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Timeline, 1295
In 1295, King Edward I took steps to form a parliamentary system - this was later to be known as the Model Parliament and was the beginning of democracy in Britain.
Wigan was one of 120 towns at the time that sent representatives to the Parliament of Westminster. The two Wigan members were William Teinterer and Henry le Bocher, who were paid two shillings a day by the borough.
Burgesses considered it a waste of time and money feeling that their presence had little influence on proceedings. After 1306, no more representatives were sent.
In Wigan's case, no members were sent to parliament for nearly two and a half centuries. From 1307 until 1547 that right - seen as an expensive burden rather than a privelege - remained unused.
Back to Timeline
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4 Iroquois Kings Visit London
MrEriksson Add to My Content Add this lesson to My Content
Substitute Teacher, Edmonton, Alberta
4 Iroquois kings visited England???
In the year 1710 four Iroquois Ambassadors visited England to meet with the Queen. Their visit captured the imagination of the people of England. Read about this very interesting visit, view paintings of these kings, and use your imagination to complete the assignment at the end.
Story: Four Kings and One Queen
Portrait Gallery of Canada
© Library and Archives Canada / Portrait Gallery of Canada
View the complete media file
Learning Object Collection: Four Kings and One Queen
Institution: RCIP-CHIN
The 4 kings
Here are some pictures of the 4 kings that were painted during their visit.
Portraits: The 'Four Indian Kings'
Portrait of Ho Nee Yeath Taw No Row; Portrait of Etow Oh Koam; Portrait of Tee Yee Neen Ho Ga Row; Portrait of Sa Ga Yeath Qua Pieth Tow. Each image includes painting and frame.
View the Learning Object
Learning Object Collection: Four Kings and One Queen
Institution: RCIP-CHIN
More Images
For additional images of the 4 kings, click here: http://www.portraits.gc.ca/009001-2100.01-e.html
Choose ONE of the following assignments to complete:
Assignment #1 Child in England
Imgine you are a child living at the inn that the 4 kings are staying at. Write 4 diary entries of at least a paragraph each about these Interesting visitors to England.
- Remember to write the diary in First Person
- Try to imagine what your character would find interesting about these kings (dress, language, customs, etc)
Assignment #2 Play Write
In a group, (maximum 4 people), pretend you are a play writer, writing a play about one of the 4 kings. Write a short play about the four kings. You can imagine what their lives were like in North America (a place you've never visited!), or make a play about what their visit to London was like
- you will need to write and perform a play.
- You will need a number of different characters
- The play should be about their life in North America, or about their visit to England (remember they don't speak English and would need a translator, but at their home, they would probably speak quite well)
Assignment #3 One of the 4 Kings
Imagine you are one of the 4 kings. Create an oral story about your visit to England. You will need to explain how you arrived, what London was like, how the people treated you, what the Queen said to you, and the places you saw. (Remember what would seem normal to us would be very strange to then)
- The story should last about 1-2 minutes, and should be well rehearsed
- You will need to tell the story to your classmates
Learning Objectives
Recommended for Grades 5-6
Students will learn more about Canadian history and the relationship between the Iroquois and England by studying about the four kings visit to England in 1710, and to understand the complex and changing relationship between North America and the prevailing European superpowers of the day, specifically England and France.
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Ancient History Of The Phone Jack
A Connector Design for the Long Haul
There’s some debate over which switchboard was the first in operation. But in Boston or Connecticut, the year was around 1877 or 1878 and it used something recognizable as a phone plug. The word jack wasn’t in use yet, though. That came from Charles Scribner’s patent of a “spring jack” that allows the plug to open a switch contact. Some later documents also call it a jackknife switch, apparently since the plug is somewhat like a pocket knife. The advancement made life at the switchboard easier and is also the mechanism radios use to disconnect the speaker when you plug in headphones.
Scribner would go on to get more patents related to the plug, and the 1893 patent drawing looks like a modern plug and jack. As you might expect, all of these patents were assigned to the phone company.
From Mono to Stereo
The plug is simplicity itself. Just two conducting cylinders with a small insulating ring keeping them apart. The shape of the tip pushes a spring-loaded retainer. As long as the plug and the jack have roughly the same idea of where the insulating ring is, everything will be fine.
Of course, there was some variation in early designs, but the rounded tip quickly gained favor and would work with most jacks. The fact that the phone company was the primary source for these for decades made sure things were compatible, too. Not that they didn’t find wide application for headphones and even in the military.
Of course, later, it was common to see a third ring to handle stereo audio. At first, the stereo plugs were given a sharper tip so it would be possible to build jacks that would not accept a mono plug. After all, plugging a mono cable into a stereo jack will short the right channel to ground. However, this was unworkable in practice and for many years now, mono and stereo plugs have the same sharper profile that originally meant stereo.
The Twenty-First Century and Beyond
We still have both the original phone jack and variants of all sorts. Until recently, most cell phones had a small variant of the phone jack with four conductors for a headset — usually known as TRRS for tip-ring-ring-sleeve. Many still do, at least for now. The phone company’s “cord board” probably would be unrecognizable to Scribner, but he could still find some of his plugs at the local guitar store.
It doesn’t help that many people call a “registered jack” (like an RJ-11 or RJ-45) a phone jack. Then there’s the “phono” plug and jack — which I’ve always called RCA connectors. Just remember the next time you plug in those high-end headphones, the plug in your hand has way over a century of heritage.
Of course, switchboards became much rarer with the ability to dial your own calls. Then came the answering machine.
66 thoughts on “Ancient History Of The Phone Jack
1. More years ago than I care to remember I happened upon a variation that was a bloody nuisance!
I had a Framus Star-Bass, and the non-replaceable jack socket wasn’t the 1/4″ I thought was completely universal by then, it was 6mm.
I had to turn down a couple of 1/4″ plugs to make a pair of leads so I had a spare, then guard them with my life against other members of the band because they were near enough to fit their gear, but theirs wouldn’t fit mine.
1. I concur, but I’d have tried drilling out the collar first, there’s probably half a millimetre more spring in the contacts even if the hole is a tad small.
Non-replaceable = get creative
NO USER SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE = there definitely is.
Warranty void if… = heh, cute.
2. @RW ver 0.0.1 — “Warranty Void If…” at least in the USA: no, it’s not, that’s complete and utter BS put in by manufacturers to fool people who don’t know the proper law — which is the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act.
See amongst other similar articles on the Web.
BTW, that law is also why eBay/etc generic ink cartridges likewise do not void your printer’s warranty despite the (identically complete and utter BS) scare-text splash screens you get when you use it… which basically boil down to “as the company that made this printer, we won’t cover damage from ink we didn’t actually sell you” which *is* technically true but that’s about the limit of it because that’s as far as the law will let them go.
Oh… bit of politics, BTW (sorry, can’t help it) — when a politician is swearing about how “regulations” are supposedly doing horrible things to corporations, what s/he really means is, taking away stuff like this will allow corporate profits to soar spectacularly because without such laws there’s absolutely nothing to prevent them from positively screwing you into the ground and telling you it’s your fault because you were using their product(s) — whether or not you actually have any real choice in the matter! — and what they are specifically *not* saying is that these “regulations” that are sooo like horribly inconvenient or whatev *drops hand* are there to protect consumers because the corporations are entirely too busy thickening their collective wallets to notice otherwise… purposefully so, and they like it that way.
Regulations are like broccoli — you may not like how the stuff goes down at first, but it’s not actually all that bad after a minute or two, and it’s remarkably good for you in the long run if you make at least a minor habit of it. Just avoid the prepackaged frozen stuff in the bag and you’ll be all right ;)
3. @ starhawk
No, the regulations they’re talking about are like these ones:
Regulations that provide no value and serve only to lock in the incumbent providers preventing competition, driving up costs.
1. I bought a bag full of switchboard ones from a radio rally and found they didn’t fit standard 1/4 holes. They sat on a shelf for 20 years and are probably still sitting somewhere.
1. Yes, there was a 3/16 inch diameter variation used for switching T1 digital circuits, a completely incompatible signal compared to the analog telephone audio but used in the same offices. You can see why they would want a different connector.
2. Possibly what you scored at the radio rally are civilian aviation microphone plugs which are .206 inches in diameter. My understand is that they were derived from an ancient telco standard. Presumably different diameters to differentiate the microphone from the headphone connector.
2. The third ring was not for stereo. It was developed for three-wire telephone hookups. Your phone was either the tip or the ring circuit, with the common shared.
1. I should be clearer here: the three wire was at the patch board. Only two wires went to the party line, and the board operator at in the office would ring the line (bell voltage) with one pattern for the tip customer, a different for the ring customer for incoming calls. I don’t recall how outgoing was handled. I was mighty young the last time I experienced this system.
3. IIRC, John Koss approached two stereo manufacturers to get them to incorporate the 1/4″ stereo plug in their equipment.
To increase his chances of success, he told each of them (separately) that the other company was going to put one in their next year’s equipment.
The following link does not mention that, I believe I read it decades ago in Stereo Review.
1. As 12AU76L6GC says they look similar but are in fact different. Phone plugs were extensively used in recording studio patch panels and other professional settings in the early days, with their distinctive ball shaped tip rather than the pointed type on a TRS. I believe there is some history as to the difference, it isn’t just that the phone plug design evolved into a TRS. I think the two were independently developed, possibly due to patents or possibly just because they had different uses. The phone plug lost market share over time, probably because most consumer products had TRS plugs and professional microphones started using XLR connectors leaving a shrinking market for phone plugs.
If you plug a phone plug into a TRS socket or vice versa it may work but will be terribly unreliable.
4. One of the main features of jack fields in telephone and broadcast sites was jack normalling where when there wasn’t a plug inserted in the jack, the jack had switch contacts which connected the equipment in the associated racks in a normally wired circuit. As an example: a modulation limiter would be wired through a jack field with inputs and outputs connected say from the main mixing board to the studio transmitter link. If you wanted to bypass that limiter all you would have to do is plug in plugs in the jacks and it would select the inputs/outputs from the plugs and disconnect the “normalled” circuit for the limiter. This was pretty standard wiring up through the early 70’s but studio wiring then became a free for all and pretty pitiful.
The really amazing thing is that (with the exception of jack normalling) the jack field wiring standards of 1940’s through the 1970’s are almost identical to current IT “structured cabling” standards today. (MDF, IDF, vertical, horizontal distribution, etc.), just with UTP, STP and fiber circuits instead of balanced audio lines.
BTW, tip ring sleeve was always for sleeve being the shield and tip and ring being balanced audio until the 70’s where these standards went away and broadcasters opened the door to hum and noise from poorly designed unbalanced and unterminated circuits.
I find that engineers today have a hard time running audio from one room to another over twisted pair where in early broadcasting and phone circuits it was perfectly normal to run high fidelity wideband audio over balanced Telco lines at distances of 10 miles or more.
1. That’s fascinating! There’s so much history in electronics!
I wonder why wired digital audio isn’t far more common. Pretty much every time anyone uses an audio cable these days there’s noise. Balanced helps, but when you’re going from digital wireless mic to digital processing to a class-D amplifier, you wonder why you need so many conversions.
1. Dante and AES67 (multi channel audio over Ethernet) are becoming a de facto standard interconnect for studios and live shows with most new mixing desks supporting both. Essentially it replaces bundles of cables and jack plugs with RJ45s and switches.
2. And with normalling, there was (and still is) half normalled or fully normalled.
Half normalled means you can plug a patch cable into the top row and the internal connection to the bottom row remained therefore bridging the source. For circuits that were designed to be terminated into 600 ohms, this means you could lose a few DB of course.
Fully normalled means that patching a cable into either row breaks the internal patch between top and bottom row.
Best if your facility has either, but not both.
1. Correct.
Even when wired “full normalled” because the ring was larger in diameter than the transitions to the tip and sleeve, you could plug in partially and not deactivate the normal circuit and bridge to the loop with the plug. You lose 3 dB and change the impedance. This was very commonly done with high impedance audio level meters for alignment and trouble shooting.
2. Also, although it sounds like a minor thing it was much more important than it sounds.
If you plugged into any of the jackfields in the rack which would be the equivalent of a main distribution frame in today’s parlance, and measured the bridged audio level of any standard tone input or output in a jack, each and every single audio level would measure *exactly* 0 dBm at 600 ohms (with the exception of nonlinear devices such as compressors or limiters). Including feeds from studios, remote broadcast feeds, church audio feeds, national news feeds, everything. You could manually patch any input to any output or vice versa seamlessly and generally without hearing it in the audio. “Hot patching”.
3. I still have my wire wrap gun and unwrapping tool from building our local community radio station’s studios in the 70s. I actually got it from my dad who used it when he worked as a contractor for our local phone company.
4. Jack normalling is still a thing in audio. F’rinstance, I just got a semi-modular synthesizer that’s compatible with the Eurorack standard. It’s a straightforward analog synth with a classic signal chain, until you start plugging things into the patch bay and breaking the normalled paths. It’s even a standard practice to plug a cable going to nothing in to just disable the standard path — for instance, both VCOs are normalled to the volt/octave control voltage coming from the pads or MIDI input, so they’re always playing related notes; if you want the second VCO to instead be a constant drone, you plug something into the VCO2 Pitch jack, and disconnect that.
5. yeah, the days of running audio over telco is vanishing fast. We have T1 circuits that are difficult for our telco vendor to repair because a shrinking number of their technicians know about the dynamics involved. I know, but they won’t let me tell them how to fix it. They just end up running our circuit on another pair in the same bundle and wait until those decades old wires lose insulation bad enough to become hum generators.
Ah, these youngins. They’ll never know the struggle. They’ll never attempt it.
1. Absolutely. To be clear, we’re talking about extremely obsolete technology here with telco circuits you haven’t been able to order in at least 40 years. I’m with you on the T carrier circuits as well. Tick tock. The telcos aren’t supporting them and it’s time to let them go unless you have no other choice. But metro E and MPLS also have their challenges because the telcos don’t really understand prioritization and QoS for pro audio. To be fair, back in the day you generally couldn’t get a broadcast telco line equalized properly on the initial installation order either. it’s amazing how much things are different but certain parts don’t change.
5. Fascinating how genuinely versatile so much of this ‘old’ technology is and how it lends itself to cross-connectivity and therefore innovation. We seem to be losing that in a lot of electronics and computerised products these days, which has potentially bad consequences for improvised or accidental innovative working and thinking in the future…
1. Because anytime you even mention standardization, someone throws that XKCD at you! Standards proliferation is good thing, compared to everyone just doing things from scratch. 5 standards are better than 10 products with a unique connector.
I think we’re slowly gaining some of that versatility back now that USB and even Ethernet are cheap. What we really need is to make USB-C *reallllly* cheap, with little programmable breakout boards that give you 5-20v power and some GPIO/analog pins.
USB-C was pretty much made for this kind of versatility, but so far there’s not many DIY friendly and cheap things that take advantage.
6. Well I guess this just goes to show that a good design (or simple design) can last.
By the way, does anyone else think the cartoon at the top of the article looks quite philiac?
7. In my recall of this history the 1/4 inch plug started in France and included the standard of the relay-rack spacing width and other standards. If so in part or all it’s odd that they are in imperial units. It might have been because of Clement Ader the “Bell” of France whose plane was first to take off on it’s own power and made stereo sound in 1881! He used 2 telephone circuits so probably didn’t use a stereo jack.
8. Let’s start again…
Those are PHONO plugs, not ‘phone.’.
Also called 6.5mm for the metric types or P.O. jacks when they have the smaller tip connection used in telephone switchboards. (I suppose that could called a phone plug, except it’s not used with a phone).
The strict origin of the word phone is from ‘phonos’- the greek?/latin? word for ‘sound’
1. There were several iterations.
The earliest were from Morse code and then radio (wireless) receivers and they were mono (head)phone plugs.
The next were for early phonographs, tape and eventually records and these were also mono phono(graph) plugs.
The next were stereo (head)phone plugs.
In manual phone networks they were Tip Ring Sleeve (TRS) plugs.
In some countries the very early manual phone networks were run by the Post Office and hence the term P.O. plugs.
1. When I worked at the BBC in the 70s I discovered that the PO Jack had a slightly narrower ring than the 1/4″ Stereo jack then prevalent on headphones and HiFi, and on my Rickenbacker 4001S bass!. As a consequence if you plugged a PO jack into a stereo socket the ring might not make contact. If you did the opposite, most likely the ring contact would be bent and a PO Jack would then not work. I had to change such jacks due to crew bringing in their own headphones without permission. If they wanted to use their own ‘phones, we had to change the plug, and then they couldn’t use them at home. I believe the PO Jacks came first, and the Stereo version was easier to manufacture.
1. Phono(graph) jack – predates them all
(Head)pnone jack – a thing
(Tele)phone jack – looks nothing like this
TRS jack – was used in telecommunication equipment
RCA – is a audio Line (level) “socket” or a video baseband, or composite video, or component video or audio
the standard that came with RCA was a signal level of 1 mW of power across a 600 Ω impedance (approximately 0.7746 VRMS) for any signal be it audio or video. CD players were an exception though
1. ROB:
Not really in the early days. What we know as “RCA jacks” today were just a catch-all connector for DC, audio and RF in early radios and TVs. A main use was to connect early electromagnetic phono cartriges in record players to the preamp tubes. They were also used to connect the IF output from TV turret tuners to the chassis. Their use in the 70’s and beyond as a universal input and output audio connector was not based on any standards other than “provide a fairly low output impedance and load it with a high impedance in the downstream device and hope for the best”, which is a fairly Mickey Mouse concept. It generally works ok enough for home stereo. The 2 most recent levels are -10 dBV (no reference to impedance) and -3 dBV for equipment that pretends to be “prosumer” although the levels you get are what you get. Most RCA input impedances are in the range of 10 K ohms. Video generally tries to run 75 ohms but with RCA AV patch cables this too is an extreme compromise that works kind of ok for short runs if you aren’t too picky about performance.
What was and is meant by 0dBm at 600 ohms is a balanced circuit that requires a load of 600 ohms to yield the proper levels which also requires any long line transmission lines to be balanced and equalized (with capacitors and inductors) at 600 ohms as well. It is truly a lost art and with what passes as audio circuits (with the ground serving as audio return paths, ground loops etc.) , technology has stepped backwards in the quest for cheap.
1. USB-D will have 23 concentric rings, all switchable to power or GPIO, and in the backshell to every connector and inside every jack will be a super smart little computer that will auto-negotiate and re-negotiate what sort of connection it will be. So one second it’ll be pumping out 50 amps then the next it’ll be a 100 gig full duplex data link.
9. Modern consumer-grade audio and professional telephone plugs and jacks have descended from specifications made by the Western Electric Company (WECO) around the turn of the 20th century.
Today there are two standard professional telephone plug/jack types that are still in wide use: “WECO 310” and “Bantam”. These professional plugs look a bit different in the tip/ring/shield (TRS) construction from anything you will typically find in a consumer TRS plug. The modern 1/4 inch “Phono” consumer plug/jack descends from the historic WECO 310 1/4 inch plug/jack:
– WECO 310: 0.25″ dia. (jack), 1.14″ long (plug) tip to base step.
– Bantam: 0.1875″ dia. (jack), 0.89″ long (plug) tip to base step.
Examples with pictures:
1. BNC (F) To Phone Plug (WECO 310) Pomona d2798_1_02.pdf
2. BNC (F) To Bantam Plug Pomona d4719_1_02.pdf
10. I was vert entertained when I moved to Great Britain in 1979 and discovered telephones were plugged into the wall with a TRRS version of a plug that was shorter than the 1/4″ phone jack I was used to using for headphones and musical instruments.
11. Ode to the Miniature Jack [OC]
O mean audio jack, may we celebrate your fame?
no lower-case ‘i’ in front of your name.
I plug you in and you play, each time
Even if you happen to be covered in grime.
No pairing, no Bluetooth, no radio, no license
Just three and a half millimeters of gold-tipped niceness.
Born of Western Electric and the phone company Bell,
You deliver us from Apple and Android hell.
You play back in stereo, powering my pair-eo,
With allegro glissando contralto arpeggios.
Both ends the same, a reversible patois
I can turn you around and you still do the cha-cha!
While technically miniature,
Your stature’s on fire!
I would pick you on principle,
Over any other wire.
12. Not really that old considering that the last recipient of a civil war pension just passed away. Mind you, she was 90, and her father was 84 when she was born. It is curious how we perceive social & technological history.
13. there seems to be a few types of TRRS out there
it’s only a few MM
it matters though!
I have a few devices, my QPix media player/recorder thingo especially, is really fussy
the TRRS cable that came with it is slightly longer, by 2MM?, only the QPix cable works
everything else is too short
the Sony miniDV cameras seem to have a weird quirk as well
Sony TRRS cables work, generic ones don’t
1. Sometimes it’s as simple as being a standard jack, but recessed in a narrow hole so the shells on most other generic connectors do not allow it to go home fully. TI calcs are a bit like that for the data cable, and had GPSes that only like slim micro or mini USB shells etc.
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In light of the upcoming solar eclipse on August 21st, special collections catalogers Allie McCormack and Susan Bowlin share some rare books from the Central Libraries' Polk and Hughes collections that discuss the subject.
For as long as they have been gazing skyward, humans have studied eclipses and tried to explain them. Many of these explanations understandably involved the sun being eaten: the ancient Norse believed that wolves devour the sun during a solar eclipse, while the Mayans believed the sun had been swallowed by a serpent. Though these stories are fascinating, here we will describe several of the items in the Baylor Libraries that discuss eclipses in more scientific terms.
This book, the Libellus Astronomicus, is a textbook of astronomy written by German scholar Bernhard Hederich in 1598. It doesn’t resemble modern textbooks at all — there are few illustrations, and instead of simply explaining astronomical concepts to readers, it posits questions in the style of a Socratic dialogue. It is almost entirely in Latin, with some Greek and German phrases mixed in.
If you look closely, you will notice that the German words are printed in a different typeface than the other text. In the early days of European printing technology, certain fonts were affiliated with different cultural groups (like Italic type being used in Italian books). Latin was the language of universities and scholarship during this time period, so the inclusion of German words in this book suggests it may have been made specifically with a Germanic audience in mind. Even so, this audience would have been educated: literacy levels were low, and only advanced scholars would have been able to read Greek as well as Latin.
This next textbook, Hiram Mattison’s Elementary Astronomy, will probably look more familiar. It is structured around distinct lesson plans and has an appendix of “Questions for Examination.” The preface tells us that it was created specifically for primary schools, but this wasn’t for students to use on their own. Instead, this was a book for teachers, and the preface includes suggestions for how instructors could use the book in their classes. The picture to the right shows a table of solar eclipses that would be visible in Europe and North America from 1847, the year before the book was published, to 1900. Though for a younger audience, this book was grounded in the latest scientific knowledge.
This next picture is from Gillet & Rolfe’s 1883 textbook First Book in Astronomy. The book shows a professionalization of teaching: the writers are a professor and a former school headmaster, and there is more of a pedagogical focus in the text. There are even sections of the text that could be abridged or omitted by the classroom teacher, printed in a smaller typeface for distinction. A full 10 pages are devoted to eclipses, with questions printed after each section. There are many illustrations and diagrams throughout the text; the one to the right shows the path of a lunar eclipse in 1871.
The paper used in this book does not feel as soft as the previous textbook, and it is more acidic in content. The rise of compulsory schooling laws throughout the late 19thcentury likely created a demand for more textbooks, and new printing and papermaking technologies allowed books to be created faster and more cheaply. However, these pages in these books are prone to chipping, and they may be more fragile and in worse condition than books many decades older.
Textbooks weren’t the only way Americans learned about eclipses. Almanacs, annual publications that were written for the general public, contained weather-related predictions, dates of religious celebrations, information on the local government, and even literature. Solar eclipses affected the tides and animal behavior, so it would have been important for fishermen, farmers, and others to know when these were going to occur in a given year.
The almanac pictured to the right, a 1761 edition of Poor Richard Improved, is one of the more erudite American almanacs of the period. Besides calendars and tables, it contained poetry, essays, and practical advice for everyday living, including tips for making advantageous friendships. This sophistication is even evident in its section on eclipses, which contains a large illustration showing the mechanism of a lunar eclipse. The stylistics of this almanac may be due to its writer and printer, renowned polymath and Founding Father Benjamin Franklin. It is telling that the eclipses were described not at the beginning of the volume, as in most other almanacs of the period, but rather at the very end. This may suggest that Franklin was writing for the urban elites of Philadelphia rather than rural workers.
Contrast this with the next almanac, Ames’ Astronomical Diary, also for the year 1761. Information about eclipses comes even before the calendar in this volume. It is not illustrated, making it cheaper to produce, and had no literature and very little poetry. Instead, it contains practical articles on world coinage, fermenting wine out of currants (a type of berry), and the treatment of smallpox.
Franklin’s almanac also contained an article about smallpox. This highly contagious disease, which had a mortality rate of about 30%, was endemic throughout the world until the practice of vaccination became widespread at the end of the 19th century. Outbreaks occurred regularly in Colonial America, and indeed one had taken place from 1755-1756. Though both books contained information about the spread of and treatments for smallpox, they had different focuses. Ames’ almanac specifically described how to clean and disinfect houses where people had been infected by smallpox, once again showing its focus on practical knowledge.
Practicality is also emphasized in this volume of the New England Farmer’s Diary and Almanac, published in Vermont in 1820. Its calendar is extremely detailed, and the astronomical tables have both solar and lunar calculations. The eclipse chart is again at the front of the book and includes the latitude and longitude coordinates for the path of the eclipse. Instead of literary works, the almanac contains epigrams about weather and gardening as well as longer treatises on agricultural topics. It was clearly intended for a rural, working audience.
Though the previous almanacs showed age-related yellowing of the paper, this one has visible dark spots and staining. As we mentioned earlier, this is likely due to the higher acid content of the paper. The cheaper and faster production meant that this almanac could reach a wider audience than previous works, but this came at a cost. Indeed, this volume may be in worse condition than the textbook from 1598 featured at the beginning of this post!
We hope you have enjoyed reading about some of the eclipse-related books in the Central Libraries Special Collections. To see any of these items for yourself, or to learn about other scientific works in these collections, start with our webpages and plan a visit.
Works mentioned:
Astronomical diary, or an almanack... Boston: B. Green,1761. (Polk AY201 .B7 A63 1761)
Gillet, J. A. First book in astronomy. New York: Potter, Ainsworth, & Co., 1883. (Hughes QB45 .G47 1883)
Hederich, Bernhard. Libellus astronomicus. Rostock: Mylandrinis, 1598. (Polk QB26 .H43x 1598)
Mattison, Hiram. Elementary astronomy. New York: Huntington and Savage, 1848. (Hughes QB46 .M44 1848)
The New England farmer’s diary and almanac. Windsor, Vt.: Jesse Cochran, 1820. (Hughes AY321 .W565x N48 1820)
Poor Richard improved. Philadelphia: B. Franklin and D. Hall, [1760](Polk AY53 .P6 1761)
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She changed how we understand fundamental laws that move both quarks and planets
Nadja Oertelt
Co-founder and CEO, Massive Science
In 1936, a young physics graduate from China boarded the SS President Hoover, waved goodbye to her parents, and began a weeks-long journey to the United States. Her final destination was to be Ann Arbor, where she planned to start her PhD in physics at the University of Michigan. Little did Chien-Shiung Wu know at that moment that she would never see her parents again, that she wouldn’t study at Michigan, and that she would go on to work on The Manhattan Project and become one of the most preeminent experimental nuclear physicists of all time.
Wu and her colleagues at Columbia University
Smithsonian Institution Archives
1.She worked on the Manhattan Project
Though she was planning to attend the University of Michigan, Wu ended up elsewhere. She eventually decided to work at the more women-friendly UC Berkeley under the partial direction of Ernest Lawrence, a nuclear scientist who won the Nobel Prize in 1939, invented the cyclotron particle accelerator, and founded the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
While at Berkeley, Wu researched beta decay and the production of radioactive isotopes, which led to her joining the Manhattan Project in 1944. As part of her work at Columbia University, she developed a process for separating uranium metal into isotopes U-235 and U-238. She once said that beta decay was, "like a dear old friend. There would always be a special place in my heart reserved especially for it.”
2.She performed a famous experiment during the holidays instead of visiting China.
Later in her career, Wu moved to Columbia University, where she conducted what became known as the “Wu experiment.” Physicists had long believed that nature had no preference for the direction of quantum particle spin, the property that gives everything from tiny quantum particles to large things like planets angular momentum. This was known as the Law of Conservation of Parity. Some of Wu’s colleagues at Columbia began to believe that nature might prefer left or right spin, and convinced Wu to setup an experiment to confirm their suspicions at the end of 1956.
As Wu later recalled, it was an opportunity too good to pass up, even though it meant skipping a vacation and the chance to visit China for the first time since she left:
"This was a golden opportunity for a beta decay physicist to perform a crucial test, and how could I let it pass? That Spring, my husband, Chia-Liu Yuan, and I had planned to attend a conference in Geneva and then proceed to the Far East. Both of us had left China in 1936, exactly twenty years earlier. Our passages were booked on the Queen Elizabeth before I suddenly realized that I had to do the experiment immediately, before the rest of the Physics Community recognized the importance of this experiment and did it first. So I asked Chia-Liu to let me stay and go without me. As soon as the Spring semester ended in the last part of May, I started work in earnest in preparing for the experiment."
She ended up doing her experiments in Washington, D.C. at the National Bureau of Standards, now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
"Between experimental runs in Washington, I had to dash back to Columbia for teaching and other research activities. On Christmas Eve, I returned to New York on the last train; the airport was closed because of heavy snow. There I told Professor Lee that the observed asymmetry was reproducible and huge. The asymmetry parameter was nearly -1. Professor Lee said that this was very good."
Wu’s experiment confirmed that for weak nuclear interactions, nature is slightly left-handed. The finding stunned physicists around the world, who quickly repeated her work and confirmed her results.
Chien-Shiung Wu
Matteo Farinella
3.She gained recognition for her accomplishments, but she was left out of the Nobel Prize.
In 1957, less than a year after Wu's holiday experiment, Wu's colleagues who proposed the theory were awarded the Nobel Prize for upending the concept of parity. Wu was inexplicably not included in the prize. She was, however, later awarded the Wolf Prize in Physics for her contribution to the Standard model and the National Medal of Science for her work on beta decay.
Wu was also a barrier-breaker, as one of few women physicists in her time. She was the first woman president of the American Physical Society, and a recipient of the American Association of University Women Achievement Award. She retired in 1981 after an incredible career, upending our understanding of nuclear physics.
This is an updated version of an article originally published in 2017.
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Home Page
Thursday 30th April 2020
LO: Can I use my spellings in sentences?
This week’s spellings involve a different prefix – this time, it is anti-, which means “against”. Use a dictionary to check the meaning of any words that you don’t know and then write a sentence for each spelling word in your book.
If you are a SNIP speller, your words all contain an /u/ sound, but written using an “o”. Please write a sentence for each spelling word in your book.
LO: Can I identify features of a character description?
Read the following description (adapted from David Attenborough’s Adventure of a Young Naturalist)
Looking more carefully, he spotted a round grey shape hanging upside down from a liana. It was a sloth. He climbed up in order to get a closer look. The sloth saw him coming and in a slow-motion frenzy began climbing hand-over-hand up its liana. It moved so slowly that he was able to catch up with it easily.
The sloth, about the size of a large sheepdog, hung upside down and stared at him with an expression of extreme sadness on its furry face. Slowly, it opened its mouth, exposing its black enamel-less teeth, and did its best to frighten the man by making the loudest noise of which it was capable – a faint breathless wheeze. The man stretched out his hand and, in reply, the creature made a slow ponderous swing at him with its foreleg. He drew back and the sloth blinked mildly, as if surprised that it had failed to hook him
Holding on to his own liana with one hand, the man reached over with the other and tried to detach the sloth. As he prised loose the claws, which were as sharp as knives, on one foot and began work on the next, the sloth, very sensibly, slowly and deliberately, replaced its loosened foot.
In your book, can you give an example (a word, phrase or sentence) from the text of the following:
• Description of what the sloth looks like (2 examples)
• Description of what the sloth sounds like
• Description of how the sloth moves (2 examples)
• Allliteration (words starting with the same sound)
• A simile (describing something as being like something else, maybe using “as”)
• How the sloth behaves towards the man
Which characteristic of the sloth comes across most strongly in this description? Which is the most effective phrase in the description that shows this?
LO: Can I work systematically?
Today’s activity is an investigation involving creating decimals with 1 decimal place (tenths). Have a look at the sheet which explains the task.
As an extra challenge, can you use your Maths reasoning to predict beforehand how many different possibilities there will be. Try to record this prediction in your book, explaining it using reasoning.
Need help? Try to work systematically. One way to do this is, if you are starting with the 4 in the top-left of the magic square, try to find all the options starting with the 4 before you move on. Then repeat this process for the next number you move to (the logical move would be to start with 3 next).
You may have another method for working systematically to make sure you have found all the possibilities and that is fine! Please explain your system when you answer the final question about how you know you have found all the possibilities.
LO: Can I explain the functions of our different teeth?
Firstly, please have a look at the knowledge organiser for this topic.
I understand that, with Mr Dourass, you have learnt about the digestive system and learnt the names of the different teeth that we have. We are now going to explore their functions in more detail using this website: (you will need to scroll down to the teeth activity)
UPDATE: If you are unable to open the activity (I know some ipads don't support flash player, I have attached the main information in a pdf below.
Use Activity 1 - information panels to read about the functions of the 4 different types of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars and molars) and revise where they are located in the mouth. Hold your mouse over each one to find out more detail.
Then go back to the menu and click on Activity 2 - teeth identification diagram. Once you have checked this, it may be useful to keep it up to help you with the final activity.
I’d like you to create a model of a jaw with the four different types of teeth. You might use plasticene, blutack (don’t worry too much about colour!) or anything else you have at home (I used marshmallows for mine and carefully cut them to the right shapes!). For the 4 types of teeth, try to ensure their shape is correct (sharper, flatter, ridged) as this is very much linked to their functions. You could then create information cards explaining the function of each type of tooth or present it to someone in your family and teach them about it.
Here is mine! (I'm sure you can do better!) I'd love to see your models!
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Get Granary essential facts below. View Videos or join the Granary discussion. Add Granary to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
A simple granary (early 19th century), Slovenia
Ancient Greek geometric art box in the shape of granaries, 850 BC. On display in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the Stoa of Attalos.
Leuit, Sundanese traditional granary, in West Java, Indonesia.
Early origins
From ancient times grain has been stored in bulk.[1] The oldest granaries yet found date back to 9500 BC[2] and are located in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A settlements in the Jordan Valley. The first were located in places between other buildings. However beginning around 8500 BC, they were moved inside houses, and by 7500 BC storage occurred in special rooms.[2] The first granaries measured 3 x 3 m on the outside and had suspended floors that protected the grain from rodents and insects and provided air circulation.[2]
These granaries are followed by those in Mehrgarh in the Indus Valley from 6000 BC. The ancient Egyptians made a practice of preserving grain in years of plenty against years of scarcity. The climate of Egypt being very dry, grain could be stored in pits for a long time without discernible loss of quality.
Historically, a silo was a pit for storing grain. It is distinct from a granary, which is an above-ground structure.
East Asia
Granary model, Han dynasty
Han dynasty granary on Silk Road west of Dunhuang
Meiji period granary, Setagaya, Tokyo
Simple storage granaries raised up on four or more posts appeared in the Yangshao culture in China and after the onset of intensive agriculture in the Korean peninsula during the Mumun pottery period (c. 1000 B.C.) as well as in the Japanese archipelago during the Final J?mon/Early Yayoi periods (c. 800 B.C.). In the archaeological vernacular of Northeast Asia, these features are lumped with those that may have also functioned as residences and together are called 'raised floor buildings'.
China built an elaborate system designed to minimize famine deaths. The system was destroyed in the Taiping Rebellion of the 1850s.[3][4][5]
Southeast Asia
Two rangkiang in a photo circa 1895 of rice granaries in the Minangkabau architectural style in Batipuh in the Padang Plateau, Sumatra
In vernacular architecture of Indonesian archipelago granaries are made of wood and bamboo materials and most of them are built raised up on four or more posts to avoid rodents and insects. Examples of Indonesian granary styles are the Sundanese leuit and Minang rangkiang.
Great Britain
A granary sitting on staddle stones, at the Somerset Rural Life Museum
In the South Hams in southwest Great Britain, small granaries were built on mushroom-shaped stumps called staddle stones. They were built of timber frame construction and often had slate roofs. Larger ones were similar to linhays, but with the upper floor enclosed. Access to the first floor was usually via stone staircase on the outside wall.[6]
Towards the close of the 19th century, warehouses specially intended for holding grain began to multiply in Great Britain. There are climatic difficulties in the way of storing grain in Great Britain on a large scale, but these difficulties have been largely overcome.[1]
Modern grain farming operations often use manufactured steel granaries to store grain on-site until it can be trucked to major storage facilities in anticipation of shipping. The large mechanized facilities, particularly seen in Russia and North America are known as grain elevators.
Moisture control
Grain must be kept away from moisture for as long as possible to preserve it in good condition and prevent mold growth. Newly harvested grain brought into a granary tends to contain excess moisture, which encourages mold growth leading to fermentation and heating, both of which are undesirable and affect quality. Fermentation generally spoils grain and may cause chemical changes that create poisonous mycotoxins.
One traditional remedy is to spread the grain in thin layers on a floor, where it is turned to aerate it thoroughly. Once the grain is sufficiently dry it can be transferred to a granary for storage. Today, this can be done by means of a mechanical grain auger to move grain from one granary to another.
In modern silos, grain is typically force-aerated in situ or circulated through external grain drying equipment.
See also
2. ^ a b c Kuijt, I.; Finlayson, B. (June 2009). "Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan Valley" (Free full text). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (27): 10966-10970. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10610966K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0812764106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2700141. PMID 19549877.
3. ^ Pierre-Etienne Will and R. Bin Wong, Nourish the people: The state civilian granary system in China, 1650-1850 (University of Michigan Press, 2020).
4. ^ Kathryn Jean, Edgerton-Tarpley, "From" Nourish the People" to" Sacrifice for the Nation": Changing Responses to Disaster in Late Imperial and Modern China." Journal of Asian Studies (2014): 447-469. online
5. ^ Shiue, Carol H. "Local granaries and central government disaster relief: moral hazard and intergovernmental finance in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century China." Journal of Economic History (2004): 100-124. online
6. ^ "Barn Guide: Traditional Farm Buildings in the South Hams: Their Adaptation and Re-use" (PDF). Retrieved . The Barn Guide by South Hams District Council
Music Scenes
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Norton Juxta Kempsey CofE Primary School
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Do your best to find and dissolve the different substances on the list, but don't worry if you do not have all the of substances.
Draw the table in your exercise book (using pencil and a ruler) and complete with whatever substances you can find at home.
Don't forget to complete all parts of the challenge:
- investigate which substances dissolve and which don't
- divide your substances into those which are soluble and those which are insoluble, once you have tested them
- write a definition for 'soluble' and 'insoluble
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Lobsters are among the crustaceans that have the ability to live long enough. For example, American lobsters have a longevity of up to 100 years. This specific lobster is just among the many that don't get weaker as they grow old. Another amazing prowess of the ocean-dwelling crustaceans is that they rarely suffer from cancer. With that said, biology experts have conducted a study about the first comprehensive genome of the lobsters, and the results gave insights into their cancer-free longevity secret.
Genome Sequence of Lobster Hides Cancer-Free Secrets According to Marine Biologists
FMIB 39146 -American Lobsters-.jpeg
(Photo: Francis Hobart Herrick / WikiCommons)
Molecular evolutionary biologists emphasized that although lobsters are different from humans, we share many homologous genes with the crustaceans. Conducting the study on the lobster genome is a great achievement, noting that their genomes are potentially longer than humans.
American lobsters, scientific name Homarus americanus, is one of the many lobsters that doesn't get weaker with age, lose fertility, and go through massive metabolism shifts. What's more, is that they live their long life just to get bigger in size.
In a 2008 study published in the journal PubMed Advances entitled "How to minimize formation and growth of tumors: Potential benefits of decapod crustaceans for cancer research," it was shown that in over 60 years of crustacean research for cancer, only one case have proven a tumorous growth in the American lobster.
Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute GMGI experts conducted a comprehensive project in 2015 to determine whether lobster hides a cancer-free gene through sequencing the crustacean's overall genome. However, the team of scientists was only able to sequence a bit, not passing half of the entire genome. This was due to the short-read technology, which is the only available system at that time and can only process tiny segments of the lobster genomes. Alongside the seemingly failed research, GMGI marine biologist Jennifer Polinski and biochemist Andrea Bodnar pursued the remaining gene fragments through a newer version of the sequencing technology.
ALSO READ: Protein That Helps Blood Platelets Carry Oxygen Linked to Cognitive Decay
Neuroimmune System in Lobsters Solution to Cancer and Tumor Growth
GMGI had accomplished sequencing of more than 70 percent of the entire lobster genome. This completion allowed the experts and their colleagues to examine the genomes and compared them to seven more marine invertebrates. In their observation published in the journal Science Advances entitled "The American lobster genome reveals insights on longevity, neural, and immune adaptations," various samples of genes linked to immunity, cell survival, and nerve cell function were either improved or expanded.
Among the findings in reference to the study shows genes encoding a number of protein variants such as ligand-gated ion channels, a new channel that regulates the ions when it passes cell membranes. The ion channels have an important part in numerous physiological processes. These new ion channels work both for the immune and nervous systems, managing nerve cells and filtering foreign substances. The discovery regarding ion channels is a great step to understanding the unique neuroimmune system of the American lobster's defense process against cancer, reports Science Magazine.
The genome sequencing of the lobster surprised the marine biology experts as it revealed that lobsters have genes that automatically program the death of cells. Compared to mammals and other species, this process doesn't affect lobsters and does not build tumors in the crustacean. Further research is needed to find exactly how lobsters evade cancer and what processes it relies on to deflect tumor growth.
RELATED ARTICLE: NASA Rewards 2 Wake Forest Teams for Printing 3-D Human Liver Tissues
Check out more news and information on Biology in Science Times.
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Miowok, Novato, Greenbrae, Sir Francis Drake Plate of Brass
Very little is known about the Miwok people because they had no written language. Fortunately, "The World Encompassed" includes brief descriptions of Miwok dress, ceremonies, lifestyle and also refers to the Miwok's great physical strength. The picture above was painted by Ludwig Choris while he was a member of the Kotzebue Expedition (1806 - 1810). The marsh and distant hills in the background of this painting match the view from "The Treasure Site". The famous historical sketch of the "Crowning of Drake" by Montanus is shown below. As noted in the Choris painting, the geographic features shown in the background of the Montanus sketch also match the view from "The Treasure Site".
Historical Sketches
Cowning of Drake San Quention Larkspur Plate of Brass artifact King Crown
Crowning of Drake San Quentin Miwok Historical Plate of Brass King Crown
The second historical sketch of the Crowning of Drake serves as evidence that Drake arrived at Nova Albion with four ships. This is contrary to most written accounts that only mention The Golden Hind. One of those four ship was probably a Spanish Galleon named, " La Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion"...also known as the "Cacafuego" which Drake commandeered off the coast of Peru.
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Natural Resins
Natural resins are obtained from the viscous substances secreted from the bark of trees and the stems of other plants (see table below) that are distributed throughout the world. The resin dries and hardens on exposure to the air and sunlight, often forming tears or irregular lumps, which can be removed directly from the tree or collected from the ground below if it has fallen. Resins have antiseptic qualities and are believed to be produced as a defence mechanism against pathogens, herbivores and parasitic insects, as well as forming a protective barrier that can help to reduce moisture loss from the plant tissues. Production of the resin can be stimulated for commercial purposes by making incisions in the bark of trees (sometimes called striping) and tapping the flow of resin. Resins collected directly from the trees are termed recent resins, but some commercial resins are dug out from the ground in fossilised form, sometimes referred to as resinite, of which Amber is the best known. African Copal, Kauri gum from New Zealand and Damar are also sold in a semi-fossil form. However, many accessible supplies of resinite have largely been exhausted.
Resinous secretions are sometimes naturally produced in combination with essential oils or gums. Resins that contain a significant amount of essential oils are known as oleoresins. When oleoresins contain benzoic acid or cinnamic acid they are known as balsams. Resins that are a mixture resinous material and water-soluble gums are known as gum resins, and mostly occur as balsams.
Rosin is a solidified resin obtained from pines and other plants, mostly conifers. It is produced through a distillation process, whereby the liquid resin is heated to vaporise the volatile liquid (terpene) components. Terpenes and terpenoids are the primary constituents of the essential oils of many types of plants and flowers.
Natural resinous secretions are semi-solid solutions of resin acids, resinols, resenes and essential oils. Chemically, resin acids are complex and of high molecular weight, and so are the resinols, which may occur freely but also in combination with the resin acids as esters. The essential oils are terpenoid in nature, being volatile fragrant liquids, whereas the resenes are thought to be very complex hydrocarbons by virtue of their chemical inertness, which lend resinous materials their chemical resistance and stability.
Resins comprise mixtures of organic compounds such as resin acids and terpenes, while rosins are less volatile and consist, among other things, of diterpenes. Rosins contains resin acids that are closely related to terpenes, and derive from them through partial oxidation. Rosin is typically translucent or transparent with a glassy lustre, and has a faint yellow or brown colour. It usually has no odour or only a slight turpentine smell and taste. Rosin softens and melts when heated, and burns with a bright but smoky flame.
Resins dissolve in ether, alcohol and other solvents, but unlike gums are insoluble in water. Rosin is mostly soluble in alcohol, ether, essential oils and hot fatty oils. Resin acids can be dissolved in alkalis to form resin soaps, from which the purified resin acids can be precipitated by treatment with acids.
Resins can be broadly divided into three groups based on their chemical differences which give rise to their distinct properties - hard resins, oleoresins and gum resins.
Hard resins (e.g. Accroides, Copal, Damar, Dragon’s Blood, Mastic and Sandarac), are usually sold as transparent, brittle solids that contain little or no essential oil, so are non-volatile and have minimal odour or taste. They readily fuse together, burn with a smoky flame, and become negatively charged with friction. Hard resins also have dielectric properties (they are poor conductors of electricity), so make good insulators.
Oleoresins (e.g. Benzoin, Elemi, Turpentines and Balsams) contain a significant amount of essential oils in addition to the resinous material. They form viscous, honey-like liquids or soft and brittle solids, which have a distinct aroma and flavour. Turpentines are oleoresins obtained almost exclusively from coniferous trees and on distillation yield rosin and an essential oil known as Spirit of Turpentine that is frequently used as a solvent. Balsams are highly aromatic and yield essential oils on distillation, but are more viscous than Turpentines as they contain less oil. The distinction between resins and oleo-resins depends upon the quantity of essential oil originally present and the amount of evaporation that has occurred during the period between exudation and collection. The amount of essential oil lost determines the hardness of the resinous material. The so-called hardening process is reversed during the operation known as 'running', which consists of heating a hard resin to induce oil solubility. This chemical action can be termed depolymerisation.
Gum resins are mixtures of water-soluble gums and water-insoluble resins, so combine the traits of both groups. They often contain small amounts of essential oils and traces of colouring material.
Food & Confectionery Industries
Resins are widely used as food additives, functioning as glazing agents. Some oleoresins are used as flavours. The resin of the Aleppo Pine is used to flavour retsina, a Greek wine.
Pharmaceutical Industry
Some balsams and oleoresins are used as medicines (e. g. Hemp bud and Capsicum oleoresin), while some essential oils are used in alternative medicines such as aromatherapy. Gum resins such as Myrrh and Opopanax have also traditionally been used for therapeutic purposes.
Incense Industry
Softer odoriferous oleoresins (Copaiba, Elemi, Frankincense and Turpentine), and gum resins containing essential oils (Ammoniacum, Asafoetida, Gamboge, Myrrh, Opopanax and Scammony) are used in the manufacture of incense. In particular, Frankincense and Myrrh have been used since antiquity for religious purposes.
Wood Treatment Industry
Resins are used as decorative and waterproof coatings. Hard transparent resins, such as Copal, Damar, Mastic and Sandarac are components in the production of varnishes, lacquers and sealing wax due to their low oil content. They readily dissolve in alcohol or other solvents and are used as a surface coating, which gradually hardens as the oils and solvent evaporate, leaving a thin waterproof layer of resin.
Textile Industry
Resins function as stiffening materials for fabric.
Printing & Packaging Industries
Resins are used in inks and as sizing for paper.
Other Industries
Resins are used as ingredients in adhesives, paints, plastics and fireworks. They also function as electrical insulators.
The essential oils contained in resins are widely used as fragrances in perfumery, with Balsams of Peru and Tolu used as fixatives and Elemi, Benzoin, and certain turpentines used as ingredients. Resins can also be used to manufacture skin cleansing products.
Natural Resins
Accroides, from Tate’s grass tree, Xanthorroea semiplana ssp. tateana.
Balm of Gilead, from the tree Commiphora gileadensis.
Canada balsam, from the Balsam Fir tree, Abies balsamea.
Benzoin resin, from the bark of several species of trees in the genus Styrax.
Copal, from the Copal tree, Protium copal, and the Amber tree, Hymenaea verrucosa.
Damar, from the Dipterocarpaceae family of trees.
Dragon's Blood, from the Dragon’s Blood tree, Daemonorops draco.
Elemi, from the Elemi tree, Canarium luzonicum.
Frankincense, from trees of the genus Boswellia.
Galbanum, from the Ferula gummosa plant.
Gum Guaiacum, from Lignum vitae trees of the genus Guaiacum.
Kauri gum, from Agathis australis trees.
Labdanum, from the Mediterranean Cistus shrub species.
Mastic resin, from the Mastic tree Pistacia lentiscus.
Myrrh, from tree species of the genus Commiphora.
Opopanax, from the tree Commiphora erythraea.
Rosin, from various species of pine tree.
Sandarac, from Tetraclinis articulate.
Spinifex, from Australian Spinifex grasses.
Turpentine, distilled from pine resin.
A.F. Suter is a leading UK supplier, retailer, wholesaler, distributor, importer and exporter of high quality Shellac, Waxes, Natural Gums, Resins, Menthol Crystals and Zein.
Please click on our Product Finder to search for the products that best meet your requirements in terms of Type, Industry and Application.
Product Listing
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"url": "https://www.afsuter.com/type/resins.html"
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Severed Hands Discovered in Ancient Egypt Palace
ancient practice of chopping off right hand of enemy to present to the king
A severed right hand discovered in front of a Hyksos palace at Avaris (modern-day Tell el-Daba). It would have been chopped off and presented to the king (or a subordinate) in exchange for gold. This discovery is the first archaeological evidence of the practice. At the time they were buried, about 3,600 years ago, the palace was being used by King Khayan. The Hyksos were a people believed to be from northern Canaan, they controlled part of Egypt and made their capital at Avaris on the Nile Delta. (Image credit: Photo by Axel Krause)
A team of archaeologists excavating a palace in the ancient city of Avaris, in Egypt, has made a gruesome discovery. The archaeologists have unearthed the skeletons of 16 human hands buried in four pits. Two of the pits, located in front of what is believed to be a throne room, hold one hand each. Two other pits, constructed at a slightly later time in an outer space of the palace, contain the 14 remaining hands.
They are all right hands; there are no lefts.
"Most of the hands are quite large and some of them are very large," Manfred Bietak, project and field director of the excavations, told LiveScience.
The finds, made in the Nile Delta northeast of Cairo, date back about 3,600 years to a time when the Hyksos, a people believed to be originally from northern Canaan, controlled part of Egypt and made their capital at Avaris a location known today as Tell el-Daba. At the time the hands were buried, the palace was being used by one of the Hyksos rulers, King Khayan. [See Photos of the Buried Hands] The right hand
The hands appear to be the first physical evidence of a practice attested to in ancient Egyptian writing and art, in which a soldier would present the cut-off right hand of an enemy in exchange for gold, Bietak explains in the most recent edition of the periodical Egyptian Archaeology.
"Our evidence is the earliest evidence and the only physical evidence at all," Bietak said. "Each pit represents a ceremony."
Cutting off the right hand, specifically, not only would have made counting victims easier, it would have served the symbolic purpose of taking away an enemy's strength. "You deprive him of his power eternally," Bietak explained. It's not known whose hands they were; they could have been Egyptians or people the Hyksos were fighting in the Levant. [The History of Human Combat] "Gold of valor"
Cutting off the right hand of an enemy was a practice undertaken by both the Hyksos and the Egyptians.
One account is written on the tomb wall of Ahmose, son of Ibana, an Egyptian fighting in a campaign against the Hyksos. Written about 80 years later than the time the 16 hands were buried, the inscription reads in part:
"Then I fought hand to hand. I brought away a hand. It was reported to the royal herald." For his efforts, the writer was given "the gold of valor" (translation by James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Volume II, 1905). Later, in a campaign against the Nubians, to the south, Ahmose took three hands and was given "gold in double measure," the inscription suggests.
Scientists are not certain who started this gruesome tradition. No records of the practice have been found in the Hyksos' likely homeland of northern Canaan, Bietak said, so could have been an Egyptian tradition they picked up, or vice versa, or it could have originated from somewhere else.
Bietak pointed out that, while this find is the earliest evidence of this practice, the grisly treatment of prisoners in ancient Egypt was nothing new. The Narmer Palette, an object dating to the time of the unification of ancient Egypt about 5,000 years ago, shows decapitated prisoners and a pharaoh about to smash the head of a kneeling man.
The archaeological expedition at Tell el-Daba is a joint project of the Austrian Archaeological Institute’s Cairo branch and the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
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Glossaries
Instead of each term being saved as a separate document as in a folder of terms, they can be collected within a single document called a 'Glossary.'
A Glossary is a standard Word document in which a (typically) large quantity of clauses has been stored. Each clause is separated from the others by a bookmark. (We 'show and tell' you all about bookmarks below.)
The clauses in a glossary can be in effect whole documents (a glossary term can be of any length) but more typically they are the various component clauses -- building blocks -- of much larger documents.
To use a Blossary for document assembly purposes, you must accomplish one or both of these simple tasks:
map it to an empty 'Book.' See Adding a New Book
assign it to a Pathagoras DropDown List. See DropDown Lists
A word on 'Containers'.
Everything has to be somewhere. Each clause that you use as source text in a document assembly session must be stored in some sort of 'container.' Each container, in turn, is stored in a larger container.
When we talk about 'Glossaries' vs. 'Books', we are really just talking about the type of container being used to store the text you want to assemble.
You already know about containers, and you know them in the same way that we are using the term 'container' in this discussion. When you draft a document on the editing screen, the characters you type onto the screen are 'contained' by the document you are creating. When you press the Save button and provide a name, the document is stored in a container called a folder. That folder in turn is probably contained by a parent folder, and that parent has a parent, all the way up to the 'c:\ drive'. The 'c:\ drive' is a subdivision of the hard drive, and the hard drive is contained within the computer box, the room, the building, etc.
A 'folder of clauses' (the most familiar of 'containers') is nothing other than a series of documents saved in a named container. It is nothing more complicated than that.
A 'Glossary' is not too dissimilar from a folder. It, too, is a container. Instead of clauses being stored in individual files in a folder, the clauses in a glossary are stored as individual clauses within a single document. The demarcation of each clause if a folder of clauses is 'a file.' the demarcation of clauses in a glossary is a pair of bookmarks. These bookmarks are named (just like a document is named) and that is how Pathagoras can find a clause in a glossary in the same way that Pathagoras can find a document in a folder.
So, when you begin contemplating 'Book' vs. 'Glossary', don't over-think the concepts. Just think 'container'.
See also: Folder of Terms
Glossary vs. Folder
The 'Technical' Side
To create a glossary, see:
Clause Creation Tools
The Quickest Glossary Ever
Document Disassembly (separate PDF pamphlet)
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PAStECA stands for 'Historical Aerial Photographs and Archives to Assess Environmental Changes in Central Africa'. Its study area encompasses The Western Branch of the East African Rift (East DRC, Rwanda, Burundi), a region with a rapidly growing population. Despite the sometimes devastating impact of humans on their environment, the interactions between demography, land use and land cover change, and land degradation in the region remain mainly unstudied. A limiting factor of such research is the lack of historical data records.
The Royal Museum for Central Africa holds a vast collection of historical aerial photographs and archives dating back as far as to the 1950's. After converting the analog photographs into a digital format, we develop land use and land cover (LULC) maps for the region between 1950 and the present. These LULC maps enable the characterization of the links between humans and land degradation processes such as landslides, deforestation, and erosion.
At the same time, the results of PAStECA serve as an indicator of how useful these archives are in the context of modern scientific research. They will clarify whether the investment in digitizing the historical aerial photographs is justified within the context of research.
For more information about PAStECA, contact Olivier Dewitte (
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"url": "http://pasteca.africamuseum.be/home"
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The facies anatomy of the Miami Limestone, a late Pleistocene oolitic limestone, is described and the developmental history of this ooid accumulation is interpreted based on a series of core borings and outcrops. The oolitic portion of the Miami Limestone originated over a quartz sand high which, in turn, unconformably overlies coralline limestone.
The Miami Limestone itself is divisible into two distinct regions based on morphology, a shoal and channel system and a barrier bar, which developed seaward of the shoal and channel system late in the history of the ooid accumulation (Halley and others, 1977). These topographic features show internal organizations and morphologies similar to the tidal bar belts and marine sand belts (respectively) described by Ball (1967). Both of these features are, however, compound features, portions of each having been transformed into stabilized sand flats at least once during the development of the ooid accumulation. Shifting syndepositional topography appears to be responsible for the change between stable sand flat and mobile sand environments.
The change in the character of the Miami ooid accumulation from a tidal bar belt to a marine sand belt and the importance of syndepositional topography in determining the internal organization of the accumulation emphasizes the importance of the classification of ooid accumulations based on observable properties, particularly form and internal structure.
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"language_score": 0.9005262851715088,
"url": "https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1165/chapter/10574972/Development-of-an-Ooid-Sand-Shoal-ComplexThe"
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The following is the example of Narrative Text.
For the definition of Narrative Text and its explanation, just click here!
If you want to get the outline of the Text Types completely, simply click here!
The Purse of Gold
a beggar
a beggar
A beggar found a leather purse that someone had dropped in a market place. Opening it, he discovered that it contained 100 pieces of gold. Then he heard a merchant shouted, “A reward! A reward for the one who finds my leather purse!”
Being an honest man, the beggar came forward and handed the purse to the merchant saying, “Here is your purse. Will you keep your word to give a reward now?”
“Reward?” scoffed the merchant greedily counting the amount of gold. “The purse I dropped had 200 pieces of gold in it. You’ve already stolen more than the reward I’ll give to you.! Go away or I’ll tell you to the police.”
“I’m an honest man,” said the beggar defiantly. “Let’s take this matter to the court!” In the court, the judge patiently listened to both sides of the story and said, “I believe you both. Justice is possible! Merchant, you stated that the purse you lost contained 200 pieces of gold. Well, that’s a considerable cost. But the purse the beggar found had only 100 pieces of gold. Therefore, it couldn’t be the one you lost.”
And, with that, the judge gave the purse and all the gold to the beggar.
Taken from:
The possibly new vocabulary for you:
CLICK here to know more on Kindle Fire HD
CLICK here to know more on Kindle Fire HD
1. purse: a small case in which women carry coins, paper money, credit cards etc
2. leathera strong material made from animal skin that is used for making shoes, clothes, bags etc
3. discover: to find out something that you did not know before
4. reward: something good that happens or that you receive because of something that you have done
5. scoff: to laugh or say things to show that you think someone or something is stupid or deserves no respect
6. greedy: wanting more money, things, or power than you need
7. defiantly: refusing to obey a person or rule
8. court: a place where trials take place and legal cases are decided, especially in front of a judge and a jury or a magistrate.
9. justice: the legal process of judging and punishing people
10. considerable: large in size, amount, or degree
Test your mastery on the text above by taking the following online quiz!
Having e-learning will reduce the use of paper which means less trees cut which in turn helps to keep the earth green. Take this online quiz (no paper required) and get the complete results sent to the email you enter into the box. So please use your valid e-mail address. Fill the user name with your full name then click start!
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go green
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The Other Narrative Text Examples:
1. Cindelaras
2. Jaka Tarub and Nawang Wulan
3. Loro Jonggrang
4. Lutung Kasarung
5. Minangkabau
6. Origin of Lotus
7. Rama, The Dutiful Son
8. Telaga Warna
9. The Fox and the Mosquitoes
10. The Penny Wise Monkey
11. The Pirate Crocodile
12. The Princess and the Pea
13. The White Gibbon
14. Uncle Spider
15. The Bird with Two Heads
16. The Birds and the Shivering Monkeys
17. The Jackal and the Arrow
18. The Monkeys and the Bell
19. The Purse of Gold
20. An Old Tiger and a Greedy Traveler
21. The Wind and the Moon
22. The Talkative Tortoise
23. The Ant and the Grasshopper
24. The Buffoon and the Countryman
25. The Dog and the Wolf
26. The Fox and the Stork
27. The Fox, the Cock, and the Dog
28. The Frog and the Ox
29. The Hare with Many Friends
30. The Labourer and the Nightingale
31. The Lion in Love
32. The Man and the Satyr
33. The Man, the Boy, and the Donkey
34. The Shepherd’s Boy
35. The Town Mouse and the Country Mouse
36. Bawang Putih Bawang Merah
37. Keong Emas
38. Calon Arang
39. Kancil and the Farmer
40. The Myth of Malin Kundang
41. The Story of Sangkuriang and Tangkuban Perahu Mountain
42. The Legend of Toba Lake
43. Cinderella
44. Snow White
45. The Story of Smart Monkey and Dull Crocodile
46. Romeo and Juliet
47. Kite’s Tale
48. Story of Rabbit and Bear
49. Queen of Arabia and Three Sheiks
50. The Smartest Parrot
Tagged with:
Filed under: English Course (Reading)
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"url": "https://thousandsideas.com/narrative-text-the-purse-of-gold/"
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Main content
Current time:0:00Total duration:1:42
Video transcript
this question says fear is dinner-plate is divided into three equal sized sections fira puts all her broccoli in one section and then we're asked what fraction of Vera's plate has broccoli okay so we have a plate with three equal sized sections and we know that Veera puts broccoli in one section and we're asked to figure out what fraction of the plate that is so we can draw viewers plate try to represent this with a picture maybe Vera's plate is a rectangle we don't really know what a rectangle will work as long as it has three equal sized sections so let's try to draw that this may not be perfect when you probably that second one a little better but this should represent three equal sized sections on a plate and then we know she puts broccoli in one of those sections so let's use green draw some broccoli broccoli broccoli broccoli and then look at this picture and ask ourselves what fraction of Vera's plate has broccoli well our fraction is going to have a numerator on top will be how many sections have broccoli which is one and then our denominator will be out of the total number of equal sections and we know there are three equal sized sections so one-third or one of the three sections has broccoli
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"url": "https://www.khanacademy.org/math/4th-grade-foundations-engageny/4th-m5-engage-ny-foundations/4th-m5-tadf-foundations/v/identifying-unit-fractions-word-problem-math-3rd-grade-khan-academy"
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Wise as an…Wait…Young as an Owl!!
Wise as an…Wait…Young as an Owl!!
January 04, 2018 In the News
The fact that outer hair cells in birds are regenerated naturally after the damage has been known for decades. Most of this knowledge has been accumulated through experiments where a bird’s hair cells are deliberately and carefully damaged using a toxic agent such as noise. Scientists then observe the regeneration of hair cells in the areas of damage and an approximate return of function. The restoration of function is documented through electrophysiological measures such as the ABR as well as behavioral measures. Perception of pure tones has been shown to return at all but the highest frequencies in birds after ototoxic damage to the hair cell population. However, the perception of complex acoustic stimuli does not appear to return to normal in a bird with regenerated hair cells. Interestingly though, songbirds that cannot perceive complex acoustic stimuli still proceed to learn song-based communication without a problem.
So, the question to be asked is whether avian hair cells regenerate only after induced damage or in a continuous manner, much like teeth in sharks? The answer seems to be in the affirmative. What was already evident in starlings has now been demonstrated in barn owls. Barn owls living in captivity appear to retain youth-like hearing even at the ripe old age of 23. These are the findings reported in a recent paper by Georg Klum, Christine Köppl and colleagues from the University of Oldenburg, Germany. Well, it turns out that owls may be wise and old in years but remain young in ears.
Krumm B, Klump G, Köppl C, Langemann U. Barn owls have ageless ears. Proc Biol Sci Sep 27:284(1863).
Also of Interest
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Lourinhasaurus was a herbivore. It lived in the Jurassic period and inhabited Europe. Its fossils have been found in places such as Alentejo (Portugal) and Centro (Portugal).
Quick facts about Lourinhasaurus:
• Existed from Kimmeridgian Age to Cenomanian Age
• Lived in a terrestrial habitat
• Was a herbivore
• Reproduced by laying eggs
• 12 different specimens have been found by paleontologists
All the Lourinhasaurus illustrations below were collected from the internet. Enjoy and explore:
Lourinhasaurus was described by the following scientific paper(s):
• A. F. d. Lapparent and G. Zbyszewski. 1951. Découverte d'une riche faune de Reptiles Dinosauriens dans le Jurassique supérieur du Portugal [Discovery of a rich fauna of dinosaurian reptiles in the Upper Jurassic of Portugal]. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences à Paris 233:1125-1127
• G. Zbyszewski. 1946. Les ossements d'Omosaurus découverts près de Baleal (Peniche) [THe bones of Omosaurus found near Baleal (Peniche)]. Comunicações dos Serviços Geológicos de Portugal 27:135-144
• H.-E. Sauvage. 1895. Les dinosauriens du terrain jurassique supérieur du Boulonnais [The dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic terrain of the Boulonnais]. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, 3e série 22:465-470
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"url": "https://dinosaurpictures.org/Lourinhasaurus-pictures"
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How the Coelacanth Works
Hoberman Collection/UIG via Getty Images
Discovering the Coelacanth
Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer and J.L.B. Smith discovered the African coelacanth, illustrated here.
The discovery of the coelacanth is a bit miraculous when you consider the two main players in this drama: Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, a young curator at a natural history museum in East London, South Africa, and J.L.B. Smith, a chemistry professor and amateur ichthyologist who worked at Rhodes University in nearby Grahamstown. While neither was an expert in ancient fish, both almost instinctively knew they'd stumbled upon something quite important.
It was Dec. 22, 1938. The manager of a local trawler fleet called Courtenay-Latimer to see if she wanted to examine a load of fish hauled in that day, in case there were any worthy of display in her museum. Tucked amid the haul, which consisted mainly of sharks, was an intriguing blue limb-like fin. It was attached to a 5-foot- (1.5 meters)- long, heavily-scaled, blue-gray fish. The fish weighed 127 pounds (57 kilograms) and was alive when caught. Although neither Courtenay-Latimer nor the fishermen knew what it was, she felt it was significant and took it to the museum's taxidermist. She also contacted Smith, a friend and honorary curator of fishes for small museums in the area, and sent him a description and sketch of the fish [source: Tyson ].
Smith was captivated by the extraordinary fish, too, later writing, "I told myself sternly not to be a fool, but there was something about that sketch that seized on my imagination and told me that this was something very far beyond the usual run of fishes in our seas." [source: Tyson ].
But Smith couldn't easily travel to East London to see the fish — remember, this was South Africa in the late 1930s — and the pair's flurry of correspondence about what to do with the now-dead fish often crossed in the mail. So unfortunately, the mystery fish's skeleton and gills, important for positive identification, were thrown out. Still, once Courtenay-Latimer sent Smith several of its preserved scales he was able to determine it was a coelacanth. The fish was subsequently given the scientific name Latimeria chalumnae in honor of Courtenay-Latimer's role in its discovery [source: Tyson ].
The Coelacanth's Significance
Could this limblike fin provide a clue to the missing link between sea creatures and land animals?
Ronan Bourhis/AFP/Getty Images
You know those Darwin fish bumper stickers — the ones where the fish have legs to indicate man's evolution? Well, the coelacanth is potentially critical to our understanding of how creatures walked out of the sea and onto the earth. That's because it has four fins, or lobes, sticking out of its body like legs. Even more fascinating, it moves those fins in an alternating fashion that resembles walking or trotting. But coelacanths aren't predecessors of tetrapods, or four-legged animals that live on land. Thanks to an analysis of the coelacanth genome, we now know that tetrapods have more in common with lungfish. Yet even if coelacanths occupy another branch in the vertebrate family tree, they're still important to our understanding of how creatures moved from water to land. For this reason, the coelacanth's discovery is considered one of the most important zoological finds of the 20th century [source: Bates].
Besides possibly aiding in explaining the water-to-land transition, coelacanths have some remarkable aspects. First, to help them eat super-sized prey, their jaws have a special hinge that allows their mouth to open wide. They also have a notochord instead of a spine. A notochord is a hollow, pressurized tube; in coelacanths, it's filled with oil. Vertebrates usually start life with notochords, but as the embryo develops, the notochord is replaced by the spine (vertebral column). Coelacanths are also pregnant for a long time — up to three years — and they give birth to live offspring, which is unusual for fish. Finally, scientists say the fish probably use electroreception to help sniff out their next meal and avoid swimming into various aquatic obstacles [sources:, Bates].
Other Living Fossils
Sturgeon, which are also living fossils, have odd retractable mouths and armorlike skin.
Living fossils are live entities — trees, bugs, animals, fish — that exist today in nearly the same form as they did millions of years ago. The coelacanth is considered the most famous living fossil fish, but it isn't the only one. Here are some other fossil fish that have swum under the radar [source: Krock].
• Bowfin. Aka dogfish, mudfish and grindle, bowfins are American freshwater fish found in the Mississippi River basin and the Great Lakes, among other sites. Fun facts: Bowfins are fierce, and will eat other fish, frogs, snakes, small mammals and even other bowfins. They also can go without eating for up to a year because they have low metabolisms.
• Gar. These freshwater fish favor warm water; they're generally found in the southern U.S., Central America, Mexico and the West Indies. Like bowfins, the long-jawed gars are vicious and will eat other fish. They're also apt to simply attack any fish in their way, even if they don't intend to eat them. Fun facts: Don't eat gar eggs — they can kill humans and other warm-blooded vertebrates. Gars themselves are also inedible.
• Hagfish. They're mud-dwellers in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and they are some of the most disgusting-looking fish in the world. Popular in South Korea, they look a bit like eels and have no eyes or jaws. Creepy fun fact: Hagfish dine on weak or dead fish. They do so by swimming into the fish's stomach via the mouth, then consume the fish from the inside out.
• Sturgeon. Sturgeon, which can be found in both freshwater and saltwater in North America, are enormous. Stretching up to 20 feet (6.1 meters) and weighing up to 400 pounds (181 kilograms), they're the largest freshwater fish in the world. Sturgeon definitely look like fossil fish, sporting odd, retractable mouths and armorlike skin. Fun facts: Sturgeon can live to be 100. The beluga sturgeon, found in the Caspian Sea, is famed for its caviar.
Author's Note: How the Coelacanth Works
Coelacanths are interesting, I'll give you that. But I don't really like to think about ancient fish trolling the seas. Makes you wonder what else is down there.
Related Articles
More Great Links
• Amemiya, Chris. "The African coelacanth genome provides insights into tetrapod evolution." Nature. April 18, 2013. (June 5, 2015)
• Bates, Mary. "The Creature Feature: 10 Fun Facts About the Coelacanth." Wired. March 2, 2015. (June 5, 2015)
• Dinofish. "The Fish Out Of Time." (June 5, 2015)
• Krock, Lexi. "Other Fish in the Sea." PBS. Jan. 1, 2003. (June 10, 2015)
• National Geographic. "Coelacanth." (June 5, 2015)
• "The coelacanth leads a monogamous life." Sept. 19, 2013. (June 15, 2015)
• Smithsonian. "The Coelacanth: More Living than Fossil." (June 5, 2015)
• Tyson, Peter. "Anatomy of the Coelacanth." PBS. Jan. 1, 2003. (June 10, 2015)
• Tyson, Peter. "Moment of Discovery." PBS. Jan. 1, 2003. (June 10, 2015)
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What is Heterochromia?
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June 10, 2019, by Bard Optical
Heterochromia is the medical term for when a person’s eyes are two different colors.
Heterochromia is caused by the production and delivery of melanin to the iris, more specifically, melanin being concentrated, or not concentrated, in both irises differently, resulting in the eyes being two different colors.
One usually contracts heterochromia through genetics, as it is usually inherited and contracted in infancy. There are other ways that heterochromia can be contracted, however. It can be caused as a result of different genetic conditions, such as mosaicism or chimerism. It can also be caused by a variety of diseases or injury to the eyes.
Types Of Heterochromia
There are a few different types of heterochromia that depend on how much the person’s eye is changed.
• Complete Heterochromia - This means the iris of one eye is completely different in color to the other. Complete heterochromia is the most drastic and noticeable type of heterochromia, and is most common among animals, especially cats.
• Partial (or Sectoral) Heterochromia - This is when only a portion, usually half, of the iris is a different color. This can occur in one or both eyes. Partial heterochromia usually appears as an irregular spot in the person’s eye that is different in color and does not form a complete ring around the affected pupil.
• Central Heterochromia - Referred to as “cat eyes,” this is when the colors of a person’s iris form two circles around the pupil, where the inner circle is one color and the outer circle is a different color. The outer circle is usually the person’s true iris color.
Heterochromia In The Real World
As earlier mentioned, heterochromia is common in different types of animals.
There are certain breeds of dogs that are more susceptible to heterochromia than others, such as:
• Siberian Husky
• Australian Shepherd
• Border Collie
• Great Dane
• Dachshund
Some cats also have heterochromia, and their breeds include:
• Turkish Van
• Turkish Angora
• Japanese Bobtail
• Sphynx
There are also a number of celebrities that have heterochromia:
• Dan Aykroyd
• Kate Bosworth
• Benedict Cumberbatch
• Mila Kunis
• Simon Pegg
• Christopher Walken
Acquired Conditions
As earlier stated, heterochromia itself is a harmless condition. In most cases, the onset of heterochromia at birth causes no issues.
There are, however, a variety of conditions that people with heterochromia are more susceptible to.
A few of these include:
1. Malignant Melanoma - Malignant melanoma in the person’s iris, or metastatic tumors of the iris.
2. Ocular Melanosis - Characterized by increased pigmentation of a person’s eye and surrounding tissue.
3. Acquired Horner’s Syndrome - Acquired from neuroblastoma, or injury, Horner’s syndrome affects the sympathetic nervous system around the neck.
This is not to say that those with heterochromia will experience any of these conditions, but rather that these conditions have a slight chance of being more present in those with heterochromia.
Taking Action
In the vast majority of cases, heterochromia is a benign condition. This does not mean, however, that you shouldn’t schedule regular exams with your eye doctor.
If your newborn is showing signs of developing heterochromia, you should schedule an exam, if only just to determine whether there are any other underlying conditions present.
Heterochromia can be a beautiful and unique condition to have.
Although it is not without risk, heterochromia poses no threat to your life or eyesight as long as you communicate effectively with your doctor about your symptoms.
Just be prepared to answer all the questions from those that look you in the eye for the first time!
Vision Checklist Download
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In this Suggested Path, students investigate how musicians often serve as voices for the various racial, gendered, generational, and class communities they represent. The path begins with lessons examining how Chuck Berry, the Beach Boys, and The Who each uniquely spoke for youth culture in the 1950s and 1960s. Students then learn about Latino, African, Italian, and Native American communities through lessons on Richie Valens, Muddy WatersFrank Sinatra, Dean Martin, and Link Wray. Lessons on Iggy Pop, The MC5, James Brown, Parliament-Funkadelic, and N.W.A. examine how new music trends arose from working-class communities and disenfranchised neighborhoods. Finally, students encounter how artists such as Aretha Franklin, Joni Mitchel, Carole King, Mary Wells, and Kesha have spoken towards women’s issues as they have developed over the decades.
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On This Day (Jan 22)
On This Day (January 22)
The first British colonists arrive in New Zealand
Following the accounts of the English captain James Cook, who travelled through the region in the late 18th century, Britain formally annexes New Zealand in 1840 and establishes the first permanent European settlement at Wellington, on the South Island. However, the first British settlers, led by the British statesman Edward G. Wakefield, arrive in Auckland, on the North Island, instead. Armed conflict between the British and the native Maoris would last until 1870, when there was no longer a significant Maori presence left. The legacy of colonialism continues to affect race relations in New Zealand to this day, often straining ties between the largely White European population and the indigenous Maori minority.
A postage stamp commemorating the arrival of the first British settlers in New Zealand.
The Bloody Sunday Massacre, St Petersburg
On the brink of losing to Japan in a war in the Far East, Russia is convulsed by unrest as Imperial Russian troops open fire on peaceful protesters demanding reforms in front of the Tsar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, leaving hundreds dead. This would cause a drastic change in the attitudes of peasants towards the Tsar; where he had once been their champion, he was now indisputably their oppressor, delegitimizing his position as the ruler of Russia, setting the stage for the Russian Revolution. This tradition of revolution and authoritarianism in Russia holds true even today, as the current authoritarian state in Russia, led by an ex-KGB officer no less, emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union.
A dramatization of the events of the Bloody Sunday Massacre.
Roe v. Wade
The US Supreme Court decides in a historic ruling that women can terminate a pregnancy during its first two trimesters, as part of their constitutional right to privacy, following a concerted campaign by American women to obtain autonomy over their own reproductive processes. This reversed a century of anti-abortion legislation in the US. However, despite multiple occasions where the US Supreme Court has upheld this landmark decision, Republican presidents and anti-abortion activists have been strident in their opposition to it, the latter occasionally resorting to violence to do so. It remains to be seen whether the newly elected President, Donald Trump, will attempt to overturn this decision, although the opportunity has presented itself in the form of a vacant Supreme Court position.
The New York Times article carrying the headline about the Roe v. Wade decision.
Leave a Reply
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People before Highways
In 1948, inspired by changes to federal law, Massachusetts government officials started hatching a plan to build multiple highways circling and cutting through the heart of Boston, making steady progress through the 1950s. But when officials began to hold public hearings in 1960, as it became clear what this plan would entail—including a disproportionate impact on poor communities of color—the people pushed back. Activists, many with experience in the civil rights and antiwar protests, began to organize.
Related Subjects:
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Lesser Kudu
Category: Wildlife
The lesser kudu is a forest antelope from East Africa. The qualifier "lesser" is used to distinguish this kudu from the greater kudu, a close relative that grows to larger sizes.
Lesser Kudu
Lesser Kudu
Scientific & Common Names
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Artiodactyla
Family - Bovidae
Subfamily - Bovinae
Genus - Tragelaphus (formerly Ammelaphus)
Common Names – Lesser Kudu, Northern Lesser Kudu (T. imberbis), Southern Lesser Kudu (T. australis)
The lesser kudu is a spiral horned antelope, with males growing horns that may reach lengths of up to three feet. Females do not grow horns. Lesser kudus are usually a medium brown in color, with thin white vertical stripes along their sides. There are two white patches on the undersides of the neck. They can grow to lengths of just under five feet long.
Lesser kudu breed all year long, with no fixed season for mating. Females mature in just over a year, while males mature in four to five years. Females gestate for 240 days, at which point they give birth to a single calf. The calf is usually hidden after birth, away from the mother, using camouflage to conceal it from predators.
Lesser kudu usually remain solitary, or travel in pairs or small groups of a single family. They eat leaves, grass and fruit, and get most of their water from plants so they don't drink often. Lesser kudus spend their days resting in shade or feeding, using their stripes to camouflage themselves in their forest habitat. They are thinner than most other related antelopes, and can travel through dense foliage quite easily.
The lesser kudu's excellent camouflage ability and general wariness keeps it from being easily hunted, and human interactions with lesser kudu are infrequent.
The lesser kudu was formerly divided into two subspecies, though some researchers regard them as separate species entirely. They are the northern and southern lesser kudu. The northern variety is restricted to Ethiopia and Somalia, while the southern can be found in those countries, as well as Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Sudan.
Present Status
The lesser kudu is listed as "Near Threatened". Habitat loss and disease are the leading threats facing this species. There are currently thought to be just over 100,000 lesser kudus. Though their numbers is declining, they are helped by the fact that much of their current population resides in protected areas.
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_kudu
2. Princeton Field Guides: Bovids of the World, Castello, 2016.
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Open main menu
Asia in 400 AD, showing the Xionites ("Chionites") and their neighbors.
The Xionites appear to be synonymous with the Huna peoples of classical/medieval India,[2] and possibly also the Huns of European late antiquity. It is unclear whether the Xionites were connected to a people named in Ancient China as the Xunyu (Hünyü 獯鬻; Wade–Giles Hsünyü), Xianyun 猃狁 (Wade–Giles Hsien-yün) and Xiongnu (匈奴 Wade–Giles Hsiung-nu). (While some sources use names such as Hunas, Huns and Xiongnu interchangeably, this remains controversial.)
They were first described by the Roman historian, Ammianus Marcellinus, who was in Bactria during 356-57 CE; he described the Chionitæ as living with the Kushans.[3] Ammianus indicates that the Xionites had previously lived in Transoxiana and, after entering Bactria, became vassals of the Kushans, were influenced culturally by them and had adopted the Bactrian language. They had attacked the Sassanid Empire,[1][4] but later (led by a chief named Grumbates), served as mercenaries in the Sassanian army.
Within the Xionites, there seem to have been two main subgroups, which were known in the Iranian languages by names such as Karmir Xyon and Spet Xyon. The prefixes karmir ("red") and speta ("white") likely refer to Central Asian traditions in which particular colours symbolised the cardinal points. The Karmir Xyon were known in European sources as the Kermichiones or "Red Huns", and some scholars have identified them with the Kidarites and/or Alchon. The Spet Xyon or "White Huns" appear to have been the known in India by the cognate name Sveta-huna, and are often identified, controversially, with the Hephtalites.
Origins and cultureEdit
Hephthalite horseman on British Museum bowl, 460-479 CE.[5]
The original culture of the Xionites and their geographical urheimat are uncertain. They appear to have originally followed animist religious beliefs,[citation needed] which mixed later with varieties of Buddhism[citation needed] and Shaivism.[citation needed] It is difficult to determine their ethnic composition.[1]
Differences between the Xionites, the Huns who invaded Europe in the 4th century, and the Turks were emphasised by Carlile Aylmer Macartney (1944), who suggested that the name "Chyon", originally that of an unrelated people, was "transferred later to the Huns owing to the similarity of sound". The Chyon who appeared in the 4th century, in the steppes on the northeastern frontier of Persia were probably a branch of the Huns that appeared shortly afterwards in Europe. The Huns appear to have attacked and conquered the Alans, then living between the Urals and the Volga about 360 AD, and the first mention of the Chyon was in 356 AD.[6]
At least some Turkic tribes were involved in the formation of the Xionites, despite their later character as an Eastern Iranian people, according to Richard Nelson Frye (1991): "Just as later nomadic empires were confederations of many peoples, we may tentatively propose that the ruling groups of these invaders were, or at least included, Turkic-speaking tribesmen from the east and north, although most probably the bulk of the people in the confederation of Chionites... spoke an Iranian language.... This was the last time in the history of Central Asia that Iranian-speaking nomads played any role; hereafter all nomads would speak Turkic languages".[7]
The proposition that the Xionites probably originated as an Iranian tribe was put forward by Wolfgang Felix in Encyclopedia Iranica (1992).[1]
In 2005, AS Shahbazi suggested that they were originally a Hunnish people who had mixed with Iranian tribes in Transoxiana and Bactria, where they adopted the Kushan-Bactrian language.[4]
The Xionites may have originated as a confederation of Proto-Turkic and/or Proto-Mongolian tribes that collectively adopted Eastern Iranian languages and cultural practices, according to Peter B. Golden (2005).[8]
The defeat of the Xiongnu in 89 CE by Chinese forces at the Battle of Ikh Bayan and subsequent Chinese campaigns against them, led by Ban Chao may have been a factor in the ethnogenesis of the Xionites and their migration into Central Asia.
Xionite tribes reportedly organised themselves into four main hordes: "Black" or northern (beyond the Jaxartes), "Blue" or eastern (in Tianshan), "White" or western (possibly the Hephthalites), around Khiva, and the "Red" or southern (Kidarites and/or Alchon), south of the Oxus. Artefacts found from the area they inhabited dating from their period indicate their totem animal seems to have been the (rein)deer. An inscription on the walls of the royal palace in Persepolis about Darius's empire calls them Hunae.
The Xionites are best documented in southern Central Asia from the late 4th century AD until the mid-5th century AD.
Portrait of Kidarites king Kidara, circa 350-386 AD.[9]
Sometime between 194 and 214, according to the Armenian historian Moses of Khorene (5th century), Hunni (probably the Kidarites) captured the city of Balkh (Armenian name: Kush) .[10] According to Armenian sources, Balkh became the capital of the Hunni.
At the end of the 4th century AD, the Kidarites were pushed into Gandhara, after a new wave of invaders from the north, the Alchon, entered Bactria.[11]
Clashes with the SasaniansEdit
Early confrontations between the Sasanian Empire of Shapur II with the Xionites were described by Ammianus Marcellinus: he reports that in 356 CE, Shapur II was taking his winter quarters on his eastern borders, "repelling the hostilities of the bordering tribes" of the Xionites and the Euseni, a name often amended to Cuseni (meaning the Kushans).[12][13]
Shapur made a treaty of alliance with the Chionites and the Gelani in 358 CE.[14]
Artificial cranial deformation is suggested by a portrait of Khingila, king of the Alchon c. 430 - 490 AD.[15]
In 460, Khingila I reportedly united a Hephthalite ruling élite with elements of the Uar and Xionites as Alchon (or Alχon).[citation needed] when.[citation needed]
At the end of the 5th century the Alchon invaded North India where they were known as the Huna.[citation needed] In India the Alchon were not distinguished from their immediate Hephthalite predecessors,[citation needed] and both are known as Sveta-Hunas there.[citation needed] Perhaps complimenting this term, Procopius (527-565) wrote that they were white skinned,[citation needed] had an organized kingship, and that their life was not wild/nomadic and they lived in cities.
The Alchon were noted for their distinctive coins, minted in Bactria in the 5th and 6th centuries. The name Khigi, inscribed in Bactrian script on one of the coins, and Narendra on another, have led some scholars[who?] to believe that the Hephthalite kings Khingila and Narana were of the AlChoNo tribe.[vague][citation needed] They imitated the earlier style of their Hephthalite predecessors, the Kidarite Hun successors to the Kushans. In particular the Alchon style imitates the coins of Kidarite Varhran I (syn. Kushan Varhran IV).[citation needed]
The earliest coins of the Alchon have several distinctive features: 1) the king's head is presented in an elongated form to reflect the Alchon practice of head binding; 2) The characteristic bull/lunar tamgha of the Alchon is represented on the obverse of the coins.[16]
The Hephthalites, or White Huns, were a nomadic tribe who conquered large parts of the eastern middle-east and may have originally been part of the Xionites.
Portrait of a Nezak ruler, circa 460-560 CE.
Although the power of the Huna in Bactria was shattered in the 560s by a combination of Sassanid and proto-Turkic forces, the last Hephthalite king Narana/Narendra managed to maintain some kind of rule between 570 and 600 AD over the nspk, napki or Nezak tribes that remained.
Identity of the Karmir Xyon and White XyonEdit
H. W. Bailey argues that the Pahlavi name Xyon may be read as the Indian Huna owing to the similarity of sound.[17] In the Avestan tradition (Yts. 9.30-31, 19.87) the Xiiaona were characterized as enemies of Vishtaspa, the patron of Zoroaster.[1]
In the later Pahlavi tradition, the Karmir Xyon ("Red Xyon") and Spet Xyon ("White Xyon") are mentioned.[1] The Red Xyon of the Pahlavi tradition (7th century)[18] have been identified by Bailey as the Kermichiones or Ermechiones.[1]
According to Bailey, the Hara Huna of Indian sources are to be identified with the Karmir Xyon of the Avesta.[19] Similarly he identifies the Sveta Huna of Indian sources with the Spet Xyon of the Avesta. While the Hephthalite are not mentioned in Indian sources, they are sometimes also linked to the Spet Xyon (and therefore possibly to the Sveta Huna).
More controversially, the names Karmir Xyon and Spet Xyon are often rendered as "Red Huns" and "White Huns", reflecting speculation that the Xyon were linked to Huns recorded simultaneously in Europe.
See alsoEdit
1. ^ a b c d e f g Felix, Wolfgang. "CHIONITES". Encyclopædia Iranica Online Edition. Retrieved 2012-09-03.
2. ^ Hyun Jin Kim, 2013, The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe, Cambridge UK/New York, Cambridge University Press, pp. 5, 36–38.
3. ^ Original reports on the "Chionitae" by Ammianus Marcellinus:
Mention with the Euseni/ Cuseni : 16.9.4.
Mention with the Gelani: 17.5.1.
Mention with Shapur II: 18.7.21
Mention at the siege of Amida: 19.2.3 and 19.1.7-19.2.1
4. ^ British Museum notice
5. ^ Macartney, C. A. (1944). "On the Greek Sources for the History of the Turks in the Sixth Century". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies. 11 (2): 266–75. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00072451. ISSN 1474-0699. JSTOR 609313.
6. ^ Richard Nelson Frye, "Pre-Islamic and early Islamic cultures in Central Asia" in "Turko-Persia in historical perspective", edited by Robert L. Canfield, Cambridge University Press, 1991. pg 49.
8. ^ CNG Coins
9. ^ Chinese
10. ^ Nomads of the Steppe Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
11. ^ Scheers, Simone; Quaegebeur, Jan (1982). Studia Paulo Naster Oblata: Orientalia antiqua (in French). Peeters Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 9789070192105.
12. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. London: Bohn (1862) XVI-IX
13. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History. London: Bohn (1862) XVII-V
14. ^ The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila, Michael Maas p.286
15. ^ Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins, Pankaj Tandon,
16. ^ Harold Walter Bailey, Iranian Studies, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. BSOAS, vol. 6, No. 4 (1932)
17. ^ "BAHMAN YAŠT" in Encyclopædia Iranica by W. Sundermann
18. ^ (Bailey, 1954, pp.12-16; 1932, p. 945),
External linksEdit
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Kerplunk experiment
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Title: Kerplunk experiment
Author: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Language: English
Subject: Kerplunk, Harvey A. Carr
Publisher: World Heritage Encyclopedia
Kerplunk experiment
The kerplunk experiment was a famous stimulus and response experiment conducted on rats[1] and demonstrates the ability to turn voluntary motor responses into a conditioned response.[2] The purpose of the experiment was to get kinaesthetic feedback rather than guidance through external stimuli[3] through maze learning.[2] It was conducted in 1907 by John B. Watson and Harvey A. Carr[1][3] and was named after the sound the rat made after running into the end of the maze.[4] The study would help form a chain of responses hypothesis proposed by Watson.[4]
The studies findings would later give credibility to stimulus and response interpretations that rewards work by strengthening the learned ability to show a habitual motor action in the presence of a particular stimulus.
The experiment
Rats were trained to run in a straight, alley like maze for a food reward[3] which was located at the end of the alley.[2] Watson found that once the rat was well trained, it performed almost automatically on reflex.[2][5] Upon learning the maze over time, they started to run faster through each length and turn. By the stimulus of the maze, their behavior became a series of associated movements, or kinaesthetic consequences instead of stimulus from the outside world.[5] This routine continued until the length of the path changed, either farther or shorter.[3]
If the conditioned rats were released into an alleyway or path that was shortened, they would run straight into the end of the wall[5] making a "kerplunk" sound. The first trial found that they would run full speed, passing up the food that had been moved closer.[3] Shortening the alleyway, and moving the food closer was an early signal that was ignored by the rats.[3]
If the path was longer, the rats would run as usual until it reached their customary distance, the distance at which the food would normally be. They would then pause to sniff the area even though they had not reached the end of the alley, often ignoring food that was farther away.
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[ awr-kuh-struh ]
/ ˈɔr kə strə /
(in a modern theater)
1. the space reserved for the musicians, usually the front part of the main floor (orchestra pit).
2. the entire main-floor space for spectators.
3. the parquet.
(in the ancient Greek theater) the circular space in front of the stage, allotted to the chorus.
(in the Roman theater) a similar space reserved for persons of distinction.
Origin of orchestra
1590–1600; < Latin orchēstra < Greek orchḗstra the space on which the chorus danced, derivative of orcheîsthai to dance
Examples from the Web for orchestra
British Dictionary definitions for orchestra
/ (ˈɔːkɪstrə) /
mainly US and Canadian the stalls in a theatre
Derived Forms
orchestral (ɔːˈkɛstrəl), adjectiveorchestrally, adverb
Word Origin for orchestra
Culture definitions for orchestra
A group of musicians who play together on a variety of instruments, which usually come from all four instrument families — brass, percussion, strings, and woodwinds. A typical symphony orchestra is made up of more than ninety musicians. Most orchestras, unlike chamber music groups, have more than one musician playing each musical part.
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RSS Feed
The Bloody Battle of Towton
Towton Battle Skull
A Towton Battle victim, with multiple head wounds. Credit: Bradford University
Towton BattleImagine a battle so vicious that opposing sides agreed to a time-out to drag bodies out of the way to better facilitate killing each other. Not just killing, but slaughtering, butchering; some of the skeletons found at the battlefield of Towton, England, have as many as 20 injuries to the skulls. Some skulls have been sliced in half, or pierced with a square spearhead, or both; noses chopped off, eyes gouged out, ears removed. The battle occurred on 29 March 1461, and within 12 hours, from dawn to dusk, 28,000 men would lose their lives in brutal deaths, hacked to death and beyond. That’s an average of 2,333 an hour. The figure of 28,000 is disputed, however; though it appeared in letters from Edward VI and the Bishop of Salisbury, other contemporary sources gave the figures ranging between 30,000 to 38,000, while the 16th century chronicler Edward Hall gave the exact figure of 36,776. Why was it so vicious? It was a decisive battle in the War of the Roses (1455–1487), between the opposing forces of the Lancastrians and the Yorkists; it was north against south; the Lancastrians were the strong arm of King Henry VI, and the Yorkists, that of 18-year-old Edward IV, who would go on to win the battle and claim the English throne. At the time of the battle, the War of Roses had been going on for six years, and nerves were raw – they just wanted it to end. Little did they know that it would continue for another 26 years… in other words, two generations (reckoning in shorter life spans) of young men would rise and fall in the War of Roses, and the Battle of Towton was one of the largest, if not the largest, battle fought on English soil.
Sources: BBC; Wikipedia; University of York.
About Trinity
A melancholic pragmatist with a wide streak of mischief and an active imagination that turns into novels.
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Abari - Adobe Yurt in Mongolia Nripal Adhikary
When people analyze vernacular architecture there is a tendency either to dismiss them outright for their ‘primitiveness’ or to romanticize the natives for the ‘improvisation’ of local materials. The natives, on the other hand, who appropriated the materials, were more than improvising what they found; they were rational people who developed and chose the technology based on empirical evidence and available local resources. They contested, improved or discarded the techniques and materials. This reiterative investigation evolved and continued through time.
Regions with same terrain didn’t use the same material, they were discarded or perhaps never discovered. Nature was their validator and mentor. When for example, earthquake would shatter the notion of stability, artisans realized that the round structures withstood hazards like high wind and earthquake. Perhaps for the structural stability the ancients believed that round structures were immortal.
Mongolian Yurts like the Kazak or Turic counterparts evolved through generations and had passed through many cultural and regional iteration. The round shape of Yurt made them aerodynamic and earthquake resistant. Round was considered democratic, as there is no hierarchy of space. Lightweight and the modular foldable frame made the structure portable. Felt produced from their own sheep made the structure insulated, a major need when the temperatures goes below -45°C. Latticed frame structure, felt insulation, aerodynamic structure and canvas weatherproofing made thus the structure not only hazard resistant but also elegant and robust.
Whether a nomad had five thousand sheep or just five, they always lived in a yurt- its hard to distinguish rich mans yurt from a poor mans. Colors of the yurts on the outside are always white. Any other color would camouflage the yurt in the desert background and it would have been very difficult to locate it from a distance. Nomads are very discriminant in their possession. They cannot afford to take things they don’t need. Their yurt had to be packed neatly in two camels and rest of the possessions in other two camels. Nowadays, there are tractors available and everything has to fit in one. Necessities could include washing machine, TV, stove and basic furniture. The possessions are predetermined when the yurts are built- in other words when the foundation is laid all the furniture are arranged in place. The walls and roofs are put later on.
For a more permanent structure Mongolians had traditionally been using earth as building material. The tradition probably came from the Russians who had borrowed it from Central Asians who had also learned it from the Persians. The Russian during their occupation made their outposts and other office buildings out of earth. Although earth was technically ideal for thermal comfort, with the influx of concrete, the skills to make earthen bricks or adobe had been lost.
Mongolia in transition:
Since Mongolian opened to the world economy many of their locals resources were being exported to the West. Similarly, felt was also being transported to the West in order to make rugs and jackets thus making them expensive for the locals. Different organizations were, therefore, looking for alternative building materials. Chinese and Americans had their own solutions. Americans had recently built a straw bale house that cost 15,000 USD, which was very expensive for the local standard. For comparison one yurt would cost less than 700 USD. Moreover, there was no straw in the desert and it had to be hauled in from China. Perhaps the house was natural, but it was not very ecological due to high embodied energy to transport the materials.
Basanta Adhikary, a Nepali agronomist, had been working with the nomads in Gobi Desert for the last three years. He was training them the ways to grow vegetables. As the times were changing, nomads were looking to diversify their income. In summer, they wanted to supplement their income by growing fruits and vegetables. Basanta had introduced seabuckthorne to the village, which was hardy fruity and pretty well accepted by the people and the terrain. They were also planting squash, cabbage, beans etc. These were indeed so exotic food that the locals had not even gives names to these vegetables- every thing was called naga or green. But they were happy with the produce and wanted to expand more. They had asked Basanta to make community hall where they would discuss daily issues, organize trainings and sell produce in summer. There was no money to do the project but it was not really a problem. The community had volunteered their labor, land was free and the earth the building material was ubiquitously available.
Myself, a Nepali architect had learned how to make Nubian done in New Mexico. We had deliberated the idea to the Mongolians and they were ready to try them out. The fact that we could make a yurt like structure with local earth and for cheap fascinated many locals. Community decided that they wanted to build a dome that was 5 meters in diameter. So we started our project, to make an adobe yurt which our mentor fondly named- gobidobe.
Mongolians are matriarchal, educated, hardworking and inquisitive people. Every morning women and men workers would come with their notebook and meticulously document everything I would say about catenary curve. They made their own formwork and compass. Everything was made from scratch and materials procured from 2 km radius. Local tradition said that camel dung created a natural polymer which we used to create a thin waterproof membrane. We didn’t intend the building to last for more than 5 years so we didn’t use cement or foreign material for waterproofing. We used a simple compass that pivoted on its axis. The compass would guide bricks into place and when they were laid every thing was under pure compression- this way we didn’t need any timber for construction.
We were happy with the fact that the dome would not last many years. It was built in 35 days with bare hands, bare earth and unconditional love. The total cost of the building was 100 USD, which was used to get few bags of cement for the foundation and wooden door and window.
This dome was built with a collaborative effort. Its success depends on if it can accepted be, acclimated and modified for the desert context. It is however a good example of intense deliberation with farmers to bring in a new technology. Yurt was a technology that had evolved and dissimiated into many places. Now only the time will tell if this gobidobe like its felt counter can survive the test of nature, vis-à-vis cold, wind, earthquake, cultural beliefs and biases.
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Jorge Icaza’s Expressions of Social Protest
Most likely best known for his starkly realistic novel Huasipungo, Ecuadorian writer Jorge Icaza Coronel (1906-1978) began his literary career as a playwright. Some of his first published works included El Intruso (1928), La Comedia sin Nombre (1929), Cuál es (1931), and Sin Sentido (1932). Some of these works were lighthearted in nature and popular productions, but after writing a dramatic play in 1933, El Dictador, reportedly based on a novel by Jules Remains, government authorities took exception to the theme of the play and prevented it from being staged. It was at this point the Jorge Icaza began to express his viewpoints on the social problems of the time through the writing of novels.
Icaza’s first novel, Huasipungo, was published in 1934. With its exposure of the oppression suffered by Ecuador’s indigenous people, the novel gained international recognition, as did its author. The issues addressed in the book, that of the peasant class being exploited by the wealthy and influential, are experienced around the world and the book was translated into a number of languages and widely accepted. The first excerpts of the book translated into English, were printed in Russia, where the peasant socialist class were said to have welcomed it with enthusiasm, relating to its message. The author was later appointed as Ecuador’s ambassador to Russia. The first complete English translation of Huasipungo (The Villagers) was completed by Mervyn Savill in 1962 and published in England, with a second English translation completed by Bernard H. Dulsey in 1964 and published in the United States.
Huasipungo is considered to be a proletarian novel, an expression of social protest, and the book and its author have been likened to Pulitzer Prize winning author John Steinbeck and his 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath, set in the period of the Great Depression and focusing on the hardships faced by a poor family of sharecroppers. While the upper classes of Ecuador were outraged by the publication of Huasipungo, and some slated it as anti-government propaganda, its powerful language and imagery was widely praised as a masterpiece of realism.
Throughout his life, most of which he lived in the city of Quito, Jorge Icaza continued to address social issues through both novels and plays. His works include Sierra (1933), En las calles (1936), Cholos (1938), Media Vida Deslumbrados (1942), Huayrapamushcas (1948), Seis Relatos (1952), El Chulla Romero y Flores (1958), and Atrapados (1973). His writing style and socially relevant themes have influenced writers throughout Latin America, including his home country of Ecuador.
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Sundial An Integral Part of Armenian Architecture
Sundial An Integral Part of Armenian ArchitectureSundial is an ancient scientific instrument that possibly was the first application of the human knowledge of the movement of celestial bodies. Several thousand sundials are preserved in modern Armenia, and the oldest among them have nearly 3,000 years of history.
The creation of sundial occurred when people discovered the connection between the length and location of shadows with the position of the Sun. Obelisks and other similar structures have been not only used in rites dedicated to the Sun but in the determination of time as well.
After the adoption of Christianity in Armenia as a state religion in 301 AD, most of the sundials along with pagan temples were destroyed. However, in Middle Ages, Armenians started to use sundials again, mostly installing them in southern sections of their monasteries. Examples of such monasteries are Zvartnots, Goshavank, Makaravank, Harichavank, Haghartsin, Mshakavank, and others.
The Mesrop Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts (Matenadaran) now keeps a plethora of descriptions of ancient sundials. According to them, Armenians have widely used sundials. But sundials had a disadvantage: they didn’t work at night or in overcast weather.
A distinctive feature of Armenian sundials was the used units of time. Armenians used the letters of their alphabet as units of time, unlike other peoples who mainly used numbers.
Armenian archaeologist Harutyun Martirosyan wrote: “Babylon was the homeland of water clock, Egypt was the homeland of hourglass, and Armenia was the homeland of sundial.”
Today, sundials are rarely used in the determination of time, but they are an inseparable part of the Armenian architecture. Sundials are still depicted on the walls of monasteries and khachkars. A sundial can also be seen on the entrance door of Matenadaran. In Armenia, sundial has been considered a symbol of the perpetual progress of life.
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Lesson Plan Topic: Albert Einstein’s Birthday
Lesson Plan Topic: Albert Einstein
Objective: Research the life and accomplishments of Albert Einstein; Analyze how his childhood and life were shaped by events; Draw conclusions on how his accomplishments impacted history and continue to impact us today.
Standards: CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.2.1; CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RI.2.2
Reading level: Emerging/Fluent
**Standards retrieved from http://www.corestandards.org
Preface/Teacher Notes: Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879. There is no question that Albert Einstein had a profound impact on various academic fields as well as life as we know it today. There were many challenges and successes that shaped his childhood and his adult life that all played a part in his path. In celebration of what would be the scientist’s 138th birthday, students will dive into Albert Einstein’s life and learn about what shaped him and how his accomplishments helped shape us!
Essential Question (s): How did Albert Einstein’s childhood shape him as an adult? What people/ideas shaped his accomplishments and theories? How did those accomplishments/theories immediately impact the world during this time? How do those accomplishments/theories continue to impact our world today? How might things be different if Albert Einstein had not been born and/or had not pursued his ideas/theories?
**Students can use the Albert Einstein collection
**Students can also search Choosito Web to further their research on the essential questions!
Step 1: Students will research details about Albert Einstein and his accomplishments throughout his life.
Step 2: Students will then analyze how his childhood/life may have had an impact on his accomplishments/career, and how those accomplishments had an immediate and/or lasting impact on society.
Step 3 (tying it all together): Students will present their answers to the essential questions to the class.
-Personal touch: What do students like/admire most about Albert Einstein
Students can present the information to their peers using the following suggestions:
-Mock Interview (students can role play a ‘’live’’ interview with Albert Einstein).
-Oral presentation with visual aid
-A live newscast (in front of the class, video recording, audio recording).
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"url": "https://www.choosito.com/blog/en/lesson-plan-topic-albert-einsteins-birthday/"
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IV. Introduction to a C++ Program
(parts of chapter 2 and 3)
1. Visual C++ is more than a compiler, it's an Integrated Development Environment, containing many more tools that we'll get to this quarter. Focus only on tools needed now!
2. C++ is VERY powerful and complex language. We will introduce only those portions needed, and not show everything language is capable of right away. But be aware that unintended "mistakes" may be interpreted as a correct feature of the language and thereby cause havoc. Program carefully!
A program to calculate revenue generated by cable installation. Based on a $25.00 per site service charge and $2.00 per foot of cable used in each installation. (Installer measures cable by the yard.)
Data Object Kind of value Type of data Name
Number of installations variableinteger Installations
Yards of cable used variablereal YardsOfCable
Feet of cable used variablereal FeetOfCable
Revenue generated variablereal Revenue
Installation service charge constantreal ServiceCharge
Cost of cable per foot constantreal CostPerFoot
READ Installations, YardsOfCable
FeetOfCable = 3.0 * YardsOfCable
Revenue = Installations * ServiceCharge + CostPerFoot * FeetOfCable
PRINT Revenue
C++ PROGRAM (overhead or computer projected):
(text page 42)
(show execution if possible: shows I/O)
This program calculates the revenue generated by an employee installing coaxial cable.
Based on installation charge of $25.00 and cost per foot of cable of $2.00.
Program Input(keyboard): The number of installations, The yards of cable installed Program Output (screen): The revenue generated ----------------------------------------------------------------------*/ #include <iostream.h> int main(void) { //PROGRAM CONSTANTS: const double ServiceCharge = 25.00, //service charge per installation CostPerFoot = 2.00; //unit cable cost //PROGRAM VARIABLES: int Installations; //number of installations (input) double YardsOfCable, //yards of cable used (input) FeetOfCable, //feet of cable used (computed) Revenue; //revenue generated (computed) cout <<"\nPlease enter:" <<"\n\tThe number of installations, and" <<"\n\tThe yards of cable used.\n"; cin >> Installations >> YardsOfCable; FeetOfCable = 3.0 * YardsOfCable; Revenue = Installations * ServiceCharge + CostPerFoot * FeetOfCable; cout << "The revenue generated = $" << Revenue << "\n\n"; return 0; }//end of main
***NOTE declarations of all variables at top of program! Book doesn't do this. WE WILL!
-Things To Explain (LOTS!):
(** This is only an introduction to these concepts! Each will be covered in more depth later!)
-Comments: /* ... */ vs. //
- #include (iostream.h needed for i/o - cin/cout)
- "int main(void)" - (functions, "return 0") - all programs need main function
-"void" is the parameter of the function
-don't need to understand it all yet!
- { }
- "const" (syntax error if try to change its value)
- "int" vs. "Double" - lists of variables
- cout, "\n" "\t" << (prints info to i/o stream)
- cin >> (gets info from i/o stream and places into variables)
- purpose of semi-colon: to create a statement ( a C++ program is a series of statements)
KEYWORDS are C++ terms with reserved meaning/function (see App. B)
-those we've seen: main, void, int, const, double, return
IDENTIFIERS are terms "invented" by the programmer to identify specific program objects, such as constants, variables, and functions. Syntax: must begin with a letter, and contain letters, digits and non-consecutive underscores.
***C++ is CASE-SENSITIVE! Keywords are always lower case, else syntax error. Be consistent with identifiers! YardsOfCable is not same as yards_of_cable or yardsofcable!!! It's best to follow the rule in the book: begin with caps, concatenated words are capitalized (YardsOfCable)
EXPRESSIONS - a sequence of one or more data objects and zero or more OPERATORS, that combine to create a value - a semi-colon at the end of an expression creates a STATEMENT , therefore, statements have values! (Usually don't need to be concerned, but sometimes this feature is important -- mostly in future)
Suggest that students type in the program and run it.
Suggest that students write "hello world" program.
Suggest that students examine and understand program in figure 3.2 (radius of sphere)
(Possible "mini-assignments")
**Stress importance of becoming familiar with VC++ environment!!
V. A Closer Look at C++ Programs
(Chapter 3 - expressions, libraries)
-Use pre-written libraries to avoid unnecessary work! Many routines already written for various kinds of programs: math, graphics, windows, etc.
-Create your own libraries of commonly used functions in this, and future, courses
-Libraries have two parts:
1.) INTERFACE - contains minimal info on what is in libaray and how to use these items. This is contained in a separate, special file called a HEADER FILE. (File extension: *.h) All users must have access to this file in order to know how to use items in the library.
2.) IMPLEMENTATION - contains the definitions of the items. Contained in another separate file called the IMPLEMENTATION FILE. (File extension *.cpp) Most pre-defined libraries do not allow programmer access, to prevent changing. (If you changed a function to meet your needs, it wouldn't meet the needs of another programmer!)
-Neither of these two parts can stand alone and execute! They don't contain a "main" function.
-Pre-defined libraries are located in a special directory so the compiler knows where to look for them. Programmer-defined libraries can be placed wherever you want, as long as you tell the compiler where to look. (More on this later.)
-In order for a program to use a library, must instruct the compiler to use it, using a COMPILER DIRECTIVE. (CD's begin with # symbol). A #include tells compiler to use the file listed.
-Placing the library name in <>'s tells compiler to look in default include directory.
-When compiler sees #include <something.h>, it gets the specified file, and actually inserts the code into the machine code created. Your program gets bigger! (You won't see it in your source code, tho.)
-Then, when compiler sees objects in your source code that were defined in the library, it knows if you're using that object correctly.
EXAMPLE - see fig. 3.2, pg 77 - radius program, uses math.h library for pow( ) function
The fundamental C++ data types:
- Characters: letters, digits, symbols, punctuation - declared as char (uses 8 bits)
-Integers: positive and negative whole numbers - declared as int (machine word -16,32)
-variations: long int (32 bits), short int (16 bits), unsigned long/short int
-Reals: positive and negative numbers w/decimal point - declared as float( 32 bits, seven digit precision), double (64 bits, 15 digit precision), long double (machine dependent: 80,96, 128, 19 digit precision)
(note that this is NOT "float real", "double real", etc)
**REMEMBER that mixing numeric data types in math expressions yields a real value!
-CHARACTER CONSTANTS- a single character value (one ASCII value) which must be enclosed in single quotes: 'A', '5', '$',
-Some ASCII values have no associated (visible) character on keyboard/screen, or they are characters used by C++ language (\, quotes, etc) These are represented using ESCAPE SEQUENCES. Some most used:
'\n' newline (contrast at beginning/end of output. Look at sequential appearances.)
'\t' tab
'\f' formfeed
'\\' to print \
'\'' to print single quote
'\" ' to print double quote
'\?' to print ?
CHARACTER STRING CONSTANTS- multiple character values treated as a whole (a string), which must be enclosed in double quotes: "This is a string.", "Go to next line.\n", "The teacher said, \"C++ is FUN!\" "
-Math operators, as learned in pseudocode: +, -, *, /, %
-Mixing numeric types in an expression always yields a real value (this actually expands the integer value into a real value to do computation: PROMOTION)
-Modulus operator, %, requires integer operands, else syntax error
-Order of precedence is as learned in pseudocode
-Libraries contain many functions we can use
-Typical math functions: abs(x), pow(x,y)
-These return a value which can be used as appropriate
-To change a value into a different data type, eg:
double( j ) - creates a 64bit real value from j's value
int(x) - creates integer value from x's value (truncates)
(functional notation)
-sometimes written: (int) x or (double) j
(cast notation)
-To place a value into a variable data object
-Assignment operator: =
-data object must be on left of =
-These are not the same: A=B; B=A;
-Show what happens with: A = A + 1;
-Show swap algorithm:
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
-Assignment shortcuts:
x = 2.0;
y = x;
-can be written: y = x = 2.0;
-eg, initialize counters to 0: a = b = c = d = 0;
-quicker way to add/subtract one to data object:
x = x + 1; --> x++;
x = x - 1; --> x--;
-can use prefix notation: ++x;
-but when used in larger expression, could have surprising results!!
-Remember that expressions produce values, and the value produced by x++ is just x (even tho x is still changed!), and the value produced by the expression ++x is (x+1), so that:
x = 1;
y = x++;
assigns 1 into x, AND 1 into y, and THEN puts 2 into x, but
x = 1;
y = ++x;
assigns 1 into x, and then puts 2 into x, and THEN puts 2 into y.
-The statement:
y = y @ 3;
can be written:
y@= 3;
where @ is any math operator.
-Just a shortcut - don't overdo! Can get confusing!
-keyboard input characters are placed in the INPUT STREAM, called istream, which transmits the characters from the computer's op sys into the program.
-screen output characters are placed in the OUTPUT STREAM, called ostream, which transmits the characters from the program to the computer system
-istream and ostream are not keywords of C++: they are examples of pre-defined classes, which reside in the iostream.h library. (Our first example of having to use classes without knowing their implementation, but only how to use them.)
-There are two important objects defined in iostream.h which we will use:
cin - handles keyboard input
cout - handles screen output
-As seen, an input statement has the form of:
cin >> variable;
cin >> variable1 >> variable2 >> ... >> variableN;
(this statement operates from left to right)
-">>" is the INPUT OPERATOR (or extraction operator, because it extracts data from stream)
-Program execution is suspended until user enters required number of values
-As seen, and output statement has the form of:
cout << expression;
cout << expression1 << expression2 << ... << expressionN;
where expression is a data object (variable, numeric constant, string constant, etc)
-OUTPUT FORMATTING determines the appearance of output values
-important to learn, to create professional-appearing output (ie, two decimal places for dollar amounts, lining up columns or tables, spacing between values imbedded in sentence, etc)
-C++ provides pre-defined FORMAT MANIPULATORS in iomanip.h
-use format manipulators within any cout statements to control appearance
-Factors (some) we can control:
Field width - default is 1 - will overflow as needed - useful for aligning columns/tables
-to use, insert the f.m. "setw(width)" in front of every object to apply to
cout << setw(10) << num1 << setw(10) << num2;
Precision (number of places after decimal) - default is 6
-to use, insert the f.m. "setprecision(precision)" at beginning of cout statement
(only need to use once, unless you want different precisions in same statement):
cout << setprecision(3) << num1;
cout << setprecision(4) << "The answer is " << Answer;
Show decimal point - default won't!
- to use, insert the f.m. "setiosflags(flaglist)" and a flag of "ios::showpoint"
cout << setiosflags(ios::showpoint) << setprecision(3)
<< Answer;
-usually used with another flag, ios::fixedpoint, else will be floating:
cout << setiosflags(ios::showpoint | ios::fxed)
<< setprecision(3) << Answer;
-these only need to be set once per statement, for all values
Left/right justify - default is right
- to use, insert "setiosflags(flaglist)", with a flag of "ios::left" or "ios::right"
cout << setiosflags(ios::showpoint | ios::fxed | ios::left)
<< setprecision(3) << Answer;
-need only be set once per statement, will affect all values
-Can combine ALL format manipulators, as needed
<< setprecision(3) << setw(10) << Answer;
-Note use of " | " (pipe) character to divide flag list
-Summation of output formatting:
-Three format manipulators:
setw(width) - to specify a field with (defalt is 1)
- must insert before each value to format
setprecision(p) - to specify number of places after decimal
(default is 6)
-set once per cout statement
setiosflags(flaglist) - with these flags:
ios::showpoint - to force decimal point to appear
(default is no point)
ios::fixed - to display number in fixed point format
(default is floating point, mostly safe)
ios::left - to display value left justified in field
(default is right)
-set once per statement
NOTE that the flags showpoint, fixed, left, etc, are part of the pre-defined class ios
- "::" is the scope operator which lets us use these flags
-another example of using something already created for us, which we don't really know how they work, but we can still use them, because we know what they do and how to use them
EXAMPLES (formatting):
-Suppose a = 42, b = 3.145, c = 3.0
-Show output of the following:
cout << a << b << c;
cout << setw(10) << a << b << c;
cout << setw(10) << a << setw(10) << b << setw(10) << c;
42 3.145 3
cout << setprecision(3)
<< setw(10) << c;
42 3.145 3.000
cout << setprecision(2)
<< setw(10) << c;
42 3.15 3.00 **rounds!
cout << setprecision(5)
<< setw(10) << c;
42 3.14500 3.00000
cout << setprecision(2)
<< setiosflags(ios::showpoint) //no fixed!
<< setw(10) << c;
42 3.15 3.00
cout << setprecision(2)
<< setiosflags(ios::showpoint | ios::fixed | ios::left)
<< setw(10) << c;
42 3.15 3.00
-Suggest students do practice exercises at end of section 3.6
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Chirripo National Park Facts
Chirripo National Park Facts
Chirripo National Park is a 125,650 acre park located in Costa Rica. The park was established in 1975, and named for the most prominent feature in its boundaries - Cerro Chirripo - Costa Rica's tallest mountain. Chirripo National Park contains portions of three Costa Rican provinces, including Cartago, Limon, and San Jose. Chirripo National Park is one of the country's more wild national parks, but is fairly easy to access on foot. One of the unique features of Chirripo National Park is that it encompasses five ecosystems, which is more than is found in most countries in the world.
Interesting Chirripo National Park Facts:
Chirripo National Park is named after Cerro Chirripo - the tallest mountain in Costa Rica and the world's 38th most prominent peak. The mountain reaches 12,530 feet in height.
The climate in Chirripo National Park is characterized mainly by two seasons. The wet season runs from May to November while the dry season runs from December to April.
The main attraction for tourists who visit Chirripo National Park is the mountain Cerro Chirripo. They visit to climb the mountain where they can see the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean from the summit.
Climbing Cerro Chirripo involves a 15km hike up a steep elevation. Climbers can sleep in mountain huts overnight but camping in tents is not allowed.
Chirripo National Park is one of Costa Rica's coldest spots and the lowest temperature on record in Costa Rica was recorded in the park. It was -9 degrees Celsius.
The five ecosystems in Chirripo National Park include subalpine wet forest, Montane wet forest, lower montane wet forest, premontane tropical wet forest, and lowland tropical wet forest.
The higher levels in the park are susceptible to forest fires during the dry season (December to April).
Toronto's York University has a research facility in Chirripo National Park called Las Numbes Centre for Neotropical Conservation and Research. This facility has an agreement with the Tropical Science Center of Costa Rica in terms of its management.
Some biologists have spent their entire careers researching in Chirripo National Park.
There have been more than 400 bird species identified in Chirripo National Park including trogons, wood creepers, long tailed hermits, brown pelicans, green herons, and various woodpeckers.
There have been more than 260 reptile and amphibian species identified in Chirripo National Park including boa constrictors, narrow-headed vine snakes, spiny green lizards, as well as various toads and various frogs.
Wildlife such as pumas, Bairds tapirs, jaguars, margays, agoutis, kinkajous, coatis, collard peccaries, pacas, armadillo, and spider monkeys can be found in Chirripo National Park.
Various butterfly and moth species can be found in Costa Rica and Chirripo National Park including the green page moth, owl butterfly, violet sabrewing, monarch butterfly, and chestnut headed oropendola.
The nearest city to Chirripo National Park is San Isidro del General.
There are natural hot springs located 15 minutes north of the San Gerardo de Rivas ranger station where visitors can pay the private land owners a few bucks to enjoy a dip in the water.
Related Links:
National Parks Facts
Animals Facts
Educational Videos
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Weather MDC
What Are Biots?
by Andres Puls
Biots are the short, stiff fibers found along the leading edge of a bird's primary wing feathers. Depending upon the species of bird, biots vary significantly in length, stiffness, color, and transparency. Goose and turkey biots, which are commercially available split from the feather stems and dyed almost every imaginable color, are commonly used making flies. Use goose and turkey biots, along with biots from other wild and domestic birds,to make wrapped bodies, tails, antennae, wing buds, legs, and a host of ther parts on your insect imitations.
First and foremost, be critical of the quality of the biots used. Some stripped stems have biots that are broken, cracked, and the tips singed by the bleaching and dyeing process. This is readily visible when bending the stems. Second, always select the right biots for the job, starting with the proper species of bird. Goose biots are stiffer, produce a thinner flat rib, and most important, are shorter than turkey biots. Use goose biots whenever possible because they tie prettier, more durable flies. Unfortunately, goose biots are usually too short to wrap bodies on anything larger than standard size 14 dry flies. In the case of larger or fatter flies, use turkey biots.
Goose biots come in many shapes and lengths, even on the same stem. Use short, stout goose biots for making tails (i.e. Copper Johns); save the longer biots for wrapping bodies and tying wings (i.e. Prince Nymphs). Also, pay attention to the widths of the biots used. Narrower biots create more closely spaced ribbing; as a result, narrow biots are suitable for wrapping only shorter bidies.
After finding the perfect-sized biot, pull-do not clip-it from the stem. This trick is especially important when wrapping a biot body because there is often little excess material to gasp with your hackle pliers. Furthermore, the curved notch at the butt end indicates what type of rib a biot will create. Since consecutive biots on a stem are roughly equal size, find the correct size for the job, and then break the stem at that point. Peel the biots from the broken ends of the stem. Be sure to moisten biots before wrapping or folding them around the hook to prevent cracking; place enough biots for the number of flies you want to tie, plus a couple extra biots, inside a wet folded paper towel.
Finally, don;t limit yourself to goose and turkey biots, especially when it comes to tying tails and natennae. Other species of birds, such as partridge, pheasant, ducks, chickens, and other large birds, all have biots of differening colors, shape, and textures.
- Up -
Tying Biot Bodies
By pulling the biot from the stem instead of cutting it from the stem will allow you to see the notch in the butt of the biot. The position of this notch will determine if the fly body will be ribbed or flat.
Ribbed Bodied Fly - Biot Midge Pupa
by Andres Puls - Flier Tier Magazine, Spring 2011
1. Tie the tip of the soaked biot to the side of the hook with curved notch facing up and forward. Be sure the thread base is level, and leave the thread at the bend of the hook (ala A.K.Best).
2. Grasp the end of the biot with hackle pliers. Pull the biot to the far side of the hook, and wrap it one and a half times around the shank behind the tying thread without advancing the biot forward. Make sure the biot does not twist, and leave it hanging on the far side of the hook.
3. Make one wrap of thread over the leading edge of the biot. Notice that the thread is now hanging on the far side of the hook behind the biot.
4. Make another wrap of biot; be sure to cover the previous wrap of thread. Next, make a wrap of thread covering the edge of the second biot wrap.
5. Continue making the body with alternating wraps of biot and thread. End with the biot on your side of the hook, and the hackle pliers above the shank. Notice the position of the thread; it is hanging on the far side of the hook centered in the last biot wrap.
6. Make two wraps of thread angling backwards behind the biot, followed by a third wrap angling forward. Make a fourth wrap around the hook shank in front of the biot to finish tying it off. Remove the hackle pliers and clip the biot even with the top of the shank.
7. Smooth over the clipped biot with three or four wraps of thread. Now you may complete the fly: dub a thorax. create a thread head, whip-finish and clip, and add head cement.
Flat Bodied Fly - Blood Bud Midge Larva
by Andrew Puls, Fly Tier Magazine, Spring 2011
1. Wrap a thread base and tie on a moist biot with the curved notch facing down and back
2. Wrap the biot abdomen of the fly using the method in the above exercise. Wrap a large thread base for the thorax and tie-in for the wing buds.
3. Tie a soaked biot to each side of the thorax with the butt ends facing forward.
4. Clip the butt off the biots. Smooth out the base of the thorax with wraps of thread. Pull the pointed ends of the biot forwrd and tie them off just behind the hook eye.
5. Clip the excess portions of the biots. Wrap a neat thread head, whip-finish, and clip. Coat the entire thorax with expoxy.
- Up -
Ball Biot
Tying Biot Tails
There are many techniques to tie on biot tail. This is one way to make a difficult tie much easier. First, apply a small amount of dubbing to the thread and build a ball of dubbing about half the hook eye in diameter at the point where you want the tail to be placed. Grasp the biots (both curving the same way) and measure for length. Place these two biots on the top of the hook shank just in front of the ball of dubbing and place a loose turn of thread at the point where the biots begin to separate. Apply increasing pressure to the thread, twisting the tail into position while flaring the biots. Add a few more turns of thread to the biots to hold them in place securely.
Another technique would be to build up a small ball of thread at the location that the biots are to be tied on to the shank. At this point follow the directions used in the above technique.
- Up -
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Areyto – The Dance of the Taínos
Our primitive ancestors, the Indian Taínos celebrated their circumstances through a religious ceremony called Areyto. Music played a vital role in the history and culture of Borikén, named the Taínos gave to Puerto Rico, meaning in their language, the land of God.
Throughout thousands of years, the Areyto evolved into other genres of music and even when unfortunate circumstances could be devastating to the island; this art of science called music is the magical element that shifts sadness into bliss. It reminds Puerto Ricans that they can find the solutions to their problem through singing and dancing.
Starting with the national hymn of Puerto Rico, called La Borinqueña, the Indian Taínos left us a legacy of their customs and culture. The Areyto ceremony played a significant role in their social, political and religious life, and its purpose was to worship their ancestors and to seek spiritual guidance from the spirit world.
By performing dances and music, the community participated in the Areyto, and the festivities could go on for days. It usually took place in the central plaza of a village, called the Batey. Also known as dance courts, this rectangular and vast area was surrounded by stones slabs, and decorated with carvings of zemís to hold the spirits of Yocahú and Atabey.
Petroglyph at Caguana Ceremonial Center
Petroglyph at Caguana Ceremonial Center
Taínos believed zemís had powers that affected their physical environments, such as the weather, health, death, and childbirth. The Carved zemís from stone or wood were made in all shapes and sizes, as well as adorned with gold and semiprecious stones.
Led by the cacique, which was the chief of the tribe, the Areyto was a religious ceremony, helping him the bohique, a shaman with supernatural powers. Before the ceremony, he painted or tattooed his body with zemís. Besides using medicine herbs, chants, tobacco, and maracas to create an immortal sound; magic was the most powerful element he used for healing. He understood that magic was perceived by being able to see far beyond his physical eyes. He mastered quantum physics, believing his world was a projection of his inner eyes.
Both the bohíque and the cacique inhaled cohoba seeds. The purpose of this hallucinating drug was to reach a state of mind that would transport them to the spirit world. There were times when they added the cohoba to the tobacco and ground shells, with the means to enhance its effectiveness.
Before beginning the Areyto ceremony, they would go through a purifying process by fasting or by inserting a stick in their throat to cause vomiting. Inhaling the Cohoba into the nose with tubes made of bones or wood, the bohíque, and the cacique’s state of hallucination was to communicate with their gods, hoping to receive guidance and answers.
To prepare for these ceremonies, the Taínos liked to paint their bodies with dyes made from plants and adorned their bodies with parrot feathers and jewelry made of shells. The caciques and bohíques wore capes decorated with feathers.
The Areyto began with a procession of the Taínos carrying baskets of cassava bread, and singing songs about the zemís. They also went through a cleansing process by pressing a stick down their throat and vomiting.
The woman brought cassava bread to the bohíques, who offered it to the zemís. Dancing, singing, and chanting followed, glorifying the deities and praying for prosperity and health. They created music with a wooden drum, made from a tree, called atambor. This instrument was accompanied by maracas, guiros, conch shell trumpets and flutes that were made from bones. When the indigenous were not performing, they sat on stones, while the caciques and bohíques sat on their stools.
Among the different reasons Areitos were celebrated, the visit of prominent guests was one of them. Fray Bartolomé de las Casas, a Spanish priest who lived in Puerto Rico during the Spanish colonization, described an Areyto ceremony as a beautiful and magical ritual where the Taínos expressed their essence by telling tales of their past circumstances and their ancestors to their children while they danced and sang.
Caguana Ceremonial Center, Dancing Court
Caguana Ceremonial Center, Dancing Court
Known as one of the largest Taíno settlements in Puerto Rico, the Ceremonial Plaza of Caguana was one of the preferred sites for the Taínos to celebrate the Areyto. Located in Ponce, this center is one of the largest and oldest plazas in the Caribbean, providing this site an ideal setting for archeologists to study the evolution of the Taíno culture.
The historian believes the Areyto was a medium to escape this world and to reach higher dimensions. Even though only the cacique and the bohique were the ones establishing communication with higher spiritual realms, the purifying state they were all able to reach through the Areyto ceremony, would benefit each one of them, allowing them to receive grace, wisdom, and joy.
This entry was posted in Customs and Culture, The Tainos and tagged , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . Bookmark the permalink.
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Name: Borophagus (Gluttonous eater).
Phonetic: Bor-o-fay-gus.
Named By: Edward Drinker Cope - 1892.
Synonyms: Cynogulo, Osteoborus, Hyaenognathus, Porthocyon.
Classification: Chordata, Mammalia, Carnivora, Canidae, Borophaginae.
Species: B. diversidens (type), B. dudleyi, B. hilli, B. littoralis, B. orc, B. parvus, B. pugnator, B.secundus.
Diet: Carnivore.
Size: 1.5 meters long. Up to 43kg.
Known locations: North America, especially the United States and Mexico.
Time period: Aquitanian of the Miocene through to the Zanclean of the Pliocene.
Fossil representation: Many known specimens.
Borophagus is the last of the known line of 'bone-crunching dogs' (also known as 'hyena dogs’) that roamed the plains of North America. Although Borophagus was smaller than its ancestors such as Epicyon, its skull was considerably better adapted to crushing bones. This seems to be a trait of a creature that relied more upon scavenging the kills of other predators rather than going out of its way to hunt and kill its own food, although this does not mean that Borophagus never did.
The problem with this lifestyle is that if Borophagus tracked other kills and possibly waited for larger killers to finish their meal then all of the fleshy and easier to eat parts would have already been eaten. This would mean that the only relatively untouched parts left would be the bones which predators seldom attempt to eat unless starving due to the risk of tooth injuries, something that could hamper their effectiveness at killing prey. However this was not a problem for Borophagus as its strong jaw muscles and short muzzle combined to focus a high bite force that could easily crack open the remaining bones so that it could eat the marrow within. This is why Borophagus may have been a sit and wait scavenger waiting for other larger carnivores to finish. Unless feeling particularly bold or with the numbers of a pack behind it, there would be no need for Borophagus to get in a fight with another predator when it knew it could eat the parts the other predator was going to leave.
Further reading
- Addition to the fauna of the Florida Pliocene. - Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club 18:67-70. - T. E. White - 1941.
- Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae). - Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 243:1-392. - X. Wang, R. H. Tedford & B. E. Taylor - 1999.
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Igneous rock: Basalt
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A burrow is a trace fossil that is created by the burrowing activities of an organism. Often it has an elongated form, which may be branched, but there are also burrows with more complex forms. Sometimes the inner walls of a burrow have been lined with a specific material by the organism, such as faeces or prey remains. Also, there are burrows with traces of the burrowing activity itself (e.g. claw traces of reptiles).
For more information, also see Ichnofossils.
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What is a Boricua Jibaro?
02/18/2014 20:21
What is a Jíbaro?
Jíbaro is a term used to refer to mountain people, who lived "in-land" in the heart of the island, and are the backbone of the Puerto Rican culture.
In 1820, Miguel Cabrera, a poet from Arecibo, writes "Coplas del Jíbaro." In 1835 "xibaro" surfaces in French and American documents. In 1849, Dr. Manuel Alonzo, published his book, "Gibaro (old Spanish)." It is obvious from these writing that "jíbaro" referers to rustic life or lifestyle, and that the term is common in the island.
It should be noted that the term jíbaro, according to the Catholic online encyclopedia, is also the name of a tribal group in South America, it meant "mountain men." Jíbaro means "People of the Forest" in the Taíno language. So the term obviously came with them as they immigrated from South America. However "jíbaro" - as is used in Puerto Rico, is not used the same in Cuba or the Dominican Republic, which were populated with the very same Taíno people.
Early Puerto Rico was a thick bosque with very few and far between roads. It was easier to take a boat to get to the other side of the island than to travel across. This isolated the jíbaros and helped to develop their distinct identity. Municipios were isolated areas and travel between municipios was not common. Each town was founded with a Catholic church as the "heart" of the town, and a plaza in front. Each town had its own patron saint. Yearly Patron Saint fiestas (Fiestas Patronales) were celebrated in each town. People looked forward to these yearly patron saint festivals and to navidad celebrations. They labored from dawn to dusk, daily, and looked forward to these celebrations.
Music was a major component in the development of the Jíbaro persona. Jíbaros made their own entertainment and most of the time that meant music. With strong Spaniard roots, the jíbaros became poets, composers, and great story tellers. They wrote and sang coplas, décimas, seis chorreao, aguinaldos y villancicos, and cuentos de Juan Bobo. Fiestas took on a new meaning for the overworked, and exhausted campesinos. Holidays became important events.
Traditionally a jíbaro was a poor mountain man (as in the American hillbilly), someone from the mountains, in el campo or "la isla" as they refer to the heart of the island in Puerto Rico. Not all residents of the interior of the island were jíbaros. Some were acendados from well to do families. The hacendados considered themselves Españoles, were well educated, often completing their education in Europe, and had servants.
A jíbaro was the poor campesino, uneducated, and illiterate. He lived in extreme poverty. He made do with what little he had. The jíbaro was not educated, but he was not stupid. He had natural wisdom. Other traits traditionally linked to jíbaros were honesty, bravery, hospitality, self-sufficiency, stuburness, and mucho orgullo.
A jibarito knew how to work the soil, milk a cow, how to concoct home remedies for both his family and his animals using yerbas. He invented "lechón en la varita" and knew how to use a fogón. I speak in the past tense because the true jíbaro is now dead, gone forever, but NOT forgotten. Over 50% of islanders today have at least one year of college. So, we can't say that there are any true jíbaros left - only jíbaros de corazón.
We don't know much about the development of the "jíbaro," but we know what it represents today - a true and genuine Puertorriqueño. . . .
The Spanish guitar with six strings, entered Puerto Rico in 1516 and underwent several changes, owing the lack of native materials and craftsmen to produce authentic instruments. Of the derivatives, namely the requinto, bordonua, tiple and cuatro, only the cuatro is used with any frequency today. It has five double strings and produces a unique, rather hollow sound. (A linguistic note: cuatro means "fourth" and refers to the tuning of strings which are a half octave (a fourth) apart.)
The güicharo, or güiro is undoubtedly native to the island (a Taíno instrument). It is a hollowed gourd with ridges cut into one side. A wire fork is rhythmically dragged over the ridges to produce an unusual percussion sound. It has found its way into many forms of Latin music.
. Seis is the most important form of jíbaro music. Seis means many things within the music—not only a type of singing but also a type of rhythm. The seis came to Puerto Rico from Spain in the 1680s. Spanish stringed instruments served as the inspiration for distinctive Puerto Rican instruments such as the cuatro, tiple, and bordonúa.
The first settlers of Puerto Rico, the majority of whom came from the province of Andalucia in Spain, brought with them the Andalusian couplet and the seguidilla, from which contemporary popular poetry is patterned. The décima jíbara or countryside poetry of today is traceable also to the Andalusian décima, a metric combination of ten verses which was introduced into the island during the sixteenth century.
Vida Criolla
Luis Lloréns Torres
¡Ay, qué lindo es mi bohío!
Y qué alegre es mi palmar.
¡Y qué fresco el platanar
de la orillita del río!
¡Qué sabroso es tener frío
y un buen cigarro encender!
¡Qué dicha no conocer
de letras ni astronomía!
¡Y qué buena hembra la mía
cuando se deja querer!
El Puertorriqueño
Manuel A. Alonso
Color moreno, frente despejada,
mirar lánguido, altivo y penetrante,
la barba negra, pálido el semblante,
rostro enjuto, nariz proporcionada.
Mediana talla, marcha compasada;
el alma de ilusiones anhelante,
agudo ingenio, libre y arrogante,
piensa inquieto, mente acalorada.
Humano, afable, justo, dadivoso,
en empresa de amor siempre variable,
tras la gloria y place siempre afanoso.
Y en amor a su patria insuperable
Este es, a no dudarlo, fiel diseño
para copia un buen puertorriqueño
In 1849 Manuel Alonso published "El Gíbaro" (old spelling),
a book of poetry and prose that is considered a "criollismo"
full of costumbrismos and early island vernacular.
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Precolonial History of
The precolonial times until the beginning of the 19th century is characterised by the work of the missionaries. In particular the Rhenish Mission Society was very involved in southern Namibia.
In 1811, the missionary Heinrich Schmelen had a church erected in Bethanien. It was the first Namibian building made from stone. Many more mission stations and churches were founded, e.g. in Otjimbingwe, Okahandja and Gobabis. The missionaries were followed by merchants, scientists and adventurers.
In the year 1840 the Nama Chief Jan Jonker Afrikaner founded a settlement in Klein-Windhoek, an area with strong water, and so the foundations were laid for what later was to become the capital city, Windhoek. The missionaries of the Rhenish Mission under Carl Hugo Hahn also settled here a little later.
Jan Jonker Afrikaner, Painting by Cobus van Bosch
The second half of the 19th century was rife with fierce battles between the Nama and the Herero, who fought over land for hunting and grazing that had become scarce due to long periods of drought. In 1880, the Herero under their chief Maharero, conquered Windhoek from the Nama. The last big war between Nama and Herero ensued for ten years.
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Problem 295
Lenticular holes
We call the convex area enclosed by two circles a lenticular hole if:
• The centres of both circles are on lattice points.
• The two circles intersect at two distinct lattice points.
• The interior of the convex area enclosed by both circles does not contain any lattice points.
Consider the circles:
C0: x2+y2=25
C1: (x+4)2+(y-4)2=1
C2: (x-12)2+(y-4)2=65
The circles C0, C1 and C2 are drawn in the picture below.
C0 and C1 form a lenticular hole, as well as C0 and C2.
We call an ordered pair of positive real numbers (r1, r2) a lenticular pair if there exist two circles with radii r1 and r2 that form a lenticular hole. We can verify that (1, 5) and (5, √65) are the lenticular pairs of the example above.
Let L(N) be the number of distinct lenticular pairs (r1, r2) for which 0 < r1≤ r2≤ N.
We can verify that L(10) = 30 and L(100) = 3442.
Find L(100 000).
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Neuromotor and neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying display behavior
Sexual selection favors the evolution of increasingly complex behavioral traits used to court mates and fight off rivals. When these displays are physical in nature, display performance requires coordinated action of brain, hormones, and skeletal muscles. We study these mechanisms of behavior in a number of ways.
1. Morphological and physiological adaptations for physical display behavior
When sexual selection favors increasingly elaborate physical displays, some of these gestures are so extreme that they are reflected in morphological innovations. We study the morphology that underlies display behavior in manakins, a family of lekking tropical birds. Many manakin species perform downright acrobatic displays, which are supported by modifications of both skeleton and muscles.
Flattened bones in wings that go "snap"
Manakins in the genus Manacus, like the golden-collared manakin (Manacus vitellinus), use a courtship behavior called the wing-snap, produced by rapidly hitting the wrists together. In studying how morphology influences behavior, we found that these species also have a radius that is both flattened and solidified relative to other species.
high-speed muscleS specialized for displaying
Wing-snap gestures rely on fast muscle contraction as well. In fact, we've found that the golden collared manakin can contract its scapulohumeralis wing muscle faster than any other tetrapod in the world, which allows it to hit its wings together over 100 times per second. We are currently trying to understand how this remarkable shift in physiological performance was able to come about.
Juvenile male manakins like the red-capped manakin ( Ceratopipra mentalis ), above, start practicing their wing-snap displays before they've achieved their definitive (adult) plumage.
Read more:
Friscia A, Sanin GD, Lindsay WR, Day LB, Schlinger BA, Tan J, and MJ Fuxjager. 2016. Adaptive evolution of a derived radius morphology in manakins (Aves, Pipridae) to support acrobatic display behavior. Journal of Morphology. 277: 766-775. [pdf]
Fuxjager MJ, Goller F, Dirske A, Sanin GD, and S Garcia. 2016. Select forelimb muscles have evolved superfast contractile speed to support acrobatic social displays. eLife 5:e13544. [pdf]
2. Tissue-specific steroid hormone action
How are the musculoskeletal and nervous system specialized to facilitate the production of highly physical display behavior? For the male animals that display, we find that the answer largely lies in steroid hormone action. But while many other researchers focus on the effects of the hormone alone (i.e. changes in circulating testosterone levels), we study the potent downstream and peripheral mechanisms by which androgens support physical displays.
Androgens enhance motor performance
Androgens are sex steroid hormones that regulate an astounding variety of animal traits-- including muscle performance involved in producing display behavior. This is because androgenic receptor (AR), which is bound by multiple steroid hormones, is a transcription factor and therefore alters local gene expression. In manakins, for example, wing muscle AR activity is associated with increased expression of genes associated with calcium trafficking and muscle hypertrophy, both of which enhance muscle contraction.
We study how this works in birds like the golden-collared manakin, where we have found that wing-snap display behavior is androgen-dependent. Even more, this behavior appears to be regulated by peripheral (i.e. muscle tissue-specific) action of androgenic receptor (AR), and suppressing AR activity impedes an individual's ability to display.
the power of Steroidogenic enzymes
While most people are familiar with the hormones testosterone (T) and estrogen (E), these are only two components of a complex steroid pathway. Steroidogenic enzymes are responsible for synthesizing downstream steroid metabolites like dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is a much more potent activator of the AR transcription factor than T alone. Therefore, another mechanism to alter display behavior lies in modifying enzymatic activity. We have previously discovered that manakins express more of the T-inactivating enzyme 5ß-reductasein in both the central nervous system and skeletal muscle, when compared to zebra finches that do not produce physical displays. This suggests that inhibiting activity of less potent steroids may help further enhance muscle performance in species that produce physical displays.
Read more:
Fuxjager MJ, Lee J, Chan T, Bahn J, Chew J, Xiao X, and BA Schlinger. 2016. Hormones, genes and athleticism: effect of androgens on the avian muscular transcriptome. Molecular Endocrinology. 30: 254-271. [pdf]
Fuxjager MJ, Schuppe ER, Hoang J, Chew J, Shah M, and Schlinger BA. 2016. Expression of 5α- and 5β-reductase in spinal cord and muscle of birds with different courtship repertoires. Frontiers in Zoology. 13:25. [pdf]
Fuxjager MJ, Eaton J, Lindsay WR, Salwiczek LH, Rensel MA, Barske J, Sorenson L, Day LB, and BA Schlinger. 2015. Evolutionary patterns of adaptive acrobatics and physical performance predict expression profiles of androgen receptor – but not estrogen receptor – in the forelimb musculature. Functional Ecology. 29: 1197-1208. [pdf]
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Aqaba’s history dates back to the 4th millennium BC. The name of Aqaba was given to the port city in the 14th century when it was ruled by the Mamluk Sultan based in Egypt. Previously, it was known as Ayla, a name which archaeologists and historians have often interpreted as the twin version of Eilat.
During the 1st century BC, the Nabataeans, who raised livestock and pirated merchant ships in the Red Sea, inhabited Ayla. Around 106 AD, the Romans used the town as one of their main trading stations en route to the sea. Ayla came under Islamic rule in 630 AD, when the spread of Islam from Hejaz reached the peoples of the Red Sea. During this time, the port was known as the “Door to Palestine”.
IMG_4713 IMG_4712 IMG_4720 IMG_4716 IMG_4715 IMG_4714
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Comma chameleon: How it changes the color of your meaning
The comma is such a little mark, but it can prompt big confusion—and heated debate—about its use.
There’s a lot to cover, so let’s jump right in. (Believe me, we will not cover everything about commas here, but we’ll give it a shot.)
Compound sentences
A compound sentence comprises two independent clauses. Each clause has a subject and verb and could stand as a sentence unto itself. It takes a comma before the conjunction (and, but, or, etc.):
The dog barked at a cat, and the cat ran up a tree.
My uncle is sick, but the highway is green.
I can bring you along while I shop for shoes, or you can stay home and watch sports all day. (Decisions, decisions …)
In the following case, the dog is the subject of both verbs, so there should be no comma:
The dog barked at a cat but didn’t chase it. (You would use a comma if it were structured this way: The dog barked at a cat, but he didn’t chase it.)
Here we have modifying phrases for the cat.
The dog barked at a cat, which then ran up a tree.
The dog barked at the cat that had run up the tree.
(Here, the modifying phrase specifies a particular cat. There may have been other cats, but the pooch barked at the one up the tree. No comma.)
Often we see commas misplaced in sentences with a complex predicate and a modifying phrase:
Wrong: The dog barked at the cat, and for no apparent reason, ate a cantaloupe.
Correct: The dog barked at the cat and, for no apparent reason, ate a cantaloupe.
(The reason is abundantly clear, of course; the dog is a melon collie.)
Then there is the dreaded comma splice. This occurs when two independent clauses are separated by a comma with no conjunction.
The cat barked at the dog, and it traumatized the poor pooch.
The cat barked at the dog; it traumatized the poor pooch.
Noun of direct address
Set this off with a comma or two, depending on its placement in the sentence:
Xavier, I’ll be out of the office on Tuesday.
Please call me if anything urgent arises, Xavier.
I’ll be off Tuesday, Xavier, so please don’t do anything stupid in my absence.
Supplemental information
In the following casesthe last two are appositives—the information set off by a comma or commas is important content but not essential to the structure of the sentence:
Natalie, who does yoga every weekend, has never undergone major surgery.
Godfrey, an amateur taxidermist, has dreams about opening a cafe.
An accomplished xylophonist, Darryl frequently is asked to perform at funerals.
When setting off an appositive midsentence—such as a title or job description—don’t forget the second comma before proceeding with the predicate.
Descriptive versus identifying modifiers
My brother Jeremiah has a unicycle with training wheels. (This presupposes I have more than one brother.)
My sister, Calliope, enjoys writing heroic poetry and playing the steam organ. Here the commas indicate that I have only one sister.
The same follows for corporate writing:
Gloopnox Corp.’s director of marketing, Leonardo Gloopnox, has been with the company six weeks. He’s the company’s one and only marketing director. (He’s also the CEO’s son.)
Vexco marketing coordinator Lila Langerhans recently announced plans to tweeze her eyebrows. No commas if she’s one among several with that job designation.
Note, too, the following instances:
This summer I’ll be traveling to the city where I was born.
This summer I’ll be traveling to Walla Walla, where I was born.
The term “the city” needs amplification for the purposes of identification.“Walla Walla” could stand on its own, but the phrase that follows the commas delivers supplemental information.
Dependent clauses
Here we have instances of a dependent clause that precedes and modifies an independent clause:
If I win the lottery, I’ll send my whole family to Europe—one-way.
Because the smell of maple syrup makes me queasy, I avoid going into pancake houses.
After Melvin detained Gregory and caused him to be late for his shift in the coal shaft, Melvin was accused of contributing to the delinquency of a miner.
How about the following?
In 2009 the senator voted to filibuster on 53 occasions. In 2005, that same senator called filibusters “obstructionist.”
Why the comma in the second instance? I suppose it’s a judgment call, but to my mind it emphasizes a contradiction in the senator’s two positions; it’s shorthand for “however.”
Certainly, one might just add “however” and make it explicit:
In 2005, however, that same senator called filibusters “obstructionist.”
The series
What follows is a long yet simple series; commas alone can do the job:
I went shopping for eggs, coaxial cable, an electric pencil sharpener, macadamia nuts, a lathe, a pocket calculator, three pounds of figs, a post hole digger, radicchio and a pewter corkscrew.
In the following, there is a series of series, so, for the sake of clarity, the groupings are set off with semicolons:
I went shopping for eggs, radicchio, macadamia nuts and three pounds of figs for tonight’s dinner; a post hole digger, coaxial cable and a lathe for some weekend projects; and a pocket calculator, an electric pencil sharpener and a pewter corkscrew to bring to work. (A corkscrew? Judge not, lest ye be judged.)
A series of modifiers
The modifiers can be adverbs:
Garth hastily, sloppily, noisily ate his papaya and smelt sandwich. (“And” could sub in for that second comma, if you like.)
They can also be adjectives:
Maximilian is a loud, uncouth, malodorous, vindictive philatelist.
At least he has a hobby.
There are three fat, brown, male dachshunds on the porch.
In this sentence, note that the more elemental the trait, the closer it is to what it modifies. The number is most easily changed—pick up a dachshund (at your peril, of course)—and remove it, and the number changes. The doggies could lose weight; that’s a variable, too. Brown—well, some pet salons do perform dye jobs. But even if neutered, a male dog remains a he.
Also note that no comma is placed between the number and the other modifiers. In some election stories, you might see this: Five candidates are vying for three, three-year seats on the council. That comma after three is no more necessary than it is in the sentence about the dachshunds.
Also notice that in this sentence from before—But even if a male dog is neutered, he remains a he.—there is no comma immediately after “But.”
Some people prefer the serial or Harvard comma; some abhor it. Generally it’s unnecessary with a simple series. Garner’s Modern American Usage recommends it: “… omitting the final comma may cause ambiguities, whereas including it never will.” In business writing, it can come in handy, particularly when the series at hand includes compound elements:
Please notify the people in charge of security, operations, IT, legal affairs, internal and external communications, employee recruitment and retention, research and development and marketing and advertising.
Adding a comma after “development” eliminates potential ambiguity about the number and descriptions of the last entities mentioned.
Please notify the people in charge of security, operations, IT, legal affairs, internal and external communications, employee recruitment and retention, research and development, and marketing and advertising.
Do you come across such contrivances often (other than in articles about punctuation, that is)? Probably not. When you do, diverting from established style for the sake of clarity is fine. You’d rather hear the question, “Egad! Why is Magdalena diverting from her established style on serial commas?” than, “What in heaven’s name is Magdalena talking about?”
An either/or question
Do you want what Jay has in the box, or what’s behind the curtain where Carol Merrill is standing?
Without the comma, you could answer, “yes”—meaning you want either of those things.
With the comma, the mandate to choose between the options is implicit: Do you want what Jay has in the box, or [do you want] what’s behind the curtain where Carol Merrill is standing?
Quoted matter
There’s a difference in the way generic and specific utterances are handled, as is shown below:
“All I want in response is a simple ‘yes, sir’ or ‘no, sir,’” Adele said.
“When I ask you if you’d like more tiramisu, just say, ‘No, thank you, sir,’” Adele told Vincent.
Sometimes you’ll have a quotation that looks like this: “I’m drowsy,” Susie said. “And no amount of coffee seems to help.”
Susie’s statement is a compound sentence, and it should be treated as such: “I’m drowsy,” Susie said, “and no amount of coffee seems to help.”
It must be all this pedantry about commas. Susie’s nearly comma-tose.
OK, we’re almost done.
Addresses and dates, cities and states
Mr. Brady went to a party at 148 Bonny Meadow Road, New Rochelle, N.Y.
Oh, what a night I had in December 1963. (No comma between the month and year if a day is not specified.)
On Feb. 29, 2000, I told Randall to take a flying leap.
Velma drove to Tuscaloosa, Ala., and then to Altoona, Pa.
In letters
Unless you are writing a formal letter, in which you would use a colon at the end of the salutation — Dear Sir or Madam: or To the Editor: — you would use a comma after the recipient’s name:
Dear Mephistopheles,
At the end of the letter, a comma would come after the signoff and before your name:
Eternally yours,
Learn more about commas from Rob Reinalda and Grammar Girl Mignon Fogarty in their upcoming Webcast, “Supercharge your content: Writing and Editing essentials from Grammar Girl and Word Czar“:
Popularity: This record has been viewed 1342 times. moderates comments and reserves the right to remove posts that are abusive or otherwise inappropriate.
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• The word adjudicate has been around since the early eighteenth century. We will examine the meaning of the word adjudicate, where it came from and some examples of its use in sentences.
To adjudicate means to pass formal judgement on a matter in dispute, to make a judicial declaration or to fulfill the role of judge in a non-legal competition such as a beauty pageant or pie contest. While adjudicate may be used in the context of a competition, the word is most often used when describing a legal situation. Adjudicate is a verb, related words are adjudicates, adjudicated, adjudicating. The adjective forms are adjudication and adjudicatory, the noun forms are adjudicator and adjudication. The verb adjudicate is a back-formation from the word adjudication, a Scottish legal term which is derived from the Latin word adjudicare meaning to grant a legal reward, as a judge.
Recently, the Centre announced that it is planning a permanent tribunal to adjudicate all interstate river water disputes. (The HIndustan Times)
The Supreme Court has stayed a law that would have given the central government complete control over tribunals in the country, including the National Green Tribunal, a judicial body meant to adjudicate environment-related complaints. (The Telegraph)
A number of additional district and session’s judges and civil judge-cum-judicial magistrates work under their supervision to adjudicate both civil and criminal matters. (The Nation)
Initially all was well; she learned about medical conditions, and was allowed to adjudicate lien claims to try to recover state payments when workers compensation suits were settled. (The Napa Valley Register)
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Monkey Vines
문제 정보
Deep in the Amazon jungle, exceptionally tall trees grow that support a rich biosphere of figs and juniper bugs, which happen to be the culinary delight of brown monkeys.
Reaching the canopy of these trees requires the monkeys to perform careful navigation through the tall tree’s fragile vine system. These vines operate like a see-saw: an unbalancing of weight at any vine junction would snap the vine from the tree, and the monkeys would plummet to the ground below. The monkeys have figured out that if they work together to keep the vines properly balanced, they can all feast on the figs and juniper bugs in the canopy of the trees.
A vine junction supports exactly two sub-vines, each of which must contain the same number of monkeys, or else the vine will break, leaving a pile of dead monkeys on the jungle ground. For purposes of this problem, a vine junction is denoted by a pair of matching square brackets [ ], which may contain nested information about junctions further down its sub-vines. The nesting of vines will go no further than 25 levels deep.
You will write a program that calculates the minimum number of monkeys required to balance a particular vine configuration. There is always at least one monkey needed, and, multiple monkeys may hang from the same vine.
Each dataset consists of a single line of input containing a vine configuration consisting of a string of [ and ] characters as described above. The length of the string of [ and ] will be greater than or equal to zero, and less than or equal to 150.
For each dataset, you should generate one line of output with the following values: The dataset number as a decimal integer (start counting at one), a space, and the minimum number of monkeys required to reach the canopy successfully. Assume that all the hanging vines are reachable from the jungle floor, and that all monkeys jump on the vines at the same time.
예제 입력
Note: The second line of sample input is a blank line.
예제 출력
1 2
2 1
3 8
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"language_score": 0.9021329879760742,
"url": "https://algospot.com/judge/problem/read/MONKEY"
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Elephant Shrews Aren't "True" Shrews
When they first discovered sengis, biologists (understandably) grouped the small mammals in with shrews. They named them elephant shrews because of their long noses, which resemble an elephant's trunk. However, molecular evidence has prompted modern biologists to put elephant shrews in the superorder Afrotheria, which also includes elephants, dugongs, hyraxes, and aardvarks.
Key Facts In This Video
1. Elephant shrews are more closely related to elephants, aardvarks, and dugongs than they are to other shrews. 00:36
2. The Etendeka round-eared sengi is the smallest of the elephant shrews. 01:27
3. Scientists theorize that the Etendeka round-eared sengi uses a gland on its tail to leave scent markers around its large home range. 01:35
Written by Curiosity Staff August 20, 2015
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"url": "https://curiosity.com/topics/elephant-shrews-arent-true-shrews-curiosity"
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The Liger (left -male, right - female) is more common than the tigon because the mating
process is easier.The liger has both stripes and spots. The stripes are inherited from its
tiger parent and the spots from the lion parent. Ligers are usually orangish /golden in color.
However, there have been white tigers bred with lions to produce a very light golden coat
on the offspring. If the hybrid offspring is a male, it will have a leonine mane, but it will not
be as large and defined as a normal lion's mane. The liger gets most of its strength and size
from both of its parents; this makes the liger possibly the largest cat in the world! On their
hind legs, ligers stand approximately 12 feet tall. At most, ligers may weigh up to 1,000
pounds. Ligers make the sound of both a lion and a tiger, although their roar tends to sound
more like a lion's roar. The Liger is the result of breeding a female Tiger to a male Lion.
Parentage >
Mother - Tiger (tigress).
Father - Lion (lion).
The Tigon (Tiglon or Tion) is very rare, only a few exist in the world
and those are held only by private owners. This is because it is much
more difficult to get the male tiger to mate with the female lion. Tigons
look very similar to ligers. They have varying stripes and spots. Tigons
are also orangish in color. Males may have a mane, but will be very
modest. They are able to produce both lion and tiger sounds when
they roar. One difference between tigons and ligers is their size. Tigons
are not nearly as large as ligers. In fact, tigons are often times smaller
than both of their parents. The lifespan of tigons, as well as other hybrid
animals, is shorter than a normal species. The animals seem prone to
cancers and other illnesses. The Tigon is the result of breeding a male
Tiger to a female Lion.
Parentage >
Mother - Lion (lioness).
Father - Tiger (tiger).
The Ti-Liger is a compound hybrid
and is the result of breeding a male
Tiger to a female Liger (hybrid).
Parentage >
Mother - Liger.
Father - Tiger.
Left - This Picture illustrates how large Ligers can grow to be.
In tigers, the males contribute the genes that limit growth and in lions, the females contribute those genes. When a female tiger, and a male lion produce a liger, they have no genes to limit their growth, they just keep growing their whole lives. When a male tiger and a female lion produce a tigon, they are much smaller than their parents because they have two sets of growth limiting genes.
A Siberian Liger
Hybrid Menu
Main Menu
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Great figures
of the colonization era
The great figure of the French colonial period is Joseph Gallieni. He began his career as second lieutenant under General Faidherbe’s orders in western Africa until 1888. He was assigned to Madagascar, then to Tonkin. It was there that he experimented with the “pacification” technique under the “ink blot” principle.1 The idea was to expand gradually, starting from the controlled zone, in which significant economic improvements had been made and had been immediately felt.
“It is the combined action of politics and force that must result in the pacification of the country. . . . Political action is by far the most important; it draws its greatest strength from knowledge of the countries and their inhabitants; these are the goals toward which the first efforts of any territorial command must tend.”2
It was necessary, he wrote, “[to] develop as quickly as possible, the electricity-supply network. . . . It is certainly more thanks to roads and telegraphs that a colony is conquered, than to using troops. Money is never more quickly recovered than when it is thrown massively into spending on the first installations. A telegraph line is immediate savings in military manpower.”
From this point of view, however, the French were amazingly shy and parsimonious, especially when compared with the processes used by the English, for whom building telegraph lines was to be done, step by step, along with, if not preceding, penetration. The French, on the contrary, despite the means extensively made available to them by the existing state of science, were still waging colonial wars overall as they had been in the eighteenth century.
“In sum, for all colonial enterprises, like for every industrial enterprise, the first capital outlay must be as large and speedy as possible.”3
No country was to be, on any account, directly administrated. Any organization more or less approaching direct administration would require staff in proportion with the population numbers, which would be impossible to deliver. The basis of the colonial regime was therefore to be a protectorate.
The general idea for the English was that in India, in Burma, “next to each indigenous chief a European agent [was] to be placed for supervision and control. But here, the difficulty [was] to react against the innate tendency among all the French to replace the local chief completely, down to every detail, and to indulge in direct administration.”
Hubert Lyautey, who remained in Morocco for a long time, had been under Gallieni’s orders in Madagascar and regarded himself as the spokesman of the latter’s methods.4 At the time, in the French colonial army, officers were assigned to a given territory for only three years. Lyautey argued for them to settle lastingly in the country where they had gotten projects underway.
“No wonder there are not more officers studying the languages. How encouraging can it be to learn Madagascan if you won’t be using it anymore? Let officers stay assigned to the same colony if they wish to, as other nations are showing us…”5
In Morocco, Lyautey used the “ink blot” technique dear to Gallieni. Economic development was central to his strategy. During World War I, even though he was deprived of two-thirds of his military staff, who had been sent to the front, he preserved “the apparent contour of ground occupation” and waited for the European conflict to be settled, when he would isolate every mountain range with a solid front, marked with advances into the valleys and the blocking of mountain passes (1919). He would leave Morocco after the failure of Abd el-Krim’s great insurrection (1922-1926), which had begun in Spanish Morocco in the Rif region.
1. The French expression used by Faidherbe, “faire tâche d’huile”, which calls up the image of a spreading oil stain, was taken up by the United States in the twenty-first century as the “ink blot” theory. According to War Slang: American Fighting Words & Phrases Since the Civil War (Dickinson, Paul [2003], Potomac Books Inc., Dulles VA], “ink blot” is the “[t]heory that hundreds of thousands of men had to spread out like an ink blot (alternatively like an ‘oil slick’) to ensure that ‘pacification’ was taking hold.”
2. Instructions given on May 22, 1898 relating to Madagascar.
3. Instructions given on May 22, 1898. Underlined by Gallieni. This brings to mind the summer of 2003, when US forces did not put in the means to restore electricity in Baghdad, despite the torrid summer heat.
4. See Lyautey, Hubert (1900), “Du rôle colonial de l’armée”, Revue des Deux Mondes, Vol. 157.
5. Ibid.
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"url": "http://losing-wars.net/great-figures-colonization-era/"
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Skip to main content
Chemistry LibreTexts
5.4: The Trans Effect
• Page ID
• The trans effect is an ancient but venerable observation. First noted by Chernyaev in 1926, the trans effect and its conceptual siblings (the trans influence, cis influence, and cis effect) are easy enough to comprehend. That is, it’s simple enough to know what they are. To understand why they are, on the other hand, is much more difficult.
Definitions & Examples
Let’s begin with definitions: what is the trans effect? There’s some confusion on this point, so we need to be careful. The trans effect proper, which is often called the kinetic trans effect, refers to the observation that certain ligands increase the rate of ligand substitution when positioned trans to the departing ligand. The key word in that last sentence is “rate”—the trans effect proper is a kinetic effect. The trans influence refers to the impact of a ligand on the length of the bond trans to it in the ground state of a complex. The key phrase there is “ground state”—this is a thermodynamic effect, so it’s sometimes called the thermodynamic trans effect. Adding to the insanity, cis effects and cis influences have also been observed. Evidently, ligands may also influence the kinetics or thermodynamics of their cis neighbors. All of these phenomena are independent of the metal center, but do depend profoundly on the geometry of the metal (more on that shortly).
Kinetic trans and cis effects are shown in the figure below. In both cases, we see that X1 exhibits a stronger effect than X2. The geometries shown are those for which each effect is most commonly observed. The metals and oxidation states shown are prototypical.
The kinetic trans and cis effects in action. X1 is the stronger (trans/cis)-effect ligand in these examples.
On to the influences, which are simpler to illustrate since they’re concerned with ground states, not reactions. The lengthened bonds below are exaggerated.
Figure 2: The trans and cis influences in action. Note the elongated bond lengths.
And there we have it folks, the thermodynamic and kinetic cis/trans effects. It’s worth keeping in mind that the kinetic trans effect is most common for d8 square planar complexes, and the kinetic cis effect is most common for d6 octahedral complexes (particularly when the departing L is CO). But a lingering question remains: what makes for a strong trans effect ligand?
Origins of Effects & Influences
The trans effect and its cousins are all electronic, not steric effects. So, the electronic properties of the ligand dictate the strength of its trans effect. Let’s finally dig into the trans effect series:
(weak) F, HO, H2O <NH3 < py < Cl < Br– < I–, SCN, NO2, SC(NH2)2, Ph < SO32– < PR3 < AsR3, SR2, H3C < H, NO, CO, NC, C2H4 (strong)
What’s the electronic progression here? It’s clear that electronegativity decreases across the series: F < Cl < Br < I < H3C. From a bonding perspective, we can say that ligands with strong trans effects are strong σ-donors (or σ-bases). Yet σ-donation doesn’t tell the whole story. What about ethylene and carbon monoxide, which both appear at the top of the heap? Neither of these ligands are strong σ-donors, but their π systems do interact with the metal center through backbonding. Consider the following sub-series: S=C=N– < PR3 < CO. Backbonding increases across this series, along with the strength of the trans effect. Strong backbonders—better known as π-acceptors or π-acids—exhibit strong trans effects.
Strong trans effect = strong σ-donor + strong π-acceptor
Wonderful! Using these ideas we can identify ligands with strong trans effects. But we can dive deeper down the rabbit hole: why does this particular combination of electronic factors lead to a strong trans effect? To understand this, we need to know the mechanism of the ligand substitution reaction that’s sped up by strong trans effect ligands. For 16-electron Pt(II) complexes, associative substitution is par for the course. The incoming ligand binds to the metal first, forming an 18-electron complex (yay!), which jettisons a ligand to yield a new 16-electron product. The mechanism in all its glory is shown in the figure below.
Figure 3: The mechanism of associative ligand substitution of Pt(II) complexes.
Some very important points about this mechanism:
• The incoming ligand always sits at an equatorial site in the trigonal bipyramidal intermediate. More on this another day, but I think of this result as governed by the principle of least motion. Consider the molecular gymnastics that would have to happen to place the incoming ligand in an axial position.
• Two ligands in the square plane are “pushed down” and become the other two equatorial ligands.
• Owing to microscopic reversibility, the leaving group must be one of the equatorial ligands.
The third point reveals that once L’ has “pushed down” XTE and Ltrans, Ltrans has no choice but to leave (assuming XTE stays put). Thus, the trans effect has nothing to do with the second step of the mechanism, which is not rate determining anyway. The key is the first step—in particular, the “pushing down” event. Apparently, ligands with strong trans effects like to be pushed down. They like to occupy the equatorial plane of the TBP intermediate. Now here’s the kicker: the equatorial sites of the TBP geometry are more π basic than the axial sites. The equatorial plane is just the xy-plane of the metal center, and the d orbitals in that plane (when occupied) are great electron sources for π-acidic ligands. Thus, π-acidic ligands want to occupy those equatorial sites, to receive the benefits of strong backbonding! Boom; strong π-acids encourage loss of the ligand trans to themselves.
Figure 4: The equatorial sites of TBP metals are rich in electrons that can π bond.
What about those pesky σ donors? Well, we can imagine that in a square planar complex, a ligand and its trans partner are competing for donation into the same d orbital. Strong σ donation from a ligand should thus weaken the bond trans to it. Although this is the thermodynamic trans effect (trans influence) in action, the resulting destabilization of the ground state relative to the transition state is a kinetic effect. On the whole, the barrier to substitution of the trans ligand goes down as σ-donating strength goes up.
This idea of “competition for the metal center” is a nice heuristic to use when thinking about the trans and cis influences. The type of metallic orbital involved in M–L bonding determines the strength of L’s trans and cis influences on neighboring ligands that also need that metallic orbital for bonding. For example: both influences are large if the metal’s s orbital is a significant contributor to M–L bonding, since it’s non-directional; the trans influence is much greater than the cis influence when metallic p orbitals are primarily involved in M–L. For a deeper explanation of these ideas, see this paper.
Summing up
Perhaps the most valuable lesson from a study of the trans effect is that many concepts from organometallic chemistry involve more than meets the eye. Geometric effects and influences are real icebergs, in the sense that the observations and trends are easy to grasp, but difficult to explain. We had to dig all the way into the mechanism of associative ligand substitution before a satisfactory explanation emerged!
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"url": "https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Douglas_College/DC%3A_Chem_2330_(O'Connor)/5%3A_Reactions_of_the_Transition_Metals/5.4%3A_The_Trans_Effect"
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Baron von Steuben’s Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell
A Prussian-born military officer, Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus von Steuben lived from 1730 to 1794 and significantly contributed to the U.S. success in the Revolutionary War. He may have been the first soldier to be subjected to the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy. He served as Inspector General at the rank and pay of a Major General after coming to the United States in the winter of 1778 to whip the Continental Army into shape.
Von Steuben got an early start as a successful military man, being named as an officer at the age of only 17 years old. Serving bravely in Europe and sitting in Frederich II’s court as the main protector for the King (or, as historical accounts indicate, as a personal escort), von Steuben established himself as a capable and competent soldier. However, rumors flourished in 1776 about his dalliances and improper sexual behavior with young boys, and von Steuben was labeled as a homosexual.
Historians indicate that von Steuben was unable to find employment after these rumors became prevalent throughout Europe. He actively sought posts in Germany, Austria, Baden and France, to no avail. However, it may also be argued that there was little need for a professional soldier as war was not an issue at this time.
In France, von Steuben became acquainted with Ben Franklin, who was looking for someone to train the troops of the army in the newly-founded United States of America. Von Steuben traveled to America in the winter of 1778, offered his services as a volunteer initially, and accepted the task of training the Continental Army. The Continental Army was a varied group of men with no experience or knowledge of warfare.
Von Steuben arrived in America with a young French man John Baptiste Lazare Thereneau de Francy, who served as his personal assistant and escort. Officials in the Continental Army could see that von Steuben’s relationship with this young French man went beyond simple companionship, but von Steuben’s contributions to the Continental Army were too great for any action to be taken against him.
While training the troops, von Steuben established basic military procedures and drilling routines for the soldiers, many of which are still implemented today. He organized the camp to create the most sanitary setting possible and trained the soldiers for combat using their bayonets. Without bayonet training, it is surmised by many historians that the American soldiers would have lost the war to the British.
Despite von Steuben’s many great contributions to the success of the American army, suspicions still surrounded his sexual orientation. As a lifelong military soldier, von Steuben consistently surrounded himself with other men and formed great friendships with many of them. Rumors surrounded his relationships with General Benjamin Walker and Captain William North due to how close he became with each of them, among other young soldiers he took under his wing in camp.
It was common for men during this era to bring slaves or other companions with them to war as their personal assistants who would attend to escorting matters among others. Many of these relationships were ignored, however openly homosexual behavior involving free born white males from established families was usually punished.
Officials in the U.S. government turned a blind eye to von Steuben’s activities and obvious escort-like friendships with men. It is speculated that von Steuben’s knowledge and expertise bought him preferential treatment that kept him in a prominent position for a long time.
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Letter O Worksheets
Letter O Worksheets
1.O is for Ostrich. Practice tracing stright lines.
2. O is for Owls.
3. Oranges and lemons Rhyme.Draw a line from each word on the left to the matching word on the right side.
4.Find and circle two identical ovens.
5.Try to finish the right side of an owl.
6.Follow the lines with your pencil. Draw a line to help the ostrich find his way through the maze to the oranges.
7.Follow the lines with your pencil and color the Owl. Circle the picture that comes first.
8.Read funny riddles.Write the words which all start with the letter O.
9.Write the letter O. Draw a circle around each letter O.
10. The Old man, Old grimes, Old mother goose rhymes.
Letter O Worksheets
Funny riddles
Answer: an onion
What letter is an exclamation?
Answer: O. (oh!)
What four letters frighten a thief?
Answer: o.i.C.U. (Oh I see you!)
Tongue Twisters Starting With O
Awful old Ollie oils oily autos.
“Under the mother otter,” muttered the other otter.
The owner of the Inside Inn
Was outside his Instde Inn
With his inside outside his Inside Inn.
O is for orange
A tasty round ball,
Pass it to my basket –
Play basketball.
A wise old owl sat in an oak,
The more he heard the less he spoke;
The less he spoke the more he heard.
Why aren't we all like that wise old bird?
O is for One. One and two is three.
Three little cats are in the tree.
On Oath
As I went to Bonner,
I met a pig
Without a wig,
Upon my word and honour.
Oranges and lemons,
Say the bells of St.Clement's.
You owe me five farthings,
Say the bells of St.Martin's.
When will you pay me?
Say the bells of Old Bailey.
When I get rich,
Say the bells of Shoreditch.
When will that be?
Say the bells of Stepney.
I`m sure I do not know,
Says the great bell of Bow.
Open, shut them
Open, shut them (Open both hands and then make a fist)
Open, shut them
Give a little clap. (Clap hands together)
Open, shut them
Open, shut them
Fold them in your lap. (Fold hands in lap)
The Old Man
There was an old man
In a velvet coat,
He kissed a maid
And gave her a groat.
The groat it was crack'd
And would not go,--
Ah, old man, do you serve me so?
Old Grimes
Old Grimes is dead, that good old man,
We ne'er shall see him more;
He used to wear a long brown coat
All buttoned down before.
Old Mother Goose
Old Mother Goose, when
She wanted to wander,
Would ride through the air
On a very fine gander.
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Whitaker’s beginning students are learning how to assemble panels and to handle composite materials without damaging them.
He shows a laminate square from scrap materials donated by Bell where students learn how to use the carbide bits, also provided by Bell, to properly drill the holes that typically would be for fasteners in assembly work. The squares have a row of holes—some drilled properly with smooth edges and the layers intact all around the edges, and some improperly with egg-shaped holes or holes where the layers have peeled away from the holes.
In another exercise, students assemble a panel with honeycomb between the Kevlar layer and the composite panel held together by adhesives. To simulate the type of damage that can occur to an aircraft made from composites, Whitaker swings a ball peen hammer against the outer edge, leaving the kind of ding from a hail stone that can lead to severe damage if it were left unattended.
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"url": "http://compositesmanufacturingmagazine.com/2011/03/feedback-keeps-composites-training-course/"
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Monday, August 15, 2011
The Lovely Language of Anatomy and Medicine
The art students to whom I teach anatomy often cringe at the idea of learning structure names. "Why?" they implore, "Why do we need to know the names if all we're doing is drawing them?"
My goal is to show them that in order to discuss the structures that define the human body's shape, we have to have the language for it. We could simply point to different structures and call them "this one" and "this one" and this other one," but it wouldn't mean anything. It wouldn't stick.
And while it's true that my students will very likely forget many names of muscles and bones within a few months after completing my course (you know it's true!) I still believe that the fact that they once knew the names, that they once had to burn the impression of that name in their brain, will mean they'll never forget the structure itself. This may not be the most pleasant analogy, but it's sort of like learning the names of the structures is the actual wound, and remembering the structure and what it looks like is the scar. You need to go a little overboard initially in order to leave a lasting impression.
And aside from all that, I love the practicality of anatomical and medical terms. I mean, they're so descriptive! For example, take the muscle name extensor carpi radialis longus. It tells you just about everything you need to know! It's an extensor (extensor). It extends the wrist (carpi.) It's on the radial side of the forearm (radialis) which means it tends to pull the wrist in that direction as well. And finally, it is the longer of two similar muscles (longus.) By the way, its partner is known as extensor carpi radialis brevis; brevis means short, or brief.
There are many words in anatomical terminology that describe a muscle's function. Here are some examples:
- extensor (extends, or increases the angle of a joint)
- flexor (flexes, or decreases the angle of a joint)
- abductor (abducts, or pulls a structure away from the midline of the body)
- adductor (adducts, or pulls a structure toward the midline of the body)
- tensor (tenses, as in tensor fasciae latae, a muscle that tenses the iliotibial band.)
- arrector (erects something, as in the arrector pili muscles, tiny muscles in the hair follicles which make hairs stand erect and give us goose bumps.)
There are also anatomical terms that describe different areas of the body, such as:
- cranial: having to do with the cranium (as in cranial nerves, cranial arteries, epicranius muscle)
- cervical: having to do with the neck (as in cervical vertebrae, those found in the neck)
- thoracic: having to do with the thorax (as in thoracic vertebrae, those attached to ribs)
- costal: having to do with ribs (as in costal cartilage or intercostal muscles)
- abdominal: having to do with the abdomen (as in the abdominal aorta or the rectus abdominis muscle)
- lumbar: having to do with the lower back (as in lumbar vertebrae, those found in the lower back)
- femoral: having to do with the thigh (as in the rectus femoris muscle, or the femoral artery)
- brachii: having to do with the upper arm (as in the biceps brachii muscles, or the brachialis muscle)
- carpi (wrist; as in extensor carpi ulnaris muscle, or the carpal bones)
- digitorum (fingers or toes; as in extensor digitorum longus muscle in the lower leg, which extends the toes)
- digiti minimi (small finger; as in extensor digiti minimi muscle in the forearm, which extends the little finger)
- pollicis (thumb; as in the many muscles that move the thumb: extensor pollicis longus and brevis, abductor pollicis longus and brevis, flexor pollicis longus and brevis)
- hallicus (big toe; as in extensor hallicus longus, the muscles that extends the big toe)
You'll notice some of the names of aforementioned structures included the term rectus, which brings me to anatomical terms which describe direction and shape:
- rectus: running straight up and down, as in rectus abdominis muscle and rectus femoris muscle.
- oblique: running at an oblique angle, as in external obliques and internal obliques.
- transversus: running transversely or side-to-side, as in the transversus abdominis muscle.
- deltoid: shaped like a Greek delta (triangular)
- quadratus: four sided, as in the quadratus labii inferioris muscle (four-side muscles inferior to the lower lip) or the pronator quadratus muscle (a four sided muscle deep in the forearm that helps pronate it.)
- serratus: jagged or serrated in shape, such as the serratus anterior muscle.
- trapezius: Muscle on the back that is trapezoid in shape.
- rhomboids: As in rhomboid major and minor, muscles on the back that are shaped like rhombuses. Or is it rhombi?
Some more odd examples of structures named for shape are:
- gastrocnemius: belly shaped
- soleus: fish shaped (and some say this means sandal shaped.)
By now you'll have also noticed many muscle names that describe relativity between two similar muscles:
- longus, brevis (longer and shorter versions of similar muscles, such as extensor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis.)
- maximus, medius, minimus (large medium and small versions of similar muscles, such as gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.)
- superficialis, profundus (superficial and deep versions of similar muscles, such as flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus.)
There are also some pretty cool roots for different internal areas of the body, such as:
- gastro- stomach
- hepato- liver (as in hepatitis, which is inflammation of the liver, or hepatocyte, which is a liver cell.)
- arthro- joint (as in arthritis, which is inflammation of the joints)
- renal: related to the kidney (as in renal artery, or renal calculi, which are kidney stones)
- spondylo- spine (as in spondylitis, which is inflammation of the spine.)
- cardio- heart (as in cardiac muscle)
- pulmo- lungs (as in pulmonary arteries)
- cyto- cells (as in cytology-- the study of cells, or hepatocyte, which is a liver cell.)
- dermo- skin (as in dermatology, the study of skin, or epidermis, which is the outer layer of skin.)
Illustration of gallstones or cholecystolithiasis. Chole = bile; cysto = sac; litho = stones; iasis = process. Cholecystolithiasis is the process by which stones are formed in the gallbladder, which is basically a sac of bile.
The last example of a beautiful and practical medical term brings us back to the image I found today. It illustrates gallstones, or cholecystolithiasis, whose name can be broken down like this: Chole- means bile; cysto- means sac; litho- means stone; iasis means process. Soooo... cholecystolithiasis is: The process by which stones collect in the gallbladder (which is essentially a sac of bile.)
Ah, well I've gotten that out of my system. Until next time, anatomy lovers. I promise we will return to Part 3 of the forearm then!
1. Small typo; Adductors move toward the mid-line not away from it. I remembered it by thinking that to 'add' brings things together.
1. Agh, I can't believe I did that! Thank you so much for pointing it out!
2. I also just noticed that the entire first paragraph was somehow deleted from this post when I made some other edits earlier today! If it seemed like there was no introduction... there wasn't! Sorry.
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Background of Quoc Ngu
Considering that Vietnam has been an independent nation for a thousand years, Quoc ngu has a surprisingly brief history. The system was developed by Portuguese Jesuit missionaries in the 17th century. The earliest extant dictionary using quoc ngu was the Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum, published by Alexandre de Rhodes in 1651. Rhodes, who was French, relied heavily on earlier Portuguese dictionaries in compiling his work.
Quoc ngu was largely neglected until the 19th century when it was taken up by the French colonial government as a means of breaking the grip of Chinese culture and fostering Western ways of thinking. Despite its colonial background, the simplicity and ease of use of quoc ngu resulted in its gradual spread until it was finally chosen as the official Vietnamese script in the 20th century.
Features of quoc ngu
, and are the unrounded versions of and respectively. These unrounded vowel sounds are not found in most European languages.
For short vowels, represents short while represents short .
The letters and represent the distinction between [ ] and [ ] in IPA symbols (mid-open and mid-close front unrounded vowels respectively). Similarly, and represent the difference between [ ] and [ ] (mid-open and mid-close back rounded vowels respectively). The result is a neat and regular distinction, better than that in some European languages (See this article for French and this article for German).
Since European languages do not have tones, diacritics were introduced to represent these ( , , , , , and ).
While helping achieve a regular and predictable spelling, diacritics are cumbersome to write and cause problems on computers and browsers. International Roman-letter character sets (such as ASCII) are unable to accommodate all the Vietnamese forms, so special encodings have had to be devised. At present there are several mutually incompatible systems of encoding, causing confusion and technical difficulties on the Internet. Recent
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"url": "http://www.dreamtravelvietnam.com/follow-the-guide-details/background-of-quoc-ngu-2798.html"
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British seas
Doggerland is the name given to the vast area that until ten thousand years ago linked the British Isles with Denmark and Northern Germany. Read
Dogger earthquake
The Dogger Bank earthquake of 1931 was the strongest earthquake ever recorded in the UK since measurements began. It had a magnitude of 6.1 on the Richter magnitude scale. Minor damage was reported from a number of towns, including most spectacularly at Filey in Yorkshire, where a church spire was twisted out of shape. Less seriously, at Madame Tussaud’s waxwork museum`s Chamber of Horrors in London, the head of the murderer Dr Crippen fell off its shoulders. A small non-destructive tsunami was also recorded.
Birding on a North Sea oil platform
Autumn brings resting migrant birds to the oil rigs of the North Sea. (BBC Autumnwatch). Interesting site by hydrographic surveyor based on platforms and birder.
Space impact
Along with the Minch crater site, Britain’s only other known space impact location is Silverpit in the North Sea, some 130km east of the Yorkshire coast. Reseachers have found evidence on the sea floor for a cataclysmic asteroid or comet strike some 60-65 million years ago. BBC
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"url": "https://wildbritainmap.co.uk/places/british-seas/"
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Samuel Pepys
This week we had a visit from a theatre company for a Samuel Pepys workshop. We learned about The Great Fire of London and how Samuel Pepys had kept a diary with lots of important historical information about the events of the fire and how they tried to fight the fire.
We have also learned about the design of the houses in 1666 and how they were built. This helped us understand why the fire spread so quickly and became so large. Click the image below for a link to an interactive ‘Build a Tudor House’ activity or click on the picture of the London street to have a tour of London just before the fire in 1666.
Year 2, what have you learned about the Great Fire of London? Where, when and how did it start? Why did it spread so quickly?
3 thoughts on “Samuel Pepys
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"url": "http://bridgewaterprimary.net/blogs/y2/2017/11/05/samuel-pepys-2/"
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Slipper limpet (Crepidula fornicata)
The slipper limpet arrived in S England in the late 19th Century and is now well established on the southern coasts of England and Wales and spreading northward. It can smother seabed species, alter seabed habitat structure dramatically and compete for food and space with other filter-feeding species including mussels and oysters. It is also likely to consume the planktonic larvae of some species. C. fornicata has been known to foul a variety of hard-shelled commercially important and farmed species such as oysters, and man-made structures and equipment. It is possible to mechanically remove slipper limpets from the seabed; however, tests have shown this to be costly and extremely destructive. In the Tamar Estuaries area it is having a negative impact on the condition of the Plymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC subtidal mixed sediments and mud.
Environmental risk: HIGH
Economic risk: HIGH
Image: J. Bishop © MBA
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"url": "http://www.plymouth-mpa.uk/codeless_portfolio/slipper-limpet/"
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At the time of the Boer War the Victorian era was coming to an end, and many changes were taking place that influenced the way in which the war was perceived, and the responses of society to it. There was a greater freedom from domesticity, and greater personal freedom for women, including travelling abroad. This was reflected in both literature and the press.
It was also a time when empire and imperialism dominated both political and social discourse. This was echoed in the formation of societies like the Guild of Loyal Women, founded in Cape Town in 1900, and later, after Queen Victoria’s death, the Victorian League.
Some of the society ladies drawn to South Africa were involved in these societies and wanted to further the aspirations of women in society. Lady Violet Cecil was a co-founder of the Guild of Loyal Women. She went to South Africa with her husband, who was on the Staff of Baden-Powell. She took on humanitarian projects around Cape Town, and frequently acted as hostess at Government House1.
Not all ladies went to South Africa for these reasons. When war broke out in South Africa in 1899, people thought that it would be a brief war, that the British and Commonwealth forces would quickly push back the Boers, and that there was no threat to the colonies of Natal and the Cape. Cape Town became a focus for those society ladies who had more wealth and more leisure time at their disposal, for example Lady Sykes, who recorded2:
“I went to the Cape last November because I had some three months at my disposal, and, as I had more experience of travel in foreign and even barbarous countries than most of my countrywomen, I thought I would go to the Cape, and spend some little time there, and see if I could not be of some little use or service”.
The service that many wished to give was to nursing the sick and wounded. The large base hospitals around Cape Town became overwhelmed with the numbers of visitors wanting to offer their services. Some believed that their skills and experience in looking after domestic households equipped them for service as a nurse. Some patients made use of their services to both read and write letters. For others the constant visitors proved more difficult to cope with3:
“‘What can I do for you, my poor man?’ a lady visitor inquired of a sick soldier at a base hospital in 1899. ‘Shall I wash your face?’ The soldier was acutely embarrassed. ‘Thank you kindly, ma’am, but I’ve already had to promise fourteen ladies that they shall wash my face!’.”
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"url": "https://boerwarnurses.com/the-ladies-introduction/"
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Friedrich Mohs and the Mohs Hardness Scale
Friedrich Mohs and the Mohs Hardness Scale
Friedrich Mohs created the Mohs scale in regards to mineral hardness in 1812.
Friedrich Mohs was born in Germany in 1773 who went and studied minerology and geognosy at the mining academy at Freiberg under the tutelage of Abraham Gottlob Werner. [Note, Geognosy is a branch of geology that deals with the materials of the earth and its general exterior and interior constitution.]
At the age of 28, Friedrich Moh moved to Austria and worked as a foreman at the Neudorf Mine in the eastern Harz Mountain region and as a curator for the mineral collection of the Austrian banker J.F. van der Null. As a curator he had to categorize the minerals based on their physical and chemical structures and also identify the minerals that were still unknown.
On 1812 Mohs became professor of mineralogy at the Johanneum in Graz. It was then that he devised a system in which he first proposed his hardness scale for minerals. The scale is defined by ten minerals, numbered from 1 to 10, each of which will scratch the minerals below it.
Mohs scale lists the hardest mineral which is the diamond a 10, and the softest mineral, the Talc as 1.
At age 39, Friedrich Mohs began his teaching career as a professor of minerology in Gratz where his work on the Scale of Hardness of a mineral was concluded. The scale goes from one to ten:
1. Talc
2. Gypsum
3. Calcite
4. Fluorite
5. Apatite
6. Feldspar
7. Quartz
8. Topaz
9. Corundum [Ruby and Sapphire]
10. Diamond
In 1817, at age of 44, Friedrich Mohs became a professor at the Mining Academy in Freiberg, replacing his teacher Abraham Gottlob Werner. He was appointed nine years later as professor of Minerology at the University of Vienna.
Friedrich Mohs died at the age of 66 in Italy where he was a mining advisor at the Mining University in Leoban.
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Built during the Second Seminole War in April of 1836, Fort Cooper was built by Major Mark Anthony Cooper to protect the sick and wounded of General Winfield Scott's force, which continued its march towards Tampa. Cooper commanded four hundred men of the First Georgia Battalion Volunteers. The fort was attacked several times, the largest of which is believed to have consisted of over five hundred Seminole warriors. For 16 days, Cooper and his men held off the Seminoles as they awaited a relief force which was supposed to have arrived 9 days in. Afterwards, the fort was used as a reconnaissance, dispatch and observation post until 1842. Nothing remains of the original fort, though there is a partially reconstructed log wall.
• The site of Fort Cooper with the partially reconstructed wall in the background.
• The Fort.
• Reenactment of the siege.
In 1836, during an attack on a Seminole stronghold, the Cove of the Withlacoochee, the forces under the command of General Edmund P. Gaines, attacked the Cove but found themselves unable to cross the Withlacoochee due to gunfire from the Seminoles. The Seminoles managed to hold off the forces of Gaines for over a week. Gaines eventually had to request reinforcements while his current forces continued engaging the Seminoles. They soon ran out of supplies as they had only received a week's worth of rations from Fort Drane just prior to the attack.Gaines and his men would be forced to eat their horses, mules, and dogs in order to stay alive. Gaines' reinforcements arrived soon thereafter and together they were able to defeat the Seminole forces.
Due to the Seminoles' ability to hold back Gaines' force of around a thousand soldiers, General Winfield Scott came up with a bold plan to attack the Cove of Withlacoochee and surround the Seminoles. Scott ordered five thousand troops into three separate columns and from there they would maneuver to attack the Seminoles from three different directions. The columns would all be delayed, which would lead to all of them arriving at different times. Two of the columns arrived on March 28th, while the 3rd arrived on March 30th. On March 29th, the present forces crossed the Withlacoochee and found that the villages in the Cove had been deserted.
It would be General Scott's decision that their army could move fast without their sick and wounded marching with them. Scott ordered Major Anthony Cooper to remain behind while he and his men marched towards Fort Brooke, in modern-day Tampa, Cooper. along with 5 companies and a small artillery battery from the First Georgia Battalion of Volunteers and additional army regulars, began fortifying their position to protect the sick and wounded. Cooper and his men built a wooden palisade fort on the western shore of Lake Holathlikaha on the western edge of the Cove. It was built on a rise that overlooked the lake as protection against a Seminole attack. Cooper was told he would have to wait an estimated nine days before reinforcements would arrive to relieve them.
About three days into their wait, they were discovered, and soon after, attacked by Seminole warriors led by the War Chief Osceola. The defenders would be surrounded by the Seminole war party and attacked multiple times a day for 16 days. The Seminoles attempted at least one major attack on the fort, by sending five hundred warriors, but this attack was halted and pushed back. After the two week long wait, the defenders, with supplies running low, were reinforced by a support column on April 18th.
It was because of Major Cooper's leadership and constant vigilance that out of the small force of around four hundred men, only 20 were wounded and 1 killed. The location of Fort Cooper, and the ability of the U.S. soldiers to enter the Cove of Withlacoochee, was enough to convince Osceola, and other Seminole leaders, that the Cove was no longer a safe haven for them. They moved the entire population of Seminoles from inside the Cove, further South during the Second Seminole War. From that time on, until 1842. Fort Cooper would go on to be used as a reconnaissance, observation, and dispatch fort by multiple detachments of the U.S. Army.
The Fort's location was strategic and well placed. It's location along the western bluff of Lake Holathlikaha on the western part of the Cove, made it so the Fort would be huddled against the border of a hardwood hammock, while still maintaining access to a supply road that was covered by longleaf yellow pine.
Every year in March, the park holds reenactments of Major Cooper's defense of the fort against the Seminoles.
Today the park is home to many different activities and other attractions centered around the fort’s history. The park has a basic camp grounds that can hold groups up to 20 people. Tourists can play classic games like volleyball and horseshoes in the main park and there is also a playground available for children. The hardwood hammock that was a strategic position for the fort, is now used as a picnic area. During the month of March, the park holds large reenactments of what is believed to have happened during the battle many years ago.
History of Fort Cooper and the Cove of the Withlacoochee. . Accessed January 31, 2019.
Fort Cooper State Park. . Accessed January 31, 2019.
Fort Cooper State Park. . Accessed January 31, 2019.
"History." Florida State Parks. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2019.
"FORT COOPER STATE PARK." Fort Cooper State Park. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2019.
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How did people entertain themselves? As they do today, many community events, pastimes, and games may have had elements of both public ritual and ceremony, as well as recreation.
Pipes made of sandstone, limestone, and clay have been found. They probably had a reed or hollow wood stem that has not survived. Tobacco may have been mixed with other plants for smoking. Tobacco was very important for Native Americans, particularly as part of rituals.
From left: Woodland clay pipe, Two Oneota pipes made of limestone and sandstone
Musical Instruments
Few musical instruments have survived, although music was undoubtedly important. We have recognized two artifact types that probably were designed to create music.
Rasp: The most common artifact is a rasp, usually made from the rib of a deer or bison. It was probably played by rubbing a stick across the grooves on the rasp. Rasps are one of the most distinctive artifacts of the Late Prehistoric/Proto-Historic period, from about 1500 to 1700 AD.
Whistle: A whistle made from the wing bone of a goose was probably played by blowing gently across the top of the hole. You can see how this works by blowing gently over top of a bottle, and seeing how the sound changes.
Rasp made from a bison rib, and found at an Oneota site in eastern Minnesota dating to about 1700 A.D.
Chunkey: A game using polished stone disks, called chunkey stones, was still being played when the first European travelers arrived in the midwest. A disk is rolled along the ground, and players attempt to throw their spears parallel to the stone's roll, predicting where the stone will finally stop. There was intense competition.
Chunkey stone found at an Oneota site
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The Kingfisher
Edward Lear's
According to the ancient Greeks, kingfishers built their nests on a raft of fish bones and, having laid their eggs, they set the nest afloat on the Mediterranean sea and incubated the eggs for seven days before and after the winter solstice.
In order to facilitate this it was said the gods always made sure that the seas and winds were calmed during this period. The Greek name for Kingfisher is halcyon, leading to the term ‘halcyon days’ which was originally a reference to the calm and fine weather at this time in Greece.
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History of the Hershey Cemetery
When founding the community of Hershey, Milton Hershey planned for most of the necessities and amenities needed to serve its residents. He provided for the community’s housing, schools, recreation and transportation. One service he didn’t immediately establish was for the deceased. Hershey had no cemetery. Most of Derry Township’s churches maintained graveyards, but for the first 15 years of the town’s existence there was no community cemetery.
It is not surprising that Hershey had no cemetery in its early years. Hershey was a “young” community, not just because of the age of its physical structures, but its population was young. While there were older residents living in the area prior to Hershey’s establishment, the average age of Hershey residents was younger than those in the neighboring communities. Hershey also promoted itself and was written about in outside publications as a healthy place. The local weekly newspaper, the Hershey Press, regularly proclaimed the virtues of Hershey, including its freedom from sickness and disease. Why would such a young and healthy town need a cemetery? While Oglesby Paul, the landscape architect who designed much of Hershey’s landscaping, had drafted a plan for a community cemetery some time before 1915, it was not immediately constructed.
By 1916, however, Milton Hershey had begun to consider the need for a cemetery in Hershey. His wife Catherine, who had long been concerned about the lack of a cemetery in Hershey, died March 25, 1915. Her body was retained in Philadelphia at Laurel Hill Cemetery; Milton Hershey had fresh flowers placed at her vault several times a week. His father, Henry, died in 1904, and his mother was nearing the end of her life. Milton Hershey desired to have his loved ones interred in the same cemetery, so he decided to create his own.
Plans for construction of a cemetery soon began in earnest. Milton Hershey donated land approximately one mile north of Hershey overlooking the Swatara Creek basin. Oglesby Paul’s plan was resurrected, and additional surveys and drawings were made based upon its design. Paul had designed the cemetery based on the “lawn plan.” This was a popular type of cemetery at the turn of the century featuring open spaces. This uncluttered and orderly landscaping emphasized the harmony of the cemetery as a whole, rather than allowing for the individual tastes of lot owners. The roads and paths in the Hershey Cemetery followed the contour of the land and featured circular sections connected by paths. Shrubbery and other plantings were specifically designed and planned. In a few years, extensive rules would be adopted to govern the appearance of individual lots.
Next, Milton Hershey made plans for a Hershey monument to mark the burial place of his family, except for his sister whose grave could not be found, and eventually for himself. For this, he commissioned Haldy Marble and Granite Works in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. While they tried to convince Milton Hershey to erect a mausoleum, he instead chose to erect an understated marble monument. The monument simply reads “HERSHEY” and four grave markers rest on the ground below it.
World War I delayed completion of the cemetery, but the first burials occurred late in 1918. These first interments were due to the influenza epidemic which struck Hershey and the rest of the world in 1918 and 1919. The first burial was a Hershey Industrial School student, Charles Swartz, who died from influenza. After completing construction of the Hershey monument, Catherine Hershey’s body was moved from Philadelphia and interred in 1919. In March 1920, his mother, Fanny Hershey, died, and then in October, Henry Hershey’s body was moved from the Hershey Meeting House graveyard to the cemetery.
While the cemetery was first used in 1918, it wasn’t officially organized as an operating business until 1923. In March 1923, a company was established to manage and maintain the cemetery. Milton Hershey officially transferred the land for the cemetery on July 31, 1923 for the price of one dollar. He was the primary stock holder with 600 shares. William Murrie, Ezra Hershey and John Snyder each had ten shares. The Greenwood Cemetery in Lancaster, Pennsylvania served as the model for how the cemetery would function as a company, as well as for its rules and charter.
Hershey Cemetery image - 150th birthday celebration for Milton S. Hershey
Flowers were placed at Mr. Hershey’s gravesite during the community’s celebration of his 150th birthday in 2007
The Hershey Cemetery operated as a modern American cemetery. Strict rules governed everything including the placement and size of lots, headstones, grave decorations and visitor behavior in the cemetery. Booklets informed prospective buyers not just of these rules but also with information regarding lot options and pricing. The cemetery was divided into sections, and each section was broken into lots. Sections were segregated for Protestants, Catholics and a section was reserved for Hershey Industrial School boys. Prices for lots ranged between 50 cents to $1 per square foot, and the standard size of a full lot was 20 by 20 feet.
Up until 1993, Hershey Cemetery Company utilized Hershey Estates for managing the cemetery. In 1993, the non-profit cemetery company transferred day-to-day management to Hershey Trust Company.
The cemetery has continued to expand and evolve. New sections have opened as older ones have filled. Since the cemetery’s first burial over 90 years ago, a few sections have completely filled, but much of the cemetery is waiting to be developed. While future plans will likely diverge from Paul’s original design, the cemetery will continue to serve the population of the Hershey in years to come.
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In a 19-minute YouTube video, Fran Blanche explains how those big screens at Mission Control worked during the Apollo era. Stop and think about it: they were displaying information in ways that computers wouldn’t be able to do for decades. The displays were produced mechanically, by multiple projectors using glass slides to project images on the screen. The projectors could move spaceship icons across the screen like a graphical sprite, or use plotters to scratch a flight path across a slide to represent a flight path, using telemetry data processed in real time by mainframe computers. [Boing Boing]
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Wildlife Journal Junior!
New Hampshire PBS
Tinamiformes - Tinamous
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Tinamiformes
Greater RheaThere are 47 species of birds in this order in a single family. Tinamous are chicken-like birds and are found in Mexico, Central America, and South America. They are ground-dwelling birds and are found in dense tropical forests, open scrublands, and in forest edges.
Tinamous are brown or grayish-brown and usually have spots or bars. They have a plump body; short, rounded wings; and a small head. They are weak fliers and spend most of their time on the ground. Tinamous have four toes on their feet, three toes face forward and one toe faces backwards.
Tinamous forage on the ground for eat seeds, roots, berries, and insects. Males mate with 3-4 females. The females lay their eggs in the same nest. The male incubates the eggs for 17-20 days and cares for the chicks for about a month.
galleryTinamiformes Photo Gallery
arrow Tinamidae (Tinamous)
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Camposanto Monumentale Cemetery Claim
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The history of the Monumental Cemetery began in the 12th century, when Archbishop Ubaldo Lanfranchi (1108-78) brought back shiploads of holy dirt from Golgotha (where Christ was crucified) during the Crusades.
In 1278, Giovanni di Simone (architect of the Leaning Tower) designed a marble cloister to enclose the holy ground, which became the primary cemetery for Pisa’s upper class until 1779. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the walls of the Camposanto were decorated with frescoes by Taddeo Gaddi, Spinello Aretino, Benozzo Gozzoli, Andrea Bonaiuti, Antonio Veneziano, and Piero di Puccio.
Tragically, the extensive frescoes of the Camposanto were almost completely destroyed by a bombing raid during World War II. On July 27, 1944, American warplanes launched a major air attack against Pisa, which was still held by the Nazis. The wooden roof caught fire, its lead panels melted and the hot metal ran all over the frescoes. Many were completely destroyed and the few that remained were badly damaged.
The Camposanto has since been fully restored and most of the surviving frescoes, along with preparatory sketches (sinopie) found underneath, have been moved to the Museo delle Sinopie in Pisa.
What to See at the Camposanto
A long, rectangular stretch of well-tended grass surrounded by Gothic marble cloisters and topped with a dome at one end, the Camposanto is a unique and elegant space. The exterior marble walls facing the cathedral are solid and unadorned save for some simple blind arcading. The inner walls overlooking the long courtyard are made of delicate traceried windows, which were never filled with glass.
The cloisters are filled with funerary monuments, many of which reuse ancient Roman sarcophagi. Despite the loss of many tombs during the war, a remarkable 84 Roman sarcophagi, most from the 3rd century AD, still survive. Other funerary monuments are Neoclassical confections, floor tombstones with effigy reliefs, and smaller memorial plaques.
Roman sculptures were also brought to the Camposanto for decoration beginning in the 14th century. Together with the Roman sarcophagi, these ancient artworks formed one of the most important collections of Classical art in Europe, inspiring some of Pisa’s greatest medieval and early Renaissance sculptures.
Some original frescoes can still be seen in the Camposanto, the most notable of which are in a large room off the north gallery. Dating from the 14th century, these depict the Triumph of Death, a terrifying Last Judgment and Stories of the Anchorites. The artist is unknown, so he is known by the delightful name “Master of the Triumph of Death.” In 1839, Liszt was inspired by this fresco to write his famous Totentanz, “Dance of Death.”
The huge harbor chains of the port of Pisa can be seen hanging on the walls of the Camposanto. These were taken by the Genoese in 1342 and returned to Pisa in 1860. The crenellated walls outside the Camposanto to the west date from the 12th century. A Romanesque lion can be seen atop the wall near the 13th-century Porta del Leone, which is named for the sculpture.
• Address Piazza del Duomo, Pisa PI, Italy
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Characteristic differences in bright and dull pupils an interpretation of mental differences, with special reference to teaching procedures by Harry Jay Baker
Cover of: Characteristic differences in bright and dull pupils | Harry Jay Baker
Published by Public school publishing company in Bloomington, Ill .
Written in English
Read online
• Ability,
• Child study,
• Exceptional children.
Edition Notes
Book details
Statementby Harry J. Baker ...
The Physical Object
Paginationviii, 118 p.
Number of Pages118
ID Numbers
Open LibraryOL16945483M
Download Characteristic differences in bright and dull pupils
Characteristic differences in bright and dull pupils: an interpretation of mental differences, with special reference to teaching procedures Author: Harry J Baker. The study was undertaken to study the personality characteristics of bright and dull adolescents of class 10 th students' belonging to Batamaloo zone of District Srinagar (Kashmir).
Knowing the difference between a child who is bright and one who is truly a gifted learner. First, let's be clear about one thing: there is nothing wrong with being "just" a bright child. The bright child accepts responsibilities; the dull child does not. In one class, a bright child and a dull child were appointed to open the lockers previous to the ringing of the school bell.
The bright child invariably had the work completed when the dull child arrived. If an X pupil from this same class was absent, he usually sent for. ISBN: OCLC Number: Notes: Reprint of the ed., issued in series: Teachers College, Columbia University. Contributions to. Mixing Bright & Dull Greens: To mix a bright green, you want to use yellow #2 with blue #3 or a green-yellow and a green-blue.
Notice the adjective or color bias of these two primary colors is “green.” Neither one of these yellow or blue primaries carries a red bias in them. Character traits are the individual characteristics and qualities that make characters from books, stories, movies, plays, and other art forms come to life for readers.
Use the following list of character traits as a guideline when writing book reports and essays about the. Unique Characteristics of Gifted Children decades that I have worked with gifted kids and their parents on issues that arise and are unique and particular to bright and intense children, social development is the hardest and often the most critical issue to delve into and to work on solving.
Color, Value and Hue Color is one of the most powerful of elements. It has tremendous expressive qualities. Understanding the uses of color is crucial to effective composition in design and the fine arts.
This picture book is popular in Key Stage 2. It portrays a Romani boy called Jean, who is drawn in by a special character called the Django. The Django is full of fun but always seems to get Jean into trouble.
One day the Django disappears and Jean finds a way to. Dull Pupils, Characteristic Differences in Bright and, Harry J. Baker, (R), (E. Ashbaugh), Dyer, William Penn, Activities of the Ele mentary School Principal for the Im provement of Instruction, (R), (Arthur S.
Gist), E Education, a Historical and Critical Study, Preschool, Use Forest, (R), (Lorie Stecher Weeber), DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BRIGHT AND FAST LEARNERS BRIGHT LEARNERS FAST LEARNERS Knows the answers Is interested Is attentive Has good ideas Works hard Answers the questions Top group Listens with interest Learns with ease repetitions Understands ideas Asks the questions Is highly curious Is mentally and physically involved Has wild, silly ideas.
Kenneth E. Wood, in Kidney Transplantation (Sixth Edition), Absence of Brainstem Reflexes Pupils. Pupillary response to bright light evaluates cranial nerves II and III and should be absent in both eyes.
Most pupils in brain death are nonreactive and midposition. Round, oval, irregular, or dilated pupils are compatible with brain death, however, provided that they are not reactive. Some pupils may have had a difficult previous experience of education and for this group, creating a safe and motivating school environment is an early priority.
Many of the challenges individual pupils face are related to their anxiety, participation and their emotional well-being. All these issues are covered in the book. As adjectives the difference between bright and dull is that bright is visually dazzling; luminous, lucent, clear, radiant; not dark while dull is lacking the ability to cut easily; not sharp.
As a noun bright is an artist's brush used in oil and acrylic painting with a long ferrule and. Is this new for you or have your pupils ever been different sizes before. When did it start. Do you have other vision problems such as blurred vision, double vision, or light sensitivity. Hayden, Jay Gary, "Characteristics of elementary school pupils perceived as possible referrals to an elementary guidance counselor "().
Shertzer, and Van Hoose, in their book. Guidance in Elementary Schools (71), stated that the purposes of the differences existed in certain characteristics between chil. Common Characteristics of Gifted Individuals Because gifted children are so diverse, not all exhibit all characteristics all of the time.
However, there are common characteristics that many gifted. Dull definition, not sharp; blunt: a dull knife. See more. McCall, William A “Comparison of the Educational Progress of Bright Pupils in Accelerated and in Regular Classes” Nature and Nurture: Their Influence upon Achievement Bloomington, Illinois Public School Publishing Company 22 Twenty-seventh Yearbook, Part II.
National Society for the Study of Education. If the larger pupil is abnormal, the difference between pupil sizes is greater in bright light. If the smaller pupil is abnormal, the difference is greater in the dark. Eye disorders that cause unequal pupils include birth defects and eye injury.
Also, certain drugs that get into the eye may affect the pupil. Pupil, in the anatomy of the eye, the opening within the iris through which light passes before reaching the lens and being focused onto the size of the opening is governed by the muscles of the iris, which rapidly constrict the pupil when exposed to bright light and expand (dilate) the pupil in dim mpathetic nerve fibres from the third (oculomotor) cranial nerve.
As this occurs, his pupils shrink until they disappear, leaving blank blue eyes. Victor, Ginger, Dibbler and others swept up in the Holy Wood craze of Moving Pictures have a tiny gold star appear at the center of each pupil. The final book of The Hunger Games, Mockingjay, uses a mix between the unfocused and dilated pupils.
Learn about the similarities and differences between children who are academic high achievers versus those who are "gifted." The number one question asked by parents of advanced children is whether their child is gifted or "just" bright.
They recognize that their child seems to be more advanced than other kids the same age. Ruch W. Good. Yesterday Difference between plastic and rubber(at least ten) Yesterday Describing Characteristics: Describe 5 or more characteristics of someone you know or heard of.
Yesterday When The Clock by Christian Marclay is screened it is shown in real time, in essence making it function as a clock. Colorís not everything when selecting paint. Among the characteristics that contribute to the look, feel, texture & durability of a paint specification are gloss & sheen.
Here, Sherwin-Williams color & coatings experts make simple sense of gloss & sheen, so your designs can finish strong. An educator or counsellor must assess a pupil's essential character in order to ascertain his inborn abilities and natural virtues.
He must also carefully weigh a pupil's deficiencies and conduct. Only then can an educator or counsellor organize the overall educational process - especially if he must correct some specific fault - since.
What are the usual characteristics of MOST students currently studying at De La Salle University- Manila?That's because DLSU is a private school and private schools tend to be filled with rich people who think they are better than everybody did the pupil of the eye become the identifying characteristic of a school student?I think there might be some confusion here from the way the.
High-ability pupils in primary schools often do not achieve up to their full potential and teachers seem to face difficulties to motivate these pupils. In this study primary school pupils ( high-ability pupils) were asked about their views on desired characteristics of good teachers by means of an open teacher-spider-questionnaire.
The characteristics reported, were analysed using the. The difference in pupil diameter is usually equal in dim and bright light, although may be slightly more pronounced in dim light. Physiological anisocoria shows a normal light and near response.
The difference in pupil size between the eyes is generally small. Dull, lifeless eyes unless he was in a rage or I happened to notice him staring at me with pure contempt. As I look back, I noticed I had a very difficult time looking directly into his eyes.
If I made any eye contact during an argument or difference of opinion he would spiral into a rage. The characteristics reported, were analysed using the three "basic needs" from the Self-Determination Theory.
The answers of high-ability pupils were compared to answers of pupils from regular primary education. For both groups, teaching characteristics fostering relatedness, followed by competence, were mentioned most.
Apt Pupil book. Read reviews from the world's largest community for readers. The main character, Todd Bowden, is a brilliant creation - a psychopath in the body of a fourteen year old, all American, blonde haired, blue eyed boy.
Despite their age differences, these two character simultaneously feed off each other and keep each other /5(). Crystal, Indigo, and Star Seed children are a certain kind of special, displaying characteristics that push the boundaries of what is assumed to be our reality. Over the past number of decades, there has been a growing number of children who seem to come from a place beyond this physical universe, in order to bring the world into a new state of.
Of course, we need to remember that brightness and saturation also come into it, and too bright a color will probably give you a headache.
Looking to the experts, color psychologist Angela Wright states that bright orange hues stimulate while low saturation is more soothing. So for boosting energy, go bold, and for relaxing, go mellow. Light and dark refers to actual light like the light produced from a lightbulb or the sun, while bright and dull would refer to intellegence or the brightness of a hue.
Ex: white is bright, black is dull, the sun is light and the night is dark. One is Irwin, who faults the students for being not wrong but dull and predictable—and therefore unlikely to grab the attention of an Oxford exam-reader sifting the brilliant from the merely bright.
Conjuring up a visual image in the mind—like a sunny day or a night sky—has a corresponding effect on the size of our pupils, as if we were actually seeing the image, according to. Table lists pupil characteristics you may encounter and the possible causes of abnormalities.
Step 7.— Inspect the inner surfaces of the eyelids. If there is no obvious injury to the eye, gently pull the upper lid up and the lower eyelid down, and check the color of the inner surface.
Normally, the inner surfaces of the eyelids are pink. • At school in Somerset, I was a star pupil - keen, confident and bright. • My Betty, star pupil of the arts line at Bedfordshire Comprehensive.
• Glenn Stephenson was the star pupil of the group Mitchell nurtured. Origin pupil 1. () French pupille, from Latin pupillus “ young boy who is looked after ”, from pupus “ boy ” 2.Physical Properties of Metals.
Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity. Other properties include: State: Metals are solids at room temperature with the exception of mercury, which is liquid at room temperature (Gallium is liquid on hot days).; Luster: Metals have the quality of reflecting light from their surface and can be polished e.g., gold, silver.
As an exercise, practice describing a character’s face. Describe their mouth, nose, brow, chin and ears. Find a simile or metaphor for each (e.g. ‘His mouth was a tight red knot.’) One way to make eye description more interesting is to make characters’ eyes stand out in relation to character traits or other features: 2.
41864 views Friday, November 13, 2020
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"url": "https://gizevuqezyf.hamptonsbeachouse.com/characteristic-differences-in-bright-and-dull-pupils-book-12037ig.php"
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Aspects of the Apollo 12 Lightning Incident 700938
Before the Apollo 12 mission, the effects of lightning on a space vehicle were considered only for the period prior to flight. Methods and procedures for coping with possible lightning strikes while the vehicle was on the ground have been in existence since the inception of the launch complex. The possibility of the vehicle becoming involved with lightning after liftoff was not a launch consideration, unless natural lightning activity was present near the launch site.
This paper discusses the significant elements of the lightning incident during the Apollo 12 launch. The paper describes what happened, why it happened, and what meteorological conditions could produce lightning with the presence of the launch vehicle. The action taken to minimize the possibility of creating a similar incident during future Apollo flights is presented.
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"language": "en",
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By: Derek Hobson
A research study, led by Lynne A. Fieber at the University of Miami, was able to better understand how age-related memory loss works by monitoring mature and “elderly” sea snails.
First things first, why use sea snails?
Sea snails are less complex than humans, but their nervous system is an excellent model for the nervous system in people.
Additionally, the average life span of a sea snail is little more than one year. This means they can study these invertebrates from birth, to maturity, to their golden years in an abbreviated time span.
What’s being tested?
The sea snails’ reflexes–which, noticeably diminishes as they (and all animals) grow older. To do this, the researchers had the snails learn a reflex response through a process called “sensitization”. They did this by providing an electrical shock to the snails’ tails which, over time, resulted in a tail-reflex of pulling away.
This was studied at various ages, specifically sea snails aged 7-8 months (considered mature adult) and 12-13 months (seniors).
Why is this relevant to people?
This study was conducted to learn more about age-related memory loss–not to be confused with Alzheimer’s Disease and dementia. The researchers wanted to find out why our memory becomes more fickle with age, why we can’t remember as clearly.
It’s common knowledge that there is a decline in neurophysiological processes as we age. However, while some of this is due to a loss of neurons (i.e. those nerve cells we were talking about that are near identical in functionality between sea snails and humans), a lot of this is due to a “reduction in synaptic contact”; basically, we have difficulty remembering because our brains’ nerve cells aren’t making the connections anymore.
How does this apply to the study?
By shocking the snails’ tails until they develop a reflex, researchers can measure how quickly they learn and thereby retain the information. They can see if the snails reflex at the mere poke of their tail versus being unguarded. They can measure how long it takes for them to reflex as well as if they reflex at all.
The results?
As you may have guessed from the title, senior sea snails do react slower than their mature adult counterparts in every recorded trial. This opens the door to more studies and trials because we can now (with some certainty) analyze sea snails’ nervous system and find out why it ages.
Further Information
As we age, it is natural to suffer some memory loss, but it’s always important (especially if your loved one is getting older) that we learned to separate the difference between an elder that’s forgetful and an elder suffering dementia. If you think your loved one is suffering from age-related memory loss, there are activities you can do to stimulate the brain; but if you’re worried your senior is suffering dementia, then consider a center for memory care in Seattle to ensure that trained specialists can help.
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How do I size a motor overload?
The overloads are determined using 125% of the FLA, 7A x 1.25 = 8.75A. The maximum allowable size for the overloads is 9.8A. The overloads can be sized at 140% of the FLA if the overloads trip at rated load or will not allow the motor to start, 7A x 1.4 = 9.8A.
What should a motor overload be set at?
How do you select a motor overload?
3. Thermal Overload Relay
1. Min. Thermal Overload Relay setting = 70%x Full Load Current(Phase)
2. Min. Thermal Overload Relay setting = 70%x4 = 3 Amp.
3. Max. Thermal Overload Relay setting = 120%x Full Load Current(Phase)
4. Max. Thermal Overload Relay setting = 120%x4 = 4 Amp.
What is overload protection on a motor?
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Do all motors need overload protection?
How do you calculate overload?
Divide by the rated full load current from the motor nameplate. This will be the load factor for the motor. If the motor current is 22A and the rated full load current is 20A, then the load factor is 22/20 = 1.1. This means the motor is overloaded by 10%.
What can cause a motor to overload?
Motor overloading can be caused by an increase in the load being driven by the motor, bearing failure in the motor or the driven load, or an electrical problem such as a low input voltage or single phasing.
What is Class 10 overload protection?
The most common trip classes are Class 10, Class 20, and Class 30. A Class 10 overload relay, for example, has to trip the motor offline in 10 seconds or less at 600% of the full load amps (which is usually sufficient time for the motor to reach full speed).
What is an overload protector?
What are the two major types of thermal overload relays?
There are two major types of overload relays: thermal and magnetic. Thermal overloads operate by connecting a heater in series with the motor. The amount of heat produced is dependent on motor current. Thermal overloads can be divided into two types: solder melting type or solder pot, and bimetal strip type.
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How do you protect an engine from overload?
Motor overload protection is necessary to protect the motor and to help ensure the motor performs as expected. Continuous duty motors are protected against overload by a separate overload device sized between 115% and 125% of the motor nameplate full-load current, FLA.
What happens when motor is overloaded?
How does motor overload protection work?
Overload relays protect a motor by sensing the current going to the motor. … When current is too high for too long, heaters open the relay contacts carrying current to the coil of the contactor. When the contacts open, the contactor coil de-energizes, which results in an interruption of the main power to the motor.
What is the difference between overload and circuit breaker?
More specifically, circuit breakers and fuses are designed to detect when there is too much current in the circuit, while overload relays are designed to detect if a motor is overheating and will open the circuit if the motor gets too hot. For example, an overload relay can trip without a circuit breaker tripping.
What size breaker do I need for a 3 phase motor?
Full Load Current: Three Phase AC MotorsMotor HorsepowerSize Breaker10230V 460V50 3015230V 460V70 4020230V 460V100 5025230V 460V100 506
What size breaker do I need for a 100 hp motor?
Electrical motor wiring data – NEMA amps, starter size, HMCP size for motors ranging 1/2 to 500 hpMotor HPNEMA ampsMotor Circuit Protector Size HMCP50651006077150759615010012520021а
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Car service
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What Does Epidemic Mean?
An epidemic refers to the rapid spread of a disease within a certain geographical area within a relatively short period. It is not to be confused with a pandemic, which is, to put it simply, a worldwide epidemic. In the context of insurance, some travel insurance policies may reimburse policyholders for trip cancellation or interruption due to an epidemic. Moreover, evacuation coverage can pay for the costs to bring the policyholder to a health care facility or back home.
Insuranceopedia Explains Epidemic
For example, an Ebola epidemic erupts in a travel destination either before or during a planned trip. In this case, depending on the coverage, the policyholder would be entitled to prepaid travel costs and related expenses for trip cancellation or other similar expenses for trip cancellation. In case the policyholder contracts the disease in a remote location, evacuation coverage would pay for the costs of transporting them to a nearby medical facility, a hospital of choice, or back home to a hospital.
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How one pest adapted to life in the dark
December 20, 2007
A type of beetle that lives its entire life burrowing through stored grain has been found to lack full colour vision, and what's more the vision it does have breaks the rules. Most other insects have trichromatic vision - they are sensitive to ultraviolet, blue and long wavelength light. In a report published in the online open access journal Frontiers in Zoology, scientists reveal that this beetle has lost photoreceptors that are sensitive to blue wavelengths.
The red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) is a common pest that attacks milled grain products such as flour and cereals. It is a cryptozoic insect, meaning that it lives in the dark. Markus Friedrich from Wayne State University in Detroit, along with colleagues from St Louis and Cincinnati, performed genetic analyses to probe the evolution of the species' vision.
The opsin gene family is central to vision. The authors found that the beetle's compound eye retina lacked the blue-opsin encoding photoreceptors. Their work also identified the red flour beetle as the first example of an insect species that switches on two opsin genes across the entire retina. This co-expression of genes violates the 'one receptor rule' of sensory cells.
The research suggests that the beetle may have gained an evolutionary advantage through this adaptation. Dr Friedrich states that the work "raises the possibility that opsin co-expression is of advantage under conditions where brightness sensitivity is critical."
The study points the way to broader studies of the development and biology of this pest species. It also suggests that the red flour beetle may be a promising subject for further investigation of cryptozoic animals' evolution.
Notes to Editors
1 Genomic and gene regulatory signatures of cryptozoic adaptation: loss of blue sensitive photoreceptors through expansion of long wavelength-opsin expression in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum
Magdalena Jackowska, Riyue Bao, Zhenyi Liu, Elizabeth C. McDonald, Tiffany A. Cook, and Markus Friedrich
Frontiers in Zoology (in press)
During embargo, article available at:
After the embargo, article available at journal website:
Alternative media contact:
Robert Brumfield
Fusion PR
Tel: +001 202 898 200 (ext. 109)
Frontiers in Zoology is the first Open Access journal focussing on zoology as a whole. It aims to represent and re-unite the various disciplines that look at animal life from different perspectives and at providing the basis for a comprehensive understanding of zoological phenomena on all levels of analysis. Frontiers in Zoology provides a unique opportunity to publish high quality research and reviews on zoological issues that will be internationally accessible to any reader at no cost. The journal was initiated and is supported by the Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft, one of the largest national zoological societies with more than a century-long tradition in promoting high-level zoological research.
BioMed Central
Related Evolution Articles from Brightsurf:
Seeing evolution happening before your eyes
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Is evolution predictable?
Predicting evolution
Insect evolution: Insect evolution
Read More: Evolution News and Evolution Current Events is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to
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"url": "https://www.brightsurf.com/news/article/122007195971/how-one-pest-adapted-to-life-in-the-dark.html"
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(Solanum mauritianum)
Bugweed is a shrub or small tree up to 4 metres. The large, dull green leaves are covered in velvety hairs emit a strong smell when crushed.
Purple flowers appear all year round and are carried in compact, terminal clusters on densely felty stalks.
The round fruit which start off green (and are highly poisonous at this stage) ripen to yellow.
The hairy leaves and stems are a respiratory tract and skin irritant.
Other names
Bugtree (English)
Flannel Weed (English)
Woolly Nightshade (English)
Luisboom (Afrikaans)
Groot bitterappel (Afrikaans)
uBhoqo (isiZulu)
umbanga banga (isiZulu)
Invasive status
NEMBA Category 1b
CARA 2002 Category 1
Originally from
South America
Where is it a problem?
Western Cape, Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, Gauteng and Limpopo provinces
How does it spread?
Seed dispersal carried on waterways or by birds
Why is it a problem?
Bugweed competes vigorously indigenous riverine and forest margin species. It is also a host of the KwaZulu-Natal fruit fly which is an economic pest. It has no value as a fodder plant, the unripe fruits are poisonous and the hairy leaves and stems can cause allergic dermatitis and asthma.
Planting alternatives
False Olive (Buddleja saligna), Sagewood (Buddleja salviifolia) or Weeping Sage (Buddleja auriculata)
No one has ever become poor by giving
When we give cheerfully and accept gratefully, everyone is blessed.
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8357698917388916,
"url": "http://www.africanlegacy.org.za/projects/alien_invasives/bugweed.php"
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Canadian History for Kids!
Canadian History for Kids: Georges Vanier
A grateful nation never forgets a hero.
He rose to the position of Canada 19th Governor General, but at the beginning of the First World War, Georges-Philéas Vanier, was a young man looking to offer his service to both King and Country.
Georges Vanier was born on April 23, 1888 in Montreal, Quebec. In 1911 he was called to the Quebec bar and shortly thereafter began practicing law. In 1915 he enlisted in the Canadian Army. He became a recruiter and helped organize Canada’s first French-Canadian volunteer unit, the 22nd Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, also called the Vingt-deuxième Régiment or the VanDoos.
In 1918, as an officer with the VanDoos, he was leading an attack at Chérisy, France, when he was shot in the chest and both legs, losing his right leg. While recovering he demanded to remain in France. He was awarded the Military Cross twice; once in 1916 and another in 1919. He was also awarded the Distinguished Service Order in 1919.
In 1920 the VanDoos were proclaimed “Royal” by King George V and renamed Royal 22e Régiment. Georges Vanier commanded the VanDoos from 1926 to 1928.
In 1928 he was appointed to Canada’s delegate to what was then called the League and Nations (now called United Nations). He served as Canada’s representative to the United Nations until 1953.
In 1939, he also became Canada’s Minister to France and later Canada’s first Ambassador to France until 1953.
During the War years Georges Vanier and his wife, Pauline, became very concerned with the displaced people and fought to have changes made in Canada’s refugee and immigration policy. From 1947 to 1953, almost 200,000 European refugees settled in Canada. One of their five children, Jean Vanier, continued the spiritual and humanitarian tradition of their parents establishing The Ark, a co-operative self-help community which helps those with mental handicaps to live full and productive lives.
In 1959, Georges Vanier was appointed Canada’s 19th (and first French-Canadian) Governor General by Queen Elizabeth II. He served as Governor General until his death on March 5, 1967.
During his time as Governor General he recognized such achievements as the Vanier Award for Outstanding Young Canadians for youth community involvement, the Vanier Medal of the Institute of Public Administration of Canada in 1962 for public service, and the Vanier Cup for sports achievements.
The Vanier Cup was first awarded in 1965 to the winner of the Canadian College Bowl, the national football championship of the Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union (now called Canadian Interuniversity Sport).
Lest We Forget, a Canadian History for Kids, exclusive!
Other Canadian History for Kids Sketches of Canada
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"url": "http://www.canadianhistoryforkids.com/canadian-history-kids-georges-vanier/"
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Euoplocephalus tutus (S/F)
Euoplocephalus in Jurassic World: Evolution
Euoplocephalus was a genus of the ankylosaurian family of dinosaurs. First discovered in Alberta, Canada in 1897 by Lawrence Morris Lamb, it was named Stereocephalus in 1902. However, that genus had already been given to a beetle, so in 1910 it was renamed as Euoplocephalus. The animal was around five and a half meters long and weighed in at 2 and a half tonnes. This dinosaur is one of the biggest ankylosaurian genus that we have discovered.
We now know that InGen had been working on the DNA of Euoplocephalus and had obtained 9% of the genome, before abandoning Isla Sorna in the 90s. The dinosaur was eventually completed and cloned by InGen after they were bought by Masrani Global. However, it is unknown if it was ever actually displayed in the Jurassic World theme park. Unfortunately, if the
A close up image of the Arcadia’s manifest
dinosaur was alive and present on Isla Nublar when the eruption of Mount. Sibo occured it is unlikely Euoplocephalus would have survived as it was not on the Arcadia’s manifest. Although not confirmed, this may mean the Euoplocephalus has once again become extinct. The dinosaur featured in Jurassic World: Evolution as a species unique to the “Claire’s Sanctuary” DLC.
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9759177565574646,
"url": "https://jurassic-pedia.com/euoplocephalus-tutus-s-f/"
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Story Board
Updated: 2/22/2021
Story Board
Storyboard Text
• #1 Overproduction
• #2 Variation
• #3 Envoirment
• A squid with a camo variation reproduces with a normal gray squid and produces 2 types of squids, a gray-colored offspring, and a camo offspring, but the gray squid have problems with preditors so they know not all of there offspring will survive.
• #4 Selection
• The 2 squids each have their own variation, the Non-camo one and the camo one, they produced over time creating some mutations within the squids such as camo
• #5 Struggle
• A Shark is nearby and he sees the group of squids, he sees the gray squid better as the other group has camouflaged into their surroundings, so the shark hunts the gray ones
• #6 Differential Reproduction
• the Shark was more attracted to the grey non-camouflaged squid because they stood out more making them an easy target and a good food source
• Because the grey Squid tend to get eaten more they are less likely to grow in population, they could also get hunted until extinction due to natural selection
• The Camouflaged squid have a higher reproduction rate than the grey squid because the grey are slowly declining in population while the camo are increasing.
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"url": "https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/danielgarza24/story-board"
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Featured Image: Formation of the First Binaries
This still from a computer simulation (click for the full view!) shows the formation of a very early star system in the universe. In the gas-density volume rendering above, a binary composed of a single protostar (left) and a mini-triple set of protostars (right) has recently formed from the collapse and fragmentation of a primordial cloud of gas. The simulation, conducted by Kazuyuki Sugimura (University of Maryland; Tohoku University, Japan) and collaborators, follows not only what happens in the initial collapse of the cloud, but also how the subsequent evolution over the next ~100,000 years is influenced by the hot, ionizing radiation of the multiple stars that are forming (visible in this image as yellow bubbles of ionized gas around the poles of the stellar systems). Sugimura and collaborators’ work suggests that the first stars in the universe commonly formed as massive binary or multiple systems. To learn more about the study, check out the article below.
“The Birth of a Massive First-star Binary,” Kazuyuki Sugimura et al 2020 ApJL 892 L14. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab7d37
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"url": "https://aasnova.org/2020/04/20/featured-image-formation-of-the-first-binaries/"
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Types of Pavement Reflectors
Reflectors are materials that are used to reflect light. These are pavement markers that are normally rectangular or dome-shaped, depending on the make. These devices are fixed to the road or pavement surfaces to supplement other road marking such as road lines. But pavement reflectors are used primarily in the streets for the same purpose – to reflect light. However, these markers reflect light coming from the headlights of the passing vehicles. This is the reason why most of these are used for traffic control and safety.
These pavement reflectors are normally not obscured whether the area is dark or under weather conditions that may affect the visibility of the road such as rains or snowfalls. Reflecting light in the streets can guide the road users in driving, especially during the night. It makes the street and its traffic lanes more visible. But aside from that, such reflectors also have different purposes. They also serve as traffic delineators that serve as effective guides for the drivers as well as the pedestrians.
These type of reflectors can also serve as a traffic control solution. When these reflectors, combined with road reflectors, road lines and marking, are placed in dark areas or in accident prone areas, the area can be significantly safer. Reflectors are also used in zones such as the pedestrian crossing zone. Ultimately, these reflectors encourage safe driving conditions.
Different pavement reflectors are available. The different pavement reflector types are used depending on the specific purpose. The different types also have different characteristics to make it suitable for the road users' needs. Such reflectors that are yellow or amber in color are often used to mark the different lanes in the roads with two way traffic. In some areas where fire hydrants are common, blue pavement reflectors indicate the presence of a fire hydrant. Red reflectors indicate the things not to do such as entering a one way street in the wrong direction. White reflectors mark the edge of streets alongside the side streets. All these different reflectors are placed in strategic areas to make the road users be more aware of the hazards that are present in the area, particularly in the streets.
The placement of road reflectors and its suitability are often accompanied with studies and analysis. This is because road reflectors must satisfy the different factors affecting the area. These factors include weather, temperature, etc. Weather and climate factors can have an effect on the visibility of the markers and the accompanying painted road lines. Also, special types of reflector markers are used in areas where snowfalls are common occurrences. The area and its traffic properties where these road reflectors will be installed must also be considered. This can be a big factor in the installation of the reflectors.
For areas with relatively a low to medium amount of traffic and car volume, road reflectors can be placed on the roads by use of a simple adhesive, normally a butyl pad. But for areas with high traffic volume, the reflectors must use a more adhesive substance. The reflectors are thus installed by use of an epoxy. All the different factors of the area to be placed with reflectors are normally combined in the analysis for the pavement reflectors. These markers may be costly and difficult to install. An analysis with all factors considered would ensure that the placement of these markers would be the most cost-effective and at the very least, bring sufficient changes that can help the road users.
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"url": "https://kirpi4ik.dp.ua/types-of-pavement-reflectors.html"
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Recently Added Images
- Art Gallery -
NASA Corinth Canal Image
The Corinth Canal is a canal connecting the Gulf of Corinth with the Aegean Sea. It cuts through the Isthmus of Corinth and separates the Peloponnesus peninsula from the Greek mainland and therefore effectively makes it an island.
The canal is 6.3 km in length and was built between 1881 and 1893. It saves the 400 km long journey around the Peloponnesus for smaller ships, but since it is only 21 m wide, it is too narrow for modern ocean freighters. The canal is nowadays mostly used by tourist ships; 11,000 ships per year travel through the waterway.
79 m Bungy jumping at the corinth canal
The first who considered to build a canal was Periander but asking the Oracle of Delphi said that he should not build the canal.
Demetrius Poliorcetes asked his engineers if a canal can be build but they predicted that the different sea levels of the Saronic and Corinthian Gulf would be catastrophical for islands in the region if the canal is build.
The first attempt to build a canal at the place was carried out in 67 AD by the Roman emperor Nero, who ordered 6000 slaves to dig with spades. More than 3 km (40 meter wide) were completed but in the following year Nero died after he was sentenced to death and his successor Galba abandoned the project, since it appeared too expensive to him.
The opening of the Corinth Canal
Corinth Canal
The Corinth Canal [Source]
Corinth Canal [Source]
Corinth Canal [Source]
The memorial plate of Béla Gerster, the architect of the Corinth Canal, in his birth-place in Košice, Slovakia (Photo: Marian Gladis)
Corinth Canal 1906
Corinth Canal, Begin of the last century, earlier than 1923
Greek Stamp, Corinth Canal
IMAX Movie, flying trough the Corinth Canal
Ancient Greece
Medieval Greece / Byzantine Empire
Modern Greece
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
Hellenica World
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Dogs communicate in a variety of ways. They bark and use their body language to bow and move their ears and tails. Another clue into dog communication is to look at a dog’s hackles.
Let’s take a closer look at what hackles are, how they work, what they represent when they are raised, and what pet parents can do if they notice raised hackles on their pups.
What are Hackles?
Group of dogs meeting outdoors
Hackles are the group of hairs that stand up along a dogs neck and back caused by a fear response or to show dominance over another animal.
Dogs aren’t the only species that have hackles. Birds have hackles around their necks and erect their feathers when they are asserting dominance. Roosters have brightly colored hackles, or erectile plumage, to be more visually loud. Cats have hackles along their backs and tails, and this is the typical image we see of the “Halloween” cat with arched back and fur standing up to make them look larger. We see this often when the cats are fearful or feel threatened.
What is Piloerection?
Visible goosebumps on human's arm
Piloerection is the bristling or raising of hairs. A dog’s hackles that stand up along their backs have a specialized muscle called arrector pili muscles that cause piloerection.
Piloerection is due to a reflexive trigger of the sympathetic nervous system—the fight or flight response. When the nervous system is triggered by an event, such as coming into contact with another animal, the sound of a doorbell, or strange noise in the middle of the night, the dog’s nervous system becomes activated to be on high alert. The arrector pili muscles contract around the hair follicles to make the hairs stand up and the dog appears larger and taller. This is a visual warning to other animals and threats that the dog is ready to fight and defend their territory, or assert their dominance.
Piloerection can happen in humans, too. Ever get a nervous, excited, or chilling feeling and goosebumps appear? Your sympathetic nervous system causes the tiny muscles in the skin to contract, raising the hair follicles which create the little goosebumps and your hairs to stand straight up. This is our sympathetic nervous system triggering us to get ready for a fight or flight response.
Dog Breeds With Pronounced Hackles
Dog in autumnal woods playing
Dogs with longer hair can have a more pronounced effect when hackles are raised, especially when the hair may be longer around the neck region.
Rhodesian Ridgebacks look like their hackles are always raised, but this is just due to the growth of their hair in a forward motion along their backs.
Some dogs, such as Poodles or Poodle mixes (Labradoodle, Bernedoodle, Goldendoodle) have less pronounced hackles due to their curly coat. It can be hard to decipher any raising of the hair follicles from the normal hair around the arrector pili muscles.
Dogs With Raised Hackles: What Does It Mean?
Dog outdoors scared with ears back
Raised hackles in dogs mean they are on high alert. They could be having a response brought on by fear, dominance, surprise, insecurity, or uneasiness about a situation. The nervous system automatically causes piloerection along the neck and back. This is done automatically, and not under conscious control of the dog.
When you see raised hackles on a dog, be aware of what the trigger is. Sometimes it could be the ringing of the doorbell, other times it might be meeting a new dog or person.
Some younger dogs raise their hackles more often because they are still getting to know their environment and the world around them. Their sense of security might be a little less solid than an older dog who is more confident.
By having the hairs along their neck and back stand up, dogs appear taller and bigger to whatever threat they are reacting to. Dog hackles are more of a visual cue to their trigger that they are big, dominant, and ready to defend themselves if necessary.
Although rare, there have been a few reports of dog hackles being raised when they are not stimulated by an outside trigger. Dogs with neurologic diseases can have a “malfunction” of the autonomic nerves, and cause the arrector pili muscles to contract when not stimulated.
What if a Dog’s Hackles Are Up When Playing?
Sometimes dog hackles can be raised during times of play. Overstimulation, excitement, and surprise can cause piloerection. Watching to make sure the hackles go down, or that the dog isn’t showing other signs of aggression is key to having safe playtime.
What to Do If Your Dog Hackles are Raised?
Two dogs meeting in the park
Most of the time, pet parents don’t need to do anything in particular if they notice that a dog’s hackles are raised.
When new dogs are introduced to each other, or a dog is in a new environment, some pups will have their hackles raised. It’s similar to “stranger danger” mode until they sniff and get to know the other dog or environment they are in. They want to appear bigger and tougher, just in case they need to defend or fight for their territory.
Most of the time, once the sniffing and introductions have been made, the dog will relax and therefore their nervous system will, too. The arrector pili muscles will relax, and the hair will go back to their normal position.
If your dog’s hackles are raised for an extended period of time, or if they are barking, growling, in a rigid position, or not listening to your commands, it’s time to separate them from the inciting cause (other dogs, people, animals). This situation could escalate into aggression, which could be harmful to you or other people and pets.
Be careful when you intervene with a potentially aggressive situation, as you do not want to put yourself in harm’s way. By knowing your own dog’s cues for escalation, you can prevent potential problems.
Don't miss our vet-approved pet care tips!
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Name: Mesohippus (Middle horse).
Phonetic: Mee-so-hip-pus.
Named By: Othniel Charles Marsh - 1875.
Synonyms: Anchitherium celer, Mesohippus celer, Mesohippus hypostylus, Mesohippus latidens, Mesohippus portentus, Mesohippus praecocidens, Mesohippus trigonostylus, Mesohippus viejensis, Miohippus celer, Pediohippus portentus, Pediohippus trigonostylus.
Classification: Chordata, Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Equidae, Anchitheriinae.
Species: M. bairdi, M. barbouri, M. braquistylus, M. equiceps, M. hypostylus, M. intermedius, M. latidens, M. longiceps, M. metulophus, M. montanensis, M. obliquidens, M. proteulophus, M. westoni.
Diet: Herbivore.
Size: 60 centimetres (6 hands) high at the shoulder.
Known locations: Canada & USA.
Time period: Bartonian of the Eocene through to Rupelian of the Oligocene.
Fossil representation: Multiple specimens.
‘Middle horse’ may seem an uninteresting name for a prehistoric horse, but Mesohippus is actually one of the most important. The middle horse name is actually a reference to the position of Mesohippus in relation to earlier forms like Hyracotherium and larger and later forms like we know today. Aside from having longer legs, Mesohippus only had three toes in contact with the ground rather than the four seen in Hyracotherium. The centre toe was the main weight bearing appendage and overall the construction of the foot and larger size reveals that Mesohippus would be the faster horse.
By having longer legs, Mesohippus could cover a greater amount of ground during foraging while expending a reduced amount of energy in doing so. However this adaptation may have also been pushed by the emergence of predators such as Hyaenodon and nimravids (false sabre-toothed cats) that would have been too powerful for Mesohippus to fight. As such the best chance that Mesohippus had of staying alive was to quite literally run for its life and try to outpace and outlast its attacker. Unfortunately for Mesohippus this was not always a successful strategy, with fossils revealing that Mesohippus was a prey animal for the aforementioned Hyaenodon. Despites its position lower down on the food chain however, Mesohippus was the evolutionary success story as its progeny would go on to become larger and faster running horses, while both predators like Hyaenodon and the nimravids would eventually disappear from the planet without any surviving descendants.
Mesohippus was similar to another primitive horse named Anchitherium. In fact one species of Anchitherium, A. celer has been found to be a synonym to Mesohippus bairdi.
1 - Hyracotherium, 2 - Mesohippus, 3 - Merychippus, 4 - Pliohippus, 5 - Hipparion.
Further reading
- New Oligocene horses. - Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 20(13):167-179. - H. F. Osborn - 1904.
- Fossil horses of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Assiniboia. - Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, series 2 11(4):43-52. - L. M. Lambe - 1905.
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德甲下注官网|NASA on Thursday announced the discovery of Kepler-452b, the德甲下注 most Earth-like planet ever found. Located 1,400 light-years from our planet, NASA called it Earth 2.0, because its the first planet discovered in the habitable zone of a G star similar to our sun。周四，美国国家航空航天局(以下全称为NASA)宣告找到开普勒-452b，是迄今为止与地球尤为相似的行星。
该行星距离地球1400光年，NASA将其命名为“地球2.0”，因为它是第一颗人类在宜居带上里与太阳相近的恒星附近找到的行星。We can think of Kepler-452b as an older, bigger cousin to Earth, providing an opportunity to understand and reflect upon Earths evolving environment, said Jon Jenkins, the Kepler data analysis lead at NASAs Ames Research Center。“我们可以不妨将开普勒-452b视作地球年纪较小，体积也较小的“老表”。
从它身上我们可以理解并反省地球所演进的环境，”NASA艾姆斯研究中心开普勒数据分析的领队琼·詹金斯如是说。The planet is 5 percent farther away from its star than Earth is to the sun, making for a slightly longer year of 385 days, but gets similar light because its sun is 20 percent brighter than our own。该行星与其恒星之间的距离要比地球与太阳的距离远上百分之五，因此它一年(公转周期比地球稍长)为385天，但光线与地球相差无几。
因为它的恒星亮度要比太阳低百分之二十。The sunshine from this star would feel very similar to the sunshine from our star, Jenkins told reporters。詹金斯告诉他记者：“开普勒-452b上的阳光跟我们地球上的阳光感觉是差不多的。”NASA believes the planet has a mass about five times more massive than Earths, with a rocky surface below a thicker atmosphere than our own. Gravity would be about twice as strong on Kepler-452b as it is on Earth, NASA said。
NASA指出，该行星的质量约要比地球的质量大5倍，其岩石表面海面的大气层要比地球的大气层薄许多。而开普勒-452b的引力是地球引力的2倍。The planet is located in the Kepler-452 system in the constellation Cygnus. Its sun has the same surface temperature as our own, but has a diameter that is 10 percent larger。该行星坐落于开普勒-452星系里的天鹅座。
它的恒星表面温度与地球一样，但直径要比地球大上百分之十。While NASA scientists have no idea if Kepler-452bs atmosphere is conducive to life, they do know that there has been plenty of time for organisms to develop。虽然NASA的科学家们无法确认开普勒-452b的大气环境否不利于生命的构成，但他们告诉在该星球上有充足的时间来构成微生物有机体。
Its awe-inspiring to consider this planet spent 6 billion years in the habitable zone of its star, which is longer the age of the Earth, Jenkins said. That is considerable time and opportunity for life to arise somewhere on its surface or oceans if all the necessary conditions for life exist on this planet.“这颗行星在其恒星的宜居带上里不存在了60亿年，这哈密顿地球的年龄大多了，看看都实在令人敬畏，”詹金斯说，“如果该行星上不具备适合生命不存在的所有必备条件，这时间不足以让其表面构成生命了。【德甲下注官网】。
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Monday, October 28, 2019
The Pentney Hoard is an Anglo-Saxon jewellery hoard, discovered by a gravedigger in a Pentney, Norfolk churchyard in 1978. The treasure consists of six silver openwork disc brooches, five made entirely of silver and one composed of silver and copper alloy. The brooches are decorated in the 9th century Trewhiddle style.
The five largest items of the hoard, based on a comparison of similarly styled brooches, were judged to have been made between 800—840 AD. The smallest brooch, also based on style, was believed to be from the late eighth century. It has been proposed by scholars that the hoard could have been buried in the middle of the 9th century, during the Viking raids on East Anglia.
In 1978, William King, a sexton for the church of St. Mary Magdalene in PentneyNorfolk was digging a grave and noticed a circular piece of metal embedded in the soil. In removing the metal, he uncovered five additional metal discs. King gave the artefacts to the church rector who saved them in the parish chest. Three years later, the new church rector, John Wilson, found the discs and gave them to the Norwich Castle museum. The British Museum was asked to evaluate the brooches. It was determined that the hoard items were Anglo-Saxon silver disc brooches.
1. What beautiful craftsmanship.
2. My first question is: when were jewelry saws invented? Man, those holes had to have been drilled and then a saw used to enlarge them.
3. I'm just impressed at the honesty of the gravedigger.
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Mar 6, 2019|Blog
Every Printed Circuit Board (PCB) will have copper structures that hold an electrical connection between at least two points on the board. This is known as the trace. The trace carries the current from one point to another, turning into an essential part of the board.
Not every PCB has the same trace, though. The width of the trace is important to determine for every board created. Too much or too little can result in a faulty connection and ultimately destroy the PCB. As the current that passes through the trace gives off heat, it’s crucial to calculate the correct width to prevent overheating of the wires.
Rather than going for a standard trace width, it’s best to calculate the width on your own. Many types of PCBs exist in today’s world and not all of them can follow general calculations. Instead, you should determine the trace width according to your board’s specifications to prevent anything from overheating and failing.
PCB Trace Width Guidelines
Determining the trace width of your PCB comes down to the fabrication of your board and what it allows. However, there are a few guidelines to follow that will help you get a clearer calculation.
The general rule is the greater the trace width, the greater the carrying capacity that prevents overheating. When calculating the trace width, there are five general considerations you need to include:
The first thing to consider is what the trace width is for. Typically, it will be either for power or for a signal. This will help give you more of a concise calculation.
Amperage is crucial because that number indicates the maximum amount of current your PCB can handle before failure. When the current passes through a trace, it dissipates heat. Too much means too much heat through the trace, and it can either burn the trace or delaminate it from the PCB.
The location of the trace is important because there are different components on the PCB that can interfere with the current flowing through the trace. If it’s too close, it could cause the trace to short and burn the PCB. If you have multiple layers on the board, you’ll want to use vias to move the current from one layer to the other.
There is a direct correlation between the trace width and the copper thickness. You’ll want to determine the thickness of the copper to help decide what the maximum current carrying capacity is for the trace.
The length of the trace also plays a role in how much current will flow. If you’re needing a lot of power, you’ll likely want to have a longer trace.
To help you determine the trace width of your PCB, use a trace width calculator. You input your design specifications into the calculator, like the maximum current amperage, length of the trace, and temperature of the resistance. Once you have all the specifications in, the calculator will give you the minimum width required to match the design of your PCB.
You can either use a web-based tool or PCB software to determine the trace width. No matter which one you use, ensure that you input the correct calculations so that you can get the best width for your board. Remember, the wrong trace width could be detrimental to your PCB.
The trace width is an essential part of the whole Printed Circuit Board. The trace width is what allows the current to pass through the board, either for a signal or for power. The more trace width you have, the more current can move throughout the board. Without accurately determining the trace width, you leave your board vulnerable to overheating and failing.
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The HiRISE focal plane
The HiRISE focal plane
The HiRISE focal plane The HiRISE camera has 14 detectors, lined up on a large focal plane. Ten of the detectors see red wavelengths and form a staggered line that allow HiRISE to capture grayscale images 20,000 pixels across. At the middle of the focal plane are two more pairs of detectors that see blue-green and infrared light, allowing the HiRISE team to show the center 20% of any image swath in color.
At this point in the HiRISE assembly the detector elements are bare but are correctly aligned, set to the same height, and measured so that the locations of the pixels is known to an accuracy of a few microns. Later a metal cover was installed that had spectral filters, sharp-edged rectangular apertures, and stray light baffling. NASA / JPL-Caltech / UA / courtesy of Timothy Reed
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Meet Operation Silberfuchs: How Hitler Tried to Cut off Stalin's Murmansk Port
By Finnish Wartime Photograph Archive ( - Finnish Wartime Photograph Archive (, Copyrighted free use,
August 8, 2020 Topic: History Region: Europe Blog Brand: The Reboot Tags: Soviet UnionMurmanskLend-LeaseEastern FrontWorld War II
Berlin's failure would let Moscow keep importing badly-needed supplies.
Key Point: This ice-free port would prove vital to the Soviet war effort. Hitler tried to seize it, but was unable to succeed.
As Adolf Hitler began to formulate his grandiose plans for the conquest of the Soviet Union, he considered the far northern operation area little more than a sideshow. Neither he nor his general staff realized the importance of the harsh, unforgiving tundra that contained a rail line connecting the port of Murmansk to the rest of Russia. It would prove to be a considerable miscalculation.
Ice-Free Northern Port
Located about 150 miles above the Arctic Circle, Murmansk was the only northern Soviet port that was ice-free year round. Thanks to the Gulf Stream, Kola Bay, the gateway to Murmansk, could handle shipping when the larger northern port of Archangel was frozen solid.
During World War I, Czar Nicholas II had a rail line built between Murmansk and St. Petersburg (Leningrad). About 70,000 German and Austrian prisoners of war labored for two years to construct the 850-mile track. When it was completed in 1917, more than 25,000 graves marked the route—the final resting places of prisoners struck down by typhoid during the brief, searing days of summer, and by malnutrition and the cold during the bitter eight-month Arctic winter. When the United States entered the war in 1917, the Murmansk rail line became a strategic supply route for American goods to reach the Russian heartland.
“Hero Of Narvik”
None of this mattered to Hitler in April 1941 as he met with General der Gebirgstruppe (General of Mountain Troops) Eduard Dietl to discuss the mission of Dietl’s Gebirgskorps “Norwegen.” The Führer was concerned about the safety of the nickel mines in Finland at Petsamo (now Pechenga) and with the vulnerability of the ore-rich area around Narvik, Norway, once the Reich and the Soviet Union were at war. To Hitler, the Murmansk rail line was only a means for Stalin to quickly move troops to the northern regions for an offensive against these vital areas.
The 50-year-old Dietl and some trusted staff members had been working on the planned Arctic attack for more than three months. Known as the “Hero of Narvik” for his daring seizure of the port during the 1940 invasion of Norway, the Bavarian general had already served Germany for more than 30 years. Joining the Army in 1909, Dietl saw some of the fiercest fighting of World War I, including several battles along the Somme, in Flanders, and at Arras. He had earned both classes of the Iron Cross and had the Wound Badge in silver before the war ended.
Unforgiving Terrain
Remaining in the Reichswehr (the 100,000-man postwar German Army), Dietl rose through the ranks and was given command of the 3rd Gebirgs (Mountain) Division in 1937. In 1940 his division helped overrun Norway, and by June of that year he had been given command of the newly formed Gebirgskorps Norwegen. Now, as he waited to meet the Führer, Dietl was prepared to brief Hitler about the tremendous obstacles that lay ahead for his men.
Soviet maps showed few roads in the desolate tundra, which was covered with snow and ice during the long winter. In the summer, the land became a gigantic swamp that was crisscrossed with untamed rivers, streams, and lakes. Some areas were also covered by dense forest. Moving men, supplies, and pack animals through such terrain would require superhuman effort.
As Hitler strode into the room, the general stood at attention. With a brief gesture toward a map table, the leader of Germany began to give his own assessment of the situation in the Murmansk sector. He pointed out that the airfields in and around the city of 100,000 posed a serious threat to German forces in the Far North, and that Luftwaffe aerial reconnaissance photos showed that Murmansk had a huge rail yard that could receive thousands of troops daily.
“We Must Eliminate This Danger At the Very Beginning”
Hitler also worried about the vulnerability of the ore-rich regions that could be lost if the Russians managed to launch an offensive strike in the area. “It could be disastrous,” he said. “We must eliminate this danger at the very beginning of our Eastern campaign. Not by waiting, but by attacking. You’ve got to manage those ridiculous 60 miles from Petsamo to Murmansk with your Gebirgsjäger, and thus put an end to the threat.”
Somewhat taken aback by the phrase “ridiculous 60 miles,” Dietl began to detail the logistical problems that his divisions would face. He hoped to dissuade Hitler about directly attacking Murmansk, arguing that the severing of the port’s rail line would serve the same purpose and would have more chance of success. “If the rail line is interdicted,” he said, “the port and its defenses will eventually wither on the vine.”
A Typical Hitler Compromise
Hitler listened patiently, asking questions and studying the map that lay before him. When the general finished, Hitler told him to leave his plans for him to study, which Deitl took as a good sign. By the first week of May, Hitler had made his decision. The operational plan that he sent to GeneralOberst (Col. Gen.) Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, commander of Armee Norwegen and overall commander of the far northern sector, was a typical Hitler compromise.
Code-named Silberfuchs (Silver Fox), the final plan called for a three-pronged attack against Murmansk and its vital railway link. Dietl’s Gebirgskorps Norwegen was given a threefold mission—one defensive and two offensive. The defensive mission was to guard the Norwegian sector north of Narvik against a possible Soviet invasion. For this purpose, he had the 199th Infanterie Division (made up of older soldiers who were fit mostly for garrison duty); a police battalion and three machine-gun battalions; the 9th SS Infanterie Brigade; and a hodgepodge of naval and coastal artillery units.
A Two-Thrust Plan
The first of his offensive missions involved seizing the area around Petsamo and advancing to Polyarny and Port Vladimir, closing the Kola Bay north of Murmansk. His second objective was the city of Murmansk itself. For these tasks, Dietl had the 2nd and 3rd Gebirgs Divisions, a Bau (construction) battalion, a communications battalion, two batteries of 105mm guns, a Nebelwerfer (rocket launcher) battalion, and a reduced-strength antiaircraft gun battalion.
A second thrust would be made in the Salla area, about 190 miles south of Petsamo, by General der Infanterie Hans Feige’s XXXVI Armeekorps (redesignated a Gebirgskorps in October 1941). Feige’s Korps consisted of the 169th Infanterie Division, SS Division “Nord,” and the 6th Finnish Infantry Division. It also included two battalions each of tanks and motorized artillery, a heavy-weapons battalion, communication and bridge construction battalions, two antiaircraft and two Nebelwerfer battalions, and two Bau battalions.
Feige’s task was to smash the Soviet positions at Salla and then advance to the rail line north of the White Sea. When he reached the railroad town of Kandalaksha, he would then turn north to participate in the attack on Murmansk. Part of his force would also set up blocking positions along the rail line to prevent Soviet reinforcements from strengthening the Murmansk defenses.
Air Support Sorely Lacking
About 90 miles south of Salla, Maj. Gen. Hjalmar Siilasvuo’s III Finnish Corps (Group J and Group F—the equivalent of two brigades) was charged with taking the railhead at Kesten’ga. After Kesten’ga was secured, the Finns would then seize the towns of Loukhi and Kem, severing the Murmansk rail line in two more areas to make it even more difficult for any Soviet relief effort.
Unlike other areas at the beginning of the Russian campaign, the German forces of the Northern Theater could not count on much support from the Luftwaffe. GeneralOberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff’s Luftflotte 5 was the poor relation of Reichsmarshal Hermann Göring’s air force. With little more than 250 aircraft to accomplish his primary mission of defending the skies over Norway, Stumpff could provide little in the way of air support for ground operations. For Silberfuchs, Luftflotte 5 could only contribute three long-range reconnaissance aircraft, a group of 30 bombers, and another squadron of 10 fighters. There were also seven short-range reconnaissance aircraft attached to Armeekorps Norwegen.
Finns Not All In
Hitler’s plans were based on Finnish cooperation, but the Finns were also considered the wild card of Silberfuchs because the Helsinki government was not yet fully committed to joining the German attack. As the date for the invasion, June 22, grew closer, German-Finnish negotiations were ongoing. Finland demanded and received assurances that all Finnish troops would be under the command of Field Marshal Gustaf Mannerheim, commander of the Finnish Army. This resulted in a dual-command system, which meant that there would be two independent commanders, von Falkenhorst and Mannerheim, in the same theater of operations—a certain recipe for confusion on the battlefield.
Operations in the far north were set to commence one week after the June 22 invasion. This gave von Falkenhorst more time to get his troops to their jump-off points, and it also gave the Germans a few more days to continue to negotiate with the Finns. As German artillery began blasting Soviet forward positions in the early hours of the 22nd, talks between Berlin and Helsinki were still in progress.
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What are leeches?
Leeches belong to the genus ringworms and are related to earthworms. There are around 600 different species in the world. Leeches are very sensitive and can only survive and survive in humid environments and in very clean waters. You can find them in ponds, pools and streams with a lot of plant growth. Worldwide you can find them mainly in Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor. Most species live in fresh water.
The three types of medicinal use: the Northern European Hirudo medicinalis, the Asian Hirudo orientalis and Hirudo verbana from the regions around the Black Sea. In Europe, the Hirudo medicinalis and Hirudo verbana are mainly used.
The leech has a suction cup on both ends of the body. The rear one is slightly larger and is used for holding on. The mouth with the biting tools is in the front suction cup. When hungry, adult leeches are 5 to 10 centimeters long and about one centimeter in diameter.
The back drawing of the Hirudo medicinalis is medium to dark green and has orange to red patterns. The leeches are spotted black on the belly and the sides have a typical teardrop pattern. The Hirudo verbana is somewhat darker than the Hirudo medicinalis, has an olive-green belly and two black stripes on the sides.
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How Cultural Survival is mapping the impact of the pandemic on Indigenous communities
Behind the scenes, Interviews
As the Covid-19 pandemic unfolds, Indigenous communities across the globe are finding themselves excluded from case data. In response, a Cambridge-based human rights group called Cultural Survival has created a map that documents outbreaks in Indigenous populations around the world.
The project is led by Bia’ni Madsa’ Juárez López, a 31-year-old biologist and project manager of the Keepers of the Earth Fund. Juárez López says she hopes the map will shine a light on how Covid is impacting Indigenous peoples, and lead to better access to resources as case numbers rise.
The project also details alleged human rights violations that are occurring on reservations and tribal lands with the pandemic, including mining companies that have refused to stop operations despite risk of infection, and a lack of adequate health care access in many cases. For instance, Juárez López points out that governments are sharing information about hand washing to stop the spread of the virus, but that’s a problem for communities that don’t have basic access to clean water in the first place.
“Maybe that water was taken by the government or another big company for other projects,” said Juárez López. “So that is just a problem that is exacerbated with the situation. You cannot ask a community to wash your hands if they don’t have water.”
Storybench discussed the mapping project with Juárez López to learn more about why it was developed and what journalists should understand about covering Indigenous affairs.
How did the idea for the map come about?
Since we are an international organization, we think it’s very important to see the global picture. We saw different mapping projects starting in other places with very specific areas. So we kind of saw a bunch of information there. And we wanted to organize that.
We also saw there were other types of problems related to Covid that were not necessarily cases. So we started also mapping. That is why we have two layers. One is related to human rights violations or problems in the communities related to the pandemic.
Is there any other map that documents Covid-19 in Indigenous communities at this level?
No, there is not. Our map is the biggest one in terms of area and also in terms of this other layer that is not just cases of Covid. But we are in contact and we follow all the other projects that are amazing. There is one in the U.S., one in Ecuador, also in Brazil. Very, very great mapping projects in Colombia Panama.
What are some of the historic ways that Indigenous populations have been impacted by disease that point to why we should pay attention to Covid-19 in these situations today?
We know from documentation and historic data that the indigenous peoples were really affected and maybe some peoples, tribes or nations were completely erased by viruses or bacteria or sickness that came with the new people in this continent. Or in other areas where they didn’t have contact with different diseases … And we have other experiences, more closer in time, in some communities, depending on the region or people, that they remember there was this thing that came and a lot of people died.
Photo of Bia’ni Madsa’ Juárez López by Jamie Malcolm-Brown.
What are some of the human rights violations documented on the map that have stood out to you?
People being removed from their land. We have cases in Africa, whole communities, just moved with army from their land to continue with projects the government had. Yeah, so that’s really terrible because you don’t have your land, you don’t have food, you don’t have water. You don’t know where to live and you’re completely removed from your community.
And governments are moving those communities now because they’re taking advantage of the pandemic?
Yes, or they didn’t even think to stop because those are problems that always happen. We are used to those situations, but they didn’t think twice to stop those. And those are the cases in the Amazon with mega projects. Of course we stop markets, we stop traveling, we stop different things – but [the governments] didn’t include mining projects. They include mining projects as a big necessity so that it shouldn’t stop.
Since we know that Covid-19 can be most deadly for elderly patients, how is that particularly devastating for Indigenous communities and their culture?
That is really terrible because for Indigenous peoples, elders are a very, very important part of our community and they are like the main stone. They have a lot of knowledge and they keep teaching or sharing that knowledge as a part of what they do. So when they die, it is just really bad because you have other generations that didn’t have the opportunity to exchange that knowledge with them.
How can having desegregated data help Indigenous communities handle the virus better?
It shows that as Indigenous peoples, we have this capacity of managing and producing our own data. And also we have this capacity and it’s not so difficult. Governments can do it. Because they have more resources and more tools and they have all this information that they can gather. But they don’t want to. So I think that is one important thing to say. That they can do it, but they decide not to do it.
And also thinking about, for example, the CONFENIAE, the mapping project that they have in Ecuador. They really, really use that information to talk with the government, with the specific data about transmission and all these professional levels to request for more tests, to request for more medicine, for distribution in the area. … So I’m sure the Indigenous mapping projects that are already working, they’re going to do a better job in distributing the vaccine if we get it, or other resources.
What do you want journalists to know who are interested in covering Indigenous affairs?
What I see frequently, and that is like a big request for journalists, is naming the Indigenous peoples correctly and naming us. I always – one of the hard things for me during this mapping project – was to find articles and they always say Native people, Indigenous peoples. Like as if we were just one type of people. But we are very diverse. We are hundreds of nations. So name us the correct way.
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小橋 昭彦 2006年5月9日
Prehistoric cultivation of wild wheat in the Fertile Crescent led to the selection of mutants with indehiscent (nonshattering) ears, which evolved into modern domestic wheat. Previous estimates suggested that this transformation was rapid, but our analyses of archaeological plant remains demonstrate that indehiscent domesticates were slow to appear, emerging ~9500 years before the present, and that dehiscent (shattering) forms were still common in cultivated fields ~7500 years before the present. Slow domestication implies that after cultivation began, wild cereals may have remained unchanged for a long period, supporting claims that agriculture originated in the Near East ~10,500 years before the present.
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Hatshepsut’s Expedition to Punt
2 February 2017
Hatshepsut Describe the expedition to Punt in the reign of Hatshepsut. (10 marks) The expedition into punt during the reign of Hatshepsut took place prior to or during the ninth year of her reign and involved a lengthy voyage along the Nile somewhere in the vicinity of present-day Somalia.
We know of this because of the many pictorial primary sources carved into the walls at her temple at Deir el Bahari which indicates Punts inner African location. The expedition was most likely aimed to open up trade between the two nations and establish a bond that would benefit both Egypt and inner Africa.The panels of pictorials show the journey to Punt and convey the land rich with nature and abundant in animal life. The next panel shows five Egyptian ships arriving in Punt, two of which various gifts and presents are being unloaded and will be presented as tribute to the various Chiefs of Punt. Nehasi escorted by an officer and eight Egyptian soldiers presents these offerings to the Chief and his wife on Hatshepsut’s behalf. This offering must have been well received because the next panel shows both Puntites and Egyptians loading the ships with incense and ebony.When the boats are loaded at Punt bags of incense, gold ebony, elephant tusks, panther skins, monkeys and frankincense are already present on the boat also many other exotic gifts were loaded and were to be presented to Hatshepsut.
Hatshepsut’s Expedition to Punt Essay Example
The arrival back at Thebes was both joyous and peaceful, and in the presence of the Queen a long line of Puntites carrying ebony and boomerangs, and drive cattle, while the Egyptians carried frankincense and other goods to presented to the Queen.According to Naville, “… the bowing down before (Hatshepsut) by the chiefs of Punt…
bringing their goods in the place where is her majesty…. ” This source supports other evidence which shows that this is how the event took place. Hatshepsut then takes some of the best produce and goods, received from the Puntites and dedicates them to the god Amon while frankincense trees were planted in the garden of Amon. Much of the rest of produce was measured and gathered together.
This is shown in a pictorial where the god Thoth and four workers are recording the many exotic goods from the land of Punt. This expedition into Punt was both successful and achieved great benefits for both nations. We know how this expedition took place because of sources like Bentley, Redford and Naville as well as the many pictorials that paint a detailed picture of the great expedition. Assess the importance of the Punt expedition to the reign of Hatshepsut. (15Marks)The punt expedition was highly important because it was the first time in 500 years that a voyage to Punt had been undertaken and this major expedition would have required detailed planning and direction which shows the obedience and confidence of Hatshepsut’s officials and conveys their support in her planning and organisational skills and how they were willing to embark on such a momentous voyage. She appears to have regarded the Punt trading expedition as an extremely important part of her reign and wanted to be remembered for it because it contributed to Egypt’s prosperity and showed her devotion to her father Amun. It would seem that Hatshepsut regarded these as the most important events of her reign”, Bentley.
The expedition provided many benefits to the people of Egypt and the Puntites because of the trading of various goods between the two. Hatshepsut who was blessed with all these gifts of tribute was able to pay tribute to the Amun priesthood and many of her high officials for their continued support and contribution to her glorious reign. The land of Punt was seen as “God’s Land” so the expedition into the area brought about a certain amount of religious respect to Hatshepsut for organising the journey to the land of the Gods.It also showed how powerful and commanding Hatshepsut has become and how intelligent she was because she was able to use the military in a diplomatic role. She presented the expedition in such a way as to reinforce how important it was by having Egyptian artists construct a magnificent and detailed set of pictorials which tell the story of the journey and why it was so important. This pictorial was situated in the reliefs of Middle Colonnade next to the Divine Birth scene at her temple at Deir el Bahari and involved the Egyptian Gods Hathor, Thoth and Amon.This positioning and inclusion of these Gods only further outlines its importance to Hatshepsut and shows how she wish to show her accomplishments with all.
The various exotic goods which Egypt, because of its landscape and lack of natural resources, was unable to produce were present in the land of Punt. So through this trade agreement Egypt was able to gain various exotic products like myrrh, frankincense, fragrant ointments, many valuable woods, much sweet-smelling resin, quantities of ebony and ivory, also fish and other fauna and flora were collected during the expedition.All these good were collected and were used for various building programs and various religious purposes and cosmetics. The subsequent lack of wood produced by Egypt was unfortunate because of the amount of timber needed for the construction of many of their buildings and the importance of boats travelling up and down the Nile River only drove this need for wood even more. The land of Punt provided a solution because of its abundance in this specific resource which is another reason why this expedition was so crucial to the people of Egypt.The many resources this expedition provided was able to boost Egypt’s already booming economy into a place of subsequent prosperity. This may provide some insight into why Hatshepsut commanded such a voyage and shows her ability to understand her great economy.
“Hatshepsut was not blind to the need of bolstering Egypt’s economy,” Redford. The Punt expedition provided the opportunity to improve Egypt’s relations with neighbouring factions as well as boosting its only economy.
How to cite Hatshepsut’s Expedition to Punt essay
Choose cite format:
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Chiquinha Gonzaga: Composer, Pianist, Conductor
The history of music is filled with the stories of women who fought tooth and nail to be there. Many musical women struggled with economic insecurity, the disapproval and dismissal of their society and families, and worse. But despite the difficulties, many still stubbornly found a way to make a life practicing the art they loved.
Composer, pianist, and conductor Chiquinha Gonzaga was one such woman. She overcame all the typical obstacles and more. Sadly, she paid a steep price for doing so: her pursuit of a career cost her not only her reputation, but her family. And yet despite her losses, she was convinced that a life in music would ultimately prove worthwhile. Music could be a tool to lead her – and others – to a kind of freedom and even (eventually) legitimacy.
Francisca Edwiges Neves Gonzaga was born in Rio de Janeiro on 17 October 1847. Her nineteen-year-old mother, Maria Rosa de Lima, was the unmarried daughter of a slave. (Slavery was not abolished in Brazil until 1888.) Gonzaga’s father was José Neves Gonzaga Basileu, a military officer from a wealthy noble family. Said family was horrified by his relationship and new daughter, but over their objections, he married Maria Rosa de Lima and acknowledged Francisca as his own.
Chiquinha, as the little girl became known, received a good education for a woman of the era; it was hoped this would attract a suitable husband and prepare her to serve the imperial family. A priest taught her the basics – reading, writing, arithmetic, and languages – while an uncle and a local conductor were in charge of her musical education. She had a great affinity for music; she composed her first piece at eleven.
But when she was sixteen, the purpose of her education was realized: her father had found Chiquinha a husband. The groom was Jacinto Ribeiro do Amaral, an officer of the Imperial Navy who was eight years her senior. This early marriage resulted in three children, the youngest arriving when Chiquinha was only twenty. Jacinto hated music and went so far as to forbid his new wife from playing guitar or the piano. Chiquinha did not take kindly to this. According to legend, after several years of friction, Jacinto finally demanded that his wife choose between him or music. She answered, “Well, sir, my husband, I do not understand life without harmony.” She then asked for a divorce.
Chiquinha around the time of her marriage and divorce
The gutsiness – and some would argue insanity – of her decision cannot be overstated. Not only did she lose economic security and custody of her two youngest children, but her father declared Chiquinha “dead and of unpronounceable name.” The rift in their relationship proved permanent.
Abandoned and disowned by her family, Chiquinha sought affection elsewhere. She fell in love with a wealthy railroad engineer named João Batista de Carvalho, and in the mid-1870s she gave birth to a daughter named Maria Alice. However, their relationship faltered once Chiquinha discovered that João was cheating on her. Again she left, ceding custody of her daughter. Her reputation, already in tatters, disintegrated even further.
In 1876 Chiquinha was a 29-year-old divorcée, shunned by her family, responsible for a young son, and possessing little else besides musical talent and an iron will. She traveled to Rio de Janeiro, took up with the artistic scene there, and began to teach not just music, but math, history, Portuguese, and geography. In between giving lessons, she played piano in music stores, cabarets, and even pastry shops.
During these artistically formative years, she took inspiration from the culture and street music surrounding her. Chiquinha’s multiracial ancestry was common, and 1870s Rio was an alluring swirl of cultural diversity. Slavery had become an inescapable component of Brazilian life; roughly 40% of enslaved Africans sent to the Americas ended up in Brazil. These millions of slaves brought with them striking dance rhythms like the lundu and the batuque. A new genre of popular music influenced by these dances began flourishing in Rio in the late nineteenth century. It became known as choro, and it was fast, light-hearted, and uniquely Brazilian. Chiquinha helped bring the genre to life, synthesizing various African-inspired elements into her compositions and improvisations.
Her popularity as a performer began to grow. She was invited by well-known flutist Joaquim Antônio da Silva Callado to join his group Choro Carioca, which performed at events and parties. In 1877 she wrote the polka Atraente (“Attraction”), which began life as an improvisation at the home of composer Henrique Alves de Mesquita. It became a huge hit, and suddenly Chiquinha Gonzaga was famous.
But Chiquinha wasn’t going to stop with just one hit song under her belt. She built on her success, continued composing, and even began to perform in vaudeville. She saw the burgeoning popularity of musical theater and became determined to capture a part of the action herself, writing songs and even lyrics for the theater. In 1885 she composed the operetta “A Corte na Roça” and made her conducting debut, becoming the first woman in Brazil to ever conduct publicly. There was no word in Portuguese to describe her; the press was forced to resort to the Italian term maestrina. She continued writing and performing with superhuman prolificness, and scored another massive success in 1899 with Ó Abre Alas (“Oh open the Way”), which became an unofficial anthem of Carnival.
That same year she also entered into the most meaningful romantic relationship of her life…and the most scandalous. She was 52 and her lover, amateur musician João Batista Fernandes Lage, only 16. Returning from a trip to Portugal in 1901, Chiquinha announced to her friends that João Batista was her son. Only a few people knew the truth, which did not become widely known until after her death. Despite the age difference, it was the longest-lasting intimate relationship of Chiquinha’s life.
Fifty minutes of works by Chiquinha Gonzaga.
Not surprisingly, given her independent and headstrong nature, Chiquinha agitated for various social causes, including suffrage and republicanism. In the 1880s she became an activist for abolitionism, selling sheet music to raise money and even outright buying the freedom of a slave named Jose Flauta.
Her most famous and consequential political stance, however, came after the turn of the century. In 1900 she befriended a remarkable young woman named Nair de Tefé von Hoonholtz, a painter, singer, pianist, and cartoonist. In 1913, Nair married Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca, the President of Brazil, and became the nation’s First Lady. The following year, the two women teamed up to present a provocative event at the presidential palace. Together, with Chiquinha on piano and Nair de Tefé on guitar, they performed Chiquinha’s “Corta Jaca.” The performance was scandalous: no one had ever played popular music with African dance roots at the palace before, especially not on guitar, which was widely regarded as an instrument for the poor and drunk. None of this mattered to the two women. Their fearless performance in the halls of power made not just a musical statement, but a political one about the worthiness and indeed importance of celebrating the culture of Brazil’s oppressed peoples.
A fab performance of Corta Jaca. If it sounds familiar to you, Darius Milhaud used this piece to great effect in his irrepressible surrealist 1920 ballet score Le Bœuf sur le toit. It took me fifteen years to realize this tune was actually written by a woman, but…so it goes. *sigh*
Chiquinha also began advocating for authors’ and composers’ rights to the copyrights of their works. In 1917 she founded the Sociedade Brasileira de Autores Teatrales (the Brazilian Society of Theater Authors). It was the first organization of its kind, and it sought to protect lyricists and composers from publisher exploitation.
Chiquinha Gonzaga continued composing until her death. In fact, she had her greatest creative success in 1911 with the musical Forrobodó, which ran for 1500 performances. Her last opera was Maria, written when she was 86. Over the course of her career, she wrote around 2000 pieces, including the music for no less than 77 plays. She died in 1935, João Batista Fernandes Lage at her side.
Depressingly, Chiquinha Gonzaga’s life story isn’t tremendously well-known outside of Brazil. That said, she became the inspiration for an eponymous 1999 TV show, which is more recognition than most women on this blog end up getting. I don’t speak Portuguese, but I enjoyed watching what I could find on Youtube anyway.
Nowadays you can access the scores to many of her works at this digital archive. So what are you waiting for? Play her work! Because Chiquinha Gonzaga’s legacy is about more than her two thousand charming, elegantly arresting dances. The sacrifices she made to compose them serve as a testament to her belief in the power of music and its ability to grant value to her own life, as well as to the lives of others who may have been marginalized, discounted, and forgotten.
Here is a list of sources: biography
Chiquinha Gonzaga Wikipedia page
Slavery in Brazil Wikipedia page
Chiquiha Gonzaga Toda Matéria page
Notable Twentieth-century Latin American Women: A Biographical Dictionary
edited by Cynthia Tompkins, David William Foster
Filed under Women In Music
6 responses to “Chiquinha Gonzaga: Composer, Pianist, Conductor
1. Stuard Young
Emily, I have been following your blog with great interest since before the Minnesota Orchestra lockout. You have been doing great research on women in music – an inspiring service to us all! I just ran across an important new recording, released by Chandos: Symphonic music written around WW II by Ruth Gipps. I think some of this music could have the strength to grab, and hold onto, the elusive “Symphonic Repertoire”. I’m interested in your opinion.
2. Erika Sacks-White
Thank you for introducing us to so many wonderful composers. I loved both of the pieces you linked. The overriding theme with many of these women and their stories is that they would not let society dampen their passion for creating and performing music. Where there is a will, there is a way, but not without great cost, unfortunately.
3. I consider this one of your best pieces on important composers. The story of Chiquinha Gonzaga is such a human tale, a very talented woman who pursued her art, and rose above the consequences of that. Wonderful stuff. Loved, the music samples you linked, as well.
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Ministry of Education.
Explain is to justify, to state why. Being able to explain is an important aspect of technological literacy and is essential for students to develop specialist perspectives.
In NCEA standards, to "explain" requires students to describe in detail the what and the why, in order to clarify information.
Found in levels: 2–8
Technological areas: all
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"The Southern Cross"
The Southern Cross was written by George Tucker and first published in March of 1861; it was sung to the tune of "The Star-Spangled Banner," but reflected the Confederate cause. The lyrics are below.
More bright for the darkness, that pure constellationThe southern cross is a constellation of stars visible from the Southern Hemisphere (and cannot be seen from the southern United States.) The author was making a comparison between the southern cross constellation and the stars that were on the Confederate flag. The Confederate flag was also called the Cross of the South.?
Like the symbol of love, and redemption its form,
As it points to the haven of hope for the nation.
How radiant each star, as the beacon afar,
Giving promise of peace, or assurance in war!
'Tis the Cross of the SouthThe Cross of the South referred to the Confederate Flag., which shall ever remain,
To light us to freedom, and glory again!
How peaceful and blest was America's soil,
'Till betrayed by the guile of the Puritan demonThe "Puritan demon" is abolitionism, which southerners saw as a dangerous, radical New England philosophy.,
Which lurks under virtue, and springs from its coil,
To fasten its fangs in the life blood of freemen,
Then boldly appeal, to each heart that can feel,
And crush the foul viperViper is a type of poisonous snake with large fangs. 'neath liberty's heel!
And the Cross of the South shall in triumph remain,
To light us to freedom and glory again.
Like the sacred LabarumLabarum was the flag used by the Roman Emperor Constantine, who ruled Rome form 272-337. The flag combined Christian and traditional Roman military symbols. that guided the Roman,
From the shore of the Gulf, to the Delaware's slopeThe Gulf of Mexico to the Delaware River. The Delaware river flows through the northern states of Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and New York. Although the state of Delaware allowed slavery, its state legislature voted overwhelmingly against secession.,
'Tis the trust of the free, and the terror of foeman,
Fling its folds to the air, while we boldly declare,
The rights we demand, or the deeds that we dare!
While the Cross of the South shall in triumph remain,
To light us to freedom and glory again.
And if peace should be hopeless, and justice denied,
And war's bloody vulture should flap its black pinions,
Then gladly "to arms," while we hurl in our pride,
Defiance to tyrants, and death to their minions!
With our front in the field, swearing never to yield,
Or return like the SpartanDuring the third and fourth centuries BCE, Sparta, a Greek city-state, was one of the dominant military powers in the Mediterranean. Spartan warriors were fierce fighters and feared by others in the region., in death on our shield!
And the Cross of the South shall triumphantly wave,
Primary Source Citation:
Tucker, George. "The Southern Cross." H. de Marsan, circa 1861. American Song Sheets Collection, Duke University, Durham, N.C. https://repository.duke.edu/dc/songsheets/bsvg200605
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Why unburnt national parks and nature reserves are important for bushfire recovery
After the devastating fires of 2019–20, Barren Grounds Nature Reserve and Budderoo National Park have become even more important homes for wildlife.
Glossy black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami)
In early January 2020, the threat of bushfires had become a backdrop to everyday life on the NSW South Coast. The Green Wattle Creek fire had been burning for months to the south west of Sydney, its steady creep southwards held at the Southern Freeway. The Currowan fire, which started on the NSW far south coast, was raging northward due to strong southerly winds and hot, dry conditions.
Positioned between both fires sits the Budderoo Plateau, one of the most significant ecological locations in New South Wales. Home to Barren Grounds Nature Reserve and Budderoo National Park, as well as countless rare and endangered plants and animals, Saving our Species (SoS) and NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) staff watched with bated breath as the fires crept closer from both directions.
Map showing the Buderoo Plateau positioned between the Green Wattle Creek and Currowan fires
A combination of luck, good management and easing conditions ultimately protected the plateau from devastation. However, in the wake of these massive fires, Barren Grounds and Budderoo are proving to be more important than ever.
Barren Grounds and Budderoo
The Budderoo-Barren Grounds Plateau is so ideal, it’s almost unbelievable it exists in the first place.
The flat-topped sandstone plateau is surrounded by sheer cliffs, giving it an island-like position. It’s pretty high up (around 650 metres above sea level) and is nestled close to the coastline, which makes it one of the highest rainfall areas of New South Wales. This is thanks to a process called orographic rainfall, where rain is produced by moist air from the ocean lifting over a mountain, or in this case, an escarpment. Punctuating the landscape is an assortment of lush, tall open forests, dense shrubs, woodlands and swamps. This combination of physical isolation, high rainfall and diverse vegetation has created one of the richest animal communities in New South Wales.
Quickly recognised as a haven for threatened species, Barren Grounds was established as a fauna reserve in 1956, the third of its kind in New South Wales. The reserve, along with the adjacent Budderoo National Park, is home to over 16 threatened species including the:
• eastern bristlebird
• eastern ground parrot
• long-nosed potoroo
• spotted tailed-quoll
• powerful owl
• giant burrowing frog
• Littlejohn’s tree frog.
Complexity is key
Not all habitats are equal – some can support a huge range of rare and endangered plants and animals, while others can’t.
One factor that makes Barren Grounds and Budderoo home to so many threatened species is high habitat complexity. Habitat complexity describes the physical structure of an ecosystem. The more complex a habitat is, the greater the variety of plant species, hiding places, food sources and other resources available to the animals that live there. When you add a variety of different complex habitats together in one landscape, such as heaths, woodlands, upland swamps, tall forests and rainforests, the effect is further magnified. Having lots of choices means many animals can coexist in an area, because there’s something for everyone – which is the case with Barren Grounds and Budderoo.
This high complexity of habitat and plant life requires great attention to detail when it comes to the management of these areas. The excellent and long-standing management of these reserves by NPWS and the SoS program is one of the reasons they support thriving populations of so many rare threatened species. To lose such an important place would be a huge setback for threatened species conservation in New South Wales.
The importance of refuge
While nothing can take away the devastation of the recent fires, we’re incredibly lucky that some significant sites, such as Barren Grounds and Budderoo, remain untouched. As the surrounding landscape begins the slow process of recovery and regeneration, these unburnt refuges are really proving their worth.
For starters, they act as direct ‘protectors’ of species diversity. Monitoring by the SoS program tells us that all threatened species within Barren Grounds have healthy populations, despite the destruction that occurred further afield.
Recent camera trap images show:
• juvenile spotted-tailed quolls taking their first explorations into the world after another successful breeding season
• eastern pygmy-possums going about their nightly routines
• long-nosed potoroos hopping through the dense undergrowth.
While populations outside of Barren Grounds and Budderoo must face the challenges of life after fire, we can rest assured that those species inside these reserves remain robust and healthy.
Unburnt refuges can serve as the source for many species to repopulate burnt landscapes. As the fire-affected areas that surround the Budderoo-Barren Grounds Plateau recover, animals that originated in Barren Grounds and Budderoo will move into these areas to make their new home in the recovering habitat.
Patches of unburnt habitat also provide refuge for some species that have had important parts of their habitat destroyed. Endangered glossy black cockatoos are flocking to Barren Grounds and Budderoo after large areas of she-oaks (their only food source) were burnt in the north (Nattai National Park) and the south (Morton National Park). These birds have only been recorded in the reserve once before, and that was in 1992, so to see them using the habitat now is very exciting!
The devastation of fire can also highlight the value of keeping and maintaining as much habitat as we can – whether that be a national park, nature reserve or bushland on private property. Every little bit that remains untouched by fire is now helping in the recovery of the wider landscape and its diverse ecosystems.
A process of recovery
It’s also important to recognise just how resilient Australia’s ecosystems are to wildfire. Even within the worst-burnt areas, SoS and NPWS staff are finding evidence of survival, recovery and regeneration across the State.
Bushfires are a natural process, a part of Australia’s landscape that our plants and animals have co-evolved with over millions of years. Fire becomes an extinction threat when these species have already been pushed to the brink, or when extensive habitat is cleared, leaving only a small amount.
That’s why national parks and nature reserves, such as Barren Grounds and Budderoo, are so important. They are vessels for the survival of precious threatened species and crucial habitat types in the face of such natural disasters.
What is the difference between a nature reserve and national park?
Both are primarily to protect and conserve areas of outstanding, unique or representative ecosystems, species or other natural phenomena and places of cultural and historic heritage significance. The main difference is that national parks also provide opportunities for public appreciation, inspiration and sustainable visitor enjoyment. Nature reserves have a higher focus on conservation and less focus on public enjoyment.
See the NPWS Different parks, different purposes webpage.
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Optimization model from Iowa State University uses random sampling and 'survival of the fittest' strategy to quickly solve a problem.
• Increased efficiency
• Decreased computation time
• Computer algorithms
• Space exploration
• Materials science
UN Sustainable Development Goals Addressed
• Goal 9: Industry Innovation & Infrastructure
• Goal 12: Responsible Production & Consumption
The Challenge
High-entropy alloys are used in a variety of industries, including aviation, aerospace, and defense. They possess several desirable properties, including fracture resistance, corrosion and oxidation resistance, and usability in high-temperature and high-pressure environments. However, because they are a combination of five or more elements, there are billions of possible design options, making it difficult to quickly narrow the search to a few optimal candidates for a select application.
Innovation Details
Researchers used a hybrid evolutionary algorithm that combines Cuckoo Search (CS) and the Monte Carlo algorithm. CS is based on the egg-laying strategy of cuckoo birds, which lay their eggs in the nest of other birds. This usually results in a bigger, stronger cuckoo chick. The CS algorithm does something similar: there are several ‘nests’, each with a different ‘egg’ representing a possible solution. The nests compete against each other until the best solution is found. In the case of high-entropy alloys, each ‘egg’ represents a different combination of alloys, and the different alloys are rapidly tested by the computer to see which combination is the most successful. By combining this strategy with the well-known Monte Carlo algorithm and mathematical concept called Lévy flight, researchers were able to quickly find optimal high-entropy alloys for any number of applications.
Biomimicry Story
Cuckoo birds are obligate brood parasite that lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. The hatched cuckoo chicks may push the host eggs out of the nest or be raised alongside the other chicks, stealing vital resources that allow it to grow bigger and stronger than if it was raised by its cuckoo parents.
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"url": "https://asknature.org/innovation/rapid-optimization-model-inspired-by-cuckoo-birds/"
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The Canadian Pacific Railway and the Founding of Regina
The founding of Regina in 1882 followed a pattern that dates back to the earliest days of European settlement in North America: the creation of towns (and future cities in some cases) by an individual or some organized body, rather than by the settlers when they arrived. In Regina’s case it was the Canadian Pacific Railway that founded our city.
So why was Regina located on a flat and cheerless plain, with a small meandering creek its only visible water supply?
When the CPR laid out the townsite why did it make the streets so narrow and the lots so small?
And with so little natural beauty, why was Regina chosen to become the capital of the North-West Territories?
On January 24, Dr. Bill Brennan will explain how Regina came to be.
Bill has written the most detailed history of our city: Regina: An Illustrated History. He has also published articles about Regina in scholarly journals such as Prairie Forum, Saskatchewan History and the Urban History Review.
Refreshments will be provided. A $10 suggested donation to Heritage Regina goes towards the promotion and preservation of heritage in your community.
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Unit 4 task
1. What are some primary-friendly “scam scenarios” that you could use in the classroom for encouraging students to critically think about messages they receive? Create your own “fake scam” to share with the community so they can try and spot the tell-tale signs!
I will have students role-playing different phone scam scenes and let them observe how people fall into fraud “trap”. There will be printed scripts for the students to read when watching their peers to act out the different scenes. Some scenes are legitimate phone calls while some are phone scams. Students will guess which is the ‘real’ phone call and which is the ‘fake’ one by identifying suspicious signs such as:
• Receiving call from government agencies to confirm your sensitive information.
• Informing that you were ‘selected’ for an offer or that you have won a lottery.
• Scammers pretending to be federal agency and told that you will be arrested if you do not pay taxes or some other debt right away.
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Add yours
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"url": "https://csermooccyber.blog/2020/11/27/unit-4-task-47/"
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kids encyclopedia robot
Calaby's pademelon facts for kids
Kids Encyclopedia Facts
Quick facts for kids
Calaby's pademelon
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Calaby's Pademelon area.png
Calaby's pademelon range
(brown — extant, orange — possibly extinct)
Calaby's pademelon (Thylogale calabyi), also known as the alpine wallaby, is a species of marsupial in the family Macropodidae. It is endemic to Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Pademelons share many similarities in body structure to other marsupials through their pouch to care for their young and tail used for jumping. Calaby’s Pademelon prefers to forage in dense forested overgrowth and feeds on native leaves and grasses. The life span for this animal is up to 6 years in the wild. This species is considered iteroparous with the gestation period spanning 30 days. After birth, young stay in the mothers pouch for approximately 6 months. They are considered sexually mature at 14–15 months. There are many pademelon species, but Calaby’s pademelon is considered one of the most endangered due to its poorly distributed population from habitat loss. This species is classified as endangered by the IUCN.2 The arrival of human populations have been largely responsible for Calaby’s Pademelon’s dwindling population. Humans continue to be a threat to this species through hunting practices and deforestation. Conservation efforts have been created to help preserve the remaining populations left. Papua New Guinea has established the YUS Conservation Area.6 The reserve is an acronym named after three major rivers that run through it, the Yopno, Uruwa, and Som of the Huon Peninsula and works to conserve Calaby’s Pademelon. However, more research regarding population size, distribution, and trends of this species in Papua New Guinea is needed to better understand population dynamics of Calaby’s Pademelon.
Description and range
Pademelons are small marsupials of the genus Thylogale. Pademelons are some of the smallest of the family Macropodidae. The word ‘macropod’ means ’big foot’ which is a common trait found in marsupials. Most Macropods share the characteristics of hind legs larger than their forelimbs, large hind feet, and long muscular tails used for balance. Pademelons, wallabies, and kangaroos are very alike in body structure and originate from the same taxonomic family.1 Besides their smaller size, pademelons can be distinguished from wallabies by their shorter, thicker, and sparsely haired tails and ambulate by hopping just like wallabies. Male Pademelons grow to about 7 kg (15 lbs) which is roughly twice the size of their female counterpart which grow to about 4 kg (8 lbs). The length of the pademelon is 1 to 1.5 m (3.28 to 4.92 ft).1 Males are distinguishable by their defined muscles and body size due to their broad chest and forearms. Pademelons are characterised by their bilateral symmetry and are endothermic. Calaby’s pademelon has soft fine fur that is dark brown to grey brown on the dorsal side of the animal and reddish brown or lighter brown on the ventral side.5 Calaby’s pademelon currently has an area of occupancy of less than 500 km2 and is classified as ‘endangered’ by the IUCN.2
The natural habitat of the pademelon is in dense forested undergrowth.4 They also make tunnels through long grasses and bushes in swampy areas. Pademelons are generally solitary animals and are the most active during the winter season. In winter, pademelons may gather in groups at feeding sites or basking sites. Pademelons are most active in late afternoon through to dawn. During the day, they rest in shallow depressions that are constructed nests lined with dead vegetation, shell fragments, feathers, and small pebbles.4 These marsupials thrive in dense eucalyptus forests and tend to live on the edge of the forest habitat. They stay particularly close to the forest edge when foraging at night. Each species differ slightly on what they feed on. T. calabyi (Calaby’s pademelon) feeds on fallen leaves, fresh leaves, ferns, orchids, grasses and berries.4 Their short tail and compact body are useful for maneuvering through dense vegetation. The pademelon breeding period is throughout the year. The gestation period for the female is 30 days while the ‘joey’ stays in the pouch for sixth and a half months after birth.4 The young are weaned from the mother around 7 or 8 months. Immediately after birth, the mother goes into oestrus and mates again. The lifespan of the Calaby Pademelon is around 5 to 6 years in the wild. They are considered sexually mature at 14–15 months. Pademelon predators are Tasmanian wolves (Thylacinus cynocephalus), Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii), spotted tailed quolls (Dasyurus maculatus) and wedge tailed eagles (Aquila audax). 5
Conservation threats to habitat
The arrival of Aboriginal people between 40,000 and 60,000 years ago was the first major threat to the Pademelon.4 These people started hunting the marsupials for meat and fur trade and frequently burned habitat vegetation. However, the arrival of European settlers had the greatest effect on native populations and drove out the Pademelon from the Australian mainland through the introduction of European livestock and bushfire patterns.
Pademelon meat used to be considered valuable and was eaten by settlers and Aboriginal people. Aside from being killed for their meat and soft fur, their numbers have been reduced by the introduction of predators such as feral cats, dogs, and foxes. The clearing of land for homes has pushed the larger wallabies and predators into land that pademelons had been thriving in for so long. Despite these predators, many pademelons reside in Tasmania and its outlying smaller islands.5 Habitat loss is high from deforestation initiatives. Human activities that have impacted the pademelon populations include roadkill, loss of natural habitats from clearing for management, agricultural purposes, and urban development.4 Habitat loss leaves pademelons to vacate to shrublands to feast on lush plants and leaves them exposed to predators. Climate change and severe weather is altering and shifting habitat range leaving pademelons exposed in grasslands as forests are reduced.2
Use and trade
Calaby Pademelons are being exploited for commercial benefit. Their flesh is sold for meat and fur is used and exported for international fur trade.5 These marsupials are hunted and trapped for commercial, recreational, or crop protection purposes. Mostly males are shot since they are bigger and an easier target thus impacting population dynamics in gender balance and genetic diversity. The Pademelon industry is worth a total of $750,000 in Oceania.5 Many indigenous Papua New Guinean people value Calaby’s Pademelon for its fur and meat.
Conservation actions in place
Calaby’s pademelon is one of the most threatened Pademelon species.10 The IUCN lists Thylogale calaby’s status as endangered from its June 15, 2015 assessment.2 The species is now restricted to Mts. Albert Edward and Giluwe, being confined to alpine grasslands. It is listed as endangered because it has an area of occupancy of less than 500 km2 with all individuals in fewer than five locations.2 There is a continued decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to predators as well as the number of mature individuals due to hunting. Calaby’s Pademelon is currently only found in two locations in Papua New Guinea which are suspected to be the two remaining subpopulations of relicts of what was once a more widely distributed species. Calaby’s Pademelon was only a recently discovered pademelon species. In 2009, the Papua New Guinea government created its first national conservation area owned by 35 surrounding indigenous villages that have agreed to prohibit hunting, logging, mining, and other development within the park area. 12 years was spent to establish the YUS Conservation Area.6 The reserve is an acronym named after three major rivers that run through it, the Yopno, Uruwa, and Som of the Huon Peninsula. 6The establishment of parks and nature reserves plays an important role in conservation efforts for these endangered species.7 More hunting regulations must be implemented to protect this endangered species. Calaby’s Pademelon is currently not protected under the CITES Legislation.2
Conservation / research needed
Although pademelons are widespread and common in coastal eastern Australia, Tasmania, and surrounding islands, they have been largely neglected in population genetic studies.10 More research is being conducted on the genetic structuring of the widespread endemic Calaby’s Pademelon based on current taxonomy, zoogeography, and preliminary genetic findings are investigated using mitochondrial DNA sequence data.3 This data will help determine best management strategies for separate populations of the species.7 Calaby’s pademelon has by far the least known information out of the 7 known pademelon species. More research is needed on the population size, distribution, and trends of this species in Papua New Guinea.3 Research is also being conducted to understand individualistic responses to historic climate change in order to adequately conserve genetic diversity and the evolutionary potential of species.9
kids search engine
Calaby's pademelon Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
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