication. 4183CLUI photo. And Snye Road, at the end of Border Line Road, also crosses the line, without indication. 4184CLUI photo. At Phillips Road, the change in the road surface is the only indication that the Second Nations have transitioned within the First Nation’s territory. 4185CLUI photo. At River Road, the fourth road crossing on the U.S./Canada boundary on the reservation some cryptic spray paint indicates a change in jurisdiction for infrastructure, but that is the only indication of any change there. 4246Google map. After the 45th Parallel crosses the St. Regis River, a tributary to the St. Lawrence, it enters the community of St. Regis, the most built up part of the Reservation. The community is on a peninsula, surrounded by water, and connected by land only through the USA. This is one reason why the lax conditions of the international boundary can occur here: all of the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation is separated from continental Canada by the St. Lawrence River. The reservation is known to be a busy place for smugglers though, using boats to cross the river. 4181CLUI photo. In the community of St. Regis, the international boundary is also unacknowledged, visible only as the change in pavement. The Boundary Commission installed monuments along the line here a long time ago, though they are not aggressively maintained. 4248CLUI photo. Many have been turned into fence posts and lost in the bushes. Others have been removed. 4180CLUI photo. The last boundary monument on the 45th Parallel is in a fence line behind a home, next to the St. Lawrence River. 4247Google map. From here the line heads out across the water, invisibly splitting a recreational boat dock, then joining the main channel of the river. 4179CLUI photo. The International Boundary, already fading on the reservation, dissolves in the water, becoming a liquid line again, following rivers and lakes for the next 1,300 miles, before striking land again in Minnesota/Manitoba.	<urn:uuid:5e487649-b398-4ad7-926c-19600f4fe771>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.859375, "fasttext_score": 0.03481501340866089, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9536533355712891, "url": "https://clui.org/projects/united-divide/45th-parallel" }
Charles Hutton, English Mathematician Charles Hutton English Mathematician Everyone with a keen interest in canals will be familiar with the names of some of the civil engineers responsible for the construction of Britain's extensive canal network, particularly during the Canal Mania period. Names of engineers such as John Smeaton, William Jessop, John Rennie, Thomas Telford and Robert Whitworth will readily spring to mind in connection with their achievements, much of which still survives. Unfortunately, in most instances it is not known how or where these men were educated as civil engineers beyond knowing that younger men were pupils of older and more experienced men. A myth seems to have developed that they worked on the principle that, 'if a thing looked right then it was right'. Nothing could be further from the truth than this adage, as all of them required a sound knowledge of mathematical principles. There is a well-known axiom that states, 'if a thing cannot be described mathematically then it cannot exist' and this is the axiom that early civil engineers used, just as they do today. Such a description is known as a mathematical model. Possibly the greatest mathematician and scientist of all time is Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) and he is best known for 'The Calculus' (higher mathematics), the Binomial Theorem and his Three Laws of Motion. The most important aspect of Newton's work, as far as civil engineers were concerned, was probably Calculus and this was embodied in his most famous work, Principia Mathematica, published in 1687. This mathematical work contains a number of rules under the heading Reasoning and Philosophy and Rule 1 states: 'We are to admit no more causes of natural things than such are both true and explain their appearance'. This does not mean to say that civil engineers of the day had recourse to a copy of Principia Mathematica every time they had a canal to build but it is possible that they had recourse to the works of Charles Hutton who followed Newton and applied his mathematical principles to the design of the most common feature of every canal in the land,namely the arch. Although the ancient Romans introduced the arch and understood some of its mathematical principles, it was not until the late 18th century that these were fully understood. On Britain's canals, the arch was used in a variety of forms, such as aqueducts, bridges, tunnels, tunnel inverts and lock inverts. More subtly, arches were incorporated into the abutments and side walls of aqueducts so that in plan view they formed arches. Moreover, abutments were also battered (reduced) upwards and often provided with buttresses or pilasters in order to better withstand both water and ground pressure. On the Louth Canal in Lincolnshire, six of the eight locks incorporated arches in a way that was unique to this canal. With John Grundy as the engineer, construction of this canal commenced in 1767 and it was opened in 1770. The chambers of these locks did not have straight sides but instead they were scalloped with four elliptical arches. The purpose of this was to increase the strength of the lock walls to better withstand lateral ground pressure and not water pressure, as one would normally expect. Strangely, books about famous civil engineers of the 18th century never mention the name of Charles Hutton, the academic who contributed so much to the technology of the day. Charles Hutton LLD, FRS, was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne on the 14 August 1737 and he died at Bedford Row, London, on the 27 January 1823. In the field of civil engineering, he was the first to describe the arch in mathematical terms. Charles Hutton. Hutton was a gifted mathematician who opened his own school of mathematics at Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1760. While working there, he surveyed the city of Newcastle and produced a map of it in 1770. In 1772 he published his work, 'Principles of Bridges' and this was the work turned to by civil engineers of the day. Following on from this he became professor of mathematics at Woolwich Academy from 1773 until 1807. In 1785 he published his 'Mathematical Tables', which would also have been used by engineers of the day when they were making calculations. The Civil Engineering Department of the University of Salford has a copy of Hutton's 'Principles of Bridges'. In 1779, Hutton was elected foreign secretary to the Royal Society but he resigned in 1783 because he considered that the behaviour of the president, Sir Joseph Banks, towards the mathematical section of the Society was too high-handed. It is of interest to note that the year of his election in 1779 also saw completion of the first iron bridge in the world at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire. Shortly before his death, he was consulted about the curves that should be adopted for the arches of the proposed New London Bridge across the river Thames, as it was to be a segmental-arch bridge, that is, the five arches were to be semi-elliptical in shape. Construction work began on this bridge in 1824, the year after Hutton's death. Other Papers published by Charles Hutton include: Tables of the Products and Powers of Numbers, 1781. Elements of Conic Sections, 1787. Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary, 1795. Course of Mathematics, 1798. Recreations in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, 1803. The skew bridge across an isolated section of the derelict Hereford and Gloucestershire Canal at Monkhide, Yarkhill, north east of Hereford. The skew angle of this bridge, which carries a minor road over the canal, is about 63º and it is believed to be the most askew bridge on Britain's waterways. It was built by Stephen Ballard in 1843. In the case of a canal, the skew angle is defined as the inclination of the centre line of the roadway to the normal of the centre line of the canal. This bridge was listed Grade II on the 10 January 1986, List Entry No. 1349186. A skew railway bridge across a derelict section of the Thames and Severn Canal close to the Coates Portal of Sappeton Tunnel. This railway bridge was built across the canal on the skew, that is, it was built obliquely from side-to-side. Because of this, the masonry in the arch was laid in the form of a helix.	<urn:uuid:c5b391c2-14c9-4dc0-9f7d-1a5925de47d7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.020343482494354248, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9792439341545105, "url": "http://pittdixon.go-plus.net/hutton/hutton.htm" }
Home / Quiz / Module 2-Unit 3-CaseStudy 1 Module 2-Unit 3-CaseStudy 1 Sapnahar is a 12-year old girl from a small village in Bangladesh. She was raped by a local boy, became pregnant and gave birth to a baby girl. Before giving birth Sapnahar was tried and convicted by a salish or traditional village court in her home village. Her ‘crime’ was to have had sexual relations outside of marriage. The boy who raped her was never brought before a salish or civilian court. Sapnahar never reported the incident of the rape to the local police because she feared that the boy’s family and the community in which she lived would take the side of the boy and hurt her. As a result of the decision of the salish court, Sapnahar was sentenced to 120 lashes. Due to her pregnancy the village elders decided that she should be punished only after giving birth to her baby. Salish courts are officially outlawed in Bangladesh. The government of Bangladesh knows that they are operating in many rural areas and yet is unable to do much to control them. Before the village elders could punish Sapnahar she was secretly taken to a shelter for battered women. She stayed at the shelter in the capital, Dhaka, for a few weeks under the care of older women. Only Sapnahar’s mother knew where she was. After some time the safe house began to receive anonymous telephone calls saying that Sapnahar must return to her village or she would be kidnapped and forcibly taken back. The safe house received a dozen telephone calls, each one more threatening, until the head of the shelter decided to call the police. The police chief said there was little he could do against an anonymous caller; besides, he said, he had “more serious” problems to deal with. Soon afterwards, Sapnahar was smuggled out of Bangladesh to Calcutta in India, where she had a relative. She travelled to India with her baby daughter, who was then three months old. Sapnahar traveled with a smuggler using false documents. After crossing the border into India the smuggler handed Sapnahar over to one of his contacts. She was taken by bus to her relative’s home and the smuggler disappeared. Sapnahar and her baby stayed with the relatives, who were middle class and had their own shop in Calcutta, for about a month. She had no contact with her family in Bangladesh during this time. Then one day she was told that she would be sent to Europe. Airline tickets and papers were arranged, and Sapnahar and her baby travelled to a European country on a falsified Indian passport, which had been issued with a visitor’s visa from the New Delhi embassy of a Central European state. Sapnahar was accompanied on the trip to Europe by another woman who told her to say, if asked, that she was the woman’s daughter and the baby was her little sister. Sapnahar, the other woman and the baby took a flight to the capital of a Central European state from Delhi. Upon arrival at the airport the woman who had accompanied Sapnahar and her child disappeared. Sapnahar did not know what to do, so she hid in a washroom with her baby girl. She was discovered several hours later by a cleaning lady who saw her crying. As Sapnahar knew neither the local language nor English, the cleaning lady took her to the police office at the airport. The police arranged for an interpreter to come to the airport and, after some encouragement from the police and the interpreter, Sapnahar told her story. The police prepared a preliminary interview report and sent it with a ‘most urgent’ notice to the Directorate of Immigration to conduct a further interview and take a decision.	<urn:uuid:66a159ce-5ce7-4b3d-8a15-17df7fbea3f9>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.019010484218597412, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9878050088882446, "url": "https://gvets.eu/quizzes/module-2-unit-3-casestudy-1/" }
Numbers in Illitan Learn numbers in Illitan Knowing numbers in Illitan is probably one of the most useful things you can learn to say, write and understand in Illitan. Learning to count in Illitan may appeal to you just as a simple curiosity or be something you really need. Perhaps you have planned a trip to a country where Illitan is the most widely spoken language, and you want to be able to shop and even bargain with a good knowledge of numbers in Illitan. It's also useful for guiding you through street numbers. You'll be able to better understand the directions to places and everything expressed in numbers, such as the times when public transportation leaves. Can you think of more reasons to learn numbers in Illitan? The Illitan language has been designed by the British linguist Alison Long, for the BBC’s adaptation of China Miéville’s novel The City and The City broadcast in April 2018. Spoken in the city of Ul Qoma, Illitan is written in the Georgian alphabet, or Mkhedruli.Due to lack of data, we can only count accurately up to 10 in Illitan. Please contact me if you can help me counting up from that limit. List of numbers in Illitan Here is a list of numbers in Illitan. We have made for you a list with all the numbers in Illitan from 1 to 20. We have also included the tens up to the number 100, so that you know how to count up to 100 in Illitan. We also close the list by showing you what the number 1000 looks like in Illitan. • 1) ხაბ (khab) • 2) კვოტ (kvot) • 3) ტროსტ (trost) • 4) ჭედი (fedi) • 5) გლილ (glil) • 6) გრახ (grakh) • 7) მლახ (mlakh) • 8) ჰატოკ (hatok) • 9) დემატ (demat) • 10) დეკატ (dekat) Numbers in Illitan: Illitan numbering rules Each culture has specific peculiarities that are expressed in its language and its way of counting. The Illitan is no exception. If you want to learn numbers in Illitan you will have to learn a series of rules that we will explain below. If you apply these rules you will soon find that you will be able to count in Illitan with ease. The way numbers are formed in Illitan is easy to understand if you follow the rules explained here. Surprise everyone by counting in Illitan. Also, learning how to number in Illitan yourself from these simple rules is very beneficial for your brain, as it forces it to work and stay in shape. Working with numbers and a foreign language like Illitan at the same time is one of the best ways to train our little gray cells, so let's see what rules you need to apply to number in Illitan • Illitan digits from one to nine are: ხაბ (khab) [1], კვოტ (kvot) [2], ტროსტ (trost) [3], ჭედი (fedi) [4], გლილ (glil) [5], გრახ (grakh) [6], მლახ (mlakh) [7], ჰატოკ (hatok) [8], and დემატ (demat) [9]. • The word for ten is დეკატ (dekat) [10]. • Numbers in different languages	<urn:uuid:7eeb61c1-4c98-41a6-be76-ac0ca5c4cc14>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.019070804119110107, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9276668429374695, "url": "https://www.numbersdata.com/numbers-in-illitan" }
toggle menu 1000+ books Go to Book used in Freakonomics 10 uses (click/touch triangles for details) clear, easily noticed, and/or identifiable as different or separate • A good teacher's impact was nearly as distinctive as a cheater's. p. 33.2 • Fryer came to wonder: is distinctive black culture a cause of the economic disparity between blacks and whites or merely a reflection of it? p. 185.3 • Given the location and timing of this change—dense urban areas where Afro-American activism was gathering strength—the most likely cause of the explosion in distinctively black names was the Black Power movement, which sought to accentuate African culture and fight claims of black inferiority. p. 186.2 p. 186.9 • The data otter a clear answer: an unmarried, low-income, undereducated teenage mother from a black neighborhood who has a distinctively black name herself. p. 186.9 • Along those same lines, perhaps a black person with a white name pays an economic penalty in the black community; and what of the potential advantage to be gained in the black community by having a distinctively black name? p. 190.0 • But because the audit studies can't measure the actual life outcomes of the fictitious DeShawn Williams versus Jake Williams, they can't assess the broader impact of a distinctively black name. p. 190.1 • Among the hundreds of thousands of such women in the California data, many bore distinctively black names and many others did not. p. 191.4 p. 191.6 • Just as the ECLS data answered questions about parenting that went well beyond the black-white test gap, the California names data tell a lot of stories in addition to the one about distinctively black names. p. 192.4 There are no more uses of "distinct" in Freakonomics. Typical Usage (best examples)	<urn:uuid:e3dafd99-0cbf-4834-bbcf-9ad7b7c8ddb2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.022247493267059326, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9116839170455933, "url": "https://www.verbalworkout.com/u/u199/u621844.htm" }
Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army) Azad Hind Fauj or Indian National Army was formed by Ras Bihari Bose and then the army was reformed by Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. Azad Hind Fauj was formed in October 1943 and was supported. Azad Hind Fauj was a part of the political movement that was shaping up outside India against the British Rule. The Indian nationalist’s people who were living in the southern part of Asia, they formed the Singapore Indian Association. There Japan showed its keen interest in the Indian freedom movement, then Ras Bihari Bose merged all these associations into a single independence league. A conference was conducted in Singapore in which Mohan Singh attended as a representative of the Indian National Army. The freedom movement leaders wanted to Indian National Army to take responsibility for the freedom of war prisoners. Japan was said as the financial supporter of the Azad Hind Fauj. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose revived the Azad Hind Fauj his name was first suggested by the Mohan Singh. From the support of Army members Netaji was invited to take the command of Azad Hind Fauj. There were many successful operations conducted by Azad Hind Fauj, The Attacks on British, Burma Campaign, Andaman Nicobar Flag hoisting, etc.	<urn:uuid:c131af89-365f-4ea3-bf37-c6315a75ea95>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.03105074167251587, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9823891520500183, "url": "https://www.indiacelebrating.com/article/azad-hind-fauj/" }
Biologists Conduct Largest Study of Parallel Evolution Findings Point to White Clover’s Quick Adaptation to Urban Environments It is a weed that gardeners would much rather do without, but for researchers at the University of Houston and across the world, white clover became the subject of the largest study of parallel evolution in cities globally. White Clover Trifolium repens, white clover, is found all across the world but is native to Europe and central Asia. Trifolium repens, or white clover, was chosen because it is found across all continents except Antarctica. The small plant is native to Europe and central Asia, but it is not a significant problem in regions elsewhere. Because of its ubiquity, hundreds of scientists used it to test the evolution of the production of hydrogen cyanide in white clover in urban and rural environments and published their findings in the journal Science. The small plant produces the chemical to protect it from herbivores and drought stress. “In the majority of cities across the world, there is a gradient,” said Kerri Crawford, UH associate professor of biology and biochemistry and co-author of the study. “Within cities, clover does not produce much of this compound. But in rural areas, it produces more of the compound.” White Clover The hydrogen cyanide of Houston white clover had a higher frequency of the toxic compound. This could point to greater drought stress or more herbivores eating the plant. Crawford explains the cause of this difference might be due to greater populations of herbivores outside cities munching on the plant, or because drought stress is greater in rural environments. Crawford was joined by Rebecca Zufall, associate professor of biology and biochemistry, and Hannah Locke, who graduated with her biology Ph.D. from UH’s College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics in 2021, for the Houston portion of the international study. Out-of-the-Ordinary Findings Locke, who is now a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Delaware, points out 8% of cities showed a reverse outcome, where hydrogen cyanide was greater in cities and less in the country. In the absence of robust insect communities feeding on clover, drought may drive the production of hydrogen cyanide, Locke said. “This relationship may explain how and why hydrogen cyanide production is not completely lost in urban populations,” she adds. “Sometimes it’s important to study the exception to the rule, so it would be neat to see further follow-up work on the evolution of plant traits in the uncommon cities that broke the pattern.” They collected clover from Houston’s sprawling metropolitan area, stretching as far as Rosenberg, about 35 miles from downtown over the span of three weekends. “It was one of the largest transects in this study because we wanted to survey half of our population within the city and half outside the city,” said Crawford. Also unique to Houston was that, relative to many other cities, southeast Texas clover had a higher frequency of hydrogen cyanide. Scientists suggest it could mean Houston clover has more herbivores munching on it. It could also mean it has greater drought stress. “Both seem likely, but we don’t know the real reason,” Crawford said. These questions could be investigated by others interested in furthering the study. Larger Implications Beyond Houston, researchers found drought and vegetation cover were the strongest predictors of variation in hydrogen cyanide in rural-urban areas. Overall, the study’s conclusion is white clover rapidly adapts to urban environments on a global scale. Zufall was not surprised by the selective pressures generated in urban environments versus rural ones, but she was surprised by how hydrogen cyanide production gradients were generally the same across many different cities. “This suggests that urbanization has strong, rapid effects on trait evolution,” she said. If studies of other plants and animals also find adaptation to urban environments, the paper’s authors write the knowledge could help conserve vulnerable species, mitigate the impact of pests, improve human well-being and contribute to understanding fundamental eco-evolutionary processes. "People tend to think of cities as not being part of the environment,” Crawford said. “They tend to see the environment as this place outside of the cities, but this urban landscape we have built has a lot of species living in it. And they’re changing in ways that we might not have predicted. It’s really neat to think about how species are changing and what these cities are doing to native species.” - Rebeca Trejo, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics	<urn:uuid:1e211dd9-c380-4d24-9233-742f0400307c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.02099919319152832, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9510955810546875, "url": "https://uh.edu/nsm/biology-biochemistry/news-events/stories/2022/0317-parallel-evolution.php" }
Who is Artemis? Ancient lunar goddess turned feminist icon artemis sculpture on display at Capitoline Museum in Rome, Italy Artemis the huntress, known as Diana by the Romans, is on display at the Capitoline Museum in Rome, Italy. Credit: Circe Denyer via CC0 Public Domain Artemis I will send a rocket without a crew on a monthlong journey around the Moon. The program aims to increase women’s participation in space exploration – 30% of its engineers are women. In addition, the Artemis I mission will carry two mannequins designed to study the effects of radiation on women’s bodies so that NASA can learn how to protect female astronauts better. Female astronauts are currently less likely to be selected for missions than men because their bodies tend to hit NASA’s maximum acceptable threshold of radiation earlier. NASA expects to bring the first woman and person of color to the Moon on Artemis III sometime after 2024. As a scholar of Greek mythology, I find the name of the mission quite evocative: The Greeks and Romans associated Artemis with the Moon, and she has also become a modern-day feminist icon. Artemis was a major deity in ancient Greece, worshiped at least as early as the beginning of the first millennium B.C., or even earlier. She was the daughter of Zeus, the chief god of the Olympians, who ruled the world from the summit of Mount Olympus. She was also the twin sister of Apollo, the god of the Sun and oracles. old mixing bowl showing artemis killing actaeon at museum of fine arts in boston Mixing bowl shows Artemis killing the hunter Actaeon. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Artemis was a virgin goddess of the wilderness and hunting. Her independence and strength have long inspired women in a wide range of activities. For example, in a poem titled “Artemis,” author Allison Eir Jenks writes: “I’m no longer your god-mother … your chef, your bus-stop, your therapist, your junk drawer,” emphasizing women’s freedom and autonomy. As the goddess of animals and the wilderness, Artemis has also inspired environmental conservancy programs, in which the goddess is viewed as an example of a woman exercising her power by caring for the planet. However, while the Greek Artemis was strong and courageous, she wasn’t always kind and caring, even toward women. Her rashness was used to explain a woman’s sudden death, especially while giving birth. This aspect of the goddess has faded away with time. With the rise of feminism, Artemis has become an icon of feminine power and self-reliance. NASA has a long history of naming its missions after mythological figures. Starting in the 1950s, many rockets and launch systems were named after Greek sky deities, like Atlas and Saturn, whose Greek name is Cronos. Atlas and Saturn weren’t just gods, they were Titans. In Greek mythology, Titans represent the untamed, primordial forces of nature, and so they evoke the prodigious vastness of space exploration. Although the Titans were known for their immense strength and power, they were also rebellious and dangerous and were eventually defeated by the Olympians, who represent civilization in Greek mythology. diana sculpture outdoors at brook green gardens in south carolina Paul Howard Manship’s 1924 “Diana” sculpture at the Brookgreen Gardens in Murrells Inlet, South Carolina. Credit: Photographs in Carol M. Highsmith’s America Project in the Carol M. Highsmith Archive, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Following the advent of human space flight, NASA began naming missions after the children of Zeus who are associated with the sky. The Mercury program, active from 1958 to 1963, was named after Hermes’ Roman counterpart, the messenger god who flies between Olympus, Earth, and the underworld with his winged sandals. Starting in 1963, the three-year-long Gemini program featured a capsule designed for two astronauts and was named after the twin sons of Zeus – Castor and Pollux, known as the Dioscuri in Greek – who were cast in the stars as the constellation of Gemini. They were regularly represented with a star above their heads in Greek and Roman art. The Space Shuttle program, which lasted from 1981 to 2011, diverted from mythological monikers, and the names Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour were meant to evoke a spirit of innovation. With Artemis, NASA is nodding back to the Apollo program, which lasted from 1963 to 1972 and put the first men on the Moon in 1969. Over 50 years later, Artemis will pick up where her twin brother left off, ushering in a more diverse era of human space flight.The Conversation Previous NASA targeting Nov. 14 for next Artemis 1 launch attempt Next Hurricane delays launch of Artemis to Nov. 16	<urn:uuid:d96f10be-5069-452c-bb73-c97c153f87c6>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.049423038959503174, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9577639102935791, "url": "https://www.rocketstem.org/2022/11/08/artemis-is-lunar-goddess-turned-feminist-icon/" }
Push and Pull Factors: Tug O' War Middle schoolers define the concepts and create a list of push and pull factors after reading a narrative about migration. Each distinct factor be written up on index cards labeled "Push" or "Pull." students engage in a tug of war to simulate history. 17 Views 11 Downloads Classroom Considerations	<urn:uuid:47c49f5b-3ce1-400e-884c-55c9793fcf65>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.890625, "fasttext_score": 0.8957064151763916, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8580440878868103, "url": "https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/push-and-pull-factors-tug-o-war" }
Fort Uncompahgre (US) Member of EXARC Member of ICOM Fort Uncompahgre was located near the confluence of the Gunnison and Uncompahgre Rivers and was probably built around 1828 by Antoine Robidoux. The modern-day town of Delta is located close to the site. The fort was abandoned in 1844. Little is known about the construction or layout of the fort. The reconstructed fort opened in 1990, following an initiative by William Bailey and his supporters. Currently, the fortress is under management by the Interpretive Association of Western Colorado (IAWC). Open from This area was a hub for trails coming north out of the San Juan River Basin in south western Colorado and north western New Mexico, meeting the North Branch of the Old Spanish Trail (a pack route traveling east and west from Santa Fe to Los Angeles). Step back in time and visit the replica of an 1820’s era historic fur trading center and learn about the history of the earliest days of commerce on Colorado’s Western Slope. The Trapper’s Cabin is an example of a simple living structure that provided shelter during the coldest months. The beehive shaped adobe oven is called an Horno in Spanish. A fire is built inside and allowed to burn for three or four hours. Afterwards the remaining coals and ashes are cleaned out. At any one time Fort Uncompahgre would have had from fifteen to twenty-five individuals living and working out of the post. All employees were Mexican from the Santa Fe and Taos areas. The kitchen or cocina, as it was known in Spanish, also served as living quarters. Fort Uncompahgre would most likely have had an open trade room such as the one reconstructed nowadays, with trade goods in open view. Most trade goods were collected in St. Louis or later, St. Joseph, Missouri, where they were loaded into wagons for the journey to Santa Fe over the Santa Fe Trail. To protect the trade goods from the elements and 700 miles in a wagon without springs, they were packed in boxes or barrels. Delicate items were surrounded with cornmeal that could also be sold at the end of the trail. Surviving trade manifests indicate that, by volume, rearly eighty percent of the trade went to the women. To the west of the Trade Room is the underground bunker where the powder was stored. In the event of an explosion, the force of the blast would be directed upwards and away from the surrounding structures. The Smith at Fort Uncompahgre would have made his own forge from sun-baked adobe block cemented together with mud. A custom was established for each trading fort to keep one room open for visitors. Although it was usually called the “Trapper’s Quarters,” it was open to anyone who visited. Travelers carried their own bedrolls so they only needed a place to lay them out of the weather. Text source: 38.7494, -108.0736	<urn:uuid:973090fd-c4fd-4c77-bb43-b069183ea6e9>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.02795875072479248, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9783469438552856, "url": "https://exarc.net/venues/fort-uncompahgre-us" }
Skip to main content Death Warrant of King Charles I This evocative document, a flat parchment containing seals and signatures, is handwritten in iron gall ink and led to the execution of Charles I and subsequent rule of Oliver Cromwell, one of the 59 signatories. Charles was tried in the House of Commons and executed on 30 January 1649, outside Banqueting House in Whitehall. Following the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, the Death Warrant was used to identify the commissioners who had signed it (the 'regicides') and prosecute them for treason. Even the signatories, who had died, including Cromwell, were dug up and their bodies hanged. The House of Lords ordered the return of the Death Warrant from Charles' executioner who was imprisoned in the Tower of London. It was returned on 31 July 1660 and it has been in the custody of Parliament ever since. UNESCO Death Warrant logo	<urn:uuid:e213d5f0-ef26-4200-82b2-bd528fe1fd48>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.875, "fasttext_score": 0.19118940830230713, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9776769280433655, "url": "https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/collections/deathwarrant/" }
Reorganizing his army into nine companies, he retreated to the east. was a revolt of Satsuma ex-samurai against the Meiji government from January 29 to September 24, 1877, 9 years into the Meiji Era.It was the last, and the most serious, of a series of armed uprisings against the new government. The modern Japanese army had passed its first test and would soon develop into a force that would terrorize Asia and briefly humble the Western forces of Russia, Germany, Britain, the Netherlands and the United States. This book is a primary source of the Satsuma Rebellion. Though bloodily repulsed by concentrated fire, the samurai continued to hurl themselves at the walls with suicidal ferocity. The influential Satsuma samurai, Saigo Takamori, was away at the time and had no knowledge of these events, but hurried home when he heard the news.Â Initially he was furious about the junior samurais' actions. Born in Satsuma, the westernmost province on the island of Kyushu, in 1827, ‘Great Saigo,’ as his supporters called him, had backed the Meiji emperor in 1867. Working in cooperation, the two imperial forces closed in on the Satsuma army. Yamagata, who had no idea in which direction Saigo had gone, sent out patrols in all directions. The battle around Nobeoka had been so fierce that the imperial army was forced to detail troops to keep floating bodies from fouling a pontoon bridge over which their supply lines passed. He led his samurai straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo.Â He hoped to raise the samurai of other domains along the way. With their backs against the wall, outnumbered 7-to-1, large numbers of samurai surrendered, but for many others the very idea was anathema. One of the important Bakumatsu people, Takamori Saigoh decided to make a revolt in his home area, Satsuma (Kagoshima) in 1877 against his old friends and partners inside Meiji government. For the unemployed samurai, such edicts piled degrading insult upon injury. The government had already dealt with several small but violent samurai revolts, and the prospect of Satsuma samurai, which were widely regarded as the best in Japan, being led in rebellion by the Great Saigo was too terrible to contemplate. Blog. Buck, James H. "The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. To his already extensive artillery train, Yamagata added the weight of five warships in the harbor and began to systematically reduce the rebel positions. Several weeks of guerrilla fighting followed as the government forces mopped up small pockets of samurai scattered throughout the Kyushu hills. On July 24, the imperial forces opened their main offensive against Saigo’s army in Miyakonojo. That system began to come apart in 1854, when U.S. Navy Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry sailed into Kagoshima Harbor and invited Japan to join the modern world — at gunpoint. The rebels knew that Saigo was too much of a traditionalist to abandon his fellow samurai in a time of crisis, and would be morally obligated to take command. The only heavy ordnance the rebels still possessed were some homemade wooden cannons wrapped with bamboo strips. However, a government garrison at Kumamoto Castle stood in the Satsuma rebels' path, manned by about 3,800 soldiers and 600 police under Major General Tani Tateki.Â With a smaller force, and unsure about the loyalty of his Kyushu-native troops, Tani decided to stay inside the castle rather than venture out to face Saigo's army.Â Early on February 22, the Satsuma attack began. Although the castle, built in 1598, was among the strongest in Japan, Saigo was confident that his 9,000 samurai would be more than a match for Tani’s hitherto-untried peasant conscripts. After the troops landed, they seized the arsenals and took the provincial governor into custody. Rebellions broke out in Satsuma, Hizen, and Tosa. Emphasis was placed on the historical prowess of the Satsuma warrior, and students were indoctrinated in Bushido, the samurai’s ancient chivalric code. Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. With 30,000 troops at his disposal, Yamagata outnumbered Saigo’s forces 60-to-1. The Satsuma Rebellion which took place in 1877 was the most famous, and the final major instance out of a series of shizoku rebellions led in the late 1870s by former samurai of southwestern Japan against the prospect of the Meiji government abolishing their elite status and the rice stipends which had traditionally been the samurai's chief or sole source of income. I feel confident in removing the romantic image of protecting the samurai and fighting corruption, as he was instrumental in modernizing Japan's military. The Satsuma rebellion of 1877 was a revolt of dissatisfied samurai from the Southern Satsuma province against the central Meiji government. Theme: The Satsuma Rebellion in Japan in 1877. The imperial governmentâs conscript levies were hard-pressed to defeat SaigÅ, but in the end superior transport, modern communications, and better weapons assured victory for the government. In late August, Imperial forces led by General Yamagata Aritomo surrounded the rebels on Mount Enodake. In the spring of 1645 a man lay dying in Kumamoto, on the southern Japanese island of Kyushu. The modernization of the country meant the abolition of the privileged social status of the samurai class, and had undermined their financial position. As victory and surrender were ruled out, there remained only the hope for a glorious death. His letter indicated that even at that late date Saigo was not committed to the rebellion and sought a peaceful settlement. The Satsuma Rebellion proved that a conscript army of commoners could out-fight even a very determined band of samurai â provided they had overwhelming numbers, at any rate. Unlike previous shizoku uprisings, which were small and poorly organized, the Satsuma Rebellion severely tested the governmentâs capacity to wage war. is brought to you by Historynet LLC, the world's largest publisher of history magazines. However, he soon learned that 50 Tokyo police officers who were Satsuma natives had returned home with instructions to assassinate him in the case of an uprising.Â With that, Saigo threw his support behind those organizing for a rebellion. That force, comprising two infantry brigades and 1,200 policemen, boarded ship at Nagasaki on March 17 and sailed to Yatsushiro Bay. Saigo and his army made a seven-day march south to Hitoyoshi, where they dug trenches and prepared for the imperial army to attack.Â When the attack finally came, the Satsuma forces withdrew, leaving small pockets of samurai to hit the larger army in guerrilla-style strikes.Â In July, the Emperor's army encircled Saigo's men, but the Satsuma army fought its way free with heavy casualties. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. The Modern Imperial Army destroyed the last of the Samurai. Ironically, the conflict did more to defeat samurai goals than any act of legislation could have done. By the time fighting resumed on March 3, both sides had been reinforced and numbered about 10,000 each. Gathering a few pieces of artillery from the private schools and some food from the local people, they took possession of Shiroyama (‘castle mountain’). When night came, they split their force in two, slipped around both flanks of the patrol and escaped again. Ironically, this provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high." He then departed Kagoshima with his rear guard, the main body of his army having left the day before. The map covers the whole Kyushu island and uses point to point system. During the last days of the siege, Saigo lived in a hole measuring only 6 feet deep and 3 feet wide. "Card Game for 2 players. . Written only a year or so after the event it does allow for contemporary opinion. The empire was on a full war footing and was determined to crush the rebellion. While many of Saigo's men desired to make a final stand on the mountain's slopes, their commander wished to continue their retreat back towards their base at Kagoshima. The government, however, refused to negotiate. Master these negotiation skills to succeed at work (and beyond) Early in 1877 the rebellion broke out. In brusque terms, the letter informed him that Saigo would soon be passing by his command, and requested that the garrison be turned out to meet Saigo and receive his orders. Then, kneeling on the ground, Saigo had Beppu cut off his head with a single sword stroke. The end of the Satsuma Rebellion also marked the end of the samurai era in Japan.Â Already a popular figure, after his death, Saigo Takamori was lionized by the Japanese people.Â He is popularly known as "The Last Samurai," and proved so beloved that Emperor Meiji felt compelled to issue him a posthumous pardon in 1889. On January 30, 1877, a government ship arrived in Kagoshima and, without explanation, began removing munitions. They halted, facing the imperials all day. Most of the fighting was now confined to sniping and isolated clashes between rival swordsmen. The Satsuma Rebellion (è¥¿åæ¦äº, Seinan SensÅ, "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era.Its name comes from Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our, A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16th Century Unifier of Japan, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, Bushido: The Ancient Code of the Samurai Warrior, Russo-Japanese War: Admiral Togo Heihachiro, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Retreating before the government troops, the samurai next tried to make a stand at Nobeoka, a coastal city north of Miyakonojo. After several sharp clashes, both sides disengaged on the 26th. They were soon surrounded. Financially, crushing the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government greatly, forcing Japan off the gold standard and causing the government to print paper currency.	<urn:uuid:3cf96cbf-9df3-4090-b456-36873407ab12>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.15147995948791504, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9742729067802429, "url": "http://luxmedia.com.pl/0mae5a/aaa827-what-caused-the-satsuma-rebellion" }
MuseumLink Project Info Identity Pre-Contact Illinois Country The Illinois Art and Music How Do We Know? Image Credits Teacher Orientation Illinois Indians visiting New Orleans, 1735 Illinois Indians visiting New Orleans, 1735. (colored pen and ink by Alexandre de Batz, 1735) enlarge The Illinois or Illiniwek Nation consisted of several independent American Indian tribes that spoke a common language, had similar ways of life, and shared a large territory in the central Mississippi River valley. The Illinois called themselves "inoca." French explorers and missionaries generally referred to them as "Illinois," but also used some other terms (Eriniouai, Liniouek, Aliniouek, Iliniouek, Ilinois, and Ilinoués). According to Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit missionary who visited them in 1673, the word "Illinois" meant "the men." However, recent studies of the Illinois language indicate that "Illinois" may have instead come indirectly from the Illinois word "irenweewa," which means "he speaks in the ordinary way." Objibwa Indians of the eastern Great Lakes evidently borrowed this term from the Illinois and used it as a name for them, but in their language irenweewa became ilinwe. French explorers learned the name from the Ojibwa and spelled it "Ilinois" or "Illinois." The name "Illiniwek" also appears to have come indirectly from the Illinois word "irenweewa" by way of the Ojibwa Indians. In the Ojibwa language, ilinwek is a plural form of ilinwe. Various spellings of ilinwek appear in the French literature, including "Liniouek," "Aliniouek," and "Iliniouek." The term "Illini" has also been used to refer to the Illinois Indians. However, it does not appear to have any historical or linguistic validity. In the late 1600s there may have been as many as 12 different Illinois tribes. However, by the end of the century seven of these tribes--including the Chepoussa, Chinkoa, Coiracoentanon, Espeminkia, Maroa, Moingwena, and Tapouaro--had disappeared or merged with other Illinois tribes. Five principal tribes survived into the 1700s: the Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Michigamea, Peoria, and Tamaroa. Only the Kaskaskia and Peoria continued to exist in the early 1800s. Behind the ScenesArtNative AmericanForestPrairieSite Index Home Contact Us © 2000 Illinois State Museum	<urn:uuid:cb0c493f-488d-4809-9bb4-44a0c33a0691>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.90625, "fasttext_score": 0.07705080509185791, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9149446487426758, "url": "http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/post/htmls/il_id.html" }
Find the word definition Crossword clues for pow Douglas Harper's Etymology Dictionary also P.O.W., initialism (acronym) for prisoner of war, coined 1919 but not common until World War II. Etymology 1 interj. 1 Represents the sound of a violent impact, such as a punch. 2 Represents the sound of an explosion. n. 1 The sound of a violent impact. 2 The sound of an explosion. Etymology 2 n. (context Scotland Ireland northern England English) (alternative form of poll English) POW (disambiguation) POW stands for prisoner of war, a person, whether civilian or combatant, who is held in custody by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. POW or pow may also stand for: Pow (surname) The surname Pow may refer to: • Rebecca Pow, British Conservative Party politician, MP for Taunton Deane since 2015 • Shane Pow, Singaporean actor • Duncan Pow, British actor Usage examples of "pow". He was disembarked at Reykjavik, Iceland, under pledge of the strictest secrecy, later taken to a POW camp in Canada, and after the war signed an affidavit giving the facts. Like a guard marching prisoners into a POW compound, Akers strode behind the four of them as they walked toward the habitat. The last three men, Vespasio, Han, and Huerta, would head for the POW compound. Han should pass any casual inspection for the few minutes that Huerta and Vespasio would be away, and his knowledge of Korean and his Oriental features should let him field questions by anyone wondering where the small army guarding the POWs had gone. And in the middest of them this renowned and famous Queene in great pompe and vnspeakeable statelynes, and the hemmes of hir vestures so edged and set with pearle and stone, as if nature had rayned and powred them down vpon hir. Saddam Husayn, who had agreed on October 5, 1988, to the ICRC plan for prisoner repatriation, in March 1989 proposed in a letter to UN Secretary General Javier Perez de Cuellar that the UN guarantee the return of the freed POWs to civilian life. A shaft of sun from between the willow branches pierced a pool below her and she could see a long, speckled trout resting in its warmth and puffs of sediment as a powter moved along the sludge of the river bottom. Andaran military accords drafted centuries ago by the Andaran Commander of Armies Housip Kerellia and adopted by the Union of Arcana as the official standard for treatment of POWs and as the code of conduct to be followed by Arcanan personnel who become POWs. The Japs treated POWs worse than they treated civilians, and that was saying something. Whether the Japs cared about the tunnel or not, the POWs were going to work till they dropped. The Queen whilest shee did wash her handes, one that caried the golden bason, receyued therin the water, that it might not fall agayne into the reassuming fountaine: and the other with the Ewrie, powred in as much sweete water as was borne away, because that the fountaine shoulde not be emptie, and hyndered in hys course. Hee asked me the cause of our comming, I tolde him being in fight with the Spaniards our enemie, being over powred, neare put to retreat, and by extreme weather put to this shore, where landing at Chesipiack, the people shot us, but at Kequoughtan they kindly used us, wee by signes demaunded fresh water, they described us up the River was all fresh water, at Paspahegh, also they kindly used us, our Pinnasse being leake wee were inforced to stay to mend her, till Captain Newport my father came to conduct us away. Alabaster boxe of oyntment of spikenard very precious, and shee brake the boxe, and powred it on his head.	<urn:uuid:8eb668ca-0de7-428c-ad56-30bc59d3a334>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.0364987850189209, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9595012664794922, "url": "https://findwords.info/term/pow" }
Labors of June The labors of June depicted in books of hours are variable, depending on the local climate and the nature of agricultural and pastoral requirements. Books of hours created in warmer climates typically show haying (sometimes referred to as mowing), or sometimes, sheep-sheering as the labors of June. Sheep-shearing as one of the labors of June, from the British Library's Golf Book. Harvesting hay, then as now, means first cutting or mowing the hay (ideally in the early morning of a sunny day), letting it dry, then raking it into stacks to be stored until used. Mowing in the middle ages was accomplished by the use of the scythe, typically a curved blade (though not always) affixed to a long wooden pole, the snath. There are two short handles on the snath, at right angles to the pole, one at the end, forming a T, and the other mid-way down the snath. The scythe is swung back and forth along the grass, one hand on each handle, in a regular motion, typically with the left hand on the T, and the right on the center handle. Next, the cut grass or hay is raked, giving it a chance to be turned over and thoroughly dried, before being mounded into small heaps. The labors of June in colder areas may show weeding, or even plowing as the labor of June. The Middle English lyric on the occupations and labors of the months offers this for June: Junij And I wede my corne well I-now. Corn here means grain, rather than maize, and this particular reference points to the colder, wetter climate of England, since it suggests that the grain has sprouted and is ready to have weeds removed, but it is not yet warm enough for hay to be scythed and stacked. Weeding in a medieval context needs some explanation. First, many of the plants we might today describe as “weeds” and remove and discard from a garden were often secondary crops to the medieval agronomist. Many weeds were useful, as food, for medicinal purposes or animal bedding or feed, for instance. So rather than uproot weeds, weed hooks were used to cut the top of the plant off, and leave the roots behind. Weed hooks were typically used in pairs; one long-handled pole in each hand. One pole ended in a blade and the other ended in a fork. Many books of hours or art depicting the labors of June show peasants wielding weed hooks and scythes. The astrological symbol on June calendar images in books of hours is Cancer, the crab, though sometimes it looks more like a crayfish than a crab. June from Buchanan e. 3 Bodleian Library, Oxford June from the Très Riches Heures June from The Golf Book	<urn:uuid:28850c48-94ac-4d9a-8783-088a6a6be2df>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.828125, "fasttext_score": 0.06207883358001709, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9610152840614319, "url": "https://www.digitalmedievalist.com/things/manuscripts/books-of-hours/labors-of-the-months/labors-of-june/" }
Tanning turtles The problem NORTHERN MAP TURTLES (that’s Glyptemys geographica for those of you who like Latin) are found in northern states and southern Ontario and Quebec. They hibernate through the coldest parts of the year in communal groups on the floor of lakes and rivers. They don’t come up to breathe for the entire hibernation. Since they spend a lot of time in the sun during the summer, Map Turtles like areas that have fallen trees or other objects to bask on near large bodies of water. Basking sets their body temperature, but the more important question is just how energetically vital is sun-basking to these northern turtles? The researcher University of Ottawa professor Gabriel Blouin-Demers studies the physiological ecology of reptiles. He integrates laboratory experiments with field observations to better understand how phenotypes or biological traits—especially behavioural—are set by reptiles’ physiologies. Blouin-Demers hopes that the research coming out of his laboratory can contribute to reptile conservation. Reptiles are in fact the most threatened vertebrates in Canada. The project The northern Map Turtles that Blouin-Demers studied were from Lake Opinicon (100 km south of Ottawa). He implanted thermometers into the abdomen of juvenile turtles to continuously monitor their body temperature for two years. Using their body temperature, Blouin-Demers can calculate the turtles’ metabolic rates to estimate how important thermoregulation is to the energy available for growth and reproduction. The key Blouin-Demers determined that basking has a huge impact on the energy budgets of northern Map Turtles. The turtles spend three-quarters of their day basking in the sun. More importantly, he found that if northern Map Turtles don’t bask, their metabolic rate slows by as much as a third. This amounts to a huge loss in available energy for growth, reproduction, and everyday turtlely business. Despite the clear importance of basking, Blouin-Demers discovered that the turtles bask a little less than the theoretically expected optimal amount. Blouin-Demers speculates that this is because basking is a mutually exclusive behaviour: Turtles can’t multi-task while basking. They bask on land but do all their other important activities (like foraging and mating) in the water, so they must compromise.	<urn:uuid:0bdc3d24-aea7-4863-9298-1d204c366f67>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.703125, "fasttext_score": 0.5906090140342712, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.942464292049408, "url": "https://tnshendruk.com/2011/01/24/tanning-turtles/" }
1. Students, please review the following topics. Post your answers and discuss amongst your peers about what you learned this week. 2. Define a population in your own words. 3. Define discrete and quantitative data in your own words. 4. Describe what overlapping classes are in a frequency distribution in your own words. 5. Define mean in your own words. 6. Describe the difference between these types of distributions: 7. Left (negatively) skewed 8. Symmetrical (Normal) 9. Bimodal 10. Right (positively) skewed Is this part of your assignment? ORDER NOW	<urn:uuid:a7801a00-40a1-4e34-89df-5d1a054284e4>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 1.0000098943710327, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9084411263465881, "url": "https://philanthropicprofessor.org/define-a-%C2%93population%C2%94-in-your-own-words/" }
Arctic explorers cutting a dock into the stable shore ice using ice saws and long poles to pry the cut ice blocks out CUTTING A DOCK: When the ships reached a destination the men would cut docks in the relatively stable ice that had formed along a shore. The ice-quartermasters would measure the area needed while others rigged the saw triangles. As soon as the outline was finished teams of men set up their triangles along the edges. When ready each team split their men further: several men pulled down on the ropes hanging down from one side of their triangle’s pulley. Alternating with them, others pushed down on the handles near the top of the saw. (This image shows only one man doing this but there were usually at least 2 men doing this.) The three men who had the job of moving their triangle’s legs had to move them at the exact same time and for the exact same distance. If they didn’t their saw could buckle or even break. If it broke the team gave the member they thought was responsible for this the difficult task of getting the saw end out of the ice while the rest of them set up a replacement. The most skilled AND fortunate teams managed to avoid this problem altogether! While the edges were being cut other men laid out charges (Bickford fuses). As soon as the edges were finished these fuses were lit which caused the ice to break into separate chunks all the way out to the newly cut edges. Then the fun began! Everyone grabbed whatever they could find to pry the blocks out. As was usual amongst these strong-hearted men, they made a game of the sawing, racing each other to finish their section first, then competed to see who could pry out the most blocks. AUTUMN SLEDGING: In the autumn of 1852 the men of the Belcher Expedition undertook a relatively new innovation in Arctic exploration. This was instigated by Frances Leopold McClintock, the officer in charge of Resolute’s steam-tender Intrepid. After the Resolutes and Intrepids secured their ships in their new docks they loaded their sledges with supplies and set off to create cairns to house these provisions. This gave them the advantage of being able to go that much farther during the following spring as they searched for the Franklin men and the rescuers the Admiralty had previously sent out on HMS Enterprise (Captain Collinson) and Investigator (Captain McClure). During the autumn sledging, and again during the following spring an summer sledging seasons, the men took all the gear with them they would need en route: tents, cooking pots and food, sleeping bags and a change of clothing. One of the youngsters on Resolute, Mate Richard Roche, kept a private journal. In it he explained the gear they men took with them, disclosing that a change of underwear was optional, and rarely done! The sledging was arduous work. It may seem that summer sledging would be easier, but this was not really the case. They had to travel with boats they could use as the snow and ice melted. Sometimes their sledges broke through the remaining ice, and the men were soaked up to their waists with freezing water as they trudged onward. This more difficult terrain included spring runoff streams they had to ford, ice-water pools they had to skirt, camps they had to set up where they hoped the runoff wouldn’t break through, clothes and bedding that never seemed to dry out. All the while they searched for any signs of their brothers who had seemingly disappeared without a trace. Fortunately the Resolutes and Intrepids had some success: they found a message during their 1852 autumn sledging that indicated where the Investigator was locked in the ice. McClure had rushed into the Arctic from the west in 1850, without the assistance of the men on Enterprise. By doing so he put the lives of his officers and men at risk. When they became ice bound for a couple years there was no one who could raise the alarm or help them get out. There was a reason the Admiralty sent explorers out with at least 2 ships in company. McClure’s men suffered the consequences of McClure’s haste. Why was he rushing? Was it to find the Franklin Expedition? Or was he more interested in the glory of finding the Northwest Passage before anyone else did? By the time the Resolutes and Intrepids rescued them in the spring of 1853 the Investigators had been on starvation rations for a long time. Leave a Reply	<urn:uuid:4ba456f6-54ec-4711-ad8c-e01b8e6a56bd>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.875, "fasttext_score": 0.5233827829360962, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9859845042228699, "url": "https://www.hms-resolute.co.uk/hms-resolute-in-images/arctic-travel-images/" }
Zebrafish; Paramecium; associative learning; unconditioned response; conditioned response Zebrafish rely on visual acuity to hunt for prey all of their lives, for this reason, their eyesight develops when they are embryos. The zebrafish in this experiment are between 5 and 20 days old. Once their egg yolks are completely reabsorbed the zebrafish have a need to eat, and only then will they have an interest in eating Paramecium. The zebrafishes’ eyes will be able to see clearly by 5 days post fertilization as well, so when food is introduced to them, a certain colored light will be simultaneously shined in the same direction as the one the food is coming from. The purpose of this experiment is to use different colored visual cues to train larval zebrafish into expecting food whenever they are shone. The usage of lights also tests their extraordinary visual abilities. Red lights will be associated with a food reward in one group of larvae, and in the second group, green lights will be associated with a food reward, demonstrating associative learning. The zebrafishes’ unconditioned response (eating Paramecium when they appear) will be trained into a conditioned response (looking to eat Paramecium when the light is shined). After they have been conditioned to respond to these signals, the zebrafishes’ brains will be studied to find changes in their neural pathways. The expected results of this experiment should lead to the fish thinking Paramecium are coming at just the glimpse of a light.	<urn:uuid:efed5acd-c619-471b-9b93-60b922291c93>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.09375, "fasttext_score": 0.21347159147262573, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9363160133361816, "url": "https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/jhdrp/vol9/iss5/63/" }
TRIM, when used in the context of storage devices, refers to the TRIM command in the ATA command set and the UNMAP command in the SCSI command set. TRIM commands are typically used with SSDs. SSDs require TRIM because of a fundamental way of how SSDs operate. Unlike HDDs, SSDs can only program or erase the data in a NAND cell. Because of this, when overwriting or re-programming a cell, SSDs need to go through an erase program cycle which takes longer than a simple program cycle. The TRIM command is designed to let the SSD controller know which blocks of data on the SSD is no longer valid. On its own, the SSD controller does not know the file structure of the operating system as it only sees bits of data contained within each NAND cell. TRIM helps by letting the controller know when to skip over invalid data. When an entire block of data is marked as invalid, that block is erased thereby returning the NAND block to a fresh state. Related Terms	<urn:uuid:d97cf008-494e-48d9-87ff-b5e75cc7b769>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.4471004009246826, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9039738774299622, "url": "https://www.custompcreview.com/wiki/trim/" }
Register for an account Enter your name and email address below. Website access code Enter your access code into the form field below. Planet Earth Fossilised microbe found in 200 million year old Leech cocoon Not Exactly Rocket ScienceBy Ed YongDecember 4, 2012 7:00 PM Sign up for our email newsletter for the latest science news To Benjamin Bomfleur from the University of Kansas, these cocoons are a goldmine of information into the past. In one specimen, 200 million years old, he has found the remains of a microscopic soft-bodied creature that would normally be impossible to fossilise. In the leech’s cocoon, it found a way into the present. It’s cocoon’s resident is a ciliate, one of a group of microscopic single-celled creatures found in water all over the world. The ciliates have a proud scientific heritage. The first one was seen in 1674 by Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, the father of microbiology, who peered at it with his hand-made microscopes. It was then named in 1767 by Carl Linnaeus, the father of taxonomy, who called it Vorticella looks like an inverted bell that attaches to surfaces with a long stalk. The stalk can coil up to rapidly reel in the bell, which otherwise sits in the open sifting particles from water. In rare circumstances, it can break off its stalk and swim around freely. Van Leeuwenhoek described it as an “bell animalcule” and Bomfleur’s paper unhelpfully calls it a “bell-animal”. That name invites confusion—ciliates are protozoans and belong to a completely separate kingdom of life to animals. We know that much, but also very little about how they evolved. Partly, that’s because ciliates are soft-bodied, with none of the hard components like bones and teeth that fossilise well. In this, they join the majority of life on this planet, whose frail bodies disappeared when they died, and left a huge gap in the fossil record. On the very rare occasions when scientists find ancient remains of such squishy life-forms, it’s because they fell into “conservation traps”—things like tree sap that rapidly entomb them before their cells decay. A leech’s cocoon is one such trap. Bomfleur was looking at several such cocoons that had been collected in 2005, from a coal seam beneath an Antarctic mountain. They’re similar to those produced by the modern medicinal leech, but around 200 million years older. And within the inner wall, Bomfleur found a microbe that “agrees in every observable detail with the living [ciliate] Vorticella.” It has the same bell-shaped body, the same coiled stalk, and the same big C-shaped nucleus. It’s hard to classify it exactly though, since many modern ciliates look like Vorticella. But it’s definitely a ciliate, and one of only a few that have been found in the fossil record. In the deep past, it anchored itself to the wall of a freshly deposited cocoon, and became trapped. Bomfleur thinks that leech cocoons could be a valuable source of other soft-bodied prehistoric life. Indeed, other specimens have contained other single-celled creatures and a Cretaceous worm. They’re not as beautiful as a hunk of amber, but they’re no less valuable. Reference: Bomfleur, Kerp, Taylor, Moestrup & Taylor. 2012. Triassic leech cocoon from Antarctica contains fossil bell animal. PNAS 3 Free Articles Left Want it all? Get unlimited access when you subscribe. Already a subscriber? Register or Log In Want unlimited access? Subscribe today and save 50% Already a subscriber? Register or Log In	<urn:uuid:382a00dd-9cae-4295-9d5f-f37c0018e070>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.03499650955200195, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9357295036315918, "url": "https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/fossilised-microbe-found-in-200-million-year-old-leech-cocoon" }
Posted on July 3, 2012 By Rabbi Yoav Elan \| Series: \| Level: 41 ulam ext1_3320_2 Looking west towards the face of the Antechamber. Altar is in the foreground To the west of the Altar stood the massive entrance hall of the Sanctuary Building called the Antechamber. It measured 100 cubits (150 feet) wide and towered 100 cubits above the floor of the Courtyard. Leading up to the large central doorway was a set of twelve steps which ran the entire width of the building. Like all the steps in the Temple these steps were half a cubit (9 inches) high while the lengths of the steps varied. The first two steps were 1 cubit (1½ feet) long and the third step was 3 cubits (4½ feet) long. This pattern repeated itself four times, save for the very top step which was 4 cubits (6 feet) long. Being that there were 22 cubits (33 feet) between the Antechamber and the Altar and these steps took up 21 of those cubits, only 1 cubit (1½ feet) of walking space was left between the first step and the Yesod of the Altar. At the top of the steps leading up to the Antechamber was its large gateway. This gateway was the largest in the Temple, measuring 20 cubits wide and 40 cubits high (30 feet by 60 feet). Queen Heleni [the queen of Adiabene, a province in the Middle East, who converted to Judaism in the Second Temple era] donated a golden candelabra which was mounted on the roof of the Antechamber and centered in the eastern wall. Each morning the rays of the rising sun would strike this candelabra, causing it to shine and sparkle, which was the signal for the people of Jerusalem that the time of reciting the morning Shema had arrived. [The Shema prayer must be recited once each morning â€” at a certain time â€” and again in the evening.] Inside the entrance to the Antechamber was its main hall, 11 cubits (16½ feet) long and 60 cubits (90 feet) wide. Every inch of the walls and floor was plated with brilliant gold and decorated with carvings of flowers, palm trees, and cherubs, all connected by a network of chain designs and set with precious stones. In the north and south of the Antechamber were two chambers called Chambers of the Knives where they kept the knives used for slaughtering sacrifices. Each of the twenty-four watches of Kohanim had private cabinets for their knives (twelve in the north chamber and the other twelve in the south) and these were set into the walls of the chambers. The southern chamber was also used as permanent storage of knives which became unfit for use. They would not be fixed since one operating principle of the Temple was, “there are no displays of poverty in a place of affluence.” Above the doorway of the Sanctuary, inside the Antechamber, was a large grapevine of solid gold weighing over 25 tons. Donations of gold and other precious materials such as carbuncles, sapphires, and diamonds, were presented in the shape of leaves, individual grapes, or whole clusters (some of which were as tall as a man). These additions were hung upon the vine until they were needed for repairs to the structure or to support poor Kohanim. The vine itself was suspended from strong cedar poles, similar to a real grapevine.	<urn:uuid:aba4439f-67bd-4414-a3f0-35d8ea93d25c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.06923633813858032, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9776628017425537, "url": "https://torah.org/learning/templetour-class12/" }
Meet sexton beetle-An insect that buries dead animals Picture of a sexton beetle. The less than one-inch (2.5-centimeter)-long sexton is black and has wide bandlike orange-yellow blotches on its wing covers. It readily tackles a variety of burying jobs. Burying beetle Working in pairs, sextons usually handle small creatures—dead mice, toads, fish and birds. But they may also take on the burial of rabbits, cats and dogs. Guided by its keen sense of smell, a sexton flies through the darkness and lands beside the dead body of some small animal. With its feelers, the beetle touches various parts of the carcass and then starts to work. Soon a second sexton, a female, arrives on the scene. Both cooperate in doing the burial work. Driven by instinct, they do not give up even when faced with obstacles. One experimenter placed a dead mouse up in a low bush. Two sexton beetles climbed the bush and worked the mouse loose from its entanglement. After it dropped to the ground, the beetles immediately began to bury it. What if an animal is lying on unsuitable place for burial? A dead mouse, for instance, might be at the edge of a paved road. At first the sextons may try to dig into the concrete. But when that proves futile, they will move the dead mouse to a better burial location. They may move a dead animal as much as ten feet (3 meters). How? Lying on its back, a sexton beetle pushes upward with its strong legs. As the beetle moves farther under the mouse, the corpse begins to rock. Then with a tremendous pedaling motion, the sexton moves the mouse forward, possibly a half inch (1.3 centimeters). This procedure is repeated until the dead animal comes to rest at an appropriate burial site. While the male is on his back pushing up with his legs, the female is busying herself with removing twigs and pebbles that may be in the way. After having moved the dead mouse to a suitable location for burial, the sextons crawl underneath the corpse and begin digging with their heads and feet. Slowly the dead mouse begins to sink. As it does, loose earth settles on top of the body. When the burial job is completed, the sextons dig a tunnel to provide a place for the female to lay her eggs. Until the eggs hatch, the adults feed on the carcass. Thereafter the adults feed the hatched larvae partly predigested flesh from the dead animal. When the time comes for the larvae to change into adult beetles, the parents make their way to the top and again take wing. Indeed, sexton beetles constitute a remarkable burial squad.	<urn:uuid:9430602e-321e-46a7-84db-2f24ab6db6f3>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.1028183102607727, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9464313387870789, "url": "https://www.aboutwildanimals.com/2016/08/meet-sexton-beetle-insect-buries-dead.html" }
Under construction Stations under construction may not yet contain a good range of resources covering all the key questions and different types of problem. What are hyperbolic functions and how are they useful? Key questions 1. 1 How are hyperbolic sine and cosine defined? 2. 2 How are hyperbolic functions related to each other and to circular trig functions? 3. 3 How do we solve equations involving hyperbolic functions? 4. 4 How do we differentiate hyperbolic functions and their inverses? 5. 5 How can we measure arc length? Loading resources... No resources found. Resource type Title Package of problems From parabolas to catenaries Scaffolded task How long is a piece of string? Scaffolded task Rolling parabolas Food for thought Square wheels Food for thought Weight pulling Bigger picture Building catenaries Review questions Title Ref Can we find this circle's integer and non-integer rational points? R9072	<urn:uuid:e5d0868a-6a94-464c-aeeb-1b4526b365dd>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.9999902248382568, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8555078506469727, "url": "https://undergroundmathematics.org/hyperbolic-functions" }
The free Live Lingua online Luganda courses are here to make language learning accessible to everybody. Our Luganda material contain 4 Luganda courses , 5 ebooks and 97 audio files. Just select the course you want to use and enjoy! The Ganda language, or Luganda, is the major language of Uganda, spoken by over sixteen million Ganda and other people mainly in Southern Uganda, including the capital Kampala. It belongs to the Bantu branch of the NigerCongo language family. Typologically, it is a highly agglutinating language with subjectverbobject word order and nominativeaccusative morphosyntactic alignment. With about seven million first-language-speakers in the Buganda region and about ten million others with a working knowledge, it is the most widely spoken Ugandan language, and as second language it follows English and precedes Swahili. The language is used in some primary schools in Buganda as pupils begin to learn English, the primary official language of Uganda. Until the 1960s, Ganda was also the official language of instruction in primary schools in Eastern Uganda. Also Called:	<urn:uuid:9bcf4f96-031f-4be1-bd63-29aad5a8d65d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.39287084341049194, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9280791282653809, "url": "https://www.livelingua.com/courses/luganda" }
What is Radical? Asked by manjushaghildiyal71 \| 31st Dec, 2018, 09:08: AM Expert Answer: Radical is an atom or a group of atoms of same or different elements which behaves like a single atom with a positive or a negative charge on it. Radicals have their own combining power based on which they form chemical formulae. NH4+, Na+, NO3, SO42− Answered by Ramandeep \| 31st Dec, 2018, 04:01: PM	<urn:uuid:122d9d84-ac22-4b5b-91e4-a0986578d554>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.9990714192390442, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7846764922142029, "url": "https://www.topperlearning.com/answer/what-is-radical/0tcurn44" }
Artwork is available Screen Shot 2018-10-05 at 6.38.09 PM.png Screen Shot 2018-10-05 at 6.38.25 PM.png Flowering of Vision Watercolor (green circle: Photoshop) 24 x 30 inches "Modern" eyes first appeared about 550 million years ago, having evolved through random mutations and natural selection from simple light-sensitive patches on the skin. Researchers at Lund University have calculated that the development of the camera-like eye from a light-sensitive patch might require roughly 1,829 steps (each involving no more than one percent change) and only 364,000 years. This is so fast that eyes could have evolved 1,500 times. Different eye types have emerged, but, generally, the process probably involved changes in the patch that created a depression, which deepened into a pit capable of sharpening sight that eventually narrowed, allowing light to enter through a pin-hole like aperture. With time, a layer of cells and pigment lined the back (retina), transparent tissue lined the front (lens), and liquids provided a curvature. Image to the right identifies the eyes portrayed. * A Pessimistic Estimate of the Time Required for an Eye to Evolve Nilsson, Dan-E.; Pelger, Susanne. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, Volume 256, Issue 1345, pp. 53-58. Bagdad European Kestrel Nest7566700-R01- Bagdad EuropeanFalconDETAIL.jpg Lesser Kestrel and the Bombing of Baghdad 24 x 30 inches Lesser Kestrels are falcons that breed in the Mediterranean region east to China. Populations have been in decline for some time, commonly in response to pesticide use. These gregarious birds often breed in close proximity to people. Pairs do not build a nest, but lay their eggs on the ledge of tall buildings, old walls, or cliffs. In the spring of 2003, bombing began in Baghdad. So did the breeding season for Lesser Kestrels. The adult Lesser Kestrel shown here may have survived, but one of its nestlings was lost. Whether the other two would have survived is not clear as subsequent blasts may have further damaged the structure until, as in Jericho, the walls tumbled down. Screen Shot 2018-10-05 at 6.40.12 PM.png Discovering Digitalis Black-chinned Hummingbird and Foxglove Pencil, 10 x 15 inches As if taking a cue from nature, where Black-chinned Hummingbirds (Archilochus alexndri), sample Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), a mass spectrometer, this one a Micromass LCT with its iconic hummer design, samples the cardiac glycosides in Foxglove. Even the ancient Egyptians used cardiac glycosides medicinally, and understood their narrow therapeutic ratio (the small step from affective dose to one that could kill the patient). Here you see a portion of the Ebers Papyrus, written around 1550 BC, which lists hundreds of remedies, including cardiac glycosides. You also see a pocket Withering Botanical Microscope, designed for fieldwork. William Withering, a physician, extracted digitalis from Foxglove to treat dropsy (cardiac edema), and in 1875 wrote a monograph on Foxglove and some of its medical uses. Digital is still used in the treatment of congestive heart failure, and some cardiac arrhythmias. For the last five months at Alliance Analytical, a San Francisco Bay Area start-up that strives to keep sound--but no longer used--lab equipment in service and out of the landfill, I've had the opportunity to examine a broad array of instruments used in the pharmaceutical industry. In the process, I've gained an ever greater appreciation for the role of plants, AND instruments in the long and complex process of developing cures. It has been reported, for example, that a total of 26 plant-based drugs were approved from 2000 to 2006, and the global market for plant-derived drugs is projected to reach more than $26 billion next year. I wonder what effect, if any, the glycosides in Foxglove nectar have on the hummingbirds and whether “nectar-sampling” species might lead us to promising sources of future plant-derived drugs. Blue Tits, Selection, Social Learning, and Cultural Evolution (Cyanistes caeruleus) Pencil, Colored Charcoal, Pen and Ink on Vellum, Photoshop by Darryl Wheye 8 x 11 inches Blue Tit crown feathers reflect ultraviolet light. What does this signal? To find out, experimenters dulled the crowns of females tending nestlings with an oily compound. Males continued to guard the nest, but reduced their food-bearing trips. Apparently, females maintain attractiveness (and keep mates returning to the nest) through preening that retains the blue luster often muted by dust, pollution and parasites. Interestingly, when delivering bottled milk to households was the norm, a number of Blue Tits began piercing the shiny foil cap and sipping. The behavior was picked up by other Blue Tits and spread from the U.K. throughout Europe. Attraction to UV and shiny foil suggests sexual selection on the one hand and social learning that might have led to cultural evolution on the other. Screen Shot 2018-10-05 at 6.37.33 PM.png	<urn:uuid:c78587c7-230b-4ab8-b32e-30e81394a2f9>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.036106765270233154, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9151647686958313, "url": "https://www.darrylwheye.com/in-virtual-exhibits" }
• Helpline: +91-8058868746 • Mail us: Tutorial Library Learning Point Previous Next Introduction of Ghatam The Ghatam is a percussion instrument used in the Carnatic music of South India. A variant played in Punjab and known as gharha as is a part of Punjabi folk traditions. Its analogue in Rajasthan is known as the madga and pani mataqa ("water jug"). The ghatam is one of the most ancient percussion instruments of South India. It is a clay pot with narrow mouth. From the mouth, it slants outwards to form a ridge. Made mainly of clay backed with brass or copper filings with a small amount of iron filings, the pitch of the ghatam varies according to its size. The pitch can be slightly altered by the application of plasticine clay or water. Origin of Ghatam The literal meaning of word Ghatam (Sanskrit) is pot. Ghatam is a beating musical instrument of ancient origin and holds the same position as do Veena or Mridangam hold. Ramayana written by Valmiki also has a mention of music produced from Ghatam in its tenth Chapter. In addition, the ‘Krishna Ganam’ holds a reference to the instrument Ghatam, where Lord Krishna plays the flute and an accomplice plays a pot. Ghatam also finds mention in ancient scriptures about musical instruments and is considered to be of very old origin. Its variant in Kashmir is called as ‘Not’, in Rajasthan is known as ‘Mudki’ and has been mainly associated with the folk music. Over the years Ghatam has made its way to the modern day music and has been used in concerts etc. In non-traditional category, the Ghatam is used in Jazz, Rock, Fusion and many other variants. school-chalao-ghatam2 image The pot is usually placed on the lap of the performer, with the mouth facing the belly. The performer uses the fingers, thumbs, palms, and heels of the hands to strike its outer surface to produce different sounds. Different tones can be produced by hitting areas of the pot with different parts of the hands. Sometimes the ghatam is turned around so that the mouth faces the audience and the performer plays on the neck of the instrument. The ghatam can be moved to other positions while being played. Occasionally, the performer will, to the amusement of the audience, toss the instrument up in the air and catch it. The ghatam is ideal for playing rhythmic patterns in very fast tempo. school-chalao-ghatam3 image Like any other earthen pot of Indian style, Ghatam is also made up of mud with special attention given to the uniform thickness of walls so as to produce good quality tone. Metallic fillings are added to the clay for producing the Ghatam that produce vibrating sound. Ghatams are generally of two origins: Mana Madurai & Chennai (Madras). Ghatams of Chennai are light weighted and do not require much force while playing, however Ghatams of Mana Madurai are comparatively heavy weighted and are played with difficulty but produce metallic sound. How to Play Ghatam Very Useful (0) Useful (0) Not Useful (0)	<urn:uuid:26906ff5-53d7-4d2b-8115-223c2a5d9ea6>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.046583712100982666, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9560295939445496, "url": "https://www.schoolchalao.com/basic-education/show-results/indian-musical-instruments/ghatam" }
Chinese Workers Hats \| Spike 150 Chinese Workers Hats The Central Pacific Railroad heavily recruited Chinese immigrants to construct the Transcontinental Railroad from Sacramento, across the Sierra Nevadas, to Promontory, Utah. Chinese laborers experienced discrimination, hostile work environments, low pay, and little recognition for their immeasurable contributions to the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad. These workers were often given the most back-breaking and hazardous work. Spike150 honors the untold stories and contributions of the Chinese railroad workers and their descendants, who despite these obstacles, helped build the Nation we know today. Continue Your Student's Discovery Additional Questions and Discussions for Your Students • One of the hardest jobs for railroad workers was to tunnel through the Sierra Nevada mountains. What would you use to do this? • Describe a time when you had to work together to overcome a large obstacle.	<urn:uuid:9e377db1-fa87-4ad6-a93d-938447009108>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.030977904796600342, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9388629794120789, "url": "https://spike150.org/unlockar/chinese-workers-hats/" }
The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy by Lothrop Stoddard, A.M., Ph.D. PART I - The Rising Tide of Color RED MAN'S LAND is the Americas between the Rio Grande and the tropic of Capricorn. Here dwells the "Amerindian" race. At the time of Columbus the whole western hemisphere was theirs, but the white man has extirpated or absorbed them to north and south, so that to-day the United States and Canada in North America and the southern portions of South America are genuine "white man's country." In the intermediate zone above mentioned, however, the Amerindian has survived and forms the majority of the population, albeit considerably mixed with white and to a lesser degree with negro blood. The total number of "Indians," including both full-bloods and mixed types, is about 40,000,000 - more than two-thirds of the whole population. In addition, there are several million negroes and mulattoes, mostly in Brazil. The white population of the intermediate zone, even if we include "near-whites," does not average more than 10 per cent, though it varies greatly with different regions. The reader should remember that neither the West India Islands nor the southern portion of the South American continent are included in this gener- alization. In the West Indies the Amerindian has com- pletely died out and has been replaced by the negro, while southern South America, especially Argentina and Uruguay, are genuine white man's country in which there is little Indian and no negro blood. Despite these exceptions, however, the fact remains that, taken as a whole, "Latin America," the vast land-block from the Rio Grande to Cape Horn, is racially not "Latin" but Amerindian or negroid, with a thin Spanish or Portuguese veneer. In other words, though commonly considered part of the white world, most of Latin America is ethnically colored man's land, which has been growing more colored for the past hundred years. Latin America's evolution was predetermined by the Spanish Conquest. That very word "conquest" tells the story. The United States was settled by colonists planning homes and bringing their women. It was thus a genuine migration, and resulted in a full transplanting of white stock to new soil. The Indians encountered were wild nomads, fierce of temper and few in number. After sharp conflicts they were extirpated, leaving virtually no ethnic traces behind. The colonization of Latin America was the exact antithesis. The Spanish Conquistadores were bold warriors descending upon vast regions inhabited by relatively dense populations, some of which, as in Mexico and Peru, had attained a certain degree of civilization. The Spaniards, invincible in their shining armor, paralyzed with terror the people still dwelling in the age of bronze and polished stone. With ridiculous ease mere handfuls of whites overthrew empires and forded it like gods over servile and adoring multitudes. Cortez marched on Mexico with less than 600 followers, while Pizarro had but 310 companions when he started his conquest of Peru. Of course the fabulous treasures amassed in these exploits drew swarms of bold adventurers from Spain. Nevertheless, their numbers were always infinitesimal compared with the vastness of the quarry, while the proportion of women immigrants continued to lag far behind that of the men. The breeding of pure whites in Latin America was thus both scanty and slow. On the other hand, the breeding of mixed-bloods began at once and attained notable proportions. Having slaughtered the Indian males or brigaded them in slave-gangs, the Conquistadores took the Indian women to themselves. The humblest man-at-arms had several female attendants, while the leaders became veritable pashas with great harems of concubines. The result was a prodigious output of half breed children, known as "mestizos" or "cholos." And soon a new ethnic complication was added. The Indians having developed a melancholy trick of dying off under slavery, the Spaniards imported African negroes to fill the servile ranks, and since they took negresses as well as Indian women for concubines, other half-breeds - mulattoes - appeared. Here and there Indians and negroes mated on their own account, the offspring being known as "zambos." In time these various hybrids bred among themselves, producing the most extraordinary ethnic combinations. As Garcia-Calderon well puts it: "Grotesque generations with every shade of complexion and every conformation of skull were born in America - a crucible continually agitated by unheard-of fusions of races.... But there was little Latin blood to be found in the homes formed by the sensuality of the first conquerors of a desolated America." (F. Garcia-Calderon, "Latin America: Its Rise and Progress," p. 49 (English translation, London, 1913).) To be sure, this mongrel population long remained politically negligible. The Spaniards regarded themselves as a master-caste, and excluded all save pure whites from civic rights and social privileges. In fact, the European-born Spaniards refused to recognize even their colonial-born kinsmen as their equals, and "Creoles" (Although loose usage has since obscured its true meaning, the term "Creole" has to do, not with race, but with birthplace. "Creole" originally meant "one born in the colonies." Down to the nineteenth century, this was perfectly clear. Whites were "Creole" or "European"; negroes were "Creole" or "African.") could not aspire to the higher distinctions or offices. This attitude was largely inspired by the desire to maintain a lucrative monopoly. Yet the European's sense of superiority had some valid grounds. There can be no doubt that the Creole whites, as a class, showed increasing signs of degeneracy. Climate was a prime cause in the hotter regions, but there were many plateau areas, as in Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, which though geographically in the tropics had a temperate climate from their elevation. Even more than by climate the Creole was injured by contact with the colored races. Pampered and corrupted from birth by obsequious slaves, the Creole usually led an idle and vapid existence, disdaining work as servile and debarred from higher callings by his European-born superiors. As time passed, the degeneracy due to climate and custom was intensified by degeneracy of blood. Despite legal enactment and social taboo, colored strains percolated insidiously into the creole stock. The leading families, by elaborate precautions, might succeed in keeping their escutcheons clean, but humbler circles darkened significantly despite fervid protestations of "pure-white" blood. Still, so long as Spain kept her hold on Latin America, the process of miscegenation, socially considered, was a slow one. The whole social system was based on the idea of white superiority, and the colors were carefully graded. "In America," wrote Humboldt toward the close of Spanish rule, " the more or less white skin determines the position which a man holds in society." The revolution against Spain had momentous consequences for the racial future of Latin America. In the beginning, to be sure, it was a white civil war - a revolt of the Creoles against European oppression and discrimination. The heroes of the revolution - Bolivar, Miranda, San Martin, and the rest - were aristocrats of pure-white blood. But the revolution presently developed new features. To begin with, the struggle was very long. Commencing in 1809, it lasted almost twenty years. The whites were decimated by fratricidal fury and when the Spanish cause was finally lost, multitudes of loyalists mainly of the superior social classes left the country. Meanwhile, the half-castes, who had rallied wholesale to the revolutionary banner, were demanding their reward. The Creoles wished to close the revolutionary cycle and establish a new society based, like the old, upon white supremacy, with themselves substituted for the Spaniards. Bolivar planned a limited monarchy and a white electoral oligarchy. But this was far from suiting the half-castes. For them the revolution had just begun. Raising the cry of "democracy," then become fashionable through the North American and French revolutions, they proclaimed the doctrine of "equality" regardless of skin. Disillusioned and full of foreboding, Bolivar, the master-spirit of the revolution, disappeared from the scene, and his lieutenants, like the generals of Alexander, quarrelled among themselves, split Latin America into jarring fragments, and waged a long series of internecine wars. The flood-gates of anarchy were opened, the result being a steady weakening of the whites and a corresponding rise of the half-castes in the political and social scale. Everywhere ambitious soldiers led the mongrel mob against the white aristocracy, breaking its power and making themselves dictators. These "caudillos" were apostles of equality and miscegenation. Says Garcia-Calderon: "Tyrants found democracies; they lean on the support of the people, the half-breeds and negroes, against the oligarchies; they dominate the colonial nobility, favor the crossing of races, and free the slaves." (Garcia-Calderon, p. 50.) The consequences of all this were lamentable in the extreme. Latin America's level of civilization fell far below that of colonial days. Spanish rule, though narrow and tyrannical, had maintained peace and social stability. Now all was a hideous chaos wherein frenzied castes and colors grappled to the death. Ignorant mestizos and brutal negroes trampled the fine flowers of culture under foot, while as by a malignant inverse selection the most intelligent and the most cultivated perished. These deplorable conditions prevailed in Latin America until well past the middle of the nineteenth century. Of course, here as elsewhere, anarchy engendered tyranny, and strong caudillos sometimes perpetuated their dictatorship for decades, as in Paraguay under Doctor Francia and in Mexico under Porfirio Diaz. However, these were mere interludes, of no constructive import. Always the aging lion lost his grip, the lurking hyenas of anarchy downed him at Iast, and the land sank once more into revolutionary chaos. Some parts of Latin America did, indeed, definitely emerge into the light of stable progress. But those favored regions owed their deliverance, not to dictatorship, but to race. One of two factors always operated: either (1) an efficient white oligarchy; or (2) Aryanization through wholesale European immigration. Stabilization through oligarchy is best illustrated by Chile. Chilean history differs widely from that of the rest of Latin America. A land of cool climate, no gold, and warlike Araucanian Indians, Chile attracted the pioneering settler rather than the swashbuckling seeker of treasure-trove. Now the pioneering types in Spain come mainly from those northern provinces which have retained considerable Nordic blood. The Chilean colonists were thus largely blond Asturians or austere, reasonable Basques, seeking homes and bringing their women. Of course there was crossing with the natives, but the fierce Araucanian aborigines clung to their wild freedom and kept up an interminable frontier warfare in which the occasions for race-mixture were relatively few. The country was thus settled by a resident squirearchy of an almost English type. This ruling gentry jealously guarded its racial integrity. In fact, it possessed not merely a white but a Nordic race-consciousness. The Chilean gentry called themselves sons of the Visigoths, scions of Euric and Pelayo, who had found in remote Araucania a chance to slake their racial thirst for fighting and freedom. In Chile, as elsewhere, the revolution provoked a cycle of disorder. But the cycle was short, and was more a political struggle between white factions than a social welter of caste and race. Furthermore, Chile was receiving fresh accessions of Nordic blood. Many English, Scotch, and Irish gentleman-adventurers, taking part in the War of Independence, settled down in a land so reminiscent of their own. Germans also came in considerable numbers, settling especially in the colder south. Thus the Chilean upper classes, always pure white, became steadily more Nordic in ethnic character. The political and social results were unmistakable. Chile rapidly evolved a stable society, essentially oligarchic and consciously patterned on aristocratic England. Efficient, practical, and extremely patriotic, the Chilean oligarchs made their country at once the most stable and the most dynamic factor in Latin America. The distinctly "Northern" character of Chile and the Chileans strike foreign observers. Here, for example, are the impressions of a recent visitor, the North American sociologist, Professor E. A. Ross. Landing at the port of Valparaiso, he is "struck by signs of English influence. On the commercial streets every third man suggests the Briton, while a large proportion of the business people look as if they have their daily tub. The cleanliness of the streets, the freshness of the parks and squares, the dressing of the shop-windows, and the style of the mounted police remind one of England." (Edward Alsworth Rose, "South of Panama," pp. 97-98 (New York, 1914) 'Ross, p. 109.) As to the Nordic affinities of the upper classes: "One sees it in stature, eye color, and ruddy complexion.... Among the pupils of Santiago College there are as many blonds as brunets."2 Even among the peon or "roto" class, despite considerable Indian crossing, Professor Ross noted the strong Nordic strain, for he met Chilean peasants "whose stature, broad shoulders, big faces, and tawny mustaches pro-claimed them as genuine Norsemen as the Icelanders in our Red River Valley." (Ross, p. 109.) Chile is thus the prime example of social stability and progress attained through white oligarchic rule. Other, though less successful, instances are to be noted in Peru, Colombia, and Costa Rica. Peru and Colombia, though geographically within the tropics, have extensive temperate plateaux. Here numerous whites settled during the colonial period, forming an upper caste over a large Indian population. Unlike Chile, few Nordics came to leaven society with those qualities of constructive genius and racial self-respect which are the special birthright of Nordic man. Unlike Chile again, not only were there dense Indian masses, but there was also an appreciable negro element. Lastly, the number of mixed-bloods was very Large. It is thus not surprising that for both Peru and Colombia the revolution ushered in a period of turmoil from which neither have even yet emerged. The whites have consistently fought among themselves, invoking the half-castes as auxiliaries and using Indians and negroes as their pawns. The whites are still the dominant element, but only the first families retain their pure blood, and miscegenation creeps upward with every successive generation. As for Costa Rica, it is a tiny bit of cool hill-country, settled by whites in colonial times, and to-day rises an oasis of civilization, above the tropic jungle of degenerate, mongrel Central America. The second method of social stabilization in Latin America - Aryanization through wholesale European immigration - is exemplified by Argentina and Uruguay. Neither of these lands had very promising beginnings. Their populations, at the revolution, contained strong Indian infusions and traces of negro blood, while after the revolution both fell under the sway of tyrannical dictators who persecuted the white aristocrats and favored miscegenation. However, Argentina and Uruguay possessed two notable advantages: they were climatically white man's country, and they at first contained a very small population. Since they produced neither gold nor tropical luxuries, Spain had neglected them, so that at the revolution they consisted of little more than the port-towns of Buenos Aires and Montevideo with a few dependent river-settlements. Their vast hinterlands of fertile prairie then harbored only wandering tribes of nomad savages. During the last half of the nineteenth century, however, the development of ocean transport gave these antipodean prairies value as stock-raising and grain-growing sources for congested Europe, and Europe promptly sent immigrants to supply her needs. This immigrant stream gradually swelled to a veritable deluge. The human tide was, on the whole, of sound stock, mostly Spaniards and north Italians, with some Nordic elements from northern Europe in the upper strata. Thus Europe locked antipodean America securely to the white world. As for the colonial stock, it merged easily into the newer, kindred flood. Here and there signs of former miscegenation still show, the Argentino being sometimes, as Madison Grant well puts it, "suspiciously swarthy." (Madison Grant, "The Passing of the Great Race," p. 78. (2d edition, New York, 1918.)) Nevertheless, these are but vestigial traces which the ceaseless European inflow will ultimately eradicate. The large impending German immigration to Argentina and Uruguay should bring valuable Nordic elements. This same tide of European immigration has likewise pretty well Aryanized the southern provinces of Brazil, adjacent to the Uruguayan border. Those provinces were neglected by Portugal as Argentina and Uruguay were by Spain, and half a century ago they had a very sparse population. To-day they support millions of European immigrants, mostly Italians and European Portuguese, but with the further addition of nearly half a million Germans. Brazil is, in fact, evolving into two racially distinct communities. The southern provinces are white man's country, with little Indian or negro blood, and with a distinct "color line." The tropical north is saturated with Indian and negro strains, and the whites are rapidly disappearing in a universal mongrelization. Ultimately this must produce momentous political consequences. Bearing in mind the exceptions above noted, let us now observe the vast tropical and semi-tropical bulk of Latin America. Here we find notable changes since colonial days. White predominance is substantially a thing of the past. Persons of unmixed Spanish or Portuguese descent are relatively few, most of the so-called "whites" being really near-whites, more or less deeply tinged with colored bloods. It is a striking token of white race-prestige that these near-whites, despite their degeneracy and inefficiency, are yet the dominant element; occupying, in fact, much the same status as the aristocratic Creoles immediately after the War of Independence. Nevertheless, the near-whites' supremacy is now threatened. Every decade of chronic anarchy favors the darker halfbreeds, while below these, in turn, the Indian and negro full-bloods are beginning to stir, as in Mexico to-day. Most informed observers agree that the mixed-bloods of Latin America are distinctly inferior to the whites. This applies to both mestizos and mulattoes, albeit the mestizo (the cross between white and Indian) seems less inferior than the mulatto-the cross between white and black. As for the zambo, the Indian-negro cross, everybody is agreed that it is a very bad one. Analyses of these hybrid stocks show remarkable similarities to the mongrel chaos of the declining Roman Empire. Here is the judgment of Garcia-Calderon, a Peruvian scholar and generally considered the most authoritative writer on Latin America. "The racial question," he writes, "is a very serious problem in American history. It explains the progress of certain peoples and the decadence of others, and it is the key to the incurable disorder which divides America. Upon it depend a great number of secondary phenomena; the public wealth, the industrial system, the stability of governments, the solidity of patriotism.... This complication of castes, this admixture of diverse bloods, has created many problems. For example, is the formation of a national consciousness possible with such disparate elements? Would such heterogeneous democracies be able to resist the invasion of superior races? Finally, is the South American half-caste absolutely incapable of organization and culture?" (Garcia- Calderon, pp. 351-2.) While qualifying his answers to these queries, Garcia-Calderon yet deplores the half-caste's "decadence." (Ibid., p. 287.) "In the Iberian democracies," he says, "an inferior Latinity, a Latinity of the decadence, prevails; verbal abundance, inflated rhetoric, oratorical exaggeration, just as in Roman Spain.... The half-caste loves grace, verbal elegance, quibbles even, and artistic form; great passions and desires do not move him. In religion he is sceptical, indifferent, and in polities he disputes in the Byzantine manner. No one could discover in him a trace of his Spanish forefather, stoical and adventurous." (Ibid., p. 360.) Garcia-Calderon therefore concludes: "The mixture of rival castes, Iberians, Indians, and negroes, has generally had disastrous consequences.... None of the conditions established by the French psychologists are realized by the Latin American democracies, and their populations are therefore degenerate. The lower castes struggle successfully against the traditional rules: the order which formerly existed is followed by moral anarchy; solid conviction by a superficial scepticism; and the Castilian tenacity by indecision. The black race is doing its work, and the continent is returning to its primitive barbarism." (Garcia-Calderon, pp. 361-2.) This melancholy fate can, according to Garcia-Calderon, be averted only by wholesale white immigration: "In South America civilization is dependent upon the numerical predominance of the victorious Spaniard, on the triumph of the white man over the mulatto, the negro, and the Indian. Only a plentiful European immigration can re-establish the shattered equilibrium of the American races." (Ibid., p. 362.) Garcia-Calderon's pronouncements are echoed by foreign observers. During his South American travels Professor Ross noted the same melancholy symptoms and pointed out the same unique remedy. Speaking of Ecuador, he says: "I found no foreigners who have faith in the future of this people. They point out that while this was a Spanish colony there was a continual flow of immigrants from Spain, many of whom, no doubt, were men of force. Political separation interrupted this current, and since then the country has really gone back. Spain had provided a ruling, organizing element, and, with the cessation of the flow of Spaniards, the mixed-bloods took charge of things, for the pure-white element is so small as to be negligible. No one suggests that the mestizos equal the white stock either in intellect or in character.... Among the rougher foreigners and Peruvians the pet name for these people is 'monkeys.' The thoughtful often liken them to Eurasians, clever enough, but lacking in solidity of character. Natives and foreigners alike declare that a large white immigration is the only hope for Ecuador." (Ross, "South of Panama," pp. 29-30.) Concerning Bolivia, Professor Ross writes: "The wisest sociologist in Bolivia told me that the zambo, resulting from the union of Indian with negro, is inferior to both the parent races, and that likewise the mestizo is inferior to both white and Indian in physical strength, resistance to disease, longevity, and brains. The failure of the South American republics has been due, he declares, to mestizo domination. Through the colonial period there was a flow of Spaniards to the colonies, and all the offices down to corregidor and cura were filled by white men. With independence, the whites ceased coming, and the lower offices of state and church were filled with mestizos. Then, too, the first crossing of white with Indian gave a better result than the union between mestizos, so that the stock has undergone progressive degeneration. The only thing, then, that can make these countries progress is a large white immigration, something much talked about by statesmen in all these countries, but which has never materialized." (Ross, p. 41.) These judgments refer particularly to Spanish America. Regarding Portuguese Brazil, however, the verdict seems to be the same. Many years ago Professor Agassiz wrote: "Let any one who doubts the evil of this mixture of races, and is inclined from mistaken philanthropy to break down all barriers between them, come to Brazil. He cannot deny the deterioration consequent upon the amalgamation of races, more widespread here than in any country in the world, and which is rapidly effacing the best qualities of the white man, the negro, and the Indian, leaving a mongrel, nondescript type, deficient in physical and mental energy." (A. P. Schultz, Race or Mongrel," p. 155 (Boston, 1908).) The mongrel's political ascendancy produces precisely the results which might have been expected. These unhappy beings, every cell of whose bodies is a battle-ground of jarring heredities, express their souls in acts of hectic violence and aimless instability. The normal state of tropical America is anarchy, restrained only by domestic tyrants or foreign masters. Garcia-Calderon exactly describes its psychology when he writes: "Precocious, sensual, impressionable, the Americans of these vast territories devote their energies to local politics. Industry, commerce, and agriculture are in a state of decay, and the unruly imagination of the Creole expends itself in constitutions, programmes, and lyrical disoourses; in these regions anarchy is sovereign mistress." (Garcia-Calderon, p. 222.) The tropical republics display, indeed, a tendency toward "atomic disintegration.... Given to dreaming, they are led by presidents suffering from neurosis." (Ibid., p. 336.) The stock feature of the mongrel tropics is, of course, the "revolution." These senseless and perennial outbursts are often ridiculed in the United States as comic opera, but the grim truth of the matter is that few Latin American revolutions are laughing matters. The numbers of men engaged may not be very large according to our standards, but measured by the scanty populations of the countries concerned, they lay a heavy blood-tax on the suffering peoples. The tatter-demalion "armies" may excite our mirth, but the battles are real enough, often fought out to the death with razor-edged machetes and rusty bayonets, and there is no more ghastly sight than a Latin American battle-field. The commandeerings, burnings, rapings, and assassinations inflicted upon the hapless civilian population cry to heaven. There is always wholesale destruction of property, frequently appalling loss of life, and a general paralysis of economic and social activity. These wretched lands have now been scourged by the revolutionary plague for a hundred years, and W. B. Hale does not overstate the consequences when he says: "Most of the countries clustering about the Caribbean have sunk into deeper and deeper mires of misrule, unmatched for profligacy and violence anywhere on earth. Revolution follows revolution; one band of brigands succeeds another; atrocities revenge atrocities; the plundered people grow more and more abject in poverty and slavishness; vast natural resources lie neglected, while populations decrease, civilization recedes, and the jungle advances." (W. B. Hale, "Our Danger in Central America," World's Work, August, 1912.) Of course, under these frightful circumstances, the national character, weak enough at best, degenerates at an ever-quickening pace. Peaceful effort of any sort appears vain and ridiculous, and men are taught that wealth is procurable only by violence and extortion. Another important point should be noted. I have said that Latin American anarchy was restrained by dictatorship. But the reader must not infer that dictatorships are halcyon times for the dictated. On the contrary, they are usually only a trifle less wretched and demoralizing than times of revolution. The "caudillos" are nearly always very sinister figures. Often they are ignorant brutes; oftener they are bloodthirsty, lecherous monsters; oftenest they are human spiders who suck the land dry of all fluid wealth, banking it abroad against the day when they shall fly before the revolutionary blast to the safe haven of Paris and the congenial debaucheries of Montmartre. The millions amassed by tyrants like Castro of Venezuela and Zelaya of Nicaragua are almost beyond belief, considering the backward, bankrupt lands they have "administered." Yet how can it be otherwise? Consider Critchfield's incisive account of a caudillo's accession to power: "When an ignorant and brutal man, whose entire knowledge of the world is confined to a few Indian villages, and whose total experience has been gained in the raising of cattle, doffs his alpagartes, and, machete in hand, cuts his way to power in a few weeks, with a savage horde at his back who know nothing of the amenities of civilization and care less than they know - when such a man comes to power, evil and evil only can result. Even if the new dictator were well-intentioned, his entire ignorance of law and constitutional forms, of commercial processes and manufacturing arts, and of the fundamental and necessary principles underlying all stable and free governments, would render a successful administration by him extremely difficult, if not impossible. But he is surrounded by all the elements of vice and flattery, and he is imbued with that vain and absurd egotism which makes men of small caliber imagine themselves to be Napoleons or Caesars. Thus do petty despotisms, unrestrained by constitutional provisions or by anything like a virile public opinion, lead from absurdity to outrage and crime." (G. W. Critchfield, "American Supremacy," vol. 1, p. 277 (New York, 1908).) Such is the situation in mongrel-ruled America: revolution breeding revolution, tyranny breeding tyranny, and the twain combining to ruin their victims and force them ever deeper into the slough of degenerate barbarism. The whites have lost their grip and are rapidly disappearing. The mixed-breeds have had their chance and have grotesquely failed. The oft quoted panacea - white immigration - is under present conditions a vain dream, for white immigrants will not expose themselves (and still less their women) to the horrors of mongrel rule. So far, then, as internal factors are concerned, anarchy seems destined to continue unchecked. In fact, new conflicts loom on the horizon. The lndian masses, so docile to the genuine white man, begin to stir. The aureole of white prestige has been besmirched by the near-whites and half-castes who have traded so recklessly upon its sanctions. Strong in the poise of normal heredity, the Indian full-blood commences to despise these chaotic masters who turn his homelands into bear-gardens and witches' sabbaths. An "Indianista" movement is to-day on foot throughout mongrel-ruled America. It is most pronounced in Mexico, whose interminable agony becomes more and more a war of Indian resurgence, but it is also starting along the west coast of South America. Long ago, wise old Professor Pearson saw how the wind was blowing. Noting how whites and near-whites were "everywhere fighting and intriguing for the spoils of office," he also noted that the Indian masses, though relatively passive and "seemingly unobservant," were yet "conquering a place for themselves in other ways than by increasing and multiplying," and he concluded: "the general level of the autochthonous race is being raised; it is acquiring riches and self-respect, and must sooner or later get the country back into its hands." (Pearson, op. cit., p. 60.) Recent visitors to the South American west coast note the signs of Indian unrest. Some years ago Lord Bryce remarked of Bolivia: "There have been Indian risings, and firearms are more Iargely in their hands than formerly. They so preponderate in numbers that any movement which united them against the upper class might, could they find a leader, have serious conse- quences." (James Bryce, "South America," p. 181 (London, 1912).) Still more recently Professor Ross wrote concerning Peru: "In Cuzco I met a gentleman of education and travel who is said to be the only living lineal descendant of the Incas. He has great influence with the native element and voices their bitterness and their aspirations. He declares that the politics of Peru is a struggle between the Spanish mestizos of Lima and the coast and the natives of Cuzco and the interior, and predicts an uprising unless Cuzco is made the capital of the nation. He even dreams of a Kechua republic, with Cuzco as its capital and the United States its guarantor, as she is guarantor of the Cuban republic." (Ross, op. cit., p. 74.) And of Bolivia, Professor Ross writes: "Lately there has been a general movement of the Bolivian Indians for the recovery of the lands of which they have been robbed piecemeal. Conflicts have broken out and, although the government has punished the ringleaders, there is a feeling that, so long as the exploiting of the Indian goes on, Bolivians are living 'in the crater of a slumbering volcano.'" (Ross , p. 89.) Since the white man has gone and the Indian is preparing to wrest the sceptre of authority from the mongrel's worthless hands, let us examine this Indian race, to see what potentiality it possesses of restoring order and initiating progress. To begin with, there can be no doubt that the Indian is superior to the negro. The negro, even when quickened by foreign influences, never built up anything approaching a real civilization; whereas the Indian, though entirely sundered from the rest of mankind, evolved genuine polities and cultures like the Aztec of Mexico, the Inca of Peru, and the Maya of Yucatan. The Indian thus possesses creative capacity to an appreciabIe degree. However, that degree seems strictly limited. The researches of archaeologists have sadly discounted the glowing tales of the Conquistadores, and the "Empires" of Mexico and Peru, though far from contemptible, certainly rank well below the achievements of European and Asiatic races in mediaeval and even in classic times. The Indian possesses notable stability and poise, but the very intensity of these qualities fetters his progress and renders questionable his ability to rise to the modern plane. His conservatism is immense. With incredible tenacity he clings to his ancestral ways and exhibits a dull indifference to alien innovation. Of course the Indian sub-races differ considerably among themselves, but the same fundamental tendencies are visible in all of them. Says Professor Ellsworth Huntington: "The Indians are very backward. They are dull of mind and slow to adopt new ideas. Perhaps in the future they will change, but the fact that they have been influenced so little by four hundred years of contact with the white man does not afford much ground for hope. Judging from the past, there is no reason to think that their character is likely to change for many generations. . . Those who dwell permanently in the white man's cities are influenced somewhat, but here as in other cases the general tendency seems to be to revert to the original condition as soon as the special impetus of immediate contact with the white man is removed." (Ellsworth Huntington, "The Adaptability of the White Man to Tropical America," Journal of Race Development, October, 1914.) And Lord Bryce writes in similar vein: " With plenty of stability, they lack initiative. They make steady soldiers, and fight well under white or mestizo leaders, but one seldom hears of a pure Indian accomplishing anything or rising either through war or politics, or in any profession, above the level of his class...." (Bryce, op. cit., p. 184.) The truth about the Indian seems to be substantially this: Left alone, he would probably have continued to progress, albeit much more slowly than either white or Asiatic peoples. But the Indian was not left alone. On the contrary, he was suddenly felled by brutal and fanatical conquerors, who uprooted his native culture and plunged him into abject servitude. The Indian's spiritual past was shorn away and his evolution was perverted. Prevented from developing along his own lines, and constitutionally incapable of adapting himself to the ways of his Spanish conquerors, the Indian vegetated, learning nothing and forgetting much that he knew. This has continued for four hundred years. Is it not likely that his ancestral aptitudes have atrophied or decayed? Slavery and mental sloth have indeed scarred him with their fell stigmata. Says Garcia-Calderon: "Without sufficient food, without hygiene, a distracted and laborious beast, he decays and perishes; to forget the misery of his daily lot he drinks, becomes an alcoholic, and his numerous progeny present the characteristics of degeneracy." (Garcia-Calderon, p. 354.) Furthermore, the Indian degenerates from another cause - mongrelization. Miscegenation is a dual process. It works upward and downward at one and the same time. In Latin America hybridization has been prodigious, the hybrids to-day numbering millions. In some regions, as in Venezuela and parts of Central America, there are very few full-blooded Indians left, hybrids forming practically the entire population. Now, on the whole, the white or "mestizo" crossing seems hurtful to the Indian, for what he gains in intelligence he more than loses in character. But the mestizo crossing is not the worst. There is another, much graver, racial danger. The hot coastlands swarm with negroes, and the zambo or negro-Indian is universally adjudged the worst of matings. Thus, for the Indian, white blood appears harmful, while black blood is absolutely fatal. Yet the mongrelizing tide sweeps steadily on. The Indian draws no "color Iine," and continually impairs the purity of his blood and the poise of his heredity. Bearing all the above facts in mind, can we believe the Indian capable of drawing mongrel-ruled America from its slough of despond ? Can he set it on the path of orderly progress? It does not seem possible. Assuming for the sake of argument complete freedom from foreign intervention, the Indian might in time displace his mongrel rulers - provided he himself were not also mongrelized. But the present "Indianista" movement is not a sign of Indian political efficiency; not the harbinger of an Indian "renaissance." It is the instinctive fuming of the harried beast on his tormentor. Maddened by the cruel vagaries of mongrel rule and increasingly conscious of the mongrel's innate worthlessness, the Indian at last bares his teeth. Under civilized white tutelage the "Indianista" movement would have been practically inconceivable. However, guesses as to the final outcome of an Indian-mongrel conflict are academic speculation, because mongrel America will not be left to itself. Mongrel America cannot stand alone. Indeed, it never has stood alone, for it has always been bolstered up by the Monroe Doctrine. But for our protection, outside forces would have long since rushed into this political and economic vacuum, and every omen to-day denotes that this vacuum, like all others, will presently be filled. A world close packed as never before will not tolerate countries that are a torment to themselves and a dangerous nuisance to their neighbors. A world half bankrupt will not allow vast sources of potential wealth to lie in hands which idle or misuse. Thus it is practically certain that mongrel America will presently pass under foreign tutelage. Exactly how, is not yet clear. It may be done by the United States alone, or, what is more probable, in "Pan-American" cooperation with the Iusty young white nations of the antipodean south. It may be done by an even larger combination, including some European states. After all, the details of such action do not lie within the scope of this book, since they fall exclusively within the white man's sphere of activity. There is, however, another dynamic which might transform mongrel America. This dynamic is yellow Asia. The Far East teems with virile and laborious life. It thrills to novel ambitions and desires. Avid with the urge of swarming myriads, it hungrily seeks outlets for its superabundant vitality. We have already seen how the Mongolian has earmarked the whole Far East for his own, and in subsequent pages we shall see how he also beats restlessly against the white world's race-frontiers. But mongrel America! What other field offers such tempting possibilities for Mongolian race-expansion? Vast regions of incalculable, unexploited wealth, sparsely inhabited by stagnant populations cursed with anarchy and feeble from miscegenation - how could such lands resist the onslaught of tenacious and indomitable millions? The answer is self-evident. They could not resist; and such an invasion, once begun, would be consummated with a celerity and thoroughness perhaps unexampled in human history. Now the yellow world is alive to this momentous possibility. Japan, in particular, has glimpsed in Latin America precious avenues to that racial expansion which is the key-note of Japanese foreign policy. For years Japanese statesmen and publicists have busied themselves with the problem. The Chinese had, in fact, already pointed the way, for during the later decades of the nineteenth century Chinamen frequented Latin America's Pacific coast, economically vanquishing the natives with ease, and settling in Peru in such numbers that the alarmed Peruvians hastily stopped the inflow by drastic exclusion acts. The successes of these Chinese pioneers, humble coolies entirely without official backing, have fired the Japanese imagination. The Japanese press has long discussed Latin America in optimistic vein. Count Okuma is a good exemplar of these Japanese aspirations. Some years ago he told the American sociologist Professor Ross: "South America, especially the northern part, will furnish ample room for our surplus." (Ross, p. 90.) To his fellow countrymen Count Okuma was still more specific. In 1907 he stated in the Tokio Economist that the Japanese were to overspread the earth like a cloud of locusts, alighting on the North American coasts, and swarming into Central and South America. Count Okuma expressed a strong preference for Latin American countries as fields for Japanese immigration, because most of them were "much easier to include within the sphere of influence of Japan in the future." (The American Review of Reviews, November, 1907, p. 622.) And the Japanese have supplemented words with deeds. Especially since 1914, Japanese activity in Latin America has been ubiquitous and striking. The west coast of South America, in particular, is to-day flooded with Japanese goods, merchants, commercial missions, and financial agents seeking concessions of every kind. Our State Department has had to exercise special vigilance concerning Japanese concession-hunting in Mexico. Japan's present activity is of course mere reconnoitering - testings and mappings of terrain for possible later action on a more extensive scale. One thing alone gives Japan pause - our veto. Japan knows that real aggression against our southern neighbors would spell war with the United States. Japan does not contemplate war with us at present. She has many fish to fry in the Far East. So in Latin America she plays safe. But she bides her time. In Latin America itself she has friends - even partisans. Japan seeks to mobilize to her profit that distrust of the "Yanqui" which permeates Latin America. The half-castes, in particular, rage at our "color line" and see in the United States the Nemesis of their anarchic misrule. They flout the Monroe Doctrine, caress dreams of Japanese aid, and welcome Nippon's pose as the champion of color throughout the world. Japanese activities in Mexico are of especial interest. Here Japan has three strong strings to her bow: 1. patriotic dislike of the United States; 2. mestizo hatred of the white "gringo"; 3. the Indianista movement. In Mexico the past decade of revolutionary turmoil has developed into a complicated race-war of the mestizos against the white or near-white upper class and of the Indian full-bloods against both whites and mestizos. The one bond of union is dislike of the gringo, which often rises to fanatical hatred. Our war against Mexico in 1847 has never been forgotten, and many Mexicans cherish hopes of revenge and even aspire to recover the territories then ceded to us. During the early stages of the European War our military unpreparedness and apparent pacifism actually emboldened some Mexican hotheads to concoct the notorious "Plan of San Diego." The conspirators plotted to rouse the Mexican population of our southern border, sow disaffection among our Southern negroes, and explode the mine at the psychological moment by means of a "Reconquering Equitable Army" invading Texas. Our whole Southwest was to be rejoined to Mexico, while our Southern States were to form a black republic. The projected war was conceived strictly in terms of race, the reconquering equitable army to be composed solely of "Latins," negroes, and Japanese. The racial results were to be decisive, for the entire white population of both our South and Southwest was to be pitilessly massacred. Of course the plot completely miscarried, and sporadic attempts to invade Texas during 1915 were easily repulsed. Nevertheless, this incident reveals the trend of many Mexican minds. The framers of the "Plan of San Diego" were not ignorant peons, but persons of some standing. The outrages and tortures inflicted upon numerous Americans in Mexico during recent years are further indications of that wide-spread hatred which expresses itself in vitriolic outbursts like the following editorial of a Mexican provincial paper, written during our chase after the bandit Villa in 1916: "Above all, do not forget that at a time of national need, humanity is a crime and frightfulness is a virtue. Pull out eyes, snatch out hearts, tear open breasts, drink - if you can - the blood in the skulls of the invaders from the cities of Yankeeland. In defense of liberty be a Nero, be a Caligula - that is to be a good patriot. Peace between Mexico and the United States will be closed in throes of terror and barbarism." (The newspaper was La Reforma of Saltillo. The editorial was quoted in an Associated Press despatch dated El Paso, Texas, June 26, 1916. The despatch mentions La Reforma as "a semi-official paper.") All this is naturally grist for the Japanese mill. Especially interesting are Japanese attempts to play upon Mexican Indianista sentiment. Japanese writers point out physical and cultural similarities between the Mexican native races and themselves, deducing therefrom innate racial affinities springing from the remote and forgotten past. All possible sympathetic changes were rung during the diplomatic mission of Senor de la Barra to Japan at the beginning of 1914. His reception in Tokio was a memorable event. Senor de la Barra was greeted by cheering multitudes, and on every occasion the manifold bonds between the two peoples were emphasized. This of course occurred before the European War. During the war Japanese-Mexican relations remained amicable. So far as official evidence goes, the Japanese Government has never entered into any understandings with the Mexican Government, though some Mexicans have hinted at a secret agreement, and one Mexican writer, Gutierrez de Lara, asserts that in 1912 Francisco Madero, then President, "threw himself into the arms of Japan," and goes on: "We are well aware of the importance of this statement and of its tremendous international significance, but we make it deliberately with full confidence in our authority. Not only did Madero enlist the ardent support of the South American republics in the cause of Mexico's inviolability, but he entered into negotiations with the Japanese minister in Mexico City for a close offensive and defensive alliance with Japan to checkmate United States aggression. When during the fateful twelve days' battle in Mexico City a rumor of American intervention, more alarming than usual, was communicated to Madero, he remarked coldly that he was thoroughly anxious for that intervention, for he was confident of the surprise the American Government would receive in discovering that they had to deal with Japan." (Gutierrez de Lara, "The Mexican People: Their Struggle for Freedom" (New York, 1914).) But, after all, an official Japanese-Mexican understanding is not the fundamental issue. The really significant thing is Mexican popular antagonism to the United States, which is so wide-spread that Japan could in a crisis probably count on Mexican benevolent neutrality if not on Mexican support. The present Carranza government of Mexico is of course notoriously anti-American. Its consistent policy, notably revealed in its complaisance toward Germany and its intrigues with other anti-American regimes like those of Colombia and Venezuela, makes Mexico the centre of anti-Americanism in Latin America. As for the numerous Japanese residents in Mexico, they have lost no opportunity to abet this attitude. Here, for instance, is the text of a manifesto signed by prominent members of the Japanese colony during the American-Mexican crisis of 1916: "Japanese: Mexico is a friendly nation. Our commercial bonds with her are great. She is, like us, a nation of heroes who will never consent to the world-domination of a hard and brutal race, as are the Yankees. We cannot abandon Mexico in her struggle against a nation supposedly stronger. The Mexicans know how to defend themselves, but there is lacking aid which we can furnish. If the Yankees invade Mexico, if they seize the California coasts, Japanese commerce and the Japanese navy will face a grave peril. The Yankees believe us impotent because of the European War, and we will be expelled from American soil and our children from American schools. We will aid the Mexicans. We will aid Mexico against Yankee rapacity. This great and beautiful country is a victim of Yankee hatred toward Japan. Our indifference would be a lack of patriotism, since the Yankees already are against us and our divine Emperor. They have seized Hawaii, they have seized the Philippine Islands, near our coasts, and are now about to crush under foot our friend and possible ally, and injure our commerce and imperil our naval power." (The Literary Digest, September 16, 1916, p. 662.) The fact is that Latin America's attitude toward the yellow world tends everywhere to crystallize along race lines. The half-castes, naturally hostile to the United States, see in Japan a welcome offset to the "Colossus of the North." The self-conscious Indianista elements likewise heed Japanese suggestions of ethnic affinity. On the other hand, the whites and near-whites instinctively react against Japanese advances. Even those who have no love for the Yankee see in the Mongolian the greatest of perils. Garcia-Calderon typifies this point of view. He dreads our imperialistic tendencies, yet he reproves those Latin Americans who, in a Japanese-American clash, would favor Japan. "Victorious," he writes, "the Japanese would invade Western America and convert the Pacific into a vast closed sea, closed to foreign ambitions, mare nostrum, peopled with Japanese colonies. The Japanese hegemony would not be a mere change of tutelage for the nations of America. In spite of essential differences, the Latins oversea have certain common ties with the people of the (United) States: a long-established religion, Christianity, and a coherent, European, Occidental civilization. Perhaps there is some obscure fraternity between the Japanese and the American Indians, between the yellow men of Nippon and the copper-colored Quechuas, a disciplined and sober people. But the ruling race, the dominant type of Spanish origin, which imposes the civilization of the white man upon America, is hostile to the entire invading East." (Garcia-Calderon, pp. 329-330.) White men throughout Latin America generally echo these sentiments. Chile and Argentina repulse Oriental immigration, and the white oligarchs of Peru dread keenly Japanese designs directed so specifically against their country. Very recently a Peruvian, Doctor Jorge M. Corbacho, (Despatch to La Prensa (New York), December 13, 1919.) wrote most bitterly about the Japanese infiltration into Peru and adjacent Bolivia, while some years ago Senor Augustin Edwards, owner of the leading Chilean periodical, El Mercurio, denounced Count Okuma's menaces and called for a Pan-American rampart against Asia from Behring Strait to Cape Horn. "Japanese immigration," asserted Senor Edwards, "must be firmly opposed, not only in South America, but in the whole American continent. The same remark applies to Chinese immigration.... In short, these threats of Okuma should induce the nations of South America to adopt the Monroe Doctrine - an invincible weapon against the plans and intentions of that 'Empire of the Orient,' which has so lately risen up to new life, and already manifests so dire a greed of conquest." (The American Review of Reviews, November, 1907, p. 623.) From Central America similar voices arise. A Salvadorean writer urges political federation with the United States as the sole refuge against the "Yellow Peril," to avoid becoming "slaves and utterly insignificant";(The Literary Digest, December 30, 1911, p. 1222.) and a well-known Nicaraguan politician, Senor Moncada, (J. M. Moncada, "Social and Political Influences of the United States in Central America" (New York, 1911).) writes in similar vein. The momentous implications of Mongolian pressure upon Latin America are admirably described by Professor Ross. "Provided that no barrier be interposed to the inflow from man-stifled Asia," he says, "it is well within the bounds of probability that by the close of this century South America will be the home of twenty or thirty millions of Orientals and descendants of Orientals.... But Asiatic immigration of such volume would change profoundly the destiny of South America. For one thing, it would forestall and frustrate that great immigration of Europeans which South American statesmen are counting on to relieve their countries from mestizo unprogressiveness and misgovernment. The white race would withhold its increase or look elsewhere for outlets; for those with the higher standard of comfort always shun competition with those of a lower standard. Again, large areas of South America might cease to be parts of Christendom. Some of the republics there might come to be as dependent upon Asiatic Powers as the Cuban republic is dependent upon the United States." (Ross, pp. 91-92.) Very pertinent is Professor Ross's warning as to the fate of the Indian population - a warning which Indianista believers in Japanese "affinity" should seriously take to heart. Whatever might be the lot of the Latin American whites, Professor Ross points out that "an Asiatic influx would seal the doom of the Indian element in these countries.... The Indians could make no effective economic stand against the wide-awake, resourceful, and aggressive Japanese or Chinese. The Oriental immigrants could beat the Indians at every point, block every path upward, and even turn them out of most of their present employments. In great part the Indians would become a cringing sudra caste, tilling the poorer lands and confined to the menial or repulsive occupations. Filled with despair, and abandoning themselves even more than they do now to pisco and coca, they would shrivel into a numerically ncgligible element in the population." (Ross, PP. 92-93.) Such are the underlying factors in the Latin American situation. Once more we see the essential instability of mere political phenomena. Once more we see the supreme importance of race. No conquest could have been completer than that of the Spaniards four centuries ago. The Indians were helpless as sheep before the mail-clad Conquistadores. And military conquest was succeeded by complete political domination. The Indian even lost his cultural heritage, and became a passive tool in the hands of his white masters. But the Spaniard did not seal his title-deed with the indelible signet of race. Indian blood remained numerically predominant, and the conqueror further weakened his tenure by bringing in black blood - the most irreducible of ethnic factors. The inflow of white blood was small, and much of what did come lost itself in the dismal swamp of miscegenation. Lastly, the whites quarrelled among themselves. The result was inevitable. The colonial whites triumphed only by aid of the half-castes, who promptly claimed their reward. A fresh struggle ensued, ending (save in the antipodean regions) in the triumph of the half-castes. But these, in turn, had called in the Indians and negroes. Furthermore, the half-castes recklessly squandered the white political heritage. So the colored full-bloods stirred in their turn, and a new movement began which, if allowed to run its natural course, might result in complete de-Aryanization. In other words, the white race has been going back, and Latin America has been getting more Indian and negro for the past hundred years. This cycle, however, now nears its end. Latin America will be neither red nor black. It will ultimately be either white or yellow. The Indian is patently unable to construct a progressive civilization. As for the negro, he has proved as incapable in the New World as in the Old. Everywhere his presence has spelled regression, and his one New World field of triumph-- Haiti - has resulted in an abysmal plunge to the jungle-level of Guinea and the Congo. Thus is created a political vacuum. And this vacuum unerring nature makes ready to fill. The Latin American situation is, indeed, akin to that of Africa. Latin America, like Africa, cannot stand alone. An inexorable dilemma impends: white or yellow. The white man has been first in the field and holds the central colored zone between two strong bases, north and south, where his tenure is the unimpeachable title of race. The yellow man has to conquer every step, though he has already acquired footholds and has behind him the welling reservoirs of Asia. Nevertheless, white victory in Latin America is sure - if internecine discord does not rob the white world of its strength. In Latin America, as in Africa, therefore, the whites must stand fast - and stand together. Conitnue on to Chapter 6 Go back to the Table of Contents	<urn:uuid:822f3c88-2beb-4d9c-93fa-c35f73d0c7bd>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.02192866802215576, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9579622745513916, "url": "https://israelect.com/ChurchOfTrueIsrael/stoddard/rtc_1-05.html" }
science education resource For K-12 Students • Educators • Homeschool Families • Naturalists Bay Blenny Hypsoblennius gentilis Bay Blenny They are found along the coast of California south to Mexico. They live in tidal pools. Body Traits They are about 5 inches long (15 cm). They have big eyes and mouth and a blunt shaped head. Their dorsal fin stretches down their body. They have whisker-like cirri on their head. The male watches over the eggs. They eat small ocean creatures (invertebrates) and algae. They release eggs near shore in shallow waters, where they stick to rocks where the male lives. He watches over them until they hatch. Bay Blenny Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Blenniidae Genus: Hypsoblennius Species: H. gentilis Citing Research References When citing a WEBSITE the general format is as follows. Here is an example of citing this page: Amsel, Sheri. "Bay Blenny" Exploring Nature Educational Resource ©2005-2021. June 17, 2021	<urn:uuid:7c4108a9-b021-4f57-a640-f4b45fc29eeb>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.1305832862854004, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8415823578834534, "url": "https://exploringnature.org/db/view/Bay-Blenny" }
Find the word definition Crossword clues for piri In the typical piri, there are eight finger holes on the bamboo body. Seven of the finger holes are on the front and one is on the back for the thumb. There are four types of piri: 1. Hyang piri (hangul: ; hanja: ) 2. Se piri (hangul: ; hanja: ) 3. Dang piri (hangul: ; hanja: ) 4. Dae piri There are different types of piris because each is suited for a different type of music and use. The Hyang piri is the longest and most common out of all piris. Because of its loud and nasal tone, it usually plays the main melody in an ensemble. The se piri is the smaller, thinner, and much quieter one. Additionally, because of its quiet tone, it is used along with voices or soft stringed instruments. The Dang/Tang piri is wider and is similar to the Chinese guanzi instrument. Additionally, the dae piri is a modernized piri, with keys and a bell, looking much more like a western oboe. Piri is thought to have been introduced to Korea from a country bordering west of China before Goguryeo period. According to Suseo (수서; 隋書), piri was also known as gagwan (가관; 笳管), and it originates from Kucha. During the reign of King Yejong of Goryeo dynasty, another double-reed cylindrical instrument was imported from Song dynasty China, and to disambiguate, the former was named hyang piri and the latter dang piri. Se piri is smaller than hyang piri but has the same structure and range. Se piri appears to be invented much later than hyang piri. The piri's equivalent in China is the guan (also known as bili), and its counterpart in Japan is the hichiriki. Piri (1994) Piri (disambiguation) A piri is a Korean woodwind musical instrument. Piri may also refer to: • Piri Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire in 1517 • Piri Reis (born between 1465 and 1470, died 1554 or 1555), Ottoman Empire admiral, geographer and cartographer • Piri Thomas (1928-2011), writer and poet • Piri Weepu (born 1983), New Zealand rugby union footballer • Piri, Angola, a town and commune	<urn:uuid:5b5fed0e-6b05-4c92-98f5-e3f9487e8804>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.7086383104324341, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9564958810806274, "url": "https://findwords.info/term/piri" }
South Australia: Drawing Goyder's Line Photographic portrait of George Woodroffe Goyder, c. 1880s History SA. South Australian Government Photographic Collection, GN03908 George Woodroffe Goyder: He knew where to draw the line. N the 19th century, there was a certain belief that where land was ploughed the rain would come. Today, we know this to be a ridiculous fallacy. And so, it appears, did the South Australian Government of the time. In 1865, George Woodroffe Goyder, the surveyor-general, was commissioned by the government “to lay down as nearly as practicable the line of demarcation between the portion of the country where rainfall has extended to that where drought prevails”. Essentially, it was a guide to farmers about how far north they could practically go to grow cereal crops without risking continual droughts and bankruptcy. Goyder used natural vegetation as his guide and his boundary went roughly with the southern limit of saltbush. In the years that followed, numerous farmers ignored Goyder's line to their peril. There were numerous good years where cereal crops could be grown above Goyder's line but for consistent yields the “safe" farming country was, and still is, south of Goyder's line. Study area depicting Goyder's Line, 10 km buffers on either side of the line and cropping areas. EP: Eyre Peninsula, S Flinders: South Flinders [SOURCE] After World War I, many settlers, after seeing the land in good years, went too far north, and drought, low prices and the Depression ruined them. These farms were then amalgamated to form bigger farms so crops could be rotated and run in conjunction with stock. These areas have been further threatened in recent years, with a fall in real prices for cereal crops making it harder for marginal areas to survive and, in so doing, forced Goyder's line farther south. But there still are areas outside Goyder's line, particularly in the Mid North, where cropping continues. Examples of this are at Orroroo, and west of Terowie, Hallett and Peterborough. No comments: Support Traveloscopy - Support Responsible Travel. Last 30 Days' Most Popular Posts	<urn:uuid:a61d1965-fd65-4584-9377-edf579d06384>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.1332404613494873, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.959143877029419, "url": "https://www.travel-news-photos-stories.com/p/george-woodroffe-goyder-he-knew-where.html" }
Connect with us This 30-Day Russian Sleep Deprivation Experiment Went Horribly Wrong Dondi Tiples In the 1940s, a group of Russian scientists conducted a sleep deprivation experiment on five men with massively unexpected results. This was during the days when not much was known about sleep science and the effects of sleep deprivation. Russia, being the autocratic country it was, chose five subjects from among prisoners considered enemies of the state. Five prisoners were chosen Russia for a sleep deprivation experiment. They were promised freedom. Source: Viral Thread They told the subjects they would get their freedom in a month if they succeeded in not sleeping for 30 days straight. Little did anyone know how gruesomely wrong the whole program would turn out to be. The sleep deprivation trials involved the use of some experimental gas meant to eliminate the necessity of sleep for humans. The scientists intended to use small doses at a time and record the effects of the gas on the subjects. They housed all five of the test subjects in a sealed environment where only they were exposed to the gas. They also equipped them with microphones to enable them to communicate. The test subjects were given small doses of experimental gas to eliminate the necessity of sleep. The chamber had a toilet, running water, cots to sleep on, and enough food to last a month. The scientists also gave them books for entertainment. The first few days of the experiment went well. Each subject was carefully monitored, including their movements and dialogue. Soon, scientists noticed conversation among the subjects began taking a darker turn. They opened up to each other about traumas in their past. They soon began exhibiting paranoid behavior. Instead of talking with one another, they started whispering into their microphones, as if trying to gain the scientists’ trust. It wasn’t long before they started betraying and turning on each other. On the tenth day of the experiment, the subjects started to scream. One ran back and forth across the room shrieking for three straight hours until his damaged vocal chords only emitted squeaks. Eerily enough, none of the other subjects even responded to his behavior. Soon, silence reigned inside the chamber, and the scientists became concerned. They communicated with the subjects via an intercom, but were shocked when one calm voice told them: “We no longer want to be freed.” By Day 15, the extremely worried scientists removed the gas and replaced it with fresh air. Only to have the subjects beg for the gas to be turned back on. After 15 days, the prisoners exhibited extreme effects and the scientists ordered removing the gas. Source: Viral Thread The scientists concluded the trial was a mistake and ordered the prisoners retrieved from the chamber. When soldiers came to get them, however, only four of the five subjects remained alive. Their food hadn’t been touched in five days. Appallingly, they discovered the dead person missing pieces of his flesh from his chest and thighs…which were later found clogging the drain. The battle-hardened soldiers were too horrified to even touch the corpse. The experiment came to a close with gruesome results. The subjects had self-inflicted wounds as well as missing skin and flesh. Source: Viral Thread The remaining subjects themselves had missing skin and flesh, as well. And their wounds appeared to be self-inflicted. As the soldiers attempted to take them out of the chamber, they became violent, with one of them insisting: “I must remain awake.” One of the prisoners was killed in the resulting scuffle, and his last words were: “So close…to…freedom…” The chilling sleep deprivation trial came to a close with gruesome results. It was never known whether the experimental gas was ever used again. Follow On Facebook	<urn:uuid:ed0d26a1-fb58-4933-864c-040da228f18d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.13393783569335938, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9758989214897156, "url": "https://www.elitereaders.com/30-day-russian-sleep-deprivation-experiment-went-horribly-wrong/" }
Class 8 NCERT Books \| Our Pasts (History) 1. Prelims 2. How, When and Where 3. From Trade to Territory , The Company Establishes Power 4. Ruling the Countryside 5. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision ,of a Golden Age 6. When People Rebel ,1857 and After 7. Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners 8. Civilising the “Native”, Educating the Nation 9. Women, Caste and Reform 10. The Making of the National Movement: 1870s--1947 11. India After Independence In this page we have provided chapters listed in Our Pasts (History) NCERT Book of class 8. Students can open chapters by clicking on the list given above.	<urn:uuid:ed44035f-f12a-4f5d-a2f6-28f73b393105>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.034306108951568604, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7569372653961182, "url": "https://supercop.in/ncert-books/class8/Our-Pasts-(History)" }
Event Title: Apr 1900 Categories: ALL, People, Places, Events, EarlyHistory, FullTimeline Timelines: ALL, Full Timeline, Early History Event Permalink: https://www.lifeofthesaltonsea.org/event/may-1900 The original plans from the Colorado Irrigation Company had called for the canal to be routed west around the southern edge of the Algodones Dunes. But that path was considered too costly and time consuming by Mr. Chaffey, so the route of the Alamo Canal, later known as the Imperial Canal, was modified. The beginning of the canal was moved further south near Pilot Knob, CA, USA (red circle). But instead of going west towards the Imperial Valley, its path turned south into Mexico running roughly parallel with the Colorado River for about 4 miles (green line). From there it connected (purple circle) with with naturally existing overflow channels known as the Alamo Arroyos (yellow lines) with one that was dredged and enlarged into a canal sized channel. The path of the dredged canal meandered westward across Mexico where the other arroyos combined to form the Alamo River (blue line) which continued westward until turning north and crossing the border back into California, USA at Sharp’s Heading (orange circle) and then into the Imperial Valley. The changes from the original planned route, among many other modifications made by Mr. Chaffey, would later prove to be significant contributing factors to the flooding of the Salton Sink. Life of the Salton Sea - Planned Route for the Imperial – Alamo Canal High Resolution Image	<urn:uuid:1428fff7-5e67-4d8c-8637-6881d37273be>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.09009122848510742, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9556952714920044, "url": "https://www.lifeofthesaltonsea.org/event/may-1900" }
Begin Free Online Ordination Here Comes the Bride SignIf you've attended a few weddings, you might have heard the familiar “Bridal Chorus,” otherwise known as “Here Comes the Bride” or the “Bridal March,” played during the processional. You might not know this popular tune’s backstory, which is both fascinating and troubling by turns. Its engaging tale will take you from its roots in German musical and literary history, through British royal trendsetting and all the way to continued controversy over its usage in modern times. Where Did the “Bridal Chorus” Originate? The song's origins come from the Richard Wagner opera "Lohengrin.” Its first production occurred in 1850 when it was staged in the German city of Weimar under the direction of Hungarian musician and composer Franz Liszt. It was performed across Europe throughout the 1850s and 1860s before making its American debut in New York City on April 3, 1871. To write the opera’s storyline, Wagner expanded on an already existing character who appeared in “Parzival,” an epic poem composed by medieval German writer Wolfram von Eschenbach. According to von Eschenbach’s account, Lohengrin was Parzival’s son and a Knight of the Holy Grail charged with protecting a duchess. He agreed to do so, under the condition that she must never ask for his name. Wagner explored the possibility of what would happen if Lohengrin was required to reveal his identity, crafting it into a tragic tale. The infamous “Bridal Chorus” appears at the beginning of Act Three, shortly before his new bride Elsa starts cajoling him into disclosing his true name. Her female wedding party members sing the original German lyrics to this song as they escort the newlywed couple to their bridal chambers. A few moments after Elsa asks Lohengrin the fated question, Lohengrin’s rival Telramund intrudes, forcing the knight to defend himself by killing the interloper. These events compel him to divulge the truth and leave a heartbroken Elsa behind. Soon after his exit, Elsa dies of grief. How Did It Become a Popular Processional Song? Just as the British queen Victoria caused the trend of white wedding dresses to take off, it was ironically her daughter who made Wagner’s “Bridal Chorus” a popular processional tune. According to Elizabeth Hafkin Pleck’s book “Celebrating the Family: Ethnicity, Consumer Culture, and Family Rituals,” Princess Victoria caused the song to become famous by its inclusion in her 1858 wedding to the future German Emperor Frederick III. Why Is the Song So Controversial? Although trendsetting by British nobility made "Bridal Chorus" a top-rated choice, some look askance at its inclusion in wedding ceremonial music even today. This is mostly true within the Roman Catholic Church or conservative-leaning Christian denominations such as the Lutheran Missouri Synod. They usually ban its use for a few key reasons: • The tune itself comes from a secular work • Its original context in “Lohengrin” does not include a processional to the altar • Wagnerian operas tend to incorporate “pagan” elements However, it is Wagner's darker ideologies that lead some couples to eschew the song. Besides the tragic events that follow its appearance in “Lohengrin,” the composer was also known for his anti-Semitic views. The Jewish Virtual Library mentioned some of his more troubling assertions, including ideas that Jewish people lacked artistic passion and the ability for intricate, sophisticated musical expression. Additionally, Wagner was later hailed by Nazi ideologies as an example of “Aryan cultural greatness.” For those reasons, most Jewish couples do not play “Bridal Chorus” in their ceremonies. A Complex and Disconcerting History**** Examining common traditions can lead to unique findings along with the uncovering of less savory truths. The place of Wagner’s “Bridal Chorus” within modern wedding music is just one such example of these types of discoveries. As you plan your special day, your values and aesthetics will dictate what you include and what you'll decide to forgo. Category: Ceremonies Marriage wedding day weddings culture Add Your Comment To post a comment you must log in first. You may alternatively login with your credentials, below.	<urn:uuid:6764421d-a6d0-4f06-9d6e-2c9624aea3c0>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.17825382947921753, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9611234664916992, "url": "https://getordained.org/blog/the-backstory-behind-here-comes-the-bride" }
Suppose that there is a moon, orbiting a gas giant, and that gas giant is a rogue planet - it moves freely through the universe, unbound by the gravity of a star. This means that one, the moon will never see the light of day, and two, there will be no sun to warm it. But say that the processes of volcanism, convection and tidal heating do give it warmth. In that case, the moon could, potentially, be habitable, assuming other figures, statistics and technicalities were also appropriate for habitability. With no light - save for naturally occuring fires or volcanic eruptions - photosynthesis is impossible here. Chemosynthesis isn't really possible except in special locations, so to have something roughly similar to plants, a new process must be devised. We'll call that process kinetosynthesis - a method of autotrophy not seen on Earth. While photosynthesizers use chloroplasts to strip electrons from substances as water, kinetosynthesizers use piezoelectric crystals in their cells, such as quartz, to do the same thing, but with mechanical stress replacing sunlight. I'm no chemist, so I'll leave the process as vague as is for this question. These kinetotrophic plants would likely have a number of energy sources, so as to exploit vacant niches; namely wind, rain, tides, sound and pure stress. If this sunless moon was volcanically active, wind and rain could be present - volcanic hotspots create contrasting hot and cold areas for the air to move between, and volcanoes play a part in Earth's water cycle - were they in greater density, they could cause rain to occur. One possible problem with kinetosynthesis is the lack of energy that can be obtained - but perhaps the lower gravity, plus an oxygen-rich atmosphere (Which could be boosted significantly once kinetotrophic "Embryophytes" evolved, which in turn would be fuelled by the high volcanic activity), would decrease the energy usage of various organ systems, combined with drastic tides and fast winds - would make it more plausible. In the end, it's fair to say that we really don't know if kinetosynthesis would work. But, let's just say that it is here. Finally, onto my question: If there were sessile, multicellular kinetoautotrophs, using piezoelectricity in the method described above, how would they be structured? Let me explain a bit more. Earth plants, as we all know, have roots in the ground, a stem, and leaves. Stems are, in part, for growing taller than your peers, and thus get more light than them. How might kinetotrophs grow to recieve more energy than the surrounding ones? Leaves are for photosynthesis, mainly. Would kinetotrophs benefit from specialized kinetosynthesizing structures? Obviously, a plant that got energy from the tides would look different to one that got energy from the wind, and one that fed on rain would differ from one that fed on sound. For your answers, you can select any of the energy sources (Wind, rain, tide, sound, stress). If you consider this premise implausible, please say so. If you deem the question in need of editing, please say so too. • 2 $\begingroup$ Is the piezoelectricity/quartz a hard requirement, or can we do it with chemicals alone? $\endgroup$ – Dubukay Aug 24 '18 at 15:34 • $\begingroup$ @Dubukay If you have a viable method of kinetosynthesis without the crystals, go for it. $\endgroup$ – SealBoi Aug 24 '18 at 15:39 • 2 $\begingroup$ THis is clever, but probably unecessary. To have a viable atmosphere the planet would need to generate tremendous volcanic heat (which is hard enough to believe without gravitational stresses, but...). So much volcanism that you would have ash and other chemicals constitute a major fraction of the atmosphere. Chemosynthesis would evolve far more readily than kinetosynthesis. Reducing volcanism to favor kinetosynthesis would result (IMO) in no atmosphere (the gases would all freeze). $\endgroup$ – JBH Aug 24 '18 at 15:51 • $\begingroup$ @JBH Yes, good point. I hadn't thought about that, I'll be considering it a bit more. $\endgroup$ – SealBoi Aug 24 '18 at 15:52 • 1 $\begingroup$ On the other hand, if this were something in addition to more likely evolutionary processes (the majority of plants used chemosynthesis, but a minority used kinetosynthesis, something unique to your rogue planet), that would be both believable and cool. $\endgroup$ – JBH Aug 24 '18 at 15:52 I'm going to take a crack at this one, as 'non-earthlike-energy for native life forms on exoplanets' is something that has interested me ever since I found out about the life here on earth, around volcanic vents under the sea, that use the earth's own heat for energy instead of the photosynthesis cycle (something widely considered to be impossible before its discovery). I may add more after I read other's answers for inspiration, but here's what I have off the top of my head (Disclaimer that I have no scientific experience to back any of this on, beyond entry level college biology class, and my own layman's 'research' prompted by my curiosity): Stress: I would expect this to be the most primitive form of life in this scenario, analogous to single-celled organisms here on Earth, and possibly the simplest of multicellular life. A fast spinning moon could allow single celled kinetoautotrophs to use the gravitational changes felt from the gravity of the planet, both in intensity and direction, as the source of the stress. The primary environmental factor they would need for this 'niche' would be a solid surface to live on, to provide a resistance force against the gravitational one. Evolution, from there in to multicellular organisms, could yield a structure similar to a sea sponge or moss clumps, spherical or semi-spherical except where in contact with irregularities in the surrounding surfaces, and with cells at the bottom adapted to take advantage of higher stressses (from the increased weight above them) at lower ranges of motion, while cells above adapted to lower stresses and higher ranges of motion. The next evolution would be more advanced structures on the bottom of organisms to grip the surface to prevent tipping over during growth, and thus avoiding ending up with the wrong specialized cells in the wrong orientations, and to extract nutrients more efficiently from the hard surface or any incidental liquid that might be present. Minor variations would exist for different climates. Wider and flatter in high wind areas or where flooding is a concern, taller and more conical in calmer areas. And that's where I think evolution would branch to adapt to more varied surfaces, and based on environmental conditions related to the other sources of energy, wind, rain, tides (sound adaptations come later). Wind: To me, this seems like the first natural adaptation to an alternate form of kinetic energy, simply due to the fact that it would be so wide-spread across the surface of the moon, regardless of the presence or absence of standing, flowing, or falling liquid, and especially if my assumption (mentioned in my section on stress energy) of a fast rotation speed is accepted since this rotation would also cause (relatively, compared to slower rotation speeds) more or less constant winds with and high average speeds for winds. Structural adaptations for this would vary widely, depending on surface, and also depending on prevailing wind conditions like speed (fast or slow) and consistency (steady or gusty). For broken surfaces (gravel, sand, soil, etc) root-like structures would be likely, to help keep from being blown over, and to provide a stable foundation to allow the possibility of more and greater vertical growth. For more unbroken solid surfaces, I would expect a horizontal variation of what is seen on wall-climbing vine plants, a network of 'branches' sent out from the base to seek out any of the relatively rare nooks and crannies that could be used for anchorage, and also to simply provide a wide base for support in the absence of significant or sufficient anchor points in the surface itself. Now, on to the energy collecting structures. Simpler forms of life would have structures that appear, superficially, like blades of grass, or a very short stem (stems with wide separation if multiple are present in a single organism) with a single leaf-like or fan-like (like an accordion-folding fan) structure at the end of each stem. The grass-like blades (more common in steady winds) could be air-foil shaped (think an airplane wing tipped up verticle) causing a bending motion (and subsequent stress for energy) in response to the wind, or have a cross section shaped like the letter "C" so that as wind fills the gap it will spill out of one side, causing a twisting motion (and subsequent stress for energy) before rebounding and catching more air which spills out the opposite side, oscillating it back and forth repeatedly (like a ribbon pulled semi-tight in stiff breeze). Fan structures (more common in areas with more calm air and intermittent stronger gusts or windstorms) could vary more widely, portions of a circle (nearly full circle, semi circle, quarter circle) for maximum surface area with minimal mass to take advantage of every slight change in the air movement in regions of low prevailing wind speeds and low intensity/frequency gusts and low intensity/frequency windstorms, to more exotic variations like very thin and fibrous webs (like dandelion fluff, but in any and all shapes) or a 'kite' with a horizontally oriented airfoil shape at the top of the stem to intentionally 'lift' and stretch the stem. More advanced varieties would evolve other ways to increase their surface area impacted by the wind, and increase strength (probably through thickness) of stem (trunk) and anchorage to withstand the compounded forces received by the additional impacted surface area. To do this, many would literally branch out like earth trees except that on earth optimum branching direction is perpendicular to the direction of sunlight (which averages to vertical from the surface of the earth, causing branching horizontally, causing plants to generally have a round shape when viewed from the top down) while optimal branching direction for wind gathering plants on this moon would be perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction, so they would generally branch north, south, and vertical, since prevailing wind direction would be either east to west, or west to east, depending on the direction of the rotation of the moon. So viewed from the top down, the branching plants would primarily look like long thin lines, slightly tapered at either end. Viewed from the north or south, they would again look long and thin, and tapered from top to bottom. Viewed from the east or west, they would most likely look like a rounded fan or semi-circle, or the very advanced ones might evolve strong enough anchors and trunks to make more significant vertical gains and look like a circle on the end of the stem/trunk. The advanced species that don't branch might evolve much wider bases perpendicular to the wind, and then fan out vertically, like giant versions of leaves. Others might send out long thin streaming threads from elevated branches to whip in the wind at the ends for maximum movement and energy gains. To compete with other organisms in the direct vicinity, any of these variations would likely use their base/root/anchor structures to seek out competition toward the prevailing wind direction, since any organism in 'front' of them (relative to wind direction) could block their source of energy, while organisms behind them would only be able to compete if they can also send something forward to 'attack' organisms. Once a competitor is identified, the organism behind would seek to either cut off the base or cover the face of the competitor. The most desirable reproduction strategies would be anything that sends offspring in the direction of the prevailing wind, so seeds in the air would be counterproductive, unless there is a band of suitable environment that is a complete circle around the moon (not likely). So budding up from anchors out in front of (though likely not directly in front of) the organism is a likely, creating colonies of organisms with members of a generation generally spread out north to south from each other, and members of newer generations in front of them, though staggered/offset north to south of the older generation behind them. Rain: This one is the one I think is the most interesting. A quick Google search got me estimates of up to about 14% of Earth's land area was once (pre-deforestation) covered by rain forest. Adjusted however you like for the total land area (as opposed to ocean) of this moon, and it's still a relatively rare thing, and the highest frequency I could find for rainy days per year was 243, in Belem, Brazil, in the Amazon rain forest. That's almost exactly 2 days out of 3, in the place where it rains the most frequently that I could find (not the highest amount of water volume, but the most reliable rain). This makes rain a very unreliable energy source (in general, on a the scale of the entire surface area of a moon[planetary? scale {but it's not a planet} moon-itary scale?]), except in the most ideal climates. So this type of life, with adaptations for this energy source, would likely be both relatively rare and relatively isolated. I see simple life forms evolving from the sponge-form or mossclump-form bu sending out horizontal (Like the branching of trees and plants on Earth spreading horizontally to catch the vertical [by average] sunlight) appendages from a ring near the half way point(ring) between their base and their peak to catch the energy from the vertical (again, average) falling rain. Somewhere near halfway between top and bottom is because too low and there is no room for downward flex after impact from the raindrops, and too high and it would be pointing straight up and there would not be room for enough appendages making it hard to have enough surface area to catch enough rain to be useful. In intermediately advanced life, the spongy/moss base evolves in to a more specialized root/anchor structure, which spreads out more efficiently, either by flattening like a disc, or by separating in to a more branching network, and the appendages become more specialized as well, some becoming dedicated support structures (stems/trunks), while others specialize at catching and using the rain energy by either increasing in number while thinning out (think very long thin stiff grass growing sideways instead of vertical), or by forming wider leaf-like shapes. The more advanced would combine the two, having very small fuzzy hairlike structure on their leaves that would react to the flowing of the rain off of the leave after impact, while the larger leaf structure focuses on harnessing the energy of the impact itself. The most advanced appendages would be even more highly specialized, forming funnel shapes (complete with openings at the bottom) with their largest leaves, and lining the inside surfaces with fine hairs, creating artificial currents at the bottoms of the funnels so that collected rain could provide longer term energy as it flows slowly through the end of the funnel even after the rain has stopped. Competition with local organisms would lead to both horizontal (cover up the neighboring organism) and vertical (get high enough that you can cover the neighboring organism) adaptations. These would likely be the only 'true' 'trees' on the planet, though the only thing that might encourage any significant height would be the low gravity on the moon. If the gravity is not enough of a factor, then even these trees would be relatively short compared to earth's trees. Being covered up by a competing organism could lead to special adaptations to catching residual rainfall coming off the leaves of the organisms above, such as extremely large individual leaves funneling in to relatively complex and efficient funneling systems. Unfortunately, nothing specific comes to mind for reproduction specializations for this energy form. Tide: I see two main methods here, sheer ocean surface level changes, and water flow changes like currents and waves. The adaptations for currents and waves are more likely to be more primitive than adaptations for ocean levels, because the immediate brute force of the waves are likely to have a more direct and immediately impactful influence on the sponge/moss close to the shoreline than a relatively calm and slow rise of the tide. The first adaptations would be the strongest anchoring system so far, to avoid being dislodged entirely and lost to the depths, and appendages to move with the flow of the waves and harvest energy from them. I see two main types of appendages forming here: the first is very stiff and strong, to take a beating from waves without breaking, while flexing just enough to create great internal stresses for energy collection. probably starting our as relatively straight spines like a sea urchin's, and later would be more complex lattices like fan coral but more flexible. The other would be VERY flexible, like fine strands of moss, or flowing kelp leaves, making use of movement by gathering less energy per movement, but making up for it by moving more often and in more directions. The most advanced species in this group take advantage of the tides directly. These are the ones that competed with the other wave dwellers originally, but got their start in the deeper side of the coastal waters and managed to survive despite being distanced from the most energetic areas of the waves nearer the shoreline. To avoid sinking too deep below the level where the wave movement wasn't sufficient, they developed gas filled bladders to keep their energy capturing appendages up nearer the surface where the wave energy is stronger. This increased pressure on their anchoring structures, leading to improved anchoring structures. This allowed access to increased depth while maintaining access to energy. This created a cycle of evolution, increased depth > increased bladder > increased anchoring > repeat. Eventually the depth achieved was so great, that sufficient wave energy was out of reach to support the nergy requirements of the stalk structure between the anchor and the energy capturing leaves. The next adaptation at this point was for the stalk structure itself to become an energy producer, from the stretch stress between anchor and gas bladder. Further adaptation moved this stress from secondary to primary, and the leaf structures become vestigial, or disappear entirely. At the same time, the anchor, stalk, and gas bladder all become exagerated until the most advanced species is an enormous bladder that floats on the surface of the ocean at low tide, and is mostly or completely submerged at high tide. This is connected to a very strong, thick, stalk which receives massive stress energy from the bladder pulling up and the anchor structure holding it down. Competition would be mostly based on surface area under the water, for anchor points, individual organisms would seek to cover as much of the available nooks and crannies within their reach, to ensure the best hold. I see no reason that reproduction in this oceanic environment would follow a pattern any different than earth's oceans, so budding/self-cloning, and releasing egg/sperm directly in to the water on regular cycles, are likely options regardless of the specific oceanic region or adaptation of the rest of the organisms body type. Sound: This would be the most advanced individual adaptation of any of the groups, and would apply to all of them, from the sponge/moss to the wind, rain, and tide, types. In other words, the adaptation wouldn't be specific to any of the groups, but any species within the group that has this adaptation would be the among the most advanced species in their respective groups. This mechanism actually exists in the animal kingdom on earth, and the human inner-ear is a good example. It has hair-like structures (an adaptation I already mentioned for other types) that convert movement from sound waves to electrical signals. The sponge and moss clump species could directly produce these hairlike structures externally, and the sponges could also have them inside the cavities that already existed in their more primitive relatives. Wind-specialists could incorporate them on their surfaces as well, and the most advanced would be the ones with ancestors that had already specialized to have a higher number of leaves/appendages with smaller surface structures, thus allowing their more advanced descendants the benefit of having more surface points from which to generate those hairlike structures. Rain-specialists would probably evolve this adaptation before the others, as the movement of liquid inside confined spaces is already part of their initial strategy, so this would just close the loop for them. Tidal-specialists could sprout those hairs from any part of their structures, since they are (almost) entirely submerged (almost) all their lives. The massive bladders of the deepest tidal species could have those hairs both inside and outside the bladders, to take advantage of sound both through air above (at low tide) and below. my own group: A hybrid type, not mentioned by the OP, seems likely to me. If it rains, and there are oceans, then there are almost certainly rivers that take the rain back to the ocean. Specialist species, hybrids(in form if not literally) between rain/wind/tidal, could anchor to the banks of rivers(easier to anchor on land, where water isn't trying to rush the seedling away from any anchor points), and reach appendages in to the current where they act like a combination of wave/wind energy collector appendages. Advanced variations could still use funnel forms like the rain collectors, but submerged. The Sound collecting hairs would not function on 'sound', specifically, while submerged as the current of the water would likely be universally more efficient than sound collection in this environment, but the surface structures could use them. • $\begingroup$ A brilliantly comprehensive answer. Thanks for putting in so much thought. $\endgroup$ – SealBoi Sep 15 '18 at 7:20 There should be a part of the plant that, as much/as often as possible, is rhythmically moving. Kinetosynthetic organisms would depend on relative motion between different parts of the their body, and their evolution would seek to maximize the amount of relative motion they obtain from the environment. I would expect your plants to end up looking like organic versions of machines that we have for harvesting energy from motion. Concept organisms that come to mind: Windmill plant: "leaves" that are shaped such that they flap back and forth or make circular motions in the wind, at the top of a stalk that holds them up from the ground for better airflow. Wave-energy plant: Attached to a shore/coast/riverbank with a floating part on the water, bobbing in the waves; kinetosynthesis occurs in the rhythmically bending stalk. (See here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GA_UgVm9bvU ) Wave-energy carpet plant: a floating carpet on wavy water (perhaps anchored with stalks to the river/ocean floor), with stretchy fibers above and below the floating volumes. As the carpet ripples in the waves, the stretchy fibers are rhythmically flexed. Wind/current energy grass: simply a flexible blade/stem shaped so that it bends/twists in the wind (above water) or in the current (in a river). In general: for the plant to be viable, it needs a systematic source of rhythmic motion. What part moves? How does it maximize the motion? Final note: as these plants compete to capture motion out of the environment, they will slow/deaden the motion surrounding them. If enough wave-energy plants grow around a shoreline, they will eventually clog and deaden the wave motion there and reach an equilibrium where some are dying for lack of energy. (You could have predators/scavengers clear out the dead ones faster than they accumulate, though...how you manage your ecology is up to you!) Just keep in mind that plants will tend to congregate and saturate regions with high relative motion, like riverbanks or windy hilltops. • 2 $\begingroup$ As far as photosynthesis evolved on Earth , single-celled plants were the pioneers. How do you think a similar evolution with kinetic energy began without having to skip that essential phase? $\endgroup$ – Christmas Snow Aug 25 '18 at 19:29 • 1 $\begingroup$ A good question! If I were going to try to come up with an evolutionary path, I would try to find an intermediate organism that is initially chemosynthetic but that benefits from environmental motion. I suspect that any movement that oscillates an organism (or part of an organism) up and down a gradient of chemical concentration - this would be a potential intermediate between chemo- and kinetosynthesis. $\endgroup$ – Qami Sep 14 '18 at 21:21 Earth's photosynesizing plants come in all shapes and sizes Which makes it difficult to predict what a kineteosynthesizing plant would look like. Earth's plants come in all densities, all configurations, all flexibility and rigidity. There are so many factors that go into estimating the evolution of plants that, IMO, this is a nearly impossible question to answer. Energy or the resources to convert to energy must be obtained from somewhere. Earth's plants generally obtain said resources from two directions: the soil and the sun. Soil resources (water & chemicals) come through roots. Sugar comes from the chemical processes of photosynthesis, which requires sunlight. And that means capturing the sun. Whether through leaves or from the surface of stalks, sunlight impacts the plant, which enables the plant to convert soil resources into sugar for energy. The kineteosynthesis idea is interesting, but what's the external resource it's using to create sugar? Your plants will still have roots and still obtain most of their resources via soil. There's no sunlight (though there is some light generated from the planet's volcanism). As mentioned in my comments, there's plenty of chemical abundance in the atmosphere, so chemosynthesis is likely — but that's not your question, so we'll ignore it. That leaves vibration, caused by the volcanism. • A plant that lives in a high-vibration environment needs stability. That would suggest either very, very deep roots or a vast array of micro-roots such that the plant and the soil it depends on will stay in place. • Earth's plants survive high winds just fine, so I don't believe there would be a specific structure to help your plants survive high vibrations, but we could assume a thicker or more dense epidermis layer. I could imagine one of your plants adapting to its environment by incorporating the atmospheric ash with a thick ooze exuded from the epidermis resulting in a flexible but epoxy-like surface that protected it from the consequences of vibration. • We have a precedent for using piezoelectronics to generate electicity in the form of vibration powered generators. The plant would need sheets of piezoelectric crystals that, basically, move back and forth like a speaker membrane. The motion causes electricity via the piezoelectric crystals which could replace sunlight as the glucose-creating catalyst. I can imagine flower petals taking on this role. But in the end, the actual look of your plants is up to you Earth has proven that plants can take on so great a variety of looks that it's quite literally impossible for us to tell you what your plants will look like. Honestly, they'll look like the plants we have other than they won't generally be green. Whether they have leaves will be dependant on your environment, whether or not flowers have color will be dpeendent on your ecology. It's horrifically complex. But, I've come up with three consequences of your world that would/could impact plant development: root structure, epidermis structure, and the membranes needed for electricity generation. You can take if from there. Since kinetosynthesizing structures need to move, flex or stretch to produce energy, evolution would favor light and flexible structures that move at the slightest provocation. One possible branch of evolution would look like a fan coral and consist of very soft, lightweight branches that can all move individually. That way the plant catches the slightest movement of air or water around it and produces energy not only from the original current, but also from vortexes caused by its own shape. It has the disadvantage of being very vulnerable to strong currents. Those places with constant strong currents could be populated by plants shaped like long leaves of grass. Either seperate leaves grow directly out of the soil or some plants develop stronger, inflexible stems to lift their leaves above ground to catch more currents. If a current is strong enough to affect the whole length of the leaf, it will put it into a wave-like motion. Lots of movement, lots of energy harvested. But these are vulnerable to times of calm winds or currents and need a way to store excess energy. Tumbleweed could also produce piezoelectric energy by tumbling around. The spheric structure moves well at the slightest current, is resilient to too strong currents and beeing backed into a corner only increases the deformation and thereby energy production. You could even create a plant that can thrive without much of an atmosphere, as volcanic ashes rain down to the surface due to gravity alone. This one has very thin, lightweight leaves like overlong grass blades. They grow at a 45° angle upwards and form a slight curve. They are also covered with a dust repelling lotus-effect surface. The ashes constantly raining down from volcanoes accumulate on those leaves and bend them, producing energy. If a certain mass of ashes accumulated, it slips off the surface and the process starts all over again. Since the plant would be buried in ashes sooner or later, it must constantly grow longer, opening up a second opportunity to produce energy. The strong gravitational forces cause not only tidal heating, but also tidal deforming. A truely long blade of this pland might harvest energy from being stretched, bend and compressed by the ever shifting gravitational tides. I'm almost certain this is nearly impossible, but in good faith I'll go with it on the small chance it isn't. Kineticsynthesizers would probably all take on flat, wide shapes. I'd imagine them starting out as colonies of single cell organisms that coat surfaces which eventually evolved into multicelled organisms with the same traits. Since the multicellular versions would produce more energy and have more chances at nutrients they would fair slightly better than their colonial counterparts. I imagine tidal versions pressed against cliffs would fair well, the compression of water and rock being a good medium for kinetic synthesis, and the nutrients from the water being good for growing. Tides probably wouldn't be regular on a drifter, but because pressure travels well through water sources like earthquakes and landslides would effect the water as well, plus possibly dump the chemicals life needs into it. A wind version could also grow on cliffs that are buffered by winds, but they could be scoured off by strong winds with particles so maybe not. I can't think of a scenario where sound or stress are consistent or loud enough for this to work. Rain may work, same with tides or wind, but I'm again not sure if the rain generates enough pressure, though there's a fair chance of it being consistent enough somewhere, though maybe you dont get rain on a planet with no sun for evaporation. Maybe occasionally. Your Answer	<urn:uuid:f0445c08-c5de-49dc-9656-bac011670193>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.8759109973907471, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9529167413711548, "url": "https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/122867/how-might-kinetosynthesizing-plants-look" }
Chapter 8 Questions Chapter 8 1. Why do you think it was tradition to name a family’s wa’a, canoe? 2. Ka'imi is the Hawaiian word for the seeker. Ka means “the." What does imi mean in English? 3. Koa wood is very valuable in Hawaii. Why is it so important and where is it found? 4. Puhala’s frustration with his father is strong. Have things changed over the last 800 years when children work with their parents? Has social media helped or hurt parent child relationships? 5. Why are stories so key to the ancient Hawaiians? With television and social media, are there too many stories and too many distractions? 6. Ancient Hawaiian children were very obedient and respectful, perhaps more respectful than the youth of today. Why would that be? Who has changed, the parents or the children? 7. In the story about the puffer fish, what was Puhala’s father trying to teach him. 8. Nani means beautiful in Hawaiian. Make a simple sentence using nani and one of the other words in Hawaiian you have learned.	<urn:uuid:b824026c-5b78-44b0-90de-16038b2c6ddb>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.921875, "fasttext_score": 1.0000063180923462, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9734026193618774, "url": "https://www.puhalabook.com/copy-2-of-chapter-8" }
Fig 3A flag growing out of the junction of the reference line and the arrow appears if the weld is to be made in the field. A weld symbol without a flag indicates that the weld should be made in the shop. In older drawings, a field weld may be denoted by a filled black circle at the junction between the arrow and the reference line. The open circle at the arrow/reference line junction is present if the weld is to travel all the way around the joint (Fig. 3). Fig. 4Supplementary information on the weld appears at the tail of the weld symbol. It may contain a reference to the welding process, the electrode, a detail drawing or any information that aids in the making of the weld that does not have its own special place on the symbol. Types of Welds and Their Symbols Fig 5Each welding position has its own basic symbol, typically placed near the center of the reference line (and above or below it, depending on the side of the joint to which it applies). The symbol, a small drawing, usually can be interpreted as a simplified cross-section of the weld (Fig. 4). Let’s look more closely to symbols related to fillet welds, plug welds and slot welds. Fillet-Weld Symbols The fillet weld is employed for lap, corner and T joints. As its symbol suggests, the fillet weld is roughly triangular in cross-section, although its shape is not always a right or an isosceles triangle. Weld metal is deposited in a corner formed by the fitup of the two members and penetrates and fuses with the base metal to form the joint. Fig 6The perpendicular leg of the triangle always is drawn on the left side of the symbol, regardless of the orientation of the weld itself (Fig. 5). The leg size is written to the left of the weld symbol. If the two legs of the weld are to be the same size, only one dimension is given; if the weld is to have unequal legs (much less common than the equal-legged weld), both dimensions are given along with an indication on the drawing as to which leg is longer (Fig. 6). The length of the weld is given to the right of the symbol (Fig. 7). Fig 7If no length is given, then the weld is to be placed between specified dimension lines (if given) or between those points where an abrupt change in the weld direction would occur, such as at the end of the plates as shown in Fig. 7. For intermittent welds, the length of each portion of the weld and the spacing of the welds are separated by a dash (length first, spacing second) and placed to the right of the fillet-weld symbol (Fig. 8). Notice that the spacing, or pitch, does not denote the clear space between the welds, but rather the center-to-center (or end-to-end) distance. Plug-Weld and Slot-Weld Symbols Fig 8Plug and slot welds join overlapping members, with one member containing holes (round for plug welds, elongated for slot welds). Weld metal is deposited in the holes and penetrates and fuses with the base metal of the two members to form the joint. For plug welds (Fig. 9), the diameter of each plug is given to the left of the symbol, with the plug-to-plug spacing (pitch) provided to the right. For slot welds, the width of each slot is given to the left of the symbol, with the length and pitch (separated by a dash) provided to the right. A detail drawing is referenced in the tail. Parentheses located above or below the weld symbol contain the number of plugs or slots. The arrow-side and other-side designations indicate which piece contains the hole(s). If the hole should not be filled completely with weld metal, the depth to which it should be filled is provided within the weld symbol. Fig 9For more information, see ANSI/AWS A2.4, Symbols for Welding and Nondestructive Testing. And look for a description of grove-weld symbols in the October 2020 issue of MetalFormingMF Industry-Related Terms: Center, Circle, Corner, Dimension, Drawing, Fillet Weld, Form, Leg Size, Lines View Glossary of Metalforming Terms See also: Miller Electric Mfg. Co. Technologies: Welding and Joining Must be logged in to post a comment. There are no comments posted. Subscribe to the Newsletter Start receiving newsletters.	<urn:uuid:1e0e7754-ba1e-4fdf-9024-79adb9aa354c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.703125, "fasttext_score": 0.024233698844909668, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9172744154930115, "url": "https://www.metalformingmagazine.com/article/?/welding-and-joining/arc-welding/deciphering-weld-symbols-part-1" }
Italian Lessons Odd Weights and Measures In English we use the term "dozens and dozens" to indicate a rather large amount. Dozzina (dozen) certainly exists in Italian, but more often than not, Italian sticks to the metric system. Dieci is precisely ten. Una decina is around ten. Venti is twenty precisely, but poche decine is a few times "about ten" (poche is the plural for poco, therefore meaning "a few," as in a few dozen), so it could mean a quantity anywhere between about eighteen to thirty or even more Molte famiglie hanno degli ulivi di loro proprietà. Una decina, poche decine, fino a degli uliveti grandi. Many families have olive trees of their own. Ten odd, twenty odd, up to large olive groves. Captions 2-3, L'olio extravergine di oliva - Il frantoio Play Caption Marika explains about approximate numbers in Italian: Se io dico che per strada ho visto una cinquantina di alberi, non vuol dire che io ho visto cinquanta alberi, quindi esattamente cinquanta, ma che ho visto all'incirca cinquanta. If I say that on the road I saw fifty-odd trees, it doesn't mean that I saw fifty trees, and therefore exactly fifty, but that I saw around fifty. Captions 35-37, Marika spiega - Numeri moltiplicativi, distributivi Play Caption There's a unit of weight that's no longer officially used, but which is actually extremely common in Italy, especially when referring to agricultural products. Un quintale (a quintal) is simply the equivalent of one hundred kilos. Alessio talks about the weight of olives compared to the weight of the resulting oil. Un quintale sono cento chili e la resa... A quintal is one hundred kilos, and the yield... Caption 44, L'olio extravergine di oliva - Il frantoio Play Caption Although un quintale is considerably less than a ton, it's commonly used to indicate something very heavy, just as when we say, "This thing weighs a ton!" Questo pesa un quintale! When you don't have un metro (a tape measure, a yardstick) handy, you use alternative measuring devices. Italians often use their arms and legs to give approximate measurements. A man's stride will be around a meter. Le dita (fingers) are used to indicate how much water to put in a pot, how much wine to pour in a glass, or the thickness of a piece of meat or something similar, as in the following example. Comunque, alta due belle dita, e fatta cucinare nel burro. In any case, two fingers (an inch) thick, and cooked in butter. Captions 13-14, L'arte della cucina - L'Epoca delle Piccole Rivoluzioni Play Caption There are lots of ways to talk about weights and measures. As you progress with Italian, you'll undoubtedly incorporate some of these odd ways of measuring into your everyday conversation. You May Also Like	<urn:uuid:d9f5abaf-6ed0-419f-8245-806364d35b32>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.8103793859481812, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.6587772965431213, "url": "https://italian.yabla.com/lesson-Odd-Weights-and-Measures-614" }
Example for Grade 6: Explanatory – World's Fair - ID: 920 for this response. World's Fair • Purpose: Explanatory • Grade: 6 • ID No. 920 Student Response Scoring & Annotations The 1893 World’s Fair has greatly impacted the world people know today. For example, at the World’s fair Milton Hershey put his new chocolate bar on display. H.J. Heinz made a very tasty pickle then thought about other condiments. The point is, a lot of famous people were at that fair and changed the world forever. Electricity took a big step at that fair when it was powered by electricity, not gas lamps. George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla competed against Thomas Edison to see who would light the World’s Fair. George and Nicola already had experience powering things since they lighted up a small portion of New York using electricity so they won, not Thomas Edison. “So although most people think Edison brought electricity to modern life, Tesla’s invention became today’s standard, thanks to its awesome use at the fair.” -Barbara Brooks Simons, Source #3. Everyone knows that the 1893 World’s Fair was memorable and historic. But why? Why in 1893 and not now? It was because of the Chicago Fire, even though it was 22 years before the fair. The reason the 1893 World’s fair was so memorable was because it was a sign that Chicago was reborn after the fire. That means that Chicago will go on despite the fire and try to rebuild from that horrible event. That is why the 1893 World’s Fair was so memorable. There was tons of stuff to do at the fair. People could try Milton Hershey’s new chocolate bar, or H. J. Heinz’s amazing pickle, or his other condiments. They could see the family carriages owned by president Polk and Daniel Webster, with Grace Darling in her boat. People could also see the Horticulture hall with all the flowers, but only for people who like flowers. And then there’s the Liberal Arts buliding, with the obelisk made out of half-dollars. There were countless things to entertain people while at the fair. The 1893 World’s Fair was a very memorable event. It was six months long! That has to be a kind of record or something. Anyways the fair greatly impacted the world in many ways including the electricity, Milton’s chocolate bar, Heinz’s pickle, ketchup, etc, and many others.	<urn:uuid:034c5500-b9af-4e65-970d-c59eb548641a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.24253302812576294, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9739841818809509, "url": "https://smart.smarterbalanced.org/examples/920" }
Dec 18 How to make a Chanukah puppet show by Nitzanim (“Buds” for first grade). Step 1:Make a list of all the characters in the Chanukah* story. Then, make puppets, props, and backdrops. It helps to work with a buddy. Nitzanim children decided that we needed puppets to represent Jewish people, Syrian Greeks, King Antiochus, and Judah the Hasmonean. Children also created backdrops for a clean, usable Temple, and for the dirty, messed-up Temple. Step 2: Write the script, and choose narrators. Practice reading the script out loud. Children took turns saying one sentence at a time until they told the entire Chanukah story and all three possible endings. Step 3: Set-up the puppet theater. We had MANY formats for the puppet theater, but children decided that the most successful theater was underneath the table so that their puppets could pop up behind the table. Step 4: Showtime! Way to go, Nitzanim! You created a puppet show from beginning to end all by yourselves! *Starting in first grade, we begin complicating children’s knowledge of the Chanukah story. We start by letting children know that part of the Chanukah story is historically accurate. We have archeological evidence that the Maccabean Revolt really did happen, although we don’t have the finer details. We introduced children to three possible explanations for why we celebrate Chanukah today, one from I Maccabees, a second from II Maccabees, and the oil ending is from the Talmud. Click here for the version of the Chanukah story that we explored together. Leave a Reply Facebook Like Button for Dummies	<urn:uuid:b4e7742e-ea9b-438c-9d0f-2320201d48da>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.8125, "fasttext_score": 0.05657714605331421, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8901432156562805, "url": "https://jewishenrichment.org/2018/12/18/showtime/" }

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