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Step 4: At the end of the Pleistocene glaciation the climate in Western Australia dried out and warmed up. The vegetation which had been established on the Tamala Limestone and sand dunes died off and the wind continued to blow. This resulted in the gradual deflation (removal of fine sediment by wind, commonl in a desert setting) of the area we now know as the Pinnacles Desert. Where the roots and cracks breached the caliche capping, the wind was able to blow away the loose sand. The intervening caliche capped 'pinnacles' survive.
Step 1
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Step 3
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A House Divided
8th grade, civil war, eighth grade, lincon, mark schmidt, primary sources, speech
Mark's lesson is designed to review the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Dred Scott decision as background for Lincoln’s “House Divided” speech at the Illinois Republican Convention in 1858 using primary source documents.
Lesson Plan - Word / PDF
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The Sudarium of Oviedo and the Shroud of Turin
by: Jim Dunning
The Sudarium of Oviedo is traditionally believed to be the small cloth which was used to cover the face of Jesus of Nazareth immediately after his death on the cross. Nothing is known of its whereabouts for the first 600 years after the disciple John saw it in the empty tomb.
The reason for the silence about its existence is probably related to its function. The Jewish people have always had a strong distaste for anything to do with blood. The very idea of a cloth covering the face of a corpse with blood coming out of its nose and mouth would have horrified all concerned. The disciple would have retrieved it and kept it hidden from sight out of reverence, but little would have been said. So much is conjecture, but what is known for certain is that the cloth has always been venerated and its authenticity has never been in doubt.
For a very long time the Sudarium has been kept in the cathedral of San Salvador at Oviedo in northern Spain. Although nothing is known of the first 600 years, according to Bishop Pelagius writing in the twelfth century, the Sudarium was in Palestine until shortly before 614 when Jerusalem was attacked by the king of Persia. To protect it from invaders the cloth, already revered as ‘the Sudarium of the Lord’, was conveyed in a chest, generally referred to as the Ark, to Alexandria.
Two years later the Sudarium was moved on again when Alexandria came under threat, this time to Cartagena in Spain. Later the Bishop of Seville (Saint Isidore) took it to Seville and thence to Toledo. The year 718 saw it moved north with Christians fleeing from the Arab armies which had invaded Spain in 711. King Alfonso II had a special chapel built for the Ark called the «Camara Santa», which duly became incorporated into the cathedral of Oviedo. Certainly, pilgrims travelling to Santiago are known to have made a detour to Oviedo to see the Sudarium, or at least the Ark in which it was kept.
The Sudarium is still preserved in the Camara Santa (Holy Chapel) in the cathedral, being displayed to the public three times a year, on Good Friday, the 14th September (the Feast of the Triumph of the Cross), and its octave on the 21st September. Unlike the Turin Shroud, the Sudarium holds no image. It contains only stains of blood and lymph (a colourless fluid from the tissues), but significantly, the blood group is AB positive, the same as that found by scientists during tests carried out on the Shroud of Turin.
Other similarities exist. Three species of pollen on the Sudarium match the pollen on the Shroud. It contains traces of pollen not only from Palestine, but from Africa and Spain, indicating the journey it took on its way to Oviedo. On the Shroud there are also traces of pollen from Syria, Turkey, Greece and France, revealing a completely different route. Of great significance is a table showing the regions of provenance of the plants whose pollens have been found on the Shroud. No fewer than 48 of them are typical of, and in some cases exclusive to, the environs of Jerusalem. The European representation of pollen is completely outweighed, which is not what one would expect if the Shroud were a fake created in Europe.
Scientists believe both cloths touched the same face within hours of each other. A technique known as Polaroid Image Overlay, applied to the frontal stains on the Sudarium produced no less than 70 points of coincidence with the corresponding area on the Shroud. Bloodstain patterns indicate that the Sudarium was placed over the head of the man on the cross before he was taken down from it. It was then removed before the body was placed in the shroud.
The Sudarium was subjected to Carbon 14 dating by a Professor Baima Bollone and the resulting date was the 7th century, but the Professor himself was unable to vouch for the test’s validity. His actual words in his contribution to the First International Congress on the Sudarium of Oviedo were : ‘The result is not easy to interpret due to the well known difficulties of dating textiles and to the conditions under which the sample was kept when it was taken in 1979 until it came to us in 1983.’ A supporting statement from the Conference reads : ‘Textiles left alone in normal atmospheric conditions are prone to becoming highly contaminated…. The Carbon dating should be nothing more than a stimulus to more precise investigation under better conditions.’
Since then more precise investigations have taken place. In particular, scientific comparisons have been made of the bloodstains on the Sudarium with those on the Shroud of Turin. Tests have shown that the man whose face the Sudarium covered, like the man of the Shroud, had a beard, moustache and long hair tied up at the nape of his neck into a pigtail. Since there were no signs of breathing he must already have been dead. The stains show a series of wounds produced in life by some sharp objects, such as thorns.
One report suggested that : ‘The only position compatible with the formation of the stains on the Oviedo cloth is that of a body having both arms outstretched above the head, with the feet in such a position as to make breathing very difficult, i.e., a position totally compatible with crucifixion. The man appeared to have been wounded first (by scourging, for instance), and to have had something sharp placed on his head, producing blood on the head, shoulders and back, and then crucified.’ Clearly, such a description of ‘something sharp’ would fit the crown of thorns described in the Gospels.
The most important conclusion of the First International Congress on the Sudarium of Oviedo, held there in 1994, taking into account the above findings, was that a complete joint study of the Sudarium and the Shroud was necessary. A later conclusion after scientific evaluation was that in both cases it seems much more possible that the cloths are genuine than the opposite.
The Third International Congress, held in 1998, actually had as its title : ‘A Comparative Study of the Sudarium of Oviedo and the Shroud of Turin’. In an interesting finding by Monsignor Giulio Ricci is the statement : ‘Comparing the life size photograph of the face on the Shroud taken by Enrie (the official Shroud photographer in 1931) with the one I brought back from Oviedo, and putting one on top of the other…I was taken aback by the perfect fit of the Shroud image with the macroscopic Sudarium outline. This could be «confirmation» for the hypothesis that both the Shroud and the Sudarium were placed on the same face.’
Elsewhere, we are reminded that the Sudarium’s presence on His face is limited to the brief time necessary to take the dead body of Our Lord down from the Cross at Calvary and convey it to the nearby tomb. It would have been taken off before the Shroud was fitted, which explains why the apostles saw it rolled up in a separate place in the empty tomb. Witnessing the face cloth and the empty shroud was a most significant moment for Peter and John, realising as they did that Jesus must have risen from the dead. As John said of himself : ‘And he saw and believed’.
The fact that the Sudarium was kept at all is a sign of its being genuine. A blood-covered rag, it has never had any artistic or monetary value. We are left with one conclusion : the Sudarium of Oviedo was used to cover the head of the dead Jesus of Nazareth when he was taken down from the Cross until he was buried in the Shroud.
Given all the evidence we can feel justified in believing that both the Sudarium of Oviedo and the Shroud of Turin are genuine and can reasonably be linked directly to the death of Jesus of Nazareth whose story is told so vividly in the Gospels. But in considering the cold scientific findings, we should not lose sight of the fact that they chronicle the most terrible sufferings inflicted on our Blessed Lord. If we are to repent of our sins honestly and sincerely, we do well constantly to recall those sufferings.
Click here for an excellent article on the Shroud of Turin
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Butadiene Product Summary
Contact Us
Panel: Neeraja Erraguntla
Media: Alison Lynn
What is butadiene?
How is butadiene used?
What happens to 1, 3-butadiene when it enters the environment?
How are persons exposed to butadiene?
What are the potential health effects of butadiene?
Physical Hazard Information
Transport and Storage
Risk Management
Additional Information
What is butadiene?
Butadiene, also known as 1, 3-butadiene, is a colorless, non-corrosive gas that condenses to a liquid at minus 4.5 degrees centigrade and has a mild aromatic odor. Butadiene is produced commercially by extractive distillation from crude butylene concentration (C4) stream, a by-product of ethylene and propylene production.
How is butadiene used?1,2
There are no consumer uses of butadiene. Butadiene is used primarily as a chemical intermediate and as a monomer in the manufacture of polymers such as synthetic rubbers or elastomers, including styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polybutadiene rubber (PBR), polychloroprene (Neoprene) and nitrile rubber (NR). However, the major use of butadiene is in the production of tires. Butadiene is consumed in the manufacture of polymers, latexes, and plastics.
Rubbers and latexes made from butadiene are used to make the following goods and materials:
• SBR and PBR are used to produce tires and plastic materials.
• Styrene-butadiene latex is used to produce carpet and paper coatings
• Neoprene is used in gloves, wetsuits, waders and foams
• Nitrile rubber is used in hoses, gloves, gaskets and seals.
Plastics made using butadiene-based rubbers are primarily acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resins and styrene-butadiene latex. Butadiene is also used in the manufacture of adiponitrile, a precursor for nylon-6, 6, which is used to produce carpets, textiles and plastic parts.
What happens to 1, 3-butadiene when it enters the environment?3
Butadiene has high volatility and low-water solubility. When released to the environment from industrial or non-industrial sources, butadiene evaporates to the air, even from water and soil; and butadiene breaks down quickly in sunlight and degrades in the air with a half-life of less than two hours. Environmental sources include industrial releases from butadiene production and use, automobile exhaust, cigarette smoke and other combustion sources.
Modelling data predict that butadiene is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms. Modelling data also predict that butadiene has a low potential to bioaccumulate, suggesting that toxicity from long-term exposure to aquatic organisms is of low concern. Although microorganisms isolated from the soil have been shown to metabolize butadiene, biodegradation is not likely to contribute significantly to removal of butadiene from the soil.
How are persons exposed to butadiene?4,5,6
The primary route of potential human exposure to butadiene is by inhalation. Major sources of butadiene exposure in the ambient air are on-road and off-road vehicles and other combustion sources. Cigarette smoke is the major source of butadiene in indoor air, where smoking occurs. Industrial emissions of chemicals such as 1,3 -butadiene are reported annually to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and made available by EPA to the public in the Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). According to EPA, only 1.6 percent of total environmental releases nationally are due to butadiene production and use.
There are no direct consumer uses of butadiene and it is not expected to be present in polymers and plastics made from butadiene. Workplace exposures to butadiene are confined to where butadiene is manufactured or used. Occupational exposure to butadiene is limited by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limits (PELs). The OSHA Butadiene Standard also establishes an Action Level of 0.5 ppm (8-hour TWA), which effectively limits occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene further.
What are the potential health effects of butadiene?7,8
Butadiene is listed as a known human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and other agencies. It has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Butadiene epidemiology studies have linked employment in two different chemical operations each with a different type of cancer. The factors causing these excess cancers have not been determined because the workers are also exposed to other chemicals in these workplaces.
Butadiene has caused birth defects in laboratory animals only at doses toxic to the mother; however butadiene has been shown to be toxic to the fetus in laboratory animals at doses that are not toxic to the mothers. Butadiene has been shown to cause injury to reproductive organs in mice, although no reproductive effects were observed in rats following exposure to high levels of butadiene.
In poorly ventilated areas, butadiene vapors can accumulate, exclude oxygen and lead to asphyxiation. Short term exposure to concentrations > 10,000 ppm may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. It may also cause drowsiness and lightheadedness. Direct contact with liquefied butadiene can cause frostbite-like burns to the eyes and skin.
Physical Hazard Information9
Butadiene is a significant fire and explosion hazard based on its physical properties, including flash point, vapor pressure, and boiling point. It can quite readily form explosive mixtures in air as a result of its high vapor pressure. Therefore, preventive measure must be taken to minimize potential for fire or explosion.
Even though butadiene is an extremely flammable liquid and vapor, it is stable under recommended storage conditions. If a release occurs, vapors may travel a long distance and ignition and/or flash back may occur.
Transport and Storage
Butadiene is transported commercially by barge or ship, rail, truck, and pipeline. To prevent peroxide formation, which could lead to uncontrolled polymerization, an inhibitor is added and the product is stored under an inert gas.
Risk Management
A variety of risk management techniques are used in butadiene manufacturing and use facilities. Releases of butadiene to the environment are controlled under the Clean Air Act. Exposures in the workplace are controlled under the OSHA Butadiene Standard.
Processes are designed to eliminate ignition sources. Polymerization is controlled by adding polymerization inhibitors and by maintaining process conditions to minimize the potential for polymerization. Processing, storage, and transport are conducted in closed systems and systems are designed to minimize the potential for exposure or releases to the environment. Personal Protective Equipment is used in the workplace to prevent exposure in situations where exposure cannot be controlled using engineering controls or other methods.
In addition, through Responsible Care®, ACC’s global industry performance initiative, since 1988 ACC member companies in the United States have reduced emissions of core Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) chemicals by 78 percent; and reduced emissions of all TRI listed HAPs chemicals by 73 percent. Responsible Care companies go above and beyond government requirements and openly communicate their results to the public.
Additional Information
» Download PDF of Butadiene Product Summary
1 “Butadiene,” Kirk-Othmer: Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006.
2 Butadiene Market Perspectives ICIS.
3 “ToxFAQs™” for butadiene,” Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, September 1995.
5 EPA TRI website: http://www.epa.gov/tri/.
6 USEPA (2002). Environmental Protection Agency. Health assessment of 1,3-butadiene. EPA/600/P-98/001F. 2002.
7 USEPA (2002). Environmental Protection Agency, Health assessment of 1,3-butadiene. EPA/600/P-98/001F, 2002. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. Effects Screening Level Development Support Document (2008).
8 IARC Monographs Programme on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, February 2008 (Volume 97).
9 Butadiene Product Stewardship Guidance Manual, American Chemistry Council, March 2002.
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The use of mirror assemblies is commonplace in the aerospace industry, as most satellites and spacecraft contain optics. The fabrication of these mirrors is extremely complex due to the nature of their intended use, which includes telescope lenses, camera optics, or laser mirrors. Some of the common requirements of spacecraft mirrors are that they have the correct optical curvature to some defined tolerance, they have low surface roughness, they have high reflectivity, and they are rigid (either against thermal expansion or flexing).
Figure (a) Example of an Isogrid Mirror Backing machined from a solid block of metal. (b) An aluminum isogrid machined from a solid plate. (c) The processing steps necessary to fabricate an amorphous metal mirror and isogrid in a single step. An ingot of amorphous metal or composite is heated using radio frequency heating while sitting on water-cooled molds. The liquid is forged into the mold and cools into a glass, which allows it to be ejected from the mold without sticking. With sufficient casting pressure, the isogrid and the mirror surface can be fabricated in one step. (d-g) The water cooled brass molds used to make the mirror, the isogrid, and the part after being ejected from the mold. (h) Example of a mirror assembly with isogrid backing all made from an amorphous metal. (i) A mirror polished steel mold with curvature acts as the template for casting a perfect metallic glass mirror (shown in the inset).
Typical spacecraft mirrors are either fabricated by coating oxide glass with a metal layer or by machining, polishing, and coating metal mirrors. Oxide glass exhibits a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and can be made very smooth but is also dense, brittle, and difficult to bond to mirror-mounts. Metal mirrors are tough and light, but must typically be diamond-turned to achieve an optical surface and exhibit very high CTEs. Moreover, support structures, such as isogrids, flexures, or tabs, must be machined out of large blocks of metal or bolted on separately to the mirror. The use of different CTE materials in a mirror and mirror assembly causes misalignment and thermal cracking.
A revolutionary way to produce a mirror and mirror assembly is to cast the entire part at once from a metal alloy that combines all of the desired features into the final part: optical smoothness, curvature, flexures, tabs, isogrids, low CTE, and toughness. In this work, it has been demonstrated that castable mirrors are possible using bulk metallic glasses (BMGs, also called amorphous metals) and BMG matrix composites (BMGMCs). These novel alloys have all of the desired mechanical and thermal properties to fabricate an entire mirror assembly without machining, bonding, brazing, welding, or epoxy. BMGs are multi-component metal alloys that have been cooled in such a manner as to avoid crystallization, leading to an amorphous (non-crystalline) microstructure. This lack of crystal structure, and the fact that these alloys are glasses, leads to a wide assortment of mechanical and thermal properties that are unlike those observed in crystalline metals. Among these are high yield strength, carbide-like hardness, low melting temperatures (making them castable like aluminum), a thermoplastic processing region (for improving smoothness), low stiffness, high strength-to-weight ratios, relatively low CTE, density similar to titanium alloys, high elasticity, and ultra-smooth cast parts (as low as 0.2-nm surface roughness has been demonstrated in cast BMGs). BMGMCs are composite alloys that consist of a BMG matrix with crystalline dendrites embedded throughout. BMGMCs are used to overcome the typically brittle failure observed in monolithic BMGs by adding a soft phase that arrests the formation of cracks in the BMG matrix. In some cases, BMGMCs offer superior castability, toughness, and fatigue resistance, if not as good a surface finish as BMGs.
As shown in the figure, this work has demonstrated that BMGs and BMGMCs can be cast into prototype mirrors and mirror assemblies without difficulty. Optical curvature, ultra-smooth surfaces, and isogrids have all been demonstrated using this technology. A commercially manufactured version of these alloys would exhibit a smooth surface directly off a mold, any desired curvature or size, and all flexures, tabs, and isogrids built into the final part. This would eliminate the need for machining, would reduce the CTE mismatch in the part by making it all from the same material and removing connections, would eliminate fatigue or stress cracking, and would be low-cost (since thousands could be fabricated using a single mold).
The novelty of the current work is that tremendous cost and time savings can be achieved by casting the mirror assembly into a net or near-net shape using a metal alloy. This work suggests that mirror assemblies can be cast or fabricated using BMGs or BMGMCs where the entire part can be made using a simple and repeatable processing procedure to form the mirror into the same shape as the conventional mirror assembly, but without the need for machining from a billet. This idea is novel for a number of reasons, including that conventional metal alloys cannot be cast into net shapes without great expense, and this unique class of metal alloys has the ability to be cast, repeatedly, into reusable molds to net shapes and yet still have the hardness and toughness to satisfy the requirements for being used as a mirror assembly. Unlike crystalline metals, BMGMCs also have unique joining properties that allow them to be welded together into solid structures without heat-affected zones, which removes bonding, bolting, and brazing from assembly.
This work has the potential to make a broad impact in the way that mirror assemblies are fabricated for spacecraft, satellites, and terrestrial optics. Since most NASA spacecraft and satellites require optics, the current invention may provide a path for creating high-performance mirrors while greatly reducing their cost. Moreover, the invention may result in an assembly-line-type process for fabricating mirror assemblies that will reduce the cost of terrestrial optics, such as mirrors and telescopes.
The last technique demonstrated is a localized surface treatment as a way to take a near-net shape and turn it into a mirror finish. In this technique, the BMG mirror assembly is fabricated through one of the strategies described above, but the mirror finish is left in a rough state. The mirror assembly is then subjected to a surface treatment that produces an optical mirror surface without machining, grinding, or polishing.
This work was done by Douglas C. Hofmann, Gregory L. Davis, Gregory S. Agnes, and Andrew A. Shapiro of Caltech for NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. For more information, contact This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..
Innovative Technology Assets Management
JPL Mail Stop 321-123
4800 Oak Grove Drive
Pasadena, CA 91109-8099
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Biography Emilie Du Chatelet
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"Biography Emilie Du Chatelet"
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Émilie du Châtelet, full name Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise du Châtelet, was born on the seventeenth of December, 1706, in Paris. She was an Enlightenment-age physicist, mathematician and author.
Châtelet was one of six children, and the only girl among them. Only three of her brothers lived to adulthood, as was unfortunately common at the time, and two more of her brothers died in young adulthood.
Only one of her brothers lived to old age, Elisabeth-Theodore, who became a bishop. Châtelet also had an illegitimate half-sister, Michelle.
Châtelet was born into a high-class family. Her father, Louis Nicolas le Tonnelier de Breteuil, was of minor nobility and was the Principal Secretary and Introducer of Ambassadors for King Louis XIV.
Châtelet was soon introduced to her father’s acquaintance Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, the secretary of the Academie des Sciences. Her father arranged for Fontenelle to tutor Châtelet starting at age ten.
By age twelve, Châtelet was fluent in German, Latin, Italian and Greek, as well as her native French. Her father encouraged her to learn riding and fencing, and brought more tutors for her.
Châtelet’s mother’s opinion on this is unclear, as by some accounts she did not approve of her educated daughter, and by others she actively encouraged Châtelet in her critical thinking skills and to learn as much as she could.
However, after Châtelet began publishing translations of Greek and Latin philosophy, her mother attempted to have her sent to a convent. Châtelet’s father prevented it from happening.
While still a teenager and short on money, Châtelet applied her mathematical skill to gambling, and was quite successful.
Châtelet married the Marquis Florent-Claude du Chastellet-Lomont on June 12, 1725. This made her the Marquise du Chastellet (later standardized to Châtelet). She was eighteen at the time, and her husband was thirty. They had three children together, though two died young.
In 1729, Châtelet met the philosopher and writer Voltaire, and they quickly became friends. She invited him to live at Cirey-sur-Blaise, her country house in northeastern France.
There is little evidence that they were ever lovers, and they worked alongside each other, Châtelet publishing numerous scientific articles and various translations during that time.
After beginning an affair with the poet Jean Francois de Saint-Lambert in may of 1748, Châtelet became pregnant but suspected that not all was well. She sent a letter to a friend, fearing that she would not survive it, and a week after giving birth to a daughter died of a pulmonary embolism. Her daughter lived only for a year and a half.
More about this author: Evelyn Berger
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Conchoidal fracture in flint
Lithic technology are skills and techniques used to produce tools from various types of stone.
Ideal stone characteristics include: non-crystalline or glassy, which allows for the right cryptocrystalline structure and conchoidal fracturing.
Being conchoidal, and cryptocrystalline, is a characteristic sometimes easier to picture in your mind. Think, flint, chert , or jadeite used in projectile points and scrapers. It is the way materials fracture when they do not follow natural planes of separation. Cryptocrystalline is minute rock texture, that its crystalline, and revealed microscopically.
Near Syracuse, NY
Strong lithic technologies have smooth, curved surfaces, slightly concave, with concentric undulations. Similarly to lines on a shell (like on a high end spear head or scraper).
Given the correct features, a hard surface like granite; hammer stones, bones and sticks, the mason, (or flintknapper), is able to control his ‘lithic technology’ skills and ability.
Types of Lithic Stone included:
▪ Agate
▪ Basalt
▪ Chalcedony
▪ Chert
▪ Diorite
▪ Flint
▪ Greenstone
▪ Jadeite
▪ Jasper
▪ Obsidian
▪ Onyx
▪ Quartz
▪ Quartzite
▪ Sandstone
▪ Schist
▪ Silcrete, and
▪ Unknown
North, South America, and European ‘lithic technologies’ have been dated to around 10-15000 years.
Online sources claim 2-3 million year old tools have been found around Ethiopia.
Lithic tech text
That’s a lot of years before the computers technology.
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Daniel O'Connell
The Irish statesman Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847) created modern Irish nationalism and served as the most successful champion of democracy in the Europe of his day.
Daniel O'Connell was born on Aug. 6, 1775, at Cahirciveen, County Kerry, a member of the Munster Catholic aristocracy. Following the Celtic traditions of their class, his parents had him brought up as a foster child in a peasant cottage. There he learned the language, values, fears, and frustrations of the Catholic masses. Adopted by his childless uncle, Maurice, head of the clan, O'Connell was sent to the Continent for secondary schooling, attending Saint-Omer and then Douai. In 1793 the spread of the French Revolution forced him to transfer to a London school. The next year, after deciding on a legal career, he enrolled at Lincoln's Inn, moving in 1796 to the King's Inn, Dublin. In 1798 O'Connell was admitted to the Irish bar.
Student reading converted O'Connell to the liberal views of the Enlightenment, including religious skepticism. He admired the ideas of William Godwin, Thomas Paine, and Adam Smith. Later he became a fervent disciple and friend of Jeremy Bentham. O'Connell eventually returned to Catholicism but never ceased to consider himself a radical. In 1798 he was a fringe member of the United Irishmen. At the same time he joined a lawyers' yeoman corps organized to discourage revolution. When revolution came in 1798, O'Connell condemned physical force. He argued that violence would inflame the passions of illiterate peasants, causing them to damage life and property, and lead to their slaughter by trained soldiers. When it was all over, Ireland and Irishmen would be less free than before. O'Connell remained a permanent foe of revolution for Ireland.
In 1800 O'Connell opposed the union with Britain but at the time concentrated his energies on building a successful law practice rather than patriotic causes. In 1802, against the wishes of his uncle, he married a distant cousin, Mary O'Connell, and began to raise a large family. Three years later O'Connell joined the Catholic Committee, quickly becoming its dominant personality. British politicians in 1815 offered Catholic emancipation in exchange for the right of the government to veto papal appointments to the Catholic hierarchy in the United Kingdom. O'Connell opposed the veto, splitting Catholic forces and delaying emancipation but preserving the Church as a vehicle for Irish nationalism.
Catholic Association
In 1823 O'Connell, Richard Lalor Sheil, and Sir Thomas Wyse organized the Catholic Association. Two years later O'Connell initiated the strategy that made it the most powerful political force in the United Kingdom. Catholic peasants accepted O'Connell's invitation to join the civil-rights movement as associate members paying a shilling a year. Catholic priests, acting as recruiting agents, urged them on. With Catholic Ireland united behind him, O'Connell promised that organized and disciplined public opinion would free the Irish people. Democracy was the wave of the future. After he won an 1828 Clare by-election, Sir Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington were forced to concede emancipation as a better alternative than possible revolution.
Irish Nationalism
During the early 1830s O'Connell led an Irish nationalist party in the House of Commons. He also spoke for United Kingdom Benthamism. His efforts made possible the 1832 Reform Bill. In 1835 O'Connell entered the Lichfield House Compact with the Whigs: he agreed to stop agitating for repeal of the union in exchange for a promise of significant reform in the administration of Irish affairs. By the end of the decade the Irish leader was disappointed with the meager reform fruits of the Whig alliance. When his old enemy Sir Robert Peel became Tory prime minister in 1841, O'Connell organized the Loyal National Repeal Association. But he took a virtual sabbatical from agitation to concentrate on his duties as first Catholic lord mayor of Dublin.
In 1843 O'Connell exploited the mistakes of British politicians, Irish grievances (mainly the poor law and the existence of a large and well-organized temperance movement initiated by Father Mathew), and the journalistic talent of Young Ireland and its paper, the Nation, to build an agitation equal to the Catholic movement of the 1820s. Again the priests rallied the people, and shillings flowed to Dublin. In a series of monster meetings O'Connell promised freedom before the year was out.
The situation was unlike that in 1828: Peel now had a Parliament united against repeal. He refused to budge, and O'Connell, opposed to violence, had to retreat. In early October 1843 the government banned a monster meeting scheduled for Clontarf. O'Connell obeyed the proclamation. A week later the government arrested him and some of his lieutenants. They were convicted of sedition, fined £2,000, and sentenced to a year in prison. Early in 1844 the Law Lords reversed the verdict of the packed Dublin jury. O'Connell was free, celebrated as a hero and martyr, but he lacked the energy and will to exploit his victory by resuming agitation.
Later Years
The last years of the "Liberator" were a contradiction to former glories. O'Connell's inclination to resume contact with the Whigs, jealousies, bad advice (mainly from his son, John), and a liberal patriot distrust of the narrowness of cultural nationalism led to conflict with Young Ireland and, finally, a split in the repeal movement. O'Connell's health deteriorated, but he lived to witness the onslaught of famine and the refusal of the British Parliament to respond to his final plea for mercy and justice to starving Ireland. He died at Genoa on May 15, 1847, on his way to Rome.
Many 20th-century nationalists condemn O'Connell for his opposition to revolutionary tactics and for his compromise style of politics. But he made possible the final victory of Irish nationalism. He lifted the Irish masses from their knees and began to remove the mental blocks of serfdom. He gave the Irish people dignity, pride, hope, and discipline. O'Connell's tactic of using the pressure of public opinion, backed by the implied threat of reform or revolution, was used by subsequent Irish nationalists and British Radicals in marches toward freedom, social reform, and democracy.
Further Reading on Daniel O'Connell
Sean O'Faolain, King of the Beggars: A Life of Daniel O'Connell, the Irish Liberator (1938), and William Edward Hartpole Lecky, "Daniel O'Connell," in The Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland (1912), are the two best studies of O'Connell's total career. James A. Reynolds, The Catholic Emancipation Crisis in Ireland, 1823-1829 (1954), is a valuable investigation of O'Connell's Catholic emancipation victory. Angus Maclntyre, The Liberator: Daniel O'Connell and the Party, 1830-1847 (1965), discusses O'Connell's important role as parliamentary politician. Keven B. Nowlan, The Politics of Repeal: A Study in the Relations between Great Britain and Ireland, 1841-50 (1965), and Lawrence J. McCaffrey, Daniel O'Connell and the Repeal Year (1966), are concerned with the repeal agitation of the 1840s and the contests between O'Connell and Young Ireland and O'Connell and Peel.
Additional Biography Sources
Chenevix Trench, Charles, The Great Dan: a biography of Daniel O'Connell, London: J. Cape, 1984.
Daniel O'Connell, portrait of a radical, Belfast: Appletree Press, 1984.
Edwards, R. Dudley (Robert Dudley), Daniel O'Connell and his world, London: Thames and Hudson, 1975.
MacDonagh, Oliver, The emancipist: Daniel O'Connell, 1830-47, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.
MacDonagh, Oliver, The hereditary bondsman: Daniel O'Connell, 1775-1829, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988, 1987.
O'Connell, Maurice R., Daniel O'Connell: the man and his politics, Blackrock, Co. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1990.
King of the beggars: a life of Daniel O'Connell, the Irish liberator, in a study of the rise of the modern Irish democracy (1775-1847), Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1975, 1938.
O'Ferrall, Fergus, Daniel O'Connell, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1981.
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Introduction to automobile leaf spring
Introduction to automobile leaf spring
As we know, the elastic components of the independent suspension of passenger cars mostly use coil springs, and the elastic components of non-independent suspension mostly use leaf springs. Because of the simple steel structure and reliable use, leaf springs are widely used, such as some off-road vehicles, pickups or vans. However, most buses and trucks use leaf springs.
As the name suggests, leaf springs are made of steel plates, which are also called leaf springs. In order to make full use of the material, the leaf spring is made into a form close to the stress beam. It has two types, one is equal thickness, the width is narrow at both ends and wide in the middle. The traditional multi-piece leaf spring is of this type. This type of leaf spring is composed of multiple steel plates with different lengths and the same width. Nowadays, most buses and trucks use this type of leaf spring.
The other is equal width, the thickness is thin at both ends and thick in the middle. The common small-leaf leaf spring is of this type. The small-leaf leaf spring refers to a variable-section leaf spring with only 1 to 4 pieces. The variable-section leaf spring refers to the thickness of the center along the length of the steel plate and gradually thinner at both ends, or Leaf spring with gradual change in width and thickness. It is mostly used in light vehicles, and now some large and medium passenger cars tend to use this type of leaf spring.
The middle part of the leaf spring is fixed on the axle by U-shaped bolts (also called riding bolts), and the curling lugs at both ends are hinged on the bracket of the frame with pins. In this way, the axle and the body are connected by the leaf springs, which play the role of buffering, damping, and transmitting force. The steel plates of the multiple leaf springs are superimposed into an inverted triangle shape. The uppermost steel plate is the longest and the lowermost steel plate is the shortest. The number of steel plates is related to the weight of the car and the shock absorption effect. The more steel plates, the thicker and shorter. The more rigid the alloy spring.
However, when the leaf spring flexes, the pieces will slide and rub against each other to generate noise. Friction can also cause spring deformation, causing uneven driving. Therefore, in cars with low load capacity, few leaf springs appear to eliminate the defects of multiple leaf springs.
Some small-leaf leaf springs only use one leaf spring. Compared with multiple leaf springs, in addition to reducing noise and no friction, they can also save materials, reduce weight, facilitate layout, reduce the height of the vehicle, and have good ride comfort.
The section of the steel plate of the small leaf spring changes greatly, and the section from the middle to the two ends is gradually different, so the rolling process is more complicated. In order to reduce the weight and the difficulty of the rolling process, a fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) has appeared in recent years to replace the steel plate, which can reduce the weight by more than half. This fiber-reinforced plastic is made of glass fibers and polymerized together with polyester resin.
According to calculations, the weight of a general single leaf spring is about 11-20 kilograms, and the weight of each pair of fiber-reinforced plastic springs is about 4 kilograms, and the driving is stable and the noise is very low.
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The Rasch model, named after Georg Rasch, is a psychometric model for analyzing categorical data, such as answers to questions on a reading assessment or questionnaire responses, as a function of the trade-off between (a) the respondent’s abilities, attitudes or personality traits and (b) the item difficulty. For example, they may be used to estimate a student’s reading ability, or the extremity of a person’s attitude to capital punishment from responses on a questionnaire. In addition to psychometrics and educational research, the Rasch model and its extensions are used in other areas, including the health profession and market research because of their general applicability. The mathematical theory underlying Rasch models is a special case of item response theory and, more generally, a special case of a generalized linear model. However, there are important differences in the interpretation of the model parameters and its philosophical implications that separate proponents of the Rasch model from the item response modeling tradition. A central aspect of this divide relates to the role of specific objectivity, a defining property of the Rasch model according to Georg Rasch, as a requirement for successful measurement.
“Item Response Theory”
Rasch Model google
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Congestion control
Congestion detection
TCP was designed at the end of the 70's. Several congestion control algorithms have been added since, mainly following the work of Van Jacobson published in 1988. They continue to evolve in different TCP variants. The exercises proposed in the following are founded on the last versions: RFC 5681 of September 2009.
1. For TCP, which phenomenon indicates congestion in the network?
2. What's going on inside a router to generate this phenomenon?
3. For TCP, this phenomenon can infer congestion. But it can also occur when there is no congestion in the network. In which other cases in which case such a phenomenon may occur?
4. If this phenomenon does not always indicate congestion, why is TCP based on this inference? Why don't we use an approach where the router notify explicitly the congestion by sending a message to the sender?
Congestion control algorithms
For congestion control, TCP uses a threshold that indicates the flow rate above which congestion may occur. This threshold is expressed by the parameter ssthresh (in bytes). To get the flow rate threshold, ssthresh is divided by the RTT (Round Trip Time). The flow rate can vary from below and above the threshold ssthresh/RTT. The issuer maintains an other parameter, cwnd (Size of the congestion window), which indicates the maximum number of bytes it can send before receiving an acknowledgment. When cwnd > ssthresh, the sender take care particularly to not cause congestion.
1. Suppose ssthresh is at 5000 bytes, cwnd is at 6000 bytes, and segment size is 500 bytes. The sender sends twelve segments of 500 bytes in one RTT period, and receives twelve acknowledgements (one for each segments). What happens to the values ?ssthresh and cwnd? How these values changes are called?
2. Suppose ssthresh is still at 5000~bytes, cwnd is now at 14,000~bytes, the sender sends 14.000/500 = 28 segments, and that the sender receives a congestion notification before receiving the first acknowledgement. What happens to the ssthresh and cwnd values ? How these values changes are called?
3. We have seen how increases and decreases cwnd depending on the absence or presence of indicators of congestion. How do we call this algorithm? On what principle is based this algorithm?
4. At startup, and after having received a congestion notification, the value of cwnd is smaller than the value of ssthresh. Describe how cwnd increase when it is lower than ssthresh, depending on the following example. Suppose ssthresh equal to 3000 bytes and cwnd equal to 500 bytes, the size of a segment. The transmitter has several segments ready to be sent. How many segments sends the issuer during the first RTT period? If it receives acknowledgments for all segments, what becomes the value of cwnd? How many segments sends the issuer during the second RTT period? If it receives acknowledgments for all segments, what becomes the cwnd value? In general, how evoluate the size of cwnd?
5. How is called the period during which cwnd is smaller than ssthresh?
6. What happens to the value ssthresh if the sender receives a congestion notification while cwnd is smaller ssthresh that?
Average bandwidth of a TCP connection
Suppose we wish to perform a large data transfer through a TCP connection
1. By neglecting the period during which cwnd is smaller than ssthresh, show that d, the average flow rate associates to a TCP connexion, is equal to:
where W is the size of the window (in segments) at the time of congestion, MSS the size of segment (assumed to maximum), and RTT is the round trip delay (assumed constant during the period of transmission).
2. Show that the loss rate p is equal to:
3. Show that if the loss rate observed by a TCP connection is p, then d, the average flow rate, could be approximated by:
4. What other parameters can affect the throughput of a TCP connection?
5. What utility do you see to the relation calculated in the last formula of d?
Study of the latency of a web server
We would like to study the latency bound to the answer to an HTTP request. We make the following simplifying assumptions:
1. Initially, we assume that we have no congestion control window. In this case, justify the following expression of L, the latency:
2. We now assume a static congestion window of fixed size fixe W. Calculate the latency in this first case:
3. e still assume a static congestion window of fixed size W. Calculate the latency in the second cases:
4. Compare the latency with a dynamic congestion control window (slow start) with the one without congestion control.
5. Numerical implementation
K' is the number of windows sent before starting the second case(log2(1 + RTT * R/S)). Consider three cases:
• S=512 octets, RTT= 100msec, O=100 Koctets (=200S);
• R
L (without slow start)
L (TCP global latency)
56 Kbps
512 Kbps
8 Mbps
100 Mbps
• S=512 octets, RTT= 100msec, O=5 Koctets (=200S);
• S=512 octets, RTT= 1 second, O=5 Koctets (=200S);
Analysis of TCP mechanisms
In this part you will generate traffic to a distant server using the PlanetLab Europe testbed. For each one, draw the chronogram and study the congestion control mechanisms put-in-work. Discuss particular of the following
1. What is the average RTT ?
2. Do you recognize the congestion control mechanismes ?
3. Up to how many segments are transmitted by RTT ?
4. What is the average throughput achieved then ?
5. A continuous sending it appears ?
6. Is there any disturbances (desequencement, retransmission...)?
Generation and capture of HTTP traffic
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Volunteers Community Partners
Swede Midge
Additional Images
Common Name: Swede Midge
Scientific Name: Contarinia nasturtii
Origin: Europe and southwestern Asia
The swede midge is a small, light brown fly. They begin to emerge in May, lasting until mid-June. The adult females lay about 100 eggs throughout their short lifetime of 1 to 4 days. The larvae hatch after 3 days, when they then begin to feed on plants. Plants include cruciferous vegetable crops such as cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts. Also, canola, collard, horseradish, kale, mustard, rutabaga, turnip, and radish
These insects are dependent on a moist habitat, such as irrigated agricultural land.
Swede midge larvae can be detrimental to plant tissue, especially that of vegetable crops. As they feed, they produce a secretion that breaks down the surface of the plant and liquefies the cell contents. This results in damage to the growing tips. Crops affected by the swede midge include cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussel sprouts, and others.
Because use of insecticides is a difficult control method, the most effective management form is preventing the further spread of this species.
Distribution: View Map
The swede midge is found throughout Ontario, Quebec, and New York State. It is present in the FL-PRISM.
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(by the Religious Disabilities Act of 1856), spread of western education, etc.;
disaffection caused by the official policy or taxing lands belonging to
temples, charitable institutions, mosques, etc. all of them alienated these
sections from British.
Grievances of the craftsmen, peasants and zamindars
Artisans and craftsmen—Destruction of village industries and handicrafts due
to the one-way free trade policy of the British.
Peasants—Loss of their lands to the moneylenders due to the land and land-
revenue policies of the British, particularly the ryotwari system, and their
system of law and administration (which favoured the moneylenders at the
cost of the peasants).
Traditional Zamindars—Many of them lost their zamindaris to the new class
of urban-based absentee landlords due to the introduction of the zamindari or
the permanent settlement and the strict manner of revenue collection by the
Grievances of middle and upper classes
Due to their total exclusion from high administrative and military posts; ruin
of those persons who depended on Indian rulers’ patronage of arts and
Basic foreignness of Britishers
They fundamentally differed from the other foreign conquerors of India like
the Mughals or the Delhi Sultans, by not making India their home, and by
their racial superiority.
Military causes
Jolts given to the British armed strength by certain events like the First
Afghan War, Anglo-Sikh War, Crimean War and the Santhal Uprising;
combined with these, the disproportionate ratio of the sepoys to the
Europeans in the British Indian Army (6:1) and the faulty disposition of the
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"url": "https://keralapsc.monsoonmalabar.com/2020/01/23/T-21-34-56-kerala-psc-indian-history-book-study-materials-page-1862.html"
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Ask Question
30 March, 12:49
You are going to look at a town close to the Arctic circle named Barrow, Alaska.
1. Choose a specific day of the year. It can be your birthday, your favorite holiday, or any day you want.
2. Identify and use resources to look up historical weather data for Barrow, AK (also known as Utqiaġvik, Alaska.) on the date you have chosen.
3. Record the highs and the lows for the date you chose for the years 2005-2009. Create a chart of the year and the high and lows that were recorded.
4. From the chart, compute the daily average high and low temperatures based off of the minimums and the maximums for the five-year span.
5. Identify the resources you used to obtain the data and explain how you calculated the averages. Be sure to include at least two module vocabulary words in your explanation.
Answers (1)
1. 30 March, 13:14
I think it is number/answer 5
Know the Answer?
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}
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Group 7 Created with Sketch.
Group 3 Copy Created with Sketch.
National American Indian Memorial (1913)
By Anjelica Gallegos, M.Arch.1 2021
The contributions that Indigenous communities have made to our urban environments are made visible through ongoing digital mapping projects across the continent. Many of these maps render visible the community knowledge and collective histories of Indigenous experiences across time. Mapping projects and community cultural centers form the heart of Indigenous cultural continuity within the contemporary built environment.
In the early 20th century, Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island was set to become the site for the National American Indian Memorial. This article explores the history of that project.
Read about a new vision for Fort Wadsworth here >
The National American Indian Memorial, a depiction of an American Indian man perpetuating the truth and dignity of First Americans, was meant to support the preservation of the character and lifeways of American Indians. The project’s program, which would include a museum, an art gallery, a library, and garden grounds, was to cover every aspect of American Indian lifeways, from regalia and artwork to architecture. At 580 feet tall, the memorial would have been taller than the Statue of Liberty, and would have been a feat of modern engineering, showcasing an innovative press, bolt, and anchor construction method utilizing cement. The statue was designed by Daniel Chester, known for the statue of Abraham Lincoln in Washington, DC’s Lincoln Memorial. It would have stood atop a Neo-Aztec pyramid, with an Egyptian Revival-style complex serving as its foundation, all designed by Thomas Hastings, a partner at Carrère and Hastings.
The idea for the National American Indian Memorial belonged to Philadelphia mogul Rodman Wanamaker. Between 1908 and 1913, Wanamaker sponsored a series of expeditions led by author and photographer Joseph K. Dixon to document various tribes throughout the United States. The expeditions were meant to generate public interest and support for American Indians’ right to citizenship, which they only gained in 1924 with the passage of the Indian Citizenship Act. After receiving approval and support from the US House of Representatives, Wanamaker organized a “Committee of One Hundred” prominent Americans to support the project, including figures such as Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Cornelius Vanderbilt, J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, William Randolph Hearst, Henry Clay Frick, and Ralph Pulitzer.
The American Indian Memorial project had a unique affiliation with Yale University. Thomas Hastings and his firm worked on projects for the university, including the Yale University Quadrangle, Woolsey Hall, and University Commons. Furthermore, Henry Roe Cloud, a member of the Winnebago Nation of Nebraska and the first American Indian to attend Yale, served as a liaison between tribal leaders and collaborators for the memorial project. Roe Cloud graduated from Yale with a B.A. in psychology and philosophy (1910) and a M.A. degree in anthropology (1912) and became an important figure who transformed American Indian higher education and government policies. He was also the only American Indian co-author of “The Problem of Indian Administration,” commonly referred to as “The Meriam Report,” an extensive survey made at the request of the Secretary of the Interior that evidenced the failures of federal Indian policy in the early twentieth century. This survey, presented to Congress in 1928, helped set in motion many of the subsequent reforms of the Indian New Deal of 1934.
On February 22, 1913, President Taft broke ground on the project at Fort Wadsworth. The Committee of One Hundred was among the crowd, which also included governors, mayors, and naval and military officers. Thirty Indigenous leaders attended the groundbreaking ceremony representing the following tribes: Northern Cheyenne, Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nation, A’aninin, Crow Creek Tribe, Crow Nation, Miniconjou Lakota, Oglala Lakota Nation, Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, Yankton Sioux Tribe, Blackfeet Nation, Southern Cheyenne Tribal Nation, San Carlos Apache Nation, Kiowa Tribe, Chippewa Tribe, the Massachusett Tribe at Ponkapoag.
The ceremony included speeches from President William Howard Taft, Dr. Joseph Dixon, Chief Hollow Horn Bear, and Henry Roe Cloud, which covered the purpose of the Memorial, Wanamaker’s expeditions, the site’s history, and the state of affairs in Indian Country. The Buffalo or Indian Head Nickel was also released during this ceremony, part of President Taft’s efforts to beautify American coins and showcase American identity After the groundbreaking ceremony, Wanamaker organized several lectures sharing information about the expeditions he sponsored, but he was ultimately unable to raise sufficient funds for the project, which was further overshadowed by the United States engagement in World War I.
Though this project was never built, it remains an important part of American history, bringing together Indigenous leaders and academics, mainstream private society figures across fields, government officials, and military groups. The project used architecture as a political apparatus to generate public interest and influence government policy. However, while the museum was meant to preserve American Indian cultural artifacts and educate the public, the project nonetheless presented American Indians in a static, archaic, and romanticized lens that framed them as a dying culture. This erroneous conceptualization of American Indians as a “vanishing race” that would soon cease to exist was perpetuated throughout the 20th century and has contributed to the erasure of Indigenous histories while hindering pathways to acknowledgement and resolution. Furthermore, it has deeply impacted the public’s perception of first Americans, influencing how American history has been taught for generations.
Knowing American Indian history is knowing American history. Sharing and seeking knowledge contributes to an informed consciousness that challenges the amnesia of identity and an amnesia of place. While unrealized, the National American Indian Memorial serves as an example of why it is important for architecture and the programs it houses to elevate people through increasing connection with place, acknowledging the history of the site, and contributing toward a living identity of the communities architecture is interwoven with.
Further Reading
Native presence at Yale is celebrated during Henry Roe Cloud conference,” YaleNews, November 7, 2017.
Henry Roe Cloud Dissertation Fellowship Announced for 2021/22,” Yale Group for the Study of Native America.
Ceremonies Attending the Official Inauguration of the National American Indian Memorial at Fort Wadsworth,” February 22, 1913, Courtesy of the Library of Congress.
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After a pleasant reflective
Windsor Castle video
Here’s one of my favourite activities to get students interested in Windsor Castle. The lesson is based around the ‘visit Windsor’ introductory video that can be found on youtube. The lesson is suitable for intermediate students, although the part that uses the video is just fun and could be suitable for strong pre-intermediates (perhaps)
After a brief discussion on famous buildings in England, the Queen, etc, show the students the Windsor Castle video with some simple questions to discuss after, e.g.
In your opinion, which word best describes Windsor castle?
What colour do you most associate with Windsor castle?
Which ‘typically British’ things did you see in the video?
explain to the students that they will do a ‘video observation challenge!’
Dictate the following questions the class (without the answers obviously!):
1. What is the pub behind the foot guards called? HORSE AND GROOM
2. Complete the words on the sign: ‘Windsor Castle…’ VISITOR ENTRANCE
3. Which flag is flying at the castle? THE UNION JACK
4. What two letters can you see under the crown? E.R.
5. TRUE or FALSE… The video shows a sculpture of George IV TRUE
6. Which two animals can you see above the throne? LION and UNICORN
7. Which artist’s name is shown on the picture frame? REMBRANDT
8. What six words can you see around the Knight on the horse? HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE
9. Whose name is under William Arthur? PHILLIP LOUIS
10. What date is written on the memorial for the fire at Windsor Castle?
It’s just a bit of fun, but it gives the students a bit of an orientation to the building, and they respond well to the competitive observation task. I recommend having them work in pairs to do this. If you wanted to make it more multi-skilled, I guess you could allow only one person in each pair to watch the video, and they have to dictate any answers the see to their partner.
Anyway, the activity leads to discussion about various topics, such as the UK coat of arms. A great extension task is to get students to design their own coat of arms to represent them and their partner. Here’s an example:
coat of arms
Notice the students called this a ‘code of arms’… this probably reflects how well I taught the lesson! Even so, there’s some great language in there.
Here’s a full lesson plan for this activity. It includes the full transcript of the video, which I’ve also made a listening task from and a vocabulary activity. This bit normally works ok, but the video and code, sorry, coat of arms work better. You might want to find some better example pictures, I just took them from google images.
whose science whose knowledge where to watch engineering red how much solution in vax platinum why company register in delaware how project phone to tv where to buy cars from manufacturer where to develop 35mm film cheap startup who ends up with dalmi how much start up where's the london bridge how much management reserve where to get technology news who devised the metric system why system implementation fails what system is the heart in what tech calls thinking how tech savvy are you where technology is headed who buy products and who use product where to find system properties in windows 10 which engineering is the easiest how entrepreneur start a business why solution of na2co3 is alkaline how much science is in psychology why london bridge is falling down how teaching happens book how development leads to democracy how workers compensation works whose teachings are collected in bijak where london magazine how many workers does amazon have where to buy engineering paper who design nursing care protocols how london bridge fell how frequently product releases should occur who product specific guidance how system calls work what stage of development what are the 4 types of development why system implementation fails whose project is nlex where to manage subscriptions on iphone when engineering counselling starts 2022 which science degree is easiest why solution is called homogeneous mixture why product management who management of pph how to develop economic development how equipment works vaporizer where management was first used from where manager derive performance expectation most common technology how many solution does the system have where did we come from science which business is an example of a multinational corporation where to find device management on iphone where to find science articles how many entrepreneur are there how tech savvy are you which products of fire are health hazards how equipment works how many products are made from corn who product mix when teaching systems and routines to a group whom defined who technology in healthcare which products of fire are health hazards which startup character are you who teaches you english when business need to formalize the information why technology favors tyranny who's are whose whose methodology of teaching experimentation is the key note of how often should disinfectant solutions be changed entrepreneur who create new ideas how many development cards in catan per turn where apple products are made how much solution to put in vax carpet cleaner where business ideas come from how much project manager earn in uk how start up funding works how much start up money for monopoly when startup season 4 what development happens in the third trimester how much company listed in bse when tech companies lie to us where to develop 110 film what project are you most proud of who roadmap 2030 how many company make baby formula how manufacturing overhead costs where workers work when science goes wrong london who started the great fire who science council genomics how teaching and learning relate to obe how many london premier league teams where from nokia company what is roadmap in project which technology uses a tunneling protocol how much tech in nasdaq when management ignores your concerns where to set up home office where was a teacher filmed 2020 how many startups are there in india when company goes public how development happens how many development cards per turn when equipment is purchased for cash quizlet why technological innovation is important how much manager salary where to produce oxygen where engineering controls are not sufficient how much workers compensation insurance do i need how much tech trash for c4 which manager has the most premier league titles how business write offs work an entrepreneur whose business is anchored on technology
Video on topic: Windsor Castle video
Windsor Castle Wikipedia travel guide video. Created by
Windsor Castle Wikipedia travel guide video. Created by ...
Visit Windsor Castle Official Video
Visit Windsor Castle Official Video
Windsor Castle Tourist Video [JVA 9]
Windsor Castle Tourist Video [JVA 9]
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<urn:uuid:8c9e2721-e16b-4047-8e9d-78b36112ebf4>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.75,
"fasttext_score": 0.43428319692611694,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9389684796333313,
"url": "http://www.goffs.biz/LondonBridge/windsor-castle-video"
}
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Anti-double-stranded DNA and Test Result
Anti-double stranded DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA) is one of a group of autoantibodies. Normally, antibodies protect against infection, but autoantibodies are produced when a person’s immune system fails to adequately distinguish between “self” and “non-self.” They mistakenly attack the body’s own healthy cells, causing tissue and organ damage.
What does the test result mean?
The test of anti-dsDNA is to help diagnose and monitor lupus. The possible results are as follows:
• A high level of anti-dsDNA: the person tested very likely has lupus. This is especially true if an anti-Sm test is also positive.
• Low to moderate levels: it may accompany with other autoimmune disorders, such as Sjögren syndrome and mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD).
• A very low level: the result may be negative but does not exclude a diagnosis of lupus. Only about 65-85% of those with lupus will have anti-dsDNA.
Keywords: Anti-double-stranded DNA; anti-dsDNA
|
<urn:uuid:572a695f-1fc0-4b8c-bb94-3b3de8aec4c6>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.0292586088180542,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9435915350914001,
"url": "https://healthtopquestions.com/anti-double-stranded-dna-and-test-result/"
}
|
The Germania, written in 98 AD by Publius Cornelius Tacitus, is an ethnic monograph of the Germanic tribes on the Roman frontier along the Rhine. At first glance, its sole purpose appears to be to inform the Romans about the Germanic peoples and to warn them about the Germans as a future potential military threat. However, in delineating the characteristics of the Germans, Tacitus was criticizing Roman morality and decline in virtue through unspoken comparisons to a society which was viewed as more primitive in nature. In Germania, Tacitus describes the "warlike ardour of the people" who "actually think it tame and stupid to acquire by the sweat of toil what they might win by their blood" in an almost awe-stricken manner. Tacitus also explains their strict marriage laws, and that "no part of their manners is more praiseworthy" as he idealizes German life. Tacitus later confronts the immorality of conteporary Rome directly in The Annals. He recounts the rise to power of Sejanus, who, in contemplating revenge against Drusus, "thought his easiest revenge was to turn his attention to Livia, Drusus' wife." In contrast to the Germans' ardor in war, Sejanus pretends an "ardent passion for her, seduced her...lured her on to thoughts of marriage...and of her husband's destruction" even before divorcing his own wife Apicata.
Interestingly enough, after its writing, Germania pretty much disappeared until 520 when Cassiodorus quoted Tacitus verbatim in a letter to Theodoric, the Ostrogoth king. It may also have been known of in Constantinople at that time. The next reference in known history comes in the 860s, when a monk in the monastery of Fulda quotes from it. A copy resurfaced in Italy in the 15th century. Under the auspices of Pope Nicholas V, a number of old manuscripts were found in the 'north'. This copy, known as the Fulda manuscript, has been lost. All extant manuscripts were copied in the 15th and 16th centuries, and all are thought to depend on the Fulda Manuscript. The Germania gained popularity at that time as a tool to the emerging German nationalism movement.
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<urn:uuid:d9522282-5f83-40cb-bb24-9a7396770561>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.03396123647689819,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9773136973381042,
"url": "https://everything2.com/title/Germania"
}
|
Executive function in children with DLD
Kalliontzi, E., Ralli, A. M., Palikara, O., & Roussos, P. (2022). Examining the relationship between oral language skills and executive functions: Evidence from Greek-speaking 4–5-year-old children with and without Developmental Language Disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 124, 104215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104215
What was the aim?
Research shows that children with DLD have poorer executive function abilities. However, most of this research has only investigated English speaking children. Differences in how language and executive function abilities are related may be due to different language traits. Therefore, this study assessed language and executive function abilities of Greek-speaking 4–5-year-olds with DLD and without DLD. 53 children with DLD and 62 children without DLD were studied.
• Executive Functions refer to cognitive processes that help children control their behaviour and direct their attention to help achieve goals. This includes resisting impulses and managing your own behaviour to achieve goals.
What was found?
• Children with DLD performed significantly worse on all language measures than children without DLD.
• Children with DLD performed significantly worse on nonverbal updating and verbal and nonverbal cognitive flexibility tasks than children without DLD. The updating task involved comparing a picture with the previously shown one. For example, children need to say whether the new picture was in the same location as the previous one.
• There were no significant differences in inhibition scores for children with or without DLD.
• Nonverbal updating and inhibition skills and cognitive flexibility predicted story comprehension in children with DLD.
• Updating, nonverbal inhibition and cognitive flexibility predicted oral comprehension, narrative speech, and total language ability for children without DLD.
What does it mean?
These results show the link between language and executive function for Greek-speaking children with and without DLD. Overall children with DLD had poorer language and executive function abilities. The differences in verbal and nonverbal scores between the groups could be due to the children without DLD having better language abilities. Interventions should focus on improving both the language and executive function skills of children with DLD, as both factors are related.
Where can I read this paper?
This paper is not open access. If you wish to read the full paper, please email E-DLD@bath.ac.uk and request a copy of the paper.
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<urn:uuid:b126dc12-e4e5-493f-b5f1-db620937f0fa>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.02871769666671753,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9513461589813232,
"url": "https://www.engage-dld.com/post/executive-function-in-children-with-dld"
}
|
Melioidosis, also called Whitmore’s disease, is an infectious disease that can infect humans or animals. The disease is caused by the bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei or B. pseudomallei, which is found in contaminated soil and water. It is spread to humans and animals through direct contact with the contaminated source.
Melioidosis is predominately a disease of tropical climates, especially in Southeast Asia and northern Australia where it is widespread. However, B. psuedomallei was also found in the environment along the Gulf Coast of Mississippi in the United States in 2022. CDC And state partners are investigating to determine how widespread the bacteria is within the continental United States.
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<urn:uuid:be662bca-c638-45c1-99a4-f09bb51c762e>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5,
"fasttext_score": 0.800542414188385,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9599867463111877,
"url": "https://www.cdc.gov/melioidosis/index.html?ftag=YHF4eb9d17"
}
|
pre-, prae-
(Latin: before [both in time and place])
The prefix prae- can actually be substituted for pre- because both of them are different spellings for the same prefix meaning "before".
preacquaint (verb), preacquaints; preacquainted; preacquainting
1. To make it possible for someone to know or to become familiar with something or a person in advance or beforehand: Before her job interview, Jill reacquainted herself with many of the company's policies.
2. Etymology: from Latin pre-, "before, before hand" + accognitare "to make known."
preacquaintance (s) (noun), preacquaintances (pl)
1. A previous knowledge of something or of someone: During rehearsals for the upcoming theatre production, Jason’s preacquaintence with the play helped him to interpret the main character sympathetically.
2. Etymology: from Middle English aqueyntance, "make known" from ad-, "before" + "cognoscere, "to know well."
preadolescence (s) (noun) (no pl)
The period of child development just prior to the teen years, typically between the ages of 10 - 12, a figure which may vary between the genders: Some parents say that the period of preadolescence, also known as preteens, is a difficult time when bringing up their offspring.
preadolescent (s) (noun), preadolescents (pl)
A person usually between the ages of 10 to 12, but not yet a teenager: The school auditorium was filled with preadolescents, who were all excited and noisy.
preadolescent (adjective); more preadolescent, most preadolescent
Relating to the period of life before an individual starts to develop into an adult: Pamela has two preadolescent boys who are ten-year-old twins.
Max is more preadolescent than his older sister and two brothers.
preagonal, pre-agonal (adjective) (not comparable)
1. A reference to that which immediately precedes death: The colonel reconciled with his estranged son in the preagonal hours prior to the colonel's departure from life.
2. Descriptive of something which occurs or exists immediately before the agony of death: The family gathered around the dying patriarch's bed in the preagonal hours in advance of his demise.
Death "agony" is an old term for the period just before someone dies which was thought to be a time of extreme suffering.
pre-agricultural (adjective); more pre-agricultural, most pre-agricultural
Referring to a time in the past when people did not have the systems of producing food products for others: In anthropology, the pre-agricultural period was the time before a society of people had developed the raising of crops as a means of subsistence to sell to stores.
preamble (s) (noun), preambles (pl)
1. An introductory statement; preface or introduction: The preamble in Karl's book expressed what was being included in his history book.
2. A preliminary or introductory fact or circumstance: Frank's childhood in the slums was a preamble to his life of crime.
3. When capitalized, a Preamble is the introductory statement of the U.S. Constitution: This Preamble sets forth the general principles of American government and begins with the words, "We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union ... " , therefore a section at the beginning of a speech, a report, or a formal document that establishes what follows.
4. Etymology: from Latin praeambulus, "going in front"; from Latin pre- + ambulare "to walk".
preambular (adjective); more preambular, most preambular
A reference to a short preliminary statement or remark, especially an explanatory introduction to a formal document or statute: The university president made very brief preambular comments just before introducing the guest speaker.
preambulary (adjective); more preambulary, most preambulary
Pertaining to an introductory statement: At the awards ceremony, the guest exclaimed about the brevity of the preambulary remarks.
preambulate (verb), preambulates; preambulated; preambulating
To walk or to go before another person or to figuratively precede someone: Watson smiled at the pedestrian who strided past him, commenting that she was perambulating faster than he was.
preambulation (s) (noun), preambulations (pl)
1. A statement, written or verbal, that introduces a topic or explains the purpose of such a communication: The author spent a great deal of time and care composing the perambulation to the first volume of his autobiography.
2. The act of proceeding in front of someone when out for a walk or other outdoor activity: On their morning perambulation, Teresa and her dog ambled one behind the other so as not to disrupt and get in the way of others who were out as well.
preambulatory (adjective); more preambulatory, most preambulatory
Referring to something which precedes or goes before; preliminary: The storm clouds on the horizon were the perambulatory sign that a tornado might be advancing.
preambulous (adjective); more preambulous, most preambulous
1. A reference to a preliminary statement, especially the introduction to a formal document that serves to explain its purpose: The politician limited his comments to the more preambulous resolutions regarding the recently signed joint agreement among nations.
2. Concerning an introductory occurrence or fact; pertaining to a preliminary: The overture to the opera, a preambulous piece of music, created the mood for the rest of the performance.
preamplifier (s) (noun), preamplifiers (pl)
An electronic circuit or device that detects and strengthens weak signals, as from a radio receiver, for subsequent, more powerful increasing stages: A preamplifier is part of the electronic circuit in a radio or a television, designed to reinforce very inadequate electrical waves for better transmission.
Related before-word units: ante-; antero-; anti-; pro-.
Related "time" units: aevum, evum; archaeo-, archeo-; Calendars; chrono-; horo-; Quotes: Time; tempo-.
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<urn:uuid:b9602a5d-ad57-457b-9714-3862e67a14ea>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.625,
"fasttext_score": 0.6382943987846375,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9313756227493286,
"url": "https://wordinfo.info/unit/1744"
}
|
Skip to Content
Danger! Shark!
Grade Level: 5–6
John Singleton Copley
American, 1738–1815
Watson and the Shark, 1778
oil on canvas, 182.1 x 229.7 cm (71 11/16 x 90 7/16 in.)
National Gallery of Art, Ferdinand Lammot Belin Fund
Curriculum Connections
• History/Social Studies
• Performing Arts
• Large sheet of paper or board to write adjectives to develop a definition of hero/heroine
• Drawing materials
• Copies of the “Design Your Own Coat of Arms” template
• Computers with internet access for student research (if they wish to come up with a Latin motto)
Warm-Up Questions
What is going on in the painting? What do you think happened just before this moment?
In 1749, fourteen-year-old Brook Watson, a young English cabin boy, was attacked by a shark while swimming in the harbor at Havana, Cuba. Nine sailors rushed to help the boy and saved him from almost certain death, though he lost his right leg to the knee.
Watson grew up to be an important merchant and, briefly, Lord Mayor of London. He did not want his story of danger, courage, and survival to be forgotten. He asked John Singleton Copley, an American artist working in London, to paint this picture as a record of the events. Copley, America’s most important colonial painter, had traveled to Europe in 1774 to study art in Rome and other cities. To escape the hostilities of the American Revolution and for artistic reasons, he and his family settled permanently in England. During his stay in London, he received many painting commissions, including this one from Brook Watson.
Watson and the Shark created a sensation when it was exhibited, in part because the subject was so grisly. To lend believability to the scene Copley, who had never visited the Caribbean, consulted maps and prints of Cuba. It’s unlikely that he painted the shark from life or from prints because he erroneously painted an ear on the beast. On the frame of the painting an inscription relates the story and states Watson’s wish that this painting “might serve a most useful lesson to youth” about the risks of foolish behavior.
Guided Practice
• How has Copley told you that Brook Watson has already suffered one attack from the shark at the moment this scene was painted? (A bloody stump below his right knee indicates that the shark has bitten off his lower leg.) The shark is swimming around the boat again in the direction of Watson. Why do you think Copley chose this moment of the story to depict? (Because it is the most dramatic and suspenseful moment of the story.)
• What are the various sailors doing to try to save Brook Watson? Have nine classmates stand together and recreate their poses. Touch each student on the shoulder and ask them what they are thinking and feeling.
• How would you describe the mood of the painting? What might Watson be thinking?
• What are some character traits that these everyday heroes/heroines possess?
• Was there a time when either you or someone you know was saved or helped by a friend? What happened? How did those involved feel? What were the character traits that the hero/heroine possessed?
Students will develop a class definition of a hero/heroine:
1. Ask students to write the names of four or five of their personal heroes/heroines.
2. Next to each person, they will write adjectives that describe them (these may include characteristics such as strength, skill, bravery).
3. Ask for volunteers to read their lists as you write the names of their heroes/heroines in one column on the blackboard and the adjectives in a second column.
4. Then, in a third column, ask students to help you categorize each hero/heroine—sports, military, everyday, etc. Use the adjectives and categories from the second and third columns to help students develop a class definition of hero/heroine.
Brook Watson’s Crest
Throughout his life, Watson enjoyed telling stories of his horrible encounter with the shark. When he became a baronet in 1803, he even requested that his coat of arms include literal references to the ordeal. The Latin motto Scuto Divino means "under God's protection." Neptune, god of the sea, is shown at the top, holding a trident to repel the attacking shark, and in the upper left corner of the shield is Watson's missing foot.
Taking cues from Watson’s crest, have students write/sketch a list of symbols that represent their lives: hobbies, personality traits, pets, life events, or perhaps they too have overcome an obstacle like Watson. With their writing and sketching as their guide, students will create a coat of arms incorporating these personal symbols. Using the “Design Your Own Coat of Arms” template, students can choose to have four symbols separated into quadrants or combine them into a cohesive design. They may wish to cut out their sketches and rearrange them to get the best composition before drawing their final coat of arms. Lastly, they should enter a personal motto in the banner at the bottom (maybe even research one in Latin!)
National Core Arts Standards
VA:Cn11.1.5 Identify how art is used to inform or change beliefs, values, or behaviors of an individual or society.
VA:Cr1.1.5 Combine ideas to generate an innovative idea for art-making.
VA:Cr2.3.5 Identify, describe, and visually document places and/or objects of personal significance.
VA:Re7.1.5 Compare one's own interpretation of a work of art with the interpretation of others.
VA:Re7.2.6 Analyze ways that visual components and cultural associations suggested by images influence ideas, emotions, and actions.
Borrow the teaching packet Art&
Download a family-oriented guide about John Singleton Copley
|
<urn:uuid:427ea1bb-db9c-489e-8335-3da00e9cd598>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.609375,
"fasttext_score": 0.029182255268096924,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9427452683448792,
"url": "https://www.nga.gov/learn/teachers/lessons-activities/heroes-heroines/danger-shark.html"
}
|
Multiplication
Addition, Subtraction
When adding or subtracting complex numbers, we add the real to the real part and imaginary to the imaginary part.
e.g Z1=2+3i fgdhthgZ2=3+4iffhtfhfdsjZ1+Z2=(2+3)+(3i+4i)= 5 + 7i/
Multiplying by a number (Scalar)
This is done in exactly the same way as normal
e.g Z1=2+3i fgd What is 3Z1? 3(2+3i) = 6+9i
Sample Exercise
If Z1=2+3i fgdhthgZ2=3+4iffhthen what is 3Z1+2Z2?
Step 1 Write out fully hgfhgsuiguihu3(2+3i)+2(3+4i)
Step 2 Multiply it out hgfhgsuiguihu6+9i+6+8i
Solution hgyufuyfufuffhgffdhdgs12+17i Exercise
|
<urn:uuid:2c588340-c031-4ef2-abcf-3466c74bf720>
|
{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.9961400032043457,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.6707906723022461,
"url": "http://resources.teachnet.ie/mmorgan/complexnumbers/multi.html"
}
|
Super-bright X-rays to help explain insect biodiversity
Why does the world have so many insects?
Scientists are seeking the answer using an x-ray beam brighter than the sun
LOCATION: Harwell, England
(SOUNDBITE) (English) PROFESSOR ANJALI GOSWAMI, NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, SAYING: "In this project we'll be using Diamond's new robot arm system to conduct high-throughput scanning of insects and we're going to be using this incredible new data set to tackle one of the most interesting questions in biology, why are there so many insects? And with this incredible new data we'll be able to being new insights into the origins of diversity and, really, the drivers of insect evolution."
The technology boosts the detail of high-resolution 3D specimens scans
and automates the scanning process to collect the vast amount of data needed
It can currently scan around 300 insect specimens a day
but is expected to soon increase to around a 1000 a day
(SOUNDBITE) (English) PROFESSOR CHRISTOPH RAU, BEAMLINE SCIENTIST, DIAMOND LIGHT SOURCE, SAYING:"The challenge of the experiment is that they want to study biodiversity and biodiversity means that you have a large, large number of samples you want to study. At the moment you can study a couple of hundreds of samples but we want, of course, since it's in the thousands and the hundreds of thousands of specimens we want to look at, we want to increase our capability and to study a large number of samples."
|
<urn:uuid:5985fddb-ed05-47ca-9d5f-3d8a23939f24>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.23506063222885132,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9204466342926025,
"url": "https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/super-bright-x-rays-help-174151216.html"
}
|
China Culture
The Chinese calligraphy is a rare and exotic flower in the history of civilization and a jewel unequaled in Eastern culture. In its graphic aspect, it can be compared to painting for its ability to arouse emotions through the rich variety of its forms and features. As abstract art, musical rhythm and harmony are manifested in all their purity. All this added to a practical part: it is a form of writing. The writing constitutes the palpable representation of the spoken language. Within the Chinese characters we can establish six categories:
1. Hsiang hsing, direct graphical representation
2. Chih shih, symbolic expression of abstract ideas
3. Hui yi, combination of concrete graphic elements and symbolic expression of abstractions
4. Hsing sheng, a combination of phonetic and pictorial elements
5. Chia chieh, character used solely because of its phonetic value to represent a homophone or near homophone with which it is not related
6. Chuan chu, a character that has acquired a new meaning, which has made it necessary to assign a new spelling to the primitive meaning or modify the one it already had.
These methods of forming Chinese characters are called Liu Chu or the Six Writing Methods.
In the style of stamps, the lines, both horizontal and vertical, are thin, uniform, energetic and tend to end in a point. The moment of maximum development of this style coincided with the Ch’in dynasty (221-207 BC), a time in which there were two main varieties: Ta Chuan (major style) and Hsiao Chuan (minor style). Numerous samples of the major style remain in inscriptions made on stone in the shape of a drum (shih kuwen) and bronze vessels such as the Ch’in Kung Kuei. The minor style is characterized by its sinuous, stylized, careful and energetic forms, in contrast to the less refined major style. Li Szu, staked minister of the Ch’in dynasty,
The normal writing, K’ai Shu, developed during the Han Dynasty (206 BC to 220 AD), modeled on administrative writing. Its current name is “standard script” (cheng k’ai) Being more comfortable than administrative writing, it became the usual script for everyday needs. Its culminating moment came in the time of the T’ang dynasty (618 to 907). There were prominent calligraphers, such as Yen Chen-ch’ing (705-785), who created their own schools of standardized writing with strong and sharp strokes and who left a lasting mark on the history of Chinese calligraphy.
Fast writing occupies an intermediate position between normalized writing and cursive. It is not as angular as administrative writing nor as rounded as stamp writing. Perhaps the best way to describe it would be as a variant of regularized writing. It takes its name from the speed of its execution. Its development is usually attributed to Liu Teh-sheng of the Eastern Han dynasty.
There are multiple varieties of cursive or “grass” writing, some of which are combinations with other styles, such as stamp cursive and administrative writing. There is also an “informal italic” (k’uang ts’ao). Common features of the various varieties are: simplified structure, united lines, hastily and fluently drawn lines, and poor readability. There is a Chinese proverb that best expresses the beauty of this typeface: The writing stops but the meaning continues. The brush is abandoned, but its power is inexhaustible. “Of the five styles of Chinese writing, italics are the closest to abstract art. Among the calligraphers who have excelled in the field of cursive throughout history, who managed to sort out the apparent chaos of this form of writing, and who founded their own schools, are Wang Hsien-chih of the Eastern Chin dynasty and Huai Su (725-785) of the T’ang dynasty. Among contemporaries, Yu Yu-jen (1879-1964).
Chinese calligraphy is not just a practical instrument of daily life but is integrated, together with painting, in one of the most significant trends in the history of Chinese art.
Literature and Printing
The vast and varied Chinese literature has developed from very ancient to the Modern Age in a line of continuity that joins the primitive verses, probably written around the 11th century BC. C., the oldest writing is made on wooden or bamboo tablets with an awl made with the latter material sharpened at one end, which was dipped in a colored liquid. Later they began to use hair and to write on silk or paper, the latter known to the Chinese in the second century AD. C., since then the artists of the country use the same materials.
The first printing attempts may have been inspired by rubbings taken from inscriptions on stone dating from the 9th century AD. Thus arose the idea of printing on paper with wooden blocks, and at the end of the 10th century this method was widely used in the production of books. Movable fired clay types are believed to have been invented by Pi Sheng around 1043, but it is possible that they were not made from wooden blocks until the 14th century. Due to the nature of the Chinese language, represented in thousands of pictograms, movable type did not become popular as it did in Europe. China is a country located in Asia according to THERELIGIONFAQS.
Traditional painting
The origins of traditional Chinese painting date back to the earliest times in the history of this country. In general, we can say that works before the T’ang dynasty (618-907) are line drawings produced by people who are engaged in other activities. This was the golden age of human figure drawings. During the first half of the T’ang dynasty, landscapes and paintings depicting flowers and birds began to gain importance. Paintings with mountains, forests, fields and gardens allow us to escape the troubles of this world and enter the realm of peace and tranquility. This has been the reason that the landscape has always been a pictorial form much appreciated by the Chinese literati and bureaucrats. Trees, stones, meadows, are also highly admired. flowers, birds and other animals that appear in paintings of flowers and birds, endowed with great vibrancy and energy. Thus, the three main categories of traditional Chinese painting would be the landscape, flowers and birds, and representations of human figures from the early period.
The ruling classes and elites of the T’ang and Sung dynasties (920-1279) were great patrons of painting. The objective that was pursued with the works of this period was not purely artistic but had a political and educational aspect. The style tended to be elaborate and showy. The Sung dynasty court founded a painting academy with a systematic curriculum. Hui Tsung, emperor of the Sung dynasty noted for his love of the arts in general and painting in particular, provided funds for the training of promising artists. This was the time of maximum splendor of the academy.
The degree of realism of Chinese painting has been the source of frequent debate. Some may think that it is not realistic at all, but that is only partially true. Realism in Chinese painting culminated during the T’ang and Sung dynasties. However, it is not a realism that tries to objectively reflect the object as such and how it is captured by the senses, but rather tries to subjectively express what is hidden behind the appearance of things.
The main element of Chinese painting is the line, a feature that it shares with calligraphy, which has been the reason why both arts have been closely linked since their origin. During the successful era of literary painters in the Yuan dynasty, literary men who were involved in painting were intentionally trying to further reaffirm the ties between calligraphy and painting, thus pursuing a trend that combined both disciplines. Likewise, the intense relationship between poetry and painting arose from the influence of literature on painting.
China Culture
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A History of Darlington
By Tim Lambert
Early Darlington
Darlington began as a small village. It first appeared in writing in the early 11th century when it was called Dearthingtun. Its name was probably originally Deornoth ing tun. Deaornoth was a man. The word ‘ing’ meant belonging to and tun meant farm or hamlet. So it was the estate belonging to Deaornoth. In turn, its name changed to Darlington.
In the Middle Ages Darlington belonged to the Bishop of Durham. In the 12th century, the Bishop turned part of the settlement into a market town. In the Middle Ages, there were very few shops. If you wanted to buy or sell anything you had to go to a market. The Bishop could make money by charging tolls.
Where does Bondgate get its name? In the Middle Ages, most men were villeins or bondmen, halfway between slaves and freemen. They were tied to the land and had to spend some of their time working on the lord’s land. When the Bishop created a market town he probably freed some of his villeins but some remained bondmen and lived in bond gata or bond street.
Through the centuries Darlington was a thriving little market town. However, in 1569 a rebellion occurred called the Rising of the Northern Earls. Following its defeat, a number of men were executed in Darlington. The exact number is not known.
Then in 1585 Darlington suffered a disastrous fire. (Fire was a constant hazard in those days because most buildings were made of wood with thatched roofs). It started on 7 May 1585 between noon and 1 pm. The fire spread quickly. Unfortunately, water was scarce because of a drought, and people desperately used milk and beer to try and dowse the flames. In all 273 houses were destroyed in Darlington and 800 people were made homeless. However, Darlington was soon rebuilt.
Furthermore like all towns in those days, Darlington suffered outbreaks of plague. It struck in 1543, 1597, and 1605.
In the 18th century, Darlington became famous for the manufacture of linen. It was noted for making towels and tablecloths.
Meanwhile, the first newspaper in Darlington was founded in 1772. The first bank in Darlington opened in 1774.
Modern Darlington
At the beginning of the 19th century, Darlington was still only a small market town but it grew rapidly and had reached a population of 50,000 by 1900.
In the 19th century amenities in Darlington improved. In 1809 a dispensary was founded in Darlington where the poor could obtain free medicines. The first hospital opened in Darlington in 1864 and on September 27th, 1825 the famous Stockton to Darlington railway opened.
Meanwhile, in 1823, an Act of Parliament formed a body of men with powers to clean the streets of Darlington and light them (with oil lamps). They also had the power to appoint night watchmen. From 1830 Darlington had gaslight.
However, like all towns in the early 19th century, Darlington was dirty and unhealthy. However, conditions in 19th century Darlington gradually improved. A water company was formed in 1846 to supply piped water. In the 1850s a network of sewers was built in Darlington.
Then in 1875, a statue of John Pease was erected. South Park was laid out in 1877 and from 1880 horse-drawn trams ran in the streets of Darlington. The first public library in Darlington opened in 1885 and Central Station was built in 1887.
In the 19th century, the old linen industry came to an end in Darlington but a new engineering industry grew up in Darlington and there were many iron foundries.
Electricity was first generated in Darlington in 1900. The horse-drawn trams in Darlington were replaced by electric ones in 1903. However, they in turn were replaced by buses in 1926. Meanwhile, the first cinema in Darlington was built in 1911.
In 1915 the boundaries of Darlington were extended to include Faverdale and Branksome. In 1932 they were extended to include Whinfield, Haughton, Lingfield, and Firth Moor. In 1967 they were extended to include Blackwell.
In the 1920s and 1930s, the first council houses were built in Darlington. Many more were built after 1945.
In the late 20th century traditional manufacturing industries in Darlington declined. Fortunately, they were replaced by service industries.
Meanwhile, the Queen Street Centre was built in 1969 and Darlington Town Hall was built in 1970.
Darlington Sixth Form College opened in 1970 and the Railway Museum in Darlington opened in 1975. Northgate House was built in 1976 and the Arts Centre opened in 1982. Darlington also has the Dolphin Centre, which was opened by Roger Bannister in 1983. The Cornmill Shopping Centre opened in 1992.
Clock Tower, Darlington
Then in 1997 Darlington became a Unitary Authority. Also in 1997, the brick train sculpture was erected. Eastbourne Sports Complex opened in 1999. In 2014 the population of Darlington was 105,000.
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It was immediately clear that the telegram was of inestimable value in finally drawing the United States into the war on the Allied side, a long-time British objective.
Still, there were problems to be solved before the message could be shared with the United States government. First, Room 40 was one of the British government’s darkest secrets. Its existence as the source of the compromise had to be concealed from the Germans. Likewise, the British needed to conceal from the Americans that they had been reading American traffic, a touchy issue in that the United States was a neutral country. Third, the telegram still contained a few gaps that might lead the Americans to question its authenticity or actual meaning.
Hall hit upon an ingenious idea that addressed all three issues. Using a contact in the Mexico City telegraph office, he was able to obtain a copy of the enciphered message that had been forwarded from the German embassy in Washington. This version had been sent using code 13040, since the embassy in Mexico did not hold code 0075. As an older and less sophisticated code, the British had recovered most of it and were able to read virtually the entire text, allowing them to fill in remaining gaps.
In addition, as a forwarded message, the telegram had been given a new date and header information by the Washington embassy. Use of this version would allow the British to convince the Americans that the message was obtained in Mexico and lead the Germans to suspect the same. Room 40’s role would therefore be concealed.
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"url": "https://stationhypo.com/2018/02/24/the-zimmermann-telegraph-part-3-of-4/"
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Megaliths as Ancient Shrines
(c) Okunomichi 2012
Let’s discuss rocks and stones. We often use these words interchangeably. Are they different? Instead of the common word for stone, ishi, the Japanese sometimes use the word, iwa. If the ishi is a smallish stone, then iwa is a largish rock like a boulder. When we examine the kanji 岩 for iwa, we see the character for mountain over that for stone so it represents a mountain stone.
While megaliths occur naturally, there is evidence that some have been worked on by ancient people. Megaliths were often transported over great distances to special sites on the peaks of mountains (such as megaliths from the island of Shikoku on top of 2599 meter tall Mt Kinpusan in Yamanashi). Megaliths are also iwakura, stone seats for kami deities. The connotation is that kami descend from an unseen world to sit on or in the stones. Megaliths are found within iwasaka, 岩 境 or 磐 境, sacred enclosures, which were probably early shrines. Megaliths can be regarded as iwa no hashira, pillars of rock. The pillar is an important metaphor in sacred literature around the world. It represents a sacred mountain, the center of the world, the world axis.
Why are megaliths sacred? Megaliths connect ki of heaven spiraling down and ki of earth spiraling up. The movements of heaven and earth are celebrated and joined in matsuri, festivals to kami of heaven and earth.
I visited Kanayama Megaliths in Gifu Prefecture at the time of the autumn equinox in September. There are three Shinto shrines in front of the Iwaya-Iwakage megalith grouping, indicating that people have considered this site a sacred place. Let us note that the word, iwaya, 岩 屋, or house of rock, is also translated as cavern or grotto, and even as sanctuary, and Iwakage means the shade of the rock. It feels good to be in Iwaya-Iwakage. The beam of sunlight entering from the “ceiling” was easily revealed by the smoke of burning incense. I sat on the rock on the west side of the “sanctuary” and when I was alone, I felt Iwaya’s beauty and peace. The smoke in the sunbeam was swirling around and it was mesmerizing to watch. It seemed like there was a spiraling energy right here in Iwaya.
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The Schiehallion experiment was an elegant physics experiment done in the 18th century to calculate the density of the Earth. The basic idea is to stand with a pendulum near a mountain of known dimensions and composition. Due to the gravitational attraction of the mountain, the pendulum will swing towards it by a tiny amount. Using this displacement, Newton's law of gravitation, the known density of the mountain, and the known dimensions of both the Earth and the mountain, one can solve for the density of the Earth.
Read the full paper over at Fermat's Library.
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September 16, 2019
In 2021-Improvised Explosive Devices
Country: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Delegate Name: Alex Mochel
Country: St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Delegate Name: Alex Mochel
Committee: Disarmament & International Security Committee
Topic: Improvised Explosive Devices (IED)
The role of Improvised Explosive Devices in modern-day warfare has proved to elevate conflict to an unprecedented level of devastation to both military personnel and intentionally civilian life. To assess the use of improvised Explosive Devices in conflict we must first understand the true definition of IEDs and what they look like. Improvised Explosive Devices are devices designed to cause maximum damage on vehicles or inflict maximum death toll on civilian or military life. Examples of Improvised Explosive Devices can include entities such as car bombs, explosive vests, homemade bombs, and similar weaponry. Throughout the 20th century, the sciences of Improvised Explosive Devices have dramatically increased leading to numerous deaths and hostile conflicts around the world. Several peaceful countries around the globe although mostly devoid of these potentially damaging weapons are not entirely free of their harmful effect. Surging uses of Improvised Explosive Devices have risked an increase of immigrants leaving dangerous countries and flooding into new less equipped nations.
Improvised Explosive Devices in St. Vincent have been avoided with the actions of the military and strict entering policy. That being said difficulty is encountered when attempting to rid the complete risk of IEDs and bombs. The history of St. Vincent has been devoid of IED bombings but recognizes the potential harm observed globally. The use of Improvised Explosive Devices increases hostility and conflict internationally.
St Vincent and the Grenadines believe these issues that threaten such life must be irradicated at all costs. The war-torn nations in the middle east need saving from the increasing bombings and IED usage infesting their public. St Vincent’s lack of Improvised Explosive Devices is a direct result of the opinions of anti-war and pro-peace. St Vincent recognizes 4,200 suicide IED bombing incidents in 46 countries globally inflicting thousands of lives lost and St Vincent urges international bodies to prevent and irradicate these lethal tactics and calls for significant alleviation of these inhumane actions. Improvised Explosive Devices have led to increasing conflict globally. St. Vincent supports a future without improvised explosive devices threatening daily life in nations surrounding the globe. St. Vincent calls on the leading powers of the world to focus on the removal and teaching to restrain the population from supporting and creating such devastating devices. Finally, St Vincent supports the increase of aid sent to foreign nations with loss of life and infrastructure directly caused by these weapons.
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Main content
Current time:0:00Total duration:2:21
Video transcript
According to the pictograph below, how many survey respondents have type O positive blood? How many have O negative blood? So a pictograph is really just a way of representing data with pictures that are somehow related to the data. So in this case, they gave us little pictures of, I'm assuming, blood drops right over here. And then they tell us that each blood drop in this pictograph represents 8 people. So you could kind of view that as a scale of these graphs. Each of these say 8 people. So, for example, if you say how many people have A positive? It would be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 blood drops. But each of those blood drops represent 8 people, so it would be 56 people have type A positive. But let's answer the actual question that they're asking us. How many survey respondents have type O positive? So this is O, and then we care about O positive. So we have 1 blood drop, 2, 3. I'm going to do this in a new, different color. We have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. So we have 8 drops. I'll put those in quotes because they're pictures of drops. And then the scale is 8 people. Let me write it this way. Times 8 people per drop. And so 8 times 8-- and actually even the drops, you could view them as canceling out if you view them as units, so drops, drops. 8 times 8 is equal to 64 people. So they could have written literally the number 64 right over here. 64 people have type O positive blood. Now let's think about the O negative case, O negative blood. Well, this is O. And then within the blood group O, this is O negative. And we have 1 drops, 2 drops. So we have 2 drops times 8 people per drop. And so 2 times 8, each of these represent 8. So 8 and then 16, or 2 times 8 is equal to 16 people. So 16 of the survey respondents, 16 have type O negative. 64 have type O positive.
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"url": "https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability/analyzing-categorical-data/one-categorical-variable/v/reading-pictographs"
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How Is Honey Graded?
It may surprise you at first to hear honey can be graded, but it makes sense if you think about it! We get grades in school, restaurants are graded on quality, other food items such as meat receive grades, and honey does too! There actually are multiple ways honey can be graded, believe it or not!
The USDA created a scale that allows all extracted honey that is filtered or strained to be measured by a number of factors/characteristics. Then, the Pfund scale is another grading method that examines honey by color and assigns a grade relating to that aspect. These two major grading scales are independent of one another and both deserve to be discussed, as well as why it matters that lighter or darker honey has a grading scale.
How Honey Gets Graded by the USDA
The United States Department of Agriculture/USDA has a published grading system they use to assist businesses and hobbyist beekeepers in grading their honey. It is not an, “Official,” system as there is no specific professional USDA department that examines honey or anything, it is a guideline that covers certain key areas. There is grade A honey, grade B honey, grade C honey, and substandard honey, which is anything that scores below a grade C. Much like how you would get a grade on any test, a number of factors are assigned a number-rating system and depending how well these characteristics, “Score,” that is tallied-up to form the overall grade. What are the aspects of honey that get graded by the USDA, however?
The USDA grading system for honey examines moisture content, the absence of defects, flavor & aroma, and clarity. To be more specific about what these three elements involve, moisture content means just what it sounds like–how much of a percentage of the honey is water. Grade A and B honey will have no more than 18.6% of moisture content and not more than 20% for grade C honey.
In regards to the absence of defects, that refers to, “Defects,” meaning things in the honey that should not be there. Bits of honey-comb, parts of an actual bee, leaf fragments, dirt/sediment and basically anything that is not honey would be considered a defect. The absence of defects is graded on a 40 point scale, with 37-40 points being practically free of any problems and a qualifier for grade A honey. 34-36 points fall in the range of reasonably free of defect honey and is going to be grade B (31-33 is, “Fairly free,” and given to grade C).
Flavor & Aroma is all about the taste and lovely smell honey has. It does not take into any kind of unique flavor or smell, just that there is an aroma and taste from the, “Predominant,” source of floral smell and flavor. It is graded on a 50 point scale with grade A honey being 45-50 points/”Good” and earning that rating thanks to being free from caramelization, smoke, fermentation, or other chemical smells and tastes. Should honey earn 40-44 that is, “Reasonably Good,” and 35-39 is, “Fairly Good,” with the concerns being more notable in these lower grades.
Clarity is the last thing graded by the USDA and only applies to the filtered style of honey. It examines the, “Apparent,” transparency/clearness of honey to the human eye plus how much or how few air bubbles, pollen grains, or other fine particles might be found suspended within the honey. It is simply a 10 point scale. Grade A honey will be 8-10 points and only contains air bubbles that do not affect appearance and tace pollen grains or particles that do not impact the overall appearance at all. Grade B honey will be 6-7 points and, “Reasonably clear,” while grade C honey has 4-5 points and is only, “Fairly clear.”
As was noted, these are guidelines and not an official system governed by any professional graders. The USDA’s grading scale also does not cover added ingredients (such as extra sugar), the biological source itself, the labeling (“Organic,” “Raw,” and so forth), or region. For this reason, you could have Grade A clover honey from one entirely different region than another. It is simply a focus on quality by some key guidelines. When it comes to the color of honey, however, that is where the Pfund scale becomes a useful tool!
How the Pfund Scale is Used for Color
The Pfund scale is designed to exclusively measure the color of honey in terms of how light or dark it is. That at times impacts flavor, but the scale does not measure flavor itself. It operates on a level of examining the millimeters of optical density. The result is 7 levels on the scale that vary from the lightest level to very dark coloration. The scale goes as such:
ColorOptical Density
Water White< 9mm
Extra White9mm – 17mm
White 18mm – 34mm
Extra Light Amber 35mm – 50mm
Light Amber 51mm – 85mm
Amber 86mm – 114mm
Dark Amber > 114mm
This scale is not any kind of official grading system, much like how the USDA grading scale is more of a guideline. It is accepted by many as the way to measure honey coloration and a universal scale of sorts.
What Makes Honey Light or Dark
Generally speaking, darker honey is stronger than light (but not always). It is impacted by the floral content/the kind of flowers bees get the pollen they make their honey from. Using the Pfund scale can help to get across some ideas about color, but it is not the be-all, end-all. For example, light honey such as basswood would be considered to actually be quite strong-flavored while the darker tulip poplar, in fact, is considered quite mild in terms of the strength of taste. The kinds of pollen bees gather is what makes the impact when it comes to honey and its light or dark color.
The Types of Honey That Are Light Versus Dark
There are many types of honey and it would take quite a while to list them. After all, the Pfund scale has 7 levels to account for all the variations of honey! Some key ones to discuss however would be Alfalfa honey which is quite light and has many everyday uses. Then, there are very dark amber honey kinds like Manuka which some people think holds many medicinal properties. Clover honey is well-known for its uses in baking and Eucalyptus honey is beloved for its use in teas. There are so many floral varieties in the World and is a major contributing factor to how bees can make so many different kinds of honey that are light to dark. This has resulted in a big World economy where honey from one region may be preferred for certain needs (baking, adding to tea) and allows different countries to have their honey be sought-after. This allows different regions to all enjoy the economic benefits of honey!
The Cost of Dark Honey Compared to Light Honey
Darker honey tends to often be higher in antioxidants compared to lighter honey options. It also generally has a stronger taste and is more concentrated. For that reason, you can sometimes expect to need to pay more for dark honey than lighter honey. One interesting fact though is how regional tastes can influence what kind of honey is most liked. It turns out Americans like light hone so in America Water White-categorized honey will have a much higher price-tag than the darker kinds of honey at many grocery stores. This comes down to supply and demand, as even if lighter honey generally can cost less, with it more sought-after that drives the price up in the United States.
What Will Happen to Lower Graded Honey
Simply put, you should not see, “Substandard,” honey for sale anywhere or used for anything. It just isn’t of good enough quality for it to make sense to use. It has too much moisture, defects (e.g. bee parts in it) and is otherwise useless. Now, lower-grade honey like a grade C honey is a kind that is going to be heavily processed and used in commercial settings. You won’t see, “Grade C,” honey for sale anywhere. Big companies that find they bee farms have made grade B honey will most likely use it for more industrial purposes as well. After all, in grocery stores, people will find themselves gravitating towards higher-quality honey than anything that could be less-than-optimal.
One exception worth noting is that small-scale/hobbyist beekeepers who sell their honey may label it as being grade B due to the fact there can be a very thin line between grade A and grade B when it comes to things like flavor and aroma content (do not confuse grade B as if it simply means, “Raw honey,” which is a common misconception). Grade B honey is still most likely excellent, and as has been established, the grade happens regardless of color content or flavor (which has been made clear is a case of a personal preference for individuals).
A “Sweet,” Variety of Grading Processes
When it comes to how honey is graded there is how the USDA does it and the Pfund scale. Both focus on different elements of honey but all are useful when it comes to determining just what kind you might want to enjoy with your toast, tea, or in your medicine!
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Recent Content
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Labor Strike in Egypt
The first recorded labor strike in history took place in which country?
And the answer: Egypt.
Photo credit:
Taking place in the mid-twelfth century BCE during the rule of Pharaoh Rameses III and documented on papyrus, the strike is believed to have occurred during the building of the royal necropolis at Deir el-Medina. Dissatisfied with their delayed payments, the workers threw down their tools and staged a sit-in, refusing to work.
The first strike ever recorded in history actually represented a departure from Egyptian cultural customs. The notion of Ma'at, a principle which promised peace in the afterlife in exchange for leading with good intentions, was a central cultural value of Egypt that informed societal standing and hierarchy. However, disobeying harmony in striking from work comes within a historical context: the collapse of the Bronze Age. Historically, a lack of harmony in Egyptian society was most often the cause of tension in its citizens. Yet, fascinatingly, this strike is considered to be the act which first marks the deterioration of the Bronze Age.
All records of this strike refer to dates with reference to the then-current Pharaoh, Ramses III. During the 29th year of his reign (roughly 1170 BCE), artisans tasked with building the necropolis, or burial chambers, of King Ramses III repeatedly went on strike, complaining of insufficient rations. Although historians are unclear on as to exactly why they weren't receiving rations as usual, evidence suggests corruption in the ruling class began to rise in this period. Feeling pressure from invasive groups, the Egyptian upper-class likely sought to control resources as much as possible to prevent deterioration of their status.
Yet, the workers on strike returned victorious. After marching to the temple of Ramses II, the workers were able to speak with the Visier (Mayor), who was finally able to secure a ration payment for the workers (though it was not a full payment). Satisfied, the workers ultimately returned to their labor.
Learn more about the history of labor strikes here.
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A snowcat plows its way through snow with a rocky ridge in the background.
A snowcat plows its way through snow near the caldera rim of Grímsvötn volcano in Iceland in spring 2021 during the deployment of a fiber-optic cable for distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). Credit: Yeşim Çubuk-Sabuncu
Icelandic legend tells of an outlaw named Grímur who hid in the highlands of the island after avenging the murder of his father. A widow assisted him, directing him to some remote lakes where he could sustain himself by fishing. However, there was already a giant living near the lakes. Grímur fought and killed the giant, so upsetting the giant’s daughter that she laid a curse on the landscape. From then on, fires would burn in the lakes and the surrounding woods would vanish.
To this day, Grímur’s lakes, Grímsvötn in Icelandic, continue to spit fire, even as they are buried under hundreds of meters of the ice of Europe’s largest glacier, Vatnajökull. In fact, since the settlement of Iceland, Grímsvötn has been the island’s most active volcano—and it may be due for another major eruption.
In spring 2021, researchers from ETH Zürich and the Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) set out for Grímsvötn to take a closer look at its activity, using an emerging geophysical technology called distributed acoustic sensing (DAS; Figure 1). DAS can yield unprecedentedly high resolution data in hazardous and difficult-to-access environments. In addition to measuring previously unobserved seismic activity at the volcano, the experiment also indicated the presence of continuous seismic tremor and a variety of other signals at Grímsvötn not observed before in such detail.
Fig. 1. This map of Grímsvötn shows the layout of the fiber-optic cable (black line with numbers indicating distance in kilometers) deployed in the DAS-BúmmBúmm experiment in spring 2021. Locations of the research huts (GFUM) near one end of the cable and a GPS station at the other end are also shown, as are the years and approximate locations of previous fissure eruptions (orange and red). The site of Grímsvötn (red triangle) amid the Vatnajökull ice sheet in Iceland is indicated in the inset. Topographic information in this figure is based on ArcticDEM.
The Hazards of Grímur’s Lakes
Grímsvötn is a complex volcanic system that is governed by both geothermal heat from below and the ice of the overlying glacier.
Grímsvötn is a complex volcanic system that is governed by both geothermal heat from below and the ice of the overlying glacier. The heat melts the underside of the glacier, creating runoff and forming a subglacial lake within the caldera of the volcano. This lake occasionally drains during major outburst floods called jökulhlaups, which inundate the coastal plains south of the ice cap. Past jökulhlaups from Grímsvötn have destroyed bridges and cut off transit between western and eastern Iceland.
Recently, Grímsvötn again showed such increased activity. Around 20 November, GPS measurements recorded the ice shelf above Grímsvötn starting to subside slowly, marking the beginning of a jökulhlaup as water flowed out of the subglacial lake. The jökulhlaup peaked on 5 December in the Gígjukvísl glacier river, and more than 0.8 cubic kilometer of water in total drained from below the volcano.
Sunset over the caldera of Grímsvötn, as seen from the research huts near the caldera rim. Credit: Sölvi Thrastarson
In addition to the flood hazard, ash clouds pose threats to humans and livestock when direct interaction between magma and meltwater causes Grímsvötn to erupt explosively. Recent eruptions occurred in 1998, 2004, and 2011, each of which sent plumes of ash and debris into the atmosphere (the 1998 and 2004 events were also associated jökulhlaups). These plumes can spread heavy layers of ash over the local landscape, cause intense lightning, and reduce air quality and visibility, conditions that can impair aircraft and roads. If winds are unfavorable during an eruption, ash clouds can also cause major shutdowns and economic damage in the air traffic industry, as happened during the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, located about 140 kilometers southwest of Grímsvötn.
Rapid and substantial pressure decreases, such as that seen beginning in late November, have previously caused Grímsvötn to erupt (in 2004, 1932, and 1922). The IMO, which is responsible for providing warnings about impending eruptions, was thus on full alert and raised the aviation alert level from yellow to orange as seismicity started to pick up at Grímsfjall, peaking with a magnitude 3.6 earthquake on 6 December. However, the seismicity quickly subsided that same day, and on 8 December, IMO lowered the code back to yellow.
Instrumenting the Ice
Over roughly 80 kilometers of ice, we hauled all the equipment we needed for our 5-day expedition until we reached three huts near the highest point of the caldera rim.
Conducting a large-scale field experiment in the middle of 7,900-square-kilometer Vatnajökull was challenging. After months of planning, the effort began with our team of nine traveling by trucks from Reykjavík to the glacier’s edge. From there, we continued aboard snowmobiles, superjeeps (trucks specially equipped with large tires for traversing ice), and a snowcat, following a carefully selected route to Grímsvötn to avoid the largest crevasses. Over roughly 80 kilometers of ice, we hauled all the equipment we needed for our 5-day expedition, including three large cable drums, each roughly 50 kilograms and holding 4-kilometer-long segments of fiber-optic cable, until we reached three huts near the highest point of the caldera rim at Grímsfjall. Built in 1957, 1987, and 1994 to conduct scientific research, the huts—geothermally heated by the volcano and collectively housing a small kitchen, bunks, and even a steam sauna—served as our base of operations.
A superjeep and a snowcat used by researchers atop Grímsvötn are seen in this drone-captured photo, with the volcanic caldera in the background. Credit: Hildur Jónsdóttir
The fiber-optic cable was the core component of our experiment. DAS makes use of a standard fiber-optic cable together with an instrument called an interrogation unit (IU), which sends laser pulses through the fiber and receives them back. Inhomogeneities in the fiber cause backscattering of the light, which is measured by the IU. Small shifts in the return timing of the backscattered signals can be related to localized deformations of the fiber caused by seismicity or other sources of vibration.
The different segments of fiber-optic cable had to be spliced together, which was a surgical task given that each fiber is about as thin as a human hair.
Thus, long lengths of fiber can be used to create a dense seismic network, collecting measurements in the millihertz to kilohertz range every few meters with lower labor and financial costs compared with those from conventional seismic arrays covering areas of similar sizes. The high spatiotemporal sampling is especially beneficial in remote and harsh environments, such as Grímsvötn, where the installation of conventional arrays either would require substantially more personnel and time or is altogether infeasible. (In populated areas exposed to volcanic hazards, unused “dark” fibers in existing fiber-optic communications networks coupled with edge computing—data analysis that happens in real time at an instrument—may have great potential for noninvasive volcano monitoring and other applications of DAS.)
Andreas Fichtner (left) and Sara Klaasen splice fiber-optic cables together in the back of a superjeep during the deployment at Grímsvötn, a task that required safety gear and surgical precision. Credit: Sölvi Thrastarson
To build our detection network at Grímsvötn, we set up the IU in one of the huts, where electricity and Internet are available, and from there, we laid out our 12 kilometers of fiber-optic cable in a hook-shaped pattern along much of the caldera rim and atop the subglacial lake (Figure 1). Using the snowcat equipped with a custom-made plow, we trenched the cable 50 centimeters deep into the snow, thereby protecting it from atmospheric influences. Because the cable was delivered on three separate drums, the different segments had to be spliced together, which was a surgical task given that each fiber is about as thin as a human hair. This surgery was complicated by the fact that it had to be performed during the trenching, and thus in the back of a cold, cramped superjeep rather than in the relative comfort of the huts.
Badminton and a Bad Connection
Deploying the entire length of cable took 2 days, a process that ran smoothly overall despite the difficult conditions of working atop an active, glacier-capped volcano. During the deployment, we were always in direct contact with the volcano monitoring room at the IMO. At the first signs of volcanic unrest, we would have evacuated immediately.
Sara Klaasen conducts a hammer test to create a seismic signal that the DAS cable can record. To increase the strength of their hammer blows, the researchers pounded on the metal plate on the plow used to deploy the cable. Credit: Sölvi Thrastarson
On the third day, we conducted hammer tests to locate the DAS channels and to provide first glimpses of seismic wave propagation in the ice. This entailed pounding a sledgehammer on the ice in different places so the fiber-optic cable would record the signals at those locations. In the data, we could then see exactly where along the cable the signals were recorded, allowing us to link the data with their geographic location. From these initial tests, the experimental setup—our “buried hair,” as we jokingly called it—appeared to work as expected. This success gave us reason to celebrate, and the team was excited to have a good time amid the challenging days of fieldwork.
Among our supplies, we had packed a badminton set—not at all standard equipment because the glacier is notoriously windy—hoping for an opportunity to spice up the expedition in the event of low-wind conditions inside the caldera, which is partly shielded by Grímsfjall mountain. We were extremely lucky to experience such a day. We set up a net amid the snow and enjoyed a sunny break for badminton—albeit wearing snowsuits instead of shorts and T-shirts—surrounded by the hills of the caldera rim. With the help of a large speaker we had brought up the glacier, the celebration turned into a small party, and because both the speaker and the party were referred to as “búmmbúmm” in Icelandic, our experiment was subsequently named DAS-BúmmBúmm.
Researchers take a break for a short badminton game amid their work. Badminton in knee-deep snow is its own sport, although the snow makes for a soft landing when someone falls. Credit: Sölvi Thrastarson
After our celebrations, however, we learned the experiment would not be without hiccups. Our original plan included collecting 2 months of continuous measurements, but upon arrival back in Reykjavík, we found that the connection to our instruments was lost. A week later, after waiting for a storm to pass, we returned to Grímsvötn and diagnosed that this lack of communication occurred because of a broken drive in the instrument. The issue prevented it from recording, and we could not repair it atop the glacier—unfortunately, the DAS system was more “brokebroke” than “búmmbúmm.” Once we arranged for a replacement instrument, we went to Grímsvötn a third time and corrected the problem, and in the end we still managed to collect 1 month of measurements.
Experimental Expectations
Experiments on volcanoes are a relatively new application of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), so the science is still exploratory. Our goal is eventually to develop DAS as a real-time volcano monitoring tool.
Experiments on volcanoes are a relatively new application of DAS, with only a few examples to date, such as an experiment on Mount Meager in 2019, so the science is still exploratory. Our goal is to develop DAS as a real-time volcano monitoring tool. To achieve this, we need to conduct several DAS experiments in different volcanic settings to develop algorithms that can identify, locate, and characterize volcanic signals on the fly.
We are still analyzing the data from this first-ever DAS deployment at Grímsvötn. So far, they reveal an unexpected level of seismic activity. Prior to the DAS-BúmmBúmm experiment, there had been one seismic station at Grímsvötn to record seismic signals, whereas we effectively recorded ground motions every 8 meters along the fiber-optic cable. With a single station only, it is hard to distinguish smaller signals from background noise, but in our DAS data, we can see the propagation of even the smallest signals. We recorded previously unknown tremor inside the caldera, for example, as well as frequently occurring small, local events that were detected all along the fiber-optic cable. These events may have been caused by a wide range of phenomena, such as volcanic and geothermal activity, icequakes, snow avalanches, and resonance of the subglacial lake and the overlying ice sheet (Figure 2). Because the cable loops closely past fumarole fields, their activity is likely recorded as well.
Fig. 2. This sample data plot shows ground deformation along the fiber-optic cable deployed at Grímsvötn over about 50 seconds. A large event arrived near the middle of the cable at about 18:44:50 on this day as it propagated through the glacier. The signal observed around kilometers 10–12 of the fiber, which sat on top of the subglacial lake, oscillated with longer periods than the large event and may have been caused by bending of the ice sheet on top of the lake.
In our initial analyses, we are locating the detected events, carefully accounting for the rough topography and the presence of the ice and the lake, which affect seismic signals differently from the bedrock below. This work will be followed by a process of iteratively inverting the data to help determine the internal structure of Grímsvötn, including its magma chamber and conduits. We hope that our results and experiences from this experiment—and from future experiments planned for a range of volcanological settings in Santorini, Tenerife, and Indonesia—will shed light on hidden processes at hazardous active volcanoes and bring us closer to enhanced volcano monitoring using versatile fiber-optic cables.
We thank everyone involved with this experiment: Bergur H. Bergsson, Vilhjálmur Kjartansson, Vala Hjörleifsdóttir, Bergur Einarsson, Laufey Guðmundsdóttir, Guðlaugur Jakob Þorsteinsson, Hlynur Skagfjörð, Jóhannes Rögnvaldsson, Hildur Jónsdóttir, Snæbjörn Sveinsson, Nadine Widmer, Patrick Paitz, and André Blanchard. We also thank Silixa for its incredible technical support. This work was supported by the project Real-Time Earthquake Risk Reduction for a Resilient Europe (RISE), funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement 821115. It was also partly supported by the Icelandic Centre for Research’s (RANNÍS) Icelandic Research Fund through the IS-TREMOR project (217738-051).
Author Information
Sara Klaasen (sara.klaasen@erdw.ethz.ch), Sölvi Thrastarson, and Andreas Fichtner, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; and Yeşim Çubuk-Sabuncu and Kristín Jónsdóttir, Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjavík
Citation: Klaasen, S., S. Thrastarson, A. Fichtner, Y. Çubuk-Sabuncu, and K. Jónsdóttir (2022), Sensing Iceland’s most active volcano with a “buried hair,” Eos, 103, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EO220007. Published on 4 January 2022.
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More On Antecedent and Consequent Phrases
Antecedent-Consequent phrase combinations are the basic form of melodic shape in Western tonal music. The formal characteristics of this combination has been used as a template for composing melodic phrases in music education settings. For example, students can be told to write four measures beginning on the tonic tone and ending on the dominant tone, then four more measures beginning on the dominant tone and ending on the tonic tone. With other parameters in place, satisfactory results can be obtained using this procedure, provided that students are prepared to audiate what they write as they go.
This is a useable approach, but is too simplistic to impute a true understanding of antecedent-consequent phrase combinations in the context of Western tonal music. Antecedent and consequent phrases are the by-product of functional harmony. In music wherein a tonic and dominant relationship is established, common practice is to create patterns of tension and release. Music is most at rest on the tonic harmony, and less so on the dominant harmony. As music moves from the tonic toward the dominant, tension increases when music arrives back at the tonic from the dominant, the tension is released, and a new pattern begins. This happens at the level of individual phrases, but also at the levels of themes, theme groups, sections, movements, and even in certain instances in entire works. One can generally say that the opening tonic harmony tenses into the dominant which then relaxes even more strongly into the final tonic. That final tonic might be of a phrase, or of a movement.
Consider a typical sonata-allegro form. The movement begins on the tonic, introducing the thematic content. The music then modulates to the dominant for the development section, in which other tonalities may be explored, and in which tension is brought to a heightened level by several means, chief among them the move away from the tonic. Finally, the recapitulation brings us back to the tonic key which bings with it resolution, finality, and a release of the tension that came before it. We see that the exposition can be seen as a long antecedent group, and the development can be seen as a long consequent group because it returns us to the tonic from the dominant.
We get to this overall antecedent-consequent form through many intervening antecedent-consequent phrases; however, if we stick with an understanding of antecedent-consequent phrase as always following a strict tonic-dominant-tonic pattern, we will lose our way. Not every phrase begins or ends on the tonic or dominant, particularly in the development section. Whereas tonic to dominant is the prototypical form of an antecedent phrase and dominant to tonic is the prototypical form of a consequent phrase, the effect can and often is created with other chord functions as well. The constant is not the specific chord used, but the creation of tension in an antecedent and of relaxation in a consequent. This can be achieved with any number of altered chords, among them augmented sixth chords, secondary dominants, Neapolitan sixth chords, and so forth. As long as the listener is audiating a tonic, no matter how temporary it may be, there is always a way to introduce something foreign to that tonic that will create tension, and then remove that disturbance to bring in relaxation.
There is also a rhythmic component that must not be overlooked. Besides the harmonic pattern involved, there is also a rhythmic aspect. After all, antecedent-consequent is a pairing of two items. They make a complementary pair. Although they are headed in harmonically opposite directions, they are balanced and inseparable. We see comparable pairings all around us; things like up and down, dark and light, or loud and soft. These are all pairings of opposition, but it is exactly that opposition that gives each a clearer meaning. One cannot understand dark without knowing light, nor can one understand loud without knowing soft. Too much light and we forget what darkness is. Too much loud and we forget what soft is, and both darkness and softness loose their meanings. Antecedents must balance consequents, so that the relationship between them, the building of tension and the relaxing of it, is clear. There also must be similarity between the antecedent and consequent, so that we have something familiar off of which tension of relaxation can be built. We can see the need for this similarity with an example from language.
Bob’s new bicycle is red. The paint on the house is damaged. These are two innocuous statements that don’t seem to be related or create any tension beyond perhaps wondering how the house paint got damaged. But if we show a relationship between these two sentences, we can easily realize the potential for creating tension. “Bob’s new bicycle is red and already damaged from the collision. The paint on the house is damaged.” We can add more tension by introducing an element that takes us further from a conclusion. “Bob’s new bicycle is red and already damaged from the collision. His father just painted the house and told Bob not to ride his new bicycle on his own. The paint on the house is damaged.” We now have an antecedent comprised of three sentences that has left us wanting to know what Bob’s father is going to do when he sees what has happened. Whatever happens, the sentences that tell us will form the consequent. If those next sentences told us what the sale price of salmon is this week at the local grocer, that could not be a consequent because it does not resolve the tension, and it does not resolve the tension because it is not related, it does not bring us to a state of conclusion or repose that we expect. In music, if the consequent is not related rhythmically, it would be a stretch at best for it to function as a consequent.
The concept of antecedent and consequence is essential to musical understanding. It figures not only into understanding music to which we listen, but also into interpreting, rehearsing, performing and composing music. It is worthy of enduring understanding and essential question status. Perhaps these might be stated something like this: “Musicians use antecedents and consequents to respond to, create, and perform music.” “How do musicians use antecedents and consequents in listening to, creating, and performing music?
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image preview
Denis Baly
"Apollonia (Marsa Susa), Cyrene's port, was the second of the five cities of the Pentapolis—which became Hexapolis with the addition of Hadrianopolis in the reign of Antoninus Pius" (MacKendrick, 131). Shown here are the remains of what is called the 'East Church.' The church, "the largest Christian edifice in the city, was built over a Hellenistic or Roman building. Two phases, fifth and sixth-century, are recognized. To the latter phase belongs a mosaic from the south transept, showing Noah releasing the dove from the ark. There was an elegant clover-leaf baptistery, marble-revetted and perhaps cupolaed; there is provision for heating the baptismal water—Cyrenaicans were notorious for their luxury" (MacKendrick, 132). (Source: MacKendrick, Paul. The North African Stones Speak. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1980.)
Jabal al Akhdar, Libya
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Choe Sung Hui lives in history of Korean national dance
November 24 was the 110th birth anniversary of Choe Sung Hui, a dancing legend of the Korean nation.
Choe (November 24 1911-August 8 1969) devoted her whole life to preserving the unique national character of the Korean national dance.
Born in the dark period when Korea was trampled underfoot by foreign forces, she started to work as a maid of a dance institute at an early age of playing on her mother’s affection.
However, as she was endowed with brilliant intellect and talent for dance from her childhood, she practised unnoticed the dance movements of the institute students, which she had learned by the eye and ear over the windows during the day, at night in front of a mirror, while doing all kinds of odd jobs.
One day the director of the institute casually looked into the lightly practice room and was truly surprised. Her housemaid was performing wonderful dance movements she had seen nowhere else.
After that, Choe was not only recognized as a dancing talent and enrolled at the institute, but also climbed up the career ladder to the top with no peer in the dance circles.
Since she embarked on her professional dancing career, Choe had adopted the old poem, saying “Neither white gem will lose its whiteness though broken, nor bamboo lose its straightness though burnt,” as her motto and fought hard against Japanese oppression to keep up the national spirit.
Later, she opened the “Choe Sung Hui Dance Institute” in the heart of Tokyo, Japan.
Viewers expressed unreserved admiration for her, who performed soft and elegant Korean dance movements in Korean chima and jogori(woman’s national costume) to the time of janggu (hourglass drum: Korean musical instrument) with her shoulders moving up and down.
Her enchanting interpretation of dance and haughty manner were so overwhelming that no one dared to provoke her even at the time when everything Korean was prohibited due to the harsh measures of the Japanese imperialists to stamp out the Korean nation.
At the time the mass media lavished praise on her who displayed the graceful and soft qualities of Korean dance, calling her a “beautiful and brilliant world-class dancer”.
After creating a great sensation with the performance she gave at a theatre in San Francisco, the US, for the first time as a Korean in February 1938, Choe also made her name as an excellent dancer in Europe.
Seeing the exquisite and graceful Korean dance she performed so charmingly in national costume, Europeans reportedly brought world maps with them and asked her where Korea was.
After Korea’s liberation from Japanese military rule, Choe Sung Hui greeted her heyday of the creation of dancing art under the meticulous care of President Kim Il Sung and anti-Japanese war heroine Kim Jong Suk.
She formed an accompaniment group with players of janggu, drum and Korean flute, national musical instruments, and exactly demanded women dancers wear Korean chima and jogori and keep national flavour and zest of Korean dance in their performances.
And she staged dance pieces to demonstrate the good qualities of the Korean national dance, while creating lots of dances and writing books on national dance with untiring enthusiasm and quest for knowledge.
She studied various items of Korean national dance with a long tradition including folk dance, Buddhist dance and court dance, picked dance movements that are strong in national flavour and elegant out of them to complete dance pieces and put them on stage.
She advocated the production of new dance pieces that preserve national identity, while meeting the aesthetic tastes and emotional demands of the contemporary people.
Her dance pieces usually assumed two aspects: dark and bright. The former reflected sorrow and bitter grief of the colonized nation before liberation, with the latter representing the vibrant spirit, optimism and sentiments of the Korean people for building a new Korea after liberation.
In particular, she visited farms, factories and fishing villages seething with activities for production to create works echoing all-people sentiment, while picking out popular dance movements, and devoted time and energy to the training of new dancers.
A dancer known to have sweated the most for training, Choe spared time very much and always complained to her students that she was pressed for time.
“She often said ‘raising arms with a sense of lifting several pounds of weight’ and ‘opening two arms like a soybean rolling down along the shoulder line’. And such her watchwords are still used in the dancing circle,” said Han Myong Hak, an official of the Central Committee of the Korean Dancers Union.
Choe devoted her all to the development of Korean national dance and authored many books for the education of the rising generations. The treasure of national dance left by her is still invariably carried on.
President Kim Il Sung and Chairman Kim Jong Il remembered her exploits though decades passed after her death, praising her as a meritorious artiste. The respected Comrade Kim Jong Un saw that a workshop was organized to retain Choe’s dancing style and her works were arranged again and put on stage.
The former People’s Artiste, chairwoman of the Central Committee of the Korean Dancers Union and deputy to the Supreme People’s Assembly still lives in the memory of the Korean people.
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До настоящей левитации остался лишь один шаг!Researchers from Harvard University announced that it had identified and measured force, which occurs at the molecular level, using a combination of molecules, which repel each other.
This process of mutual expulsion of molecules causes the effect of keeping them in the air, in other words, the effect of levitation. Part of molecules, up in the air, to float above the main layer of the object, while levitating objects can move relative to each other and almost complete lack of friction forces.
Harvard Professor Federico Capasso, who led the study, suggested that the discovery made by his team, makes possible the development of a whole class of new technical devices and gadgets.
The scientist noted that, although the experts were able to raise in the air only nanoobjects, to levitation large objects were only one step, as the basic mechanisms and principles of the process of levitation they have already studied.
The discovery was made during the work on creation of miniature sensors for automobile airbags. Before scientists had a goal to create nanodevices of the finest metal plates, making this a way around the so-called "Casimir effect".
According to the theory of the German theoretical physicist Heinrich Casimir, between two uncharged conducting surfaces, placed in a vacuum, there is mutual attraction at the expense of the vacuum due to the constant emergence and disappearance of the virtual particles.
Researchers had to solve the difficult task: nanometal automotive sensors should not have been attracted to each other. Previously, the team of Russian scientists suggested that "the Casimir effect" can reduce or neutralize, with the right combination of materials for the surface.
American scientists in the experiment used the plate of quartz glass and a tiny ball of gold, placed in a liquid with which they measured the force of repulsion.
* * *
The device, which will be possible due to the discovery of scientists, will be able to successfully used in medicine and in other important areas.
Are currently involved in research in the field of levitation and in the UK. University of Nottingham, for example, the group of Professor Peter king developed a unique device designed on the basis of a powerful electromagnet of superconducting material, which allows to overcome the earth's gravity is sufficiently massive subjects.
The invention was tested on materials such as diamond, lead, gold and platinum. In the basis of the new method is the use of magnetic properties of substances.
This parameter can be divided into three classes - ferromagnets, para - and diamagnetic. The ferromagnets are magnetic, para - and diamagnetic - no.
While the paramagnetic weakly attracted to the magnetic field, diamagnetic - on the contrary, weakly repelled them.
Thanks to this property the diamagnetic they can "fly" in the air (or rather, in a magnetic field). There are laboratory units, in which light substances rise into the air and flying over the magnetic circuit.
To force to levitate more dense substances can, filling chamber of magnetic or paramagnetic liquid, which is attracted to the magnet, while diamagnetic materials float on its surface.
Professor Peter king believes that the invention is quite suitable for practical use. Due to the extreme sensitivity to density levitating body, it can, for example, successfully carry out the sort of minerals.
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<urn:uuid:3c051a84-c10b-47df-927e-7f42c3cdf2de>
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{
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"url": "http://onua.org/en/hitech/7957-do-nastoyaschey-levitacii-ostalsya-lish-odin-shag"
}
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Upper Santa Ana River
Empidonax traillii extimus
Natural History
The southwestern willow flycatcher has a breeding range that includes Southern California, Southern Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado. This species has been recorded in Cajon Wash, Waterman Creek and other locations within the upper Santa Ana River plan area. They are rare primarily due to habitat loss and degradation.
Southwestern willow flycatchers are a migratory species that arrive on the breeding grounds in early May and breed through August. In Southern California, southwestern willow flycatchers are found in riparian habitat along rivers, streams or other wetlands. They mostly occur in vegetation communities dominated by willow species. Their diet is mostly insects such as bees, wasps, flies and beetles.
Life Stage/Activity PeriodJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Threats and Management Actions
The primary threat to the southwestern willow flycatcher is the loss, modification and fragmentation of suitable riparian habitat. Nonnative plant species, such as giant reed, also degrade their habitat. Management includes habitat protection and restoration, as well as brownheaded cowbird trapping.
How you can help: Please try to avoid using pesticides and herbicides and they can be detrimental to the insects that the flycatcher needs for survival.
This website is being developed by ICF in coordination with the Upper Santa Ana River Sustainable Resource Alliance and Stillwater Sciences.
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<urn:uuid:34f80302-c16f-4a2f-b46c-4b7a04c581c3>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.05875879526138306,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9288753867149353,
"url": "https://uppersarhcp.com/southwestern_willow_flycatcher_species"
}
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Home Page
This week, we celebrated National Poetry Day!
A poem we have studied in English recently:
Imagine -
an angry ant as it ambles along,
a terrified tarantula tickling a trout,
and a curious computer
calling cautiously to the King.
Imagine -
silence closing its lips
and vowing never to speak again,
the humming bird’s wings flickering,
the sea turning over the beach,
scraping the pebbles,
while the weary lorries trundle by.
Imagine -
smooth pebbles from the summer beach,
the stickiness of honey on a fingertip,
and the heat from a mug of tea,
clutched by hands as if in prayer.
Imagine -
silence trapped
in the candle flame’s dance,
a hyena’s cackle
as it paces its deserted lands,
and the Titanic’s last scream.
Imagine -
the coldness of frost
as it freckles the window pane,
the sharpness of a saw
as it crunches through wood,
and the sadness of a tear
as it trickles down the clown’s cheek.
Imagine -
the Moon’s cold gleam
and trap it in a box,
the joy of the merry-go-round
as it spins like a crazy wheel,
and the force of a rainbow
as it stuns the sky.
Look at us learning the poem: 'Imagine' by Pie Corbett.
In English, we used our inference skills to identify various moods within a text.
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<urn:uuid:7d1b3998-97f0-4068-90a2-95c6dc727db5>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.984375,
"fasttext_score": 0.9815565943717957,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8080393671989441,
"url": "https://www.stphilipssouthport.com/english/"
}
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RELA'TE, v.t. [L. relatus, refero; re and fero, to produce.]
1. To tell; to recite; to narrate the particulars of an event; as, to relate the story of Priam; to relate the adventures of Don Quixote.
2. To bring back; to restore. [Not in use.]
3. To ally by connection or kindred.
To relate one's self, to vent thoughts in words.
RELA'TE, v.i. To have reference or respect; to regard.
All negative words relate to positive ideas.
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<urn:uuid:470ebd0b-19f5-4d9b-a102-b99f16430df4>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.018677353858947754,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7665828466415405,
"url": "https://1828.mshaffer.com/d/word/relate/simple/"
}
|
Holy Roman Empire, Archbishopric Salzburg, Sigismund III of Schrattenbach, 1/4 Taler 1767
From 1750, Austria minted coins following the 20 gulden standard, while Bavaria and the other south and western German countries used a 24 gulden standard. This meant that in some countries 20 guldens were minted from one mark of fine silver, while others struck 24 guldens from the same amount. This put pressure on the coinage of Salzburg, which followed the Austrian 20 gulden standard: as a result of the difference in exchange rate, the more valuable Salzburg coins flowed off to Bavaria and into other countries minting after the 24 gulden standard. Salzburg therefore enforcedly introduced the 24 gulden standard as well. Under the name of imperial convention standard it was to remain in use until well into the 19th century.
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<urn:uuid:e5c2415c-b50e-4a9e-a53a-d2679aa8fbaa>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.515625,
"fasttext_score": 0.2709529399871826,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9184922575950623,
"url": "https://touchcoins.moneymuseum.com/?id=2924&epoch=75"
}
|
M113 Armored Personnel Carrier
The original M113 Armored Personnel Carrier (APC) helped to revolutionize mobile military operations. The vehicles were able to carry 11 soldiers plus a driver and track commander under armor protection across hostile battlefield environments. More importantly, the new vehicles were air transportable, air-droppable, and swimmable, allowing planners to incorporate APCs in a much wider range of combat situations, including many "rapid deployment" scenarios. The M113s were so successful that they were quickly identified as the foundation for a family of vehicles. Early derivatives included both command post (M577) and mortar carrier (M106) configurations.
Originally, the M113 APC was intended merely as a troop carrier-a means of transport. Doctrine stated that the infantry were to dismount and engage the enemy. It soon became apparent that the firepower of the .50-caliber machine gun, coupled with the vehicle's armor protection and mobility, produced a shock effect on the enemy. Some advisers and commanders realized that since the Viet Cong had no effective weapons to fight armor the M113 could be used as a mounted armored fighting vehicle.
Perhaps the best way to judge the success of the M113 is to examine the enemy reaction to it. The Viet Cong were not prepared for M113's when the South Vietnamese first used them in mid-1962. The Viet Cong doctrine stressed occupation of dug-in positions in the face of APC assaults, and enemy soldiers were soon learning crude methods of destroying the M113. Holes the size of an APC, nicknamed tiger traps by advisers, were soon found in delta roads. Observing the difficulties that APC units had in crossing canals, the Viet Cong used canals as obstacles in their positions, and frequently they mined possible crossing sites.
In 1965 the Viet Cong published a comprehensive and fairly accurate training document entitled Attack on M113 APC. This document listed characteristics of the APC; organization, equipment, and strength of mechanized units; tactics used by APC units; methods of attacking an APC; and some training techniques. Included were instructions for using the new antitank weapons. In the spring of 1963 the Viet Cong had begun to use recoilless rifles with 57-mm. high explosive, antitank rounds, and the number of hits on M113's had increased dramatically by the fall of 1963. Although the rounds often penetrated, they did not usually destroy the M113. Late in that year, armor-piercing .30-caliber ammunition along with a large number of automatic weapons was found in a Viet Cong cache in the delta. The extent of the Viet Cong antiarmor equipment became apparent when, in August 1963, an armor-piercing grenade was discovered. The first 75-mm. recoilless rifle was captured in September, and in December the first M113 was damaged by a 75-mm. round. This arms buildup continued into 1964, when a variety of mines, both pressure and electrically detonated, accounted for the majority of damaged and destroyed vehicles.
By 1965 the Viet Cong was using armor-defeating weapons as low as company level among regular and provincial units. Newly organized weapons platoons, companies, and battalions armed with 57-mm. and 75-mm. recoilless rifles and .50-caliber machine guns were issued the rocket propelled antitank grenade, RPG2. For several years this weapon with its B40 warhead was the principal enemy weapon against armor. Eventually, the RPG2 was replaced by the RPG7, an improved antitank grenade with a more lethal warhead, greater range, and a better sight.
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Page last modified: 07-07-2011 02:45:11 ZULU
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<urn:uuid:897fa286-569f-4b5b-9523-08d2e9f67128>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.5625,
"fasttext_score": 0.04291379451751709,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9690748453140259,
"url": "https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m113-1.htm"
}
|
Lux Virtual
Illuminating brilliant ideas
Mental Models, Part II
What is a mental model?
In last week's post I talked about physical models, which are small, simple things that help us understand bigger and more complex things. For example, an architect creates a model of a building before it's built so her client will be able to see how the building will look when it's finished.
A mental model is like a physical model, but it exists inside the imagination.
Let's go back to the architect example. If the architect didn’t build a model and instead just talked to her client about what the building would look like what do you think would happen? The client might form an image in his mind of what each room looks like, the dimensions, the materials, the colors. If the architect is very descriptive and the client is a very good listener, the client's mental model might accurately reflect the mental model that the architect has. Most likely though, the building that the architect is imagining is different than the building that the client is imagining.
This illustrates the power and the peril of mental models. When we communicate with another person on any subject, we assume that the mental model they have on that subject is the same as ours. If our mental models are the same then we can communicate easily, but if they are different we will find that communication becomes nearly impossible.
Here's a famous example from history. Back in the good old days people had a mental model of the sun that looked like this:
The earth stayed still, and every day the Sun would faithfully circle around our planet every 24 hours. This model made sense to everyone. This is how the sun worked. Then, one day, a scientist named Copernicus had the idea that maybe our model of the sun was all wrong. He imagined a model of the sun where the sun stayed still, and the Earth was the one in motion.
Today, we take it for granted that the Earth moves around the sun. We don’t even bother mentioning it. But if Copernicus was giving a presentation 500 years ago the first thing he would have to do is explain this new model of the solar system. Otherwise, nobody would understand what he was talking about, and all of the details of his research would sound like nonsense to his listeners.
When we talk about our own ideas, we usually assume that our audience has the same mental model that we have. We jump right into discussing the details and intricacies of this model without confirming that the listener is imagining the same thing that we are. Good communication means first building the right mental model in the mind of your listener.
At Lux Virtual our goal is to create a visual model that accurately captures your idea the way that you imagine it. By taking that idea out of your head and putting it onto the screen we can help you imprint this mental model in the mind of your audience. Our videos won't explain every last detail, but they will make sure that when you present your idea everyone will get the big picture.
Do you have something that's hard to explain to people? Please get in touch with us. We love helping our clients make hard things easy to understand.
Robert DeCouComment
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<urn:uuid:020e3e95-7171-437e-929c-32740a62e2f6>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.71875,
"fasttext_score": 0.5620231628417969,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9683985710144043,
"url": "http://www.luxvirtual.com/blog/mental-models-part-ii"
}
|
Confucianism, the Literati, and Chinese Imperial Traditions
Signs and Symbols
What is at the heart of the Confucian temple?
Looking into the courtyard you would see the main structure, the free-standing central memorial hall on a raised platform. Until the fourteenth century, most if not all Confucian temples would have had a full complement of statues of Confucius and the other major Sages. As a result of an imperial decree in 1530 (some date the change to 1382), pictures and statues of the great Teacher and his spiritual comrades were replaced by memorial “spirit-tablets” bearing the names of the sages and scholars. The main hall’s (da zheng) central altar houses the tablets of Confucius (named “The Most Holy Former Master, the Wise Kong”) and his four most important followers, Yen Hui, Zu Si, Zeng Zi and Meng Zi. Over the central altar is a panel that reads “Teach without discrimination”; in other words, accept all sincere comers as potential students. Along the right and left walls of the main hall are side altars, each bearing six tablets commemorating the twelve Sages—eleven students of Confucius and one of the founders of the medieval development called Neo-Confucianism, Zhu Xi (1130-1200 C.E.). In the rooms along the right and left sides of the main courtyard you would see several more altars on which are enshrined a hundred and fifty-four more name tablets, forty Sages and thirty-seven Scholars on the east, thirty-nine Sages and thirty-eight Scholars on the west. These major historical figures represent the cream of the Literati over many centuries. Finally, behind the main memorial hall, along the north wall of the courtyard, stands a room (the jung zheng) enshrining tablets of five generations of Confucius’ ancestors.
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.671875,
"fasttext_score": 0.05987042188644409,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9315916895866394,
"url": "https://www.papertrell.com/apps/preview/The-Handy-Religion-Answer-Book/Handy%20Answer%20book/What-is-at-the-heart-of-the-Confucian-temple/001137024/content/SC/52cb011e82fad14abfa5c2e0_Default.html"
}
|
Photograph by Getty Images
Read Caption
In Scotland, some 70 hill forts, such as Dunagoil on the Isle of Bute, had stone walls that were partially melted.
Photograph by Getty Images
Want to Build a Strong Fortress? Set It On Fire
Ancient fortifications in Europe had melted stone walls—but it wasn’t battle damage.
A mystery has puzzled historians since the 18th century, when a survey in the Scottish Highlands found an ancient fort with walls made from stones that had been melted together. Now scientists believe they have found the explanation for this odd formation.
The discovery of the fort was at first dismissed as pure fiction; others speculated that it was actually a natural phenomenon, the remains of an extinguished volcano.
But many more such forts were found, eventually numbering around 200 in Europe, with 70 in Scotland.
How did Iron Age people, who built these structures in the first millennium B.C., manage to heat entire stone walls to 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit (1,100 degrees Celsius)?
And why did they do it, when melting the stones appeared to weaken the fortifications?
These “vitrified” forts—like Stonehenge and the Egyptian pyramids—have inspired theories that span the spectrum of credibility. Perhaps it was the cumulative wear and tear from massive signal fires? Or maybe Roman attackers waged a literal scorched earth campaign? Damage caused by ancient incendiary weapons known as Greek fire? An Iron Age atomic bomb?
None of the above, say a trio of volcanologists. They conducted lab experiments by placing samples of the rocky building material inside a box furnace to mimic the Iron Age blaze. They discovered that, while intense heat weakened the individual stones, it transformed the mortar holding them together into a dense glass substance that strengthened the overall structure.
Some Like It Hot
For decades, archaeologists believed that vitrification was an act of destruction, not construction.
That perception stems from an audacious experiment conducted in 1937 by archaeologists V. Gordon Childe and Wallace Thorneycroft. They oversaw the construction of a model stone fort, measuring 12 feet long and six feet high.
During their studies of the hill forts, the archaeologists had found “casts of pieces of timber” and carbonized pieces of wood within the “vitrified masses.” This inspired them to place wooden timbers between the stones when building their model structure. (The design, they noted, was also similar to one described by Caesar during his military campaign in ancient Gaul.)
They ignited the timbers and found that the heat they produced was sufficient to melt the surrounding stone bricks. However, the walls became unstable and collapsed.
“That experiment really solidified the point of view that weakening a fort was the motive for vitrification,” says Fabian Wadsworth, a volcanologist at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and one of the authors of the new study.
However, upon reexamining the details of that effort, Wadsworth and his colleagues found some flaws, notably the “arbitrary size and composition” of the building materials.
“I would argue that the people who did that experiment in the 1930s were not as good engineers as the Iron Age people were,” Wadsworth says.
Another attempt to recreate the vitrification process was undertaken in 1980 by archaeologist Ian Ralston for an episode of the television show Arthur C. Clarke’s Mysterious World.
Ralston believed the fire damage was deliberately caused by invading armies. To prove it, a model fort wall was built, with a huge pile of brushwood leaning against it.
Although the results of the ensuing bonfire were inconclusive—only small amounts of stone melted—Ralston argued there was sufficient data to support his hypothesis. He even speculated that ancient armies had experts who were skilled in the art of pyrotechnics, the equivalent of modern-day demolition squads.
And, after seeing the conflagration firsthand, Ralston believed that armies burned the stone forts not just to destroy them, but to send a deliberate message. The experimental wall, “edged by flame and glowing red at night, made an impressive sight, even against the backdrop of a modern city,” Ralston wrote. Widespread vitrification “must have appeared awesome to the prehistoric communities…a spectacular advertisement of power.”
View Images
The remains of an ancient vitrified fort in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, near the ruins of a medieval castle built in the 13th century.
Other archaeologists agreed the fires would indeed have been awe-inspiring, but argued the forts were not really forts at all. Instead, they were sacred sites where the burning was part of a ritual.
Perhaps the most imaginative idea of all came from archaeologist Euan MacKie, who theorized that timbers were built into the forts as protection against earthquakes, by making the walls more flexible.
The fact that earthquakes didn’t occur in Europe wasn’t a particular concern for MacKie, who proposed that alarming news of these natural disasters traveled from the Near East to Scotland and other lands. The timbers, he suggested, eventually caught fire, either purposefully or by accident.
Feeling the Heat
Destruction through vitrification has remained a popular theory in large part because archaeologists don’t typically have access to facilities where they can conduct controlled experiments at extremely high temperatures.
Volcanologists, though, have the tools and the talent: They specialize in investigating how the properties of rocks change when exposed to intense heat.
Wadsworth and his colleagues began their investigation by obtaining samples of Darley Dale sandstone, which is very similar in composition to the sandstone that was used some 2,500 years ago to build the vitrified Wincobank Hill Fort in Sheffield.
Some of the sandstone they worked with was in the form of cylindrical, solid cores; other samples were crushed into powder.
After being heated in a box furnace, the solid sandstone became as much as 47 percent more porous. This structural weakening was caused by microcracking, which occurs during heating when certain materials in rocks expand in different ways at varying rates. Tiny quartz crystals, for instance, increase in volume as they undergo a transition from a trigonal to hexagonal shape.
By contrast, the porosity of the powdered sandstone decreased by 84-89 percent as the small particles were sintered together to form a mass of dense glass.
“When I’ve visited the forts, I've noticed that there is often a lot of fine-grained building material between much larger blocks,” says Wadsworth. Whether this was deliberate, he can’t say for sure. However, the lab experiments suggest that these small particles, when heated, would have transformed into a formidable mortar that would have strengthened the overall structure of the wall.
The next step in the research, Wadsworth says, will be conducting experiments with granite, which was the most common building material for Iron Age forts and had the advantage of melting at lower temperatures.
Wadsworth also hopes there will be a repeat of the 1937 experiment—building and setting fire to a model stone wall, applying the knowledge they’ve acquired in the lab.
“I certainly would love to see the results,” he says.
Follow Mark Strauss on Twitter
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 4.15625,
"fasttext_score": 0.06272447109222412,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9747343063354492,
"url": "https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160303-archaeology-history-forts-vitrification/"
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Group 6 Copy 40
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About This Project
Joshua trees are perhaps the strangest plants in the world. Their long, spindly branches form twisted candelabras that have become an iconic image of the western American landscape. Ecological modeling suggests that global warming could drive Joshua trees to extinction. We propose to sequence the Joshua tree genome. This powerful research tool will help identify genes that have allowed Joshua trees to adapt to desert environments, and which could help them survive climate change.
Blast off!
Browse Other Projects on Experiment
Related Projects
How do chemical exposures trigger autoimmune diseases?
Backer Badge Funded
A biology project funded by 325 people
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<urn:uuid:d4be06ca-fc49-4c95-89fe-685d5b559ad6>
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{
"dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu",
"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.765625,
"fasttext_score": 0.222686767578125,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9135657548904419,
"url": "https://experiment.com/u/7SdNfA"
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AutoCAD Tutorials, tips and solution
Create nut and bolt using AutoCAD
5 (100%) 1 vote
5 (100%) 1 vote
How to create a nut and bolt using AutoCAD:
Hexagonal Bolt
Nut and Bolt:
A nut and bolt is a metal having a head at one end and a threaded share to a sure length on other end. The head is shaped by copying or machining. This fasteners is known through holes in the parts, which are to be joined. The estimated thread end of the bolt states a consistent nut from the other side. Constriction the fasteners by turning gives necessary fastening hold to hold the parts together. Nuts and Bolts of difference shapes are used for various purpose but the hexagonal head and square head are very common. The sharp corners on the external flat end faces of fasteners are chambered conically at 30
Step 1:
Draw the shaft of the fasteners equal to the given diameter (D) and length (L).The thickness of the bolt head equals to 2/3D and the thickness of nut equal to 7/8D are marked.Measure the width across flat to flat equal to 1.5D. It also when draw heavy bolt than 1.5D+3mm. How to draw across corner to corner given below:
we know one hexagon has six Equilateral triangle. so we know also one triangle has 180 degree and one equilateral triangle one angle has 60 degree. center to end distance of circle is 18mm when diameter of bolt 24mm. so Hypotenuse equal sin60 degree equal orthogonal/ Hypotenuse. so dimension is 20.72mm and corner to corner equal 20.72×2 equal 41.44mm. We draw hexagon is inscribed in this circle. The chamfer circle is drawn as a thick circle inside the hexagon touching all its sides.
Step 2:
The chamfer arcs in three face view of fasteners are drawn as follows.
now we need some important tip how to draw hexagonal nut and bolt
we choose dia of bolt say it is 24mm. now use some international formula of the fasteners :
1. Height of head equal 2/3D= 0.66×24=16mm
2. Height of Nut equal 7/8D= 0.875×24=21mm
3. Pitch of bolt= 1/8 of dia because when you draw a BSW thread bolt=24/8 equal 3mm
4. Helix angle =1/2 pitch =3/2=1.5mm
5. Flat to Flat = 1.5D =1.5×24=36mm
6. Flat to Flat=1.5D+3mm when draw heavy bolt
7. Corner to Cornter= (we disuse it Step 1)
Step 3:
AutoCAD Tutorail
Step 4:
AutoCAD Tutorial
Front view
Step 5:
AutoCAD Tutorial
Front view
Step 6:
Bolt in AutoCAD
Front view
Step 7:
Bolt in AutoCAD
Front view
See 3D video tutorial :
Leave a Comment
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<urn:uuid:69dbc028-3f0c-4444-bc10-5e60c4fde888>
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{
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"edu_int_score": 4,
"edu_score": 3.828125,
"fasttext_score": 0.057566046714782715,
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8424088358879089,
"url": "http://autocadtutorialsbd.net/create-nut-bolt-using-autocad-software/"
}
|
Christian Churches of God
No. CB111_2
The Tables of Shewbread
(Edition 1.0 20070912-20070912)
In this activity we will review the tables of shewbread and provide activities to reinforce the concepts involved.
Christian Churches of God
PO Box 369, WODEN ACT 2606, AUSTRALIA
(Copyright ã 2007 Diane Flanagan, ed. Wade Cox)
This paper is available from the World Wide Web page: and
The Tables of Shewbread
To review the basic concepts related to the tables of Shewbread and the symbolism that is involved in the text.
1. Children will be able to understand the meaning of what the table of shewbread represented.
2. Children will be able to state how many loaves of unleavened bread were placed on the table of shewbread in the Tabernacle in the Wilderness and the Temple Solomon built.
3. Children will identify who made and consumed the shewbread.
4. Children will identify some concepts associated with the symbolism of bread.
5. Children will identify who is the bread of life.
The Temple Solomon Built (No. CB107)
The Table of Shewbread (No. CB111)
The Tabernacle in the Wilderness (No. CB42)
The City of God (No. 180)
The Sacraments of the Church (No. 150)
Significance of the Bread and Wine (No. 100)
The Old and the New Leaven (No. 106a)
Relevant Scriptures:
Exodus 25:32-30; 37:10-29; 1Kings 7:48; 2Chronicles 4:8; John 6:35,48,51
Open with prayer.
Ask the children what they think the tables of shewbread represent.
Conduct the lesson on the Tables of Shewbread.
Conduct the activity associated with the Tables of Shewbread.
Close with prayer.
1. Read through the paper The Tables of Shewbread (No. CB111) unless it is read as a sermonette.
2. Questions are in bold.
Q1. Was there a table and actual bread in the House of Eloah?
A. Yes, there was (Ex. 25:22-30).
Q2. How many loaves of bread were on the table? Why do think there is this number of loaves of bread?
A. There were 12 loaves on the table. These 12 loaves of bread represented a gift from the twelve tribes of Israel, by which the entire world comes into the Kingdom of God. It signified the fact that God sustains His people and we are all brought in through one of the Twelve Tribes.
Q3. Who is responsible for making the bread? It is leavened? When is the bread eaten?
A. The priests made and consumed the unleavened bread on each weekly Sabbath. The incoming priests made the unleavened bread that stayed on the table of shewbread during the entire week and they ate the bread they made when they finished their week of Tabernacle or Temple service.
Q4. Is the priesthood still based on lineage and physical?
A. The priesthood changed to the Order of Melchisedek and shows us that it is no longer based on lineage. The priests of God are still to spiritually feed and care for the people now.
Q5. Where was the table of shewbread located in the Tabernacle in the Wilderness?
A. The table of shewbread was located on the north side of the Tent of Meeting, or on the right when one walked into the Tabernacle (Ex. 25:30; 40:22).
Q6. What else can you think of being tied to the north?
A. From 2Corinthians 12:2, we see God’s Throne is located in the Third Heaven and on the sides of the north (Isa. 14:13). We know that, originally, the eagle was in the north position and at a time in the future the lion moves to the position in the north. In Ezekiel 1:4, the whirlwind from the north brings the vision of God’s four Living Creatures.
Q7. How was the bread arranged on the table?
A. The bread was stacked in two piles, with six loaves in each pile. The priests put frankincense on each pile to make it a memorial portion and to be an offering made to the Lord by fire.
Q8. Was the table made of wood or metal? What did it look like?
A. It was made of acacia wood and overlaid with gold, and was two cubits long, one cubit wide and one and a half cubits high. The table had a rim of one handbreadth all around and a ring on each corner of the table. Two poles of acacia wood overlaid with gold went through the rings to allow the table to be carried. The dishes and utensils of the table were of pure gold (Ex. 25:23-30; 37:10-16).
Q9. The Bible mentions one man that ate the showbread unlawfully. Who was it and why was it allowed to happen?
A. David ate the shewbread without permission from God (1Sam. 21:6; Mat. 12:3-4; Mk. 2:25-26; Lk. 6:3-4). David was allowed to eat it because it pointed towards something else which was to be eaten by non-Levitical people. It pointed towards the Order of Melchisedek taking over the function of the priesthood within the Church, as we see from David. The annual Lord’s Supper was the festival that enshrined this aspect.
Q10. Was there only one table of showbread in the Temple Solomon built? How many loaves of bread where there?
A. In Solomon’s Temple there were ten tables of Shewbread with twelve loaves on each table. There were five tables on the right/north and five tables on the left/south (1Kgs. 7:48; 2Chr. 4:8) with a total of 120 loaves.
Q11. What is the possible meaning of 120?
A. We see one hundred and twenty (120 or 12 x 10) is the number of extended government. This is the next number in the sequence of the Church. We know there are 120 Jubilees from the time sin entered the world until Messiah’s return. We would also see 20 golden bowls of frankincense. Bullinger, in his footnote to 2Chronicles 8:1, explains the number 20 as expectancy and waiting. So, the 10 tables of 120 loaves could be picturing the waiting for the extended government of God.
Q12. What may the shewbread represent?
A. Shewbread may represent the world being fed by the Spirit of God through the council of the Church. Initially, we saw the concept of manna being provided supernaturally for 40 years to feed Israel as they left Egypt. Later, we saw Messiah being the bread of life (Jn. 6:35,48,51).
Q13. Do we have life in us if we are not baptized?
A. No, unless we are baptized and partake of the Lord’s Supper annually, there is no life in us.
Q14. What is the work of the elect?
A. The ‘work’ of the elect from Luke 4:18-19 is: “to preach the gospel to the poor, proclaim release to the captives, recovery of sight to the blind, to set free those who are downtrodden, and to proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord:” (NASV)
Q15. How is the good news or Gospel given to the world now?
A. The Gospel message is delivered to the world via the Church that is currently feeding the world prior to the famine of the word (Amos 8:11).
Q16. Who is the bread of life?
A. Messiah is the bread of life from John 6:28-37.
Q17. How do people enter the City of God?
A. Everyone coming into the City of God goes through one of the Twelve Tribes. It appears that an Apostle is also tied or paired with each tribe and each of the Twelve Gates is solid pearl (Rev. 21:11-27).
Q18. Will there be shewbread in the City of God?
A. No, there will not. At this time, all will be spiritual beings and will have entered the City gates, and there will be no need for the shewbread to prefigure things to come, as it is already completed.
Q19. Can we exist or live on just physical bread and water?
A. No, we can not. If we try to live by physical bread alone we die. As it is written: "Man shall not live by bread alone but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God" (Mat. 4:4; Lk. 4:4).
Q20. Will Eloah always provide for us if we remain obedient to His law?
A. Yes, He will. Our bread and water are sure as long as we remain obedient to the Laws, Ways and Words of Eloah (Isa. 33:16).
1. Make unleavened bread for the Temple Solomon built
4 cups plain whole-wheat flour
7 tablespoons vegetable oil
1 ½ teaspoons salt
¾ -1 cup of water
Add salt to flour.
Mix the oil into the flour.
Add water to the flour, stir well, then knead.
For normal use divide dough into pieces about the size of a golf ball and roll out thinly. Use very small amount of dough about ½- ¾ inch in diameter if using real unleavened bread for the Temple. You will need 120 loaves.
Bake in a moderate oven (350
0 F) until golden brown. The small pieces of shewbread would get done very quickly, therefore, watch carefully so they do not burn.
2. Make unleavened bread using sculpey or clay to serve as representation of the shewbread
o Use a very small amount about ½- ¾ inch in diameter of sculpey to make the unleavened bread for the Temple. You will need 120 loaves.
o Again using clay, fashion 20 bowls that hold the frankincense.
o Spray gold when hardened.
o And 20 platters that hold the stacks of 6 loaves of unleavened bread.
o Spray gold when hardened.
3. Make tables for the shewbread
o Supplies needed: balsa-wood, saw, sandpaper, gold paint. You will be making 10 tables in total.
o Since the dimensions are not given for the tables of shewbread in Solomon Temple, we use the same measurements as the Tabernacle in the Wilderness. We will use a scale of 1 inch equals 1 cubit. Each table needs the following pieces: 1 piece of wood two inches/cubits long, one inch/cubit wide. The four legs are one and a half inches/cubits high. The table had a rim of one handbreadth all around and a ring on each corner of the table. The rim can be made from a small piece of wood attached to the edges of the tabletop (Ex. 25:23-30; 37:10-16). Once the pieces are assembled they can be sanded and glued into place. If needed, a small nail can be inserted from the top down to assist in keeping the legs on.
o Spray the tables gold once assembled.
4. Shewbread Puzzle Find (movement, fine-motor cognitive task)
o Supplies needed: white and tan foam, tag board etc. can be substituted, scissors, tape, sign labelled ‘table of shewbread’, permanent markers.
§ Using foam cut out 12 circles: 6 white and 6 tan.
§ Cut each circle into a puzzle; the size of puzzle pieces varies, depending on the age of the children. The age of the children will determine how simple or complex you make the puzzles.
§ Once you complete cutting the circle into puzzle pieces, we suggest you put a small colour dot on the back of each puzzle piece. That way you will be able to identify which colour pieces go with each puzzle. This will also enable you to know which side of the puzzle is up.
§ Keep track of how many white and tan pieces there are so the children will know how many puzzle pieces to find.
o Hide all the puzzle pieces before the children arrive.
o Have teams decide who are to be the white loaves, and who are to be the whole-wheat loaves.
o Encourage them to find all their pieces. Give each team the number of puzzle pieces they are to find.
o Return to separate locations to make their unleavened bread puzzles.
o Once a puzzle is completed have the children tape the pieces together on the back side of the puzzle.
o Once the children have their six puzzles completed and taped, they place the puzzles on the pan and carefully carry the unleavened bread to the space labelled ‘table of shewbread’.
o After the loaves are placed in two stacks (depending on the number of children you have) each child can write one of the following scriptures on their loaf. It is theirs to keep and use as a puzzle and to reinforce spiritual concepts with bread. Some suggestions on scriptures are as follows:
§ Man shall not live by bread alone but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God (Mat. 4:4; Lk. 4:4).
§ I am the Bread of life, he who comes to Me shall not hunger, and he who believes in Me shall never thirst (Jn. 6:35).
§ I am the Bread of life (Jn. 6:48).
§ My Father gives you the true bread from heaven (Jn. 6:32).
§ He shall dwell on high: his place of defence [shall be] the munitions of rocks: bread shall be given him; his waters [shall be] sure (Isa. 33:16).
§ They will live in a fortress high on a rocky cliff, where thy will have food (bread) and plenty of water (Isa. 33:16, CEV).
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In the mid-1990s, the fungus Cylindrocladium buxicola was introduced into the UK. It has had a devastating impact on box (Buxus spp), a British native and one of the oldest ornamentals. The fungus causes leaf spots, defoliation and die-back of box. A diagnostic feature of the disease is the presence of black streaks on the stems. The disease is extremely disfiguring and as a result of repetitive defoliation the plants may die especially if they are young. Cylindrocladium blight is different from another box blight disease caused by Volutella buxi. Unlike C. buxicola which can penetrate directly through the cuticule, V. buxi needs wounds to infect and stressed plants are likely to be more susceptible to the disease. This latter fungus also causes dieback and it is often seen with C. buxicola. In wet conditions, the spores of the fungus are white for C. buxicola and pink for V. buxi and may be seen on the under surfaces of infected leaves.
Box blight (Cylindrocladium buxicola) on Box (Buxus sempervirens).
C. buxicola became established quickly in the UK and has now spread to most of continental Europe from North (Sweden) to South (Spain and Portugal) and from West (Ireland) to East (Turkey and Georgia). It also occurs in New Zealand. No one knows where the disease comes from and the claims that the fungus originated from Central America have not been substantiated. The fungus is likely to cause little damage where it originates from, a characteristic of most introduced pathogens. The disease is threatening natural habitats and affects box on Box Hill (near Dorking) where 40% of native box occurs. In Georgia, large areas of ancient forests of Buxus colchica have been affected by the disease. [Note:- Buxus colchica is a relict species of box native to Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Turkey. It does not differ morphologically from B. sempervirens and is considered to be synonym of it.] In October 2011, the disease spread to the USA and Canada. In the USA, the disease has spread rapidly on infected material and is already recognised in many different States on the Eastern and Western Coast.
2012 saw the highest number of cases of Cylindrocladium blight on box since it was first seen at the RHS in 1998. High rainfall during the growing season has made the plants particularly vulnerable as young leaves are more susceptible to infection. Work on host range showed that other Buxaceae are susceptible including Sarcococca and Pachysandra. In the genus Buxus, B. balearicaB. bodinieriB. glomerataB. harlandiiB. microphyllaB. macowaniiB. ripariaB. sinica and B. sempervirens (many varieties) are susceptibleThere are however differences in cultivar susceptibility and work is still in progress to demonstrate those differences. Work done in Germany for example showed that the varieties B. microphylla ‘Faulkner’, B. microphylla ‘Herrenhausen’, B. microphylla var. koreanaBuxus ‘Green Mound’, B. sempervirens ‘Arborescens’, B. sempervirens ‘Handworthiensis’ are less susceptible to the disease. Work done in States showed that varieties of B. microphylla are usually more resistant and varieties of B. sempervirens are more susceptible. There are exceptions to this rule as some varieties of B. sempervirens have a more open growing habit (for example B. sempervirens ‘Dee Runk’) which will make them less likely to be infected and vice versa there are some varieties of B. microphylla with tighter growing habits such as B. microphylla var. japonica ‘Green Beauty’ which are more susceptible to the disease.
There are some effective treatments available to nursery growers but the fungicides tested so far which can be used in gardens have a limited success. A second population of C. buxicola has emerged recently which has a reduced sensitivity to some fungicides but no difference in infectivity with the main population has been detected. This finding will have important implications on management practices using fungicides. Therefore, the disease will continue to be difficult to control in gardens but several control strategies can be put in place to limit the spread in gardens and the wider environment.
Box blight is a very damaging disease that can spread very rapidly in optimum conditions. Prompt and aggressive control measures are therefore necessary to contain the infection.
The most important precaution gardeners can take is to ensure that the box plants they buy are not infected. Hold any newly bought plants in isolation for at least three weeks to confirm they are free of infection before planting out. Commercial nurseries may use fungicides which suppress but do not kill the fungus and this isolation technique will allow time for any suppressed disease to become visible.
Consider taking cuttings from known disease-free plants. Box strikes readily from cuttings and nodal stem tip cuttings should root in about two months.
Reducing or stopping clipping to make the plant less dense and therefore allowing more ventilation throughout the plant also helps to reduce the incidence of the disease.
Inspect your plants regularly and if the disease does break out, remove and destroy affected plants. If they are mature and highly valued, cut out all affected parts, clean up fallen leaves (including stripping and replacing surface topsoil to ensure complete removal) and treat with a fungicide. Fungicides available to amateurs for use on ornamentals such as difenoconazole, myclobutanil, tebuconazole and triticonazole are likely to have a limited activity so they should not be used when the symptoms are severe. Difenoconazole has shown to have some protectant activity in trials carried out in Germany.
This article was originally printed in 2013 Topiarius Volume 17 page 31.
Photographs copyright Royal Horticultural Society
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Seabirds like hanging out in river plumes
When large rivers discharge their water into the sea, this creates a plume of freshwater that is highly variable. A new study that attached tiny satellite tags to seabirds now shows that both shearwaters and murres prefer to forage in plumes created by the massive Columbia River. In particular, they prefer the boundary areas between freshwater and sea water, since this area is where zooplankton and prey fish species are most concentrated. The seabirds shift where they forage as the plume area expands and contracts in size, and moves north and south of the mouth of the Columbia River. The new paper by SAFS PhD student Elizabeth Phillips, SAFS professor John Horne, and their coauthors, appears in Marine Ecology Progress Series.
The extent of the Columbia River freshwater plume that extends into the ocean (left), and the variability in the plume from minimum to maximum extent (right). On the right, the black dot is the center of the plume, and the brown boundaries outline the region with salinity less than 28 psu (sea water is 32 psu).
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This printable supports Common Core State Standards ELA-Literacy.RL.6.3, ELA-Literacy.RI.6.3
Print Instructions
NOTE: Only your test content will print.
Organizing Ideas (Grade 4)
Print Test (Only the test content will print)
Name: Date:
Organizing Ideas
The damaged roof is flat and measures twenty feet by forty-five feet. It is made of metal beams covered by roofing tiles. The grey roofing tiles are ten years old and originally had a twenty year warranty. A section of the roof was broken by a falling tree. The damaged section measures approximately three feet by four feet. The accident left the interior of the building open to the elements. It has been covered temporarily with a plastic tarp.
What is the organizational pattern of the passage?
1. chronological order
2. compare and contrast
3. main idea and supporting details
4. text features
Jetta is using the following sentences to write a report about pets in the White House.
(1)Many U.S. presidents and their families have owned pets.
(2)Creatures from parrots to tigers have made a home at the White House.
(3)He also made room for raccoons, a bobcat, a goose, a bear, and a hippo!
(4)Calvin Coolidge had dogs, cats, and birds.
What order should Jetta place her sentences?
1. 1, 2, 4, 3
2. 3, 4, 1, 2
3. 2, 4, 1, 3
4. 4, 1, 2, 3
Read the paragraph below.
Goosebumps happen when your body gets cold or when you have a strong feeling, such as fear. Nerves carry a signal to tiny muscles in the skin. The muscles tighten. The muscles make the hair on the body stand up.
Which of the following sentences would be the best conclusion to the paragraph?
1. Sometimes I get scared at night and get goosebumps.
2. This causes the little bumps known as goosebumps.
3. Science fiction books can be scary, too.
4. If you have big muscles, you will get goosebumps more often.
Read the first part of Mandy's directions for making an apple cobbler.
(1)Slice six cups of apples. (2)Put the crust in the pie plate. (3)Spread the sliced apples over the crust. (4)Put the sugar and butter on top of the apples.
Which of the following directions could be added between sentences 3 and 4?
1. Get out the sugar and the butter.
2. Put the pie in the oven.
3. Cut the pie into six pieces.
4. Put a crust on top of the sugar and butter.
Read the sentences below. Decide what is the correct order of events. Choose the letter that shows the correct order of events.
1. I don't want to eat pizza again for a long time.
2. I ate ten pieces of pizza.
3. Later that night, I got sick.
4. I felt very full.
1. 4, 2, 3, 1
2. 1, 2, 3, 4
3. 2, 4, 3, 1
4. 4, 1, 3, 2
The first official observance of Labor Day was Tuesday September 5, 1882 in New York City. The holiday was created by the Central Labor Union to recognize the contributions of the American worker. In 1884 the first Monday in September was selected to be the annual day of celebration. The Central Labor Union tried to encourage groups in other cities to follow the example of a "workingmen's holiday." The government first began recognizing the holiday through ordinances in 1885 and 1886. The first bill to become a law recognizing Labor Day was passed in Oregon in February of 1887. By June of 1894, the majority of states had recognized the holiday, so the federal government passed a law making the observance of Labor Day each first Monday in September a legal holiday. The holiday is celebrated by workers and others nationwide in street parades and festivals.
Which organizational pattern did the author use for this passage?
1. cause and effect
2. compare and contrast
3. chronological order
4. description
Grade inflation is the awarding of ever-higher grades for average work. For example, one study of high school grades revealed that the number of A's given had increased ten times over a forty-year period.
1. comparison
2. contrast
3. definition and example
4. cause and effect
Estelle decided to write her paper about annual droughts that occur in the southern United States.
1. little rain
2. overwatering
3. deforestation
4. diminished crop growth
5. dust storms
Based on Estelle's list, which organizational pattern is best for her to use?
1. sequential order
2. cause and effect
3. compare/contrast
4. description
Mr. Granger is a nice man. He is our next door neighbor. He wasn't feeling well and went to see Dr. Allen. Dr. Allen gave Mr. Granger a check up and told him he needed to eat more fruits and vegetables and start to exercise every day. Mr. Granger wanted to feel better. First, he started eating a grapefruit every morning for breakfast. He walked two miles with Mrs. Granger every morning after breakfast. He would help Mrs. Granger work in the yard for two hours after their walk. They would eat a salad for lunch and then Mr. Granger would ride his bike to the gym to exercise each afternoon for an hour. Mr. Granger would go straight home and take a nap after an hour at the gym.
Mr. Granger ate salad for lunch.
Mr. Granger walked two miles with Mrs. Granger.
Mr. Granger exercised a the gym for an hour.
Mr. Granger took a nap.
Mr. Granger went to see Dr. Allen
Mr. Granger worked in the yard with Mrs. Granger.
Mr. Granger ate a grapefruit for breakfast.
Mr. Granger rode his bike to the gym
List 10 transitional words or phrases and describe what each word or phrase does in a sentence.
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Crow beadwork is critical to the cultural survival of the cultural identity of the crow woman because of its impacts their prosperity and strengthens the bonds among female among the crow tribe
Crow beadwork is critical to the cultural survival of the cultural identity of the crow woman because of its impacts their prosperity and strengthens the bonds among female among the crow tribe. My knowledge on beadwork isn’t considerably known, it is quite complicated to know the history of beadwork. It was a fascinated subject to research. According to the research The Crow people were ancestral in the North Dakota and then migrated into Montana, during the early to mid-1700’s. They are also known as Apsaalooke in their own Siouan language. Today they are recognized tribe known as the Crow Tribe of Montana. The Crow people were a nomadic group of hunters who roamed the Great Plains in search of buffalo. They were kin to the Hidatsa tribe. In Montana, they were monadic people and developed their long- standing reputation for being skillful bead artists.
There were three factors that made crow beadwork less difficult than others because they combined unusual combinations of designs and techniques to their beadwork. This conclude how abstract their beadwork is, it showed how they did their own craftsmanship. The Crow people were recognized for their beadwork. In the colourfulness in their dresses and riding gear. The introduction of glass beads was introduced in the 18th century, it was much simpler to work with beads than say quillwork.
In reviewing the history of Crow Indian beadwork, it is important to recognize that beadwork has three major decorating articles of work it was media-painting, porcupine quillwork and bead embroidery which existed among the Francois Larocque’s in 1805. In 1805, was the first period where it was just used as a craft. Craft was a concept the Crow people used because it was what they have been taught by their own ancestors. The second period was the importance of the beadwork. This exemplified how important the beadwork was used for different uses for the Crow People.
Around the 1800’s they began to sew small glass beads to their clothing because it was appealing to themselves and others. This kind of beading was picked up in the West which started the trade system. There was two non-indigenous men by the names of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark who came into the trade system and help get the beads traded. However, there were Indigenous people who controlled their own system of trading. Supplies were scares, but they always managed to have enough of their beads and were able to use their supplies. They would usually use it to make belts and small garments to make sure that supplies would last but at the same time be able to still do what they love to do.
As the bead making was popular among the Crow women trading posts made a steady supply of beads. Among the beads they had beads ranging from Venician glass. Blowers were beginning identify with tiny products called seed beads, which they created in dozens of colours. These changes helped the craftswomen who lived in the 19th century to enhance their beading art into making large supply of beads. Within a decade the Blackfeet, Crow, Sioux Cheyenne, and Kiowa, as well of their neighbouring plateau and Great Basin Groups were involving art work and styles and covering their horse gear, dresses, vests, bags, cradle tops, and a whole display of other extraordinary items of beads. Beading developed as an art form for the Crow people, just as it did for other Plains people. In the 19th century they had the means to travel and display their art work to others in their own territory. In doing so they were able to develop their products from Europe and the eastern United States but it did not affect them later on when the settlers came in.
Their technique still remains the same since the early 19th century, they have been creative and the Crow woman have been taken so much pride in their creative work. Their originality has been straight across beading, which is used in their floral work and most indigenous designs. Instead of beading each part separately, the beader creates her own designs and background at the same time, stretching a long, and unbroken strand to full width of her design field, changing each bead design.
According to William C Orchard there were only two ways of sewing beads to broad surfaces of skin or cloth in use among the Plain Indians. The reason they had two ways because they didn’t need it to make it difficult for each person to use their technique. Crow woman used three techniques in beading, which were overlaid or spot stitch. This technique required the beads were threaded on sinew or thread and laid in the deserved position, following the lines of pattern. Then with the second thread the row of beads we’re sewn securely in place by taking an overlaid stitch between every two or three beads. This held the beadwork close to the base material and gave a flat effect to the finished product. The Blackfoot also used this technique as well.
The Second was the lazy stitch where the beads were applied in a series of short and parrell rows, a single thread passing through the basic material at the ends of these rows only. This produced a ridged effect the beads near the centre of the rows tending to rise above the surfaces of the material, while those at the end were held tight to it. This type of technique was widely used by the upper Missouri in applying the large beads in common use among these Indian in pre-reservation days.
The third technique in was common used among Crow beaders in the pre-reservation period. This was known as the Crow stitch it was widely used among the tribe on the majority of the crow beading objects in the crow beading executed in this technique the beads were nearly as flat as do applied in the over laid stitch. However, it needed to be done correctly or the beaded rows ended up looking rather sloppy. To the crow people that was unacceptable.
The Crow people were known for their intercut beadwork. They based their lives around every aspect of their lives with these beads, giving them special attention. Their clothing, horses, cradles, and ceremonial gear was used in decorated in beadwork. The work was done by woman, while the men went out to hunt for these items so the woman can decorate them with their beads. The women were considered experts when it came to their beading materials. The Crow people are innovative who are credited with developing their own styles of stitch work for their beads. This stitch today which is known as “Crow Stitch”. Their beadwork were geometric shapes were primarily used with triangles, diamonds, and hour glass structure being most prevalent. They used a wide range of colours, but blues and various shades of pink were most dominantly used. It was used this way because they wanted these beads to stand out more than other beads. They had a structure outline on what they wanted to be done, by doing so this would allow for a certain shape or colour to stand out.
The colours chosen were not just merely used to be beautifully pleasing, but rather had a deeper representational meaning. Pinks represented the various shades of the rising sun with yellow being the east the origin of the sun’s arrival. Blues are represented the sky, and red represented the setting sun or the west. Green symbolized earth, black the slaying of the enemy and white represented clouds, rain or sleet. The Crow people would give respect to the land and sky because it symbolized references found in various colours and shapes found in ornamental gear and event clothing. All the colours have meaning to something, but it would be up to the creator to make that piece bring meaning to their work.
Some of the clothing that the Crow people decorate with beads which included robes, pants, shirts, moccasin’s and various forms of celebratory and ceremonial gear. They do this to have connection to the land, from which they are apart, the various shapes and colors reflected ones standing and achievements. One example would be if a someone would go to war, and they killed someone. They would be honoured with black face. The black colour would be immerged into their clothing of that man who made the killing. I believe this made the man who did the killing stand out more from others because it was something to be proud of. Dressing the individual with beads represented their trueness to their culture.
Crow marker traits were regular in use as well as the Lakota and Cheyenne artist have been emerging from its own ethnicity of individuals. Many aspects of Crow culture
Crow beading art work was important to the Crow people and their cultural values. It was part of their identity and they have taken great pride in their art work. Today you can see it continues to see them on garments. Most of them enjoy looking at the beadwork and at special gatherings many Crow people spend hours looking and admiring other beadwork. It’s important to take what you make and take pride in what you do, shows people that this work isn’t easy, takes skill and many hours or years of practice. As I mentioned earlier in my essay it’s was important to their culture to keep moving forward with their beadwork. their culture.
Barbara Loeb. (1990). Crow Beadwork: The Resilience of Cultural Values. Montana: The Magazine of Western History, 40(4), 48-59. Retrieved from
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“I take full responsibility.”
English Lesson: I take full responsibility.
You're the manager of a small team of programmers. The latest version of your software had a bug which made it insecure. You had to tell the company's CEO about the mistake. After describing the problem, you apologize and say this.
I take full responsibility.
take responsibility for (something)
The phrase "take responsibility" means to accept the negative consequences of a mistake. In other words, if there's a problem, you either fix it yourself or
"Take responsibility" is used in the following ways:
• take responsibility for (oneself)
You've got to start to take responsibility for yourself!
• take responsibility for (one's actions)
You need to learn to take responsibility for your own mistakes.
• take responsibility for (doing something wrong)
I think that, if anyone, Amy should be the one to take responsibility for losing the account.
• take full responsibility
Please forgive me. I take full responsibility.
I take full responsibility.
This is a formal phrase that you can use to apologize for a mistake or a failure. It means that only you should be blamed, not anyone else.
You might use this phrase if you made a bad decision or messed something up. Or you might say "I take full responsibility" if you're in charge of a team, and you want to protect the people who actually caused the failure.
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Japanese Warlord on parade
Early metalwork in Ireland
Carved Haida Raven mask
Ancient Cypriot Pottery
Contemporary carpentry in Ghana
Aboriginal bark painting
Sudanese refugee art
Baby carrier from Dakota
‘a man who can’t be killed’
Firing naval cannon at Trafalgar
HMS Victory powder horn
Firing naval cannon at Trafalgar
United Kingdon
Huge amounts of gunpowder were required to fire naval cannon. Boys known as ‘powder monkeys’ would haul it up to the gun decks in barrels. Cow horns such as this were used to contain the priming powder, which was poured into the pan before firing. This example, donated to the Pitt Rivers Museum by the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum (now Wellcome Institute) in 1952, is said to have belonged to a gunner on Admiral Nelson’s flagship, HMS Victory. The Victory famously led a fleet of twenty-seven British ships to victory over Napoleon’s forces at the Battle of Trafalgar in October 1805, although Nelson himself sustained a mortal injury aboard deck.
Priming powder was a refined type of gunpowder that ignited more easily and so it was important to use the right amount. Too much powder could be catastrophic, too little powder might prevent ignition of the main charge in the breech, resulting in just a ‘flash in the pan’. Here, a brass mounted spring catch helped control the amount that was poured out. Two screw hooks can be seen where the horn would have been attached to a belt or baldrick and slung around the gunner’s torso, and it could be refilled by unscrewing the wooden stopper at the broad end.
Horn was an ideal material for powder flasks as it was readily available and provided a natural container; unlike metal it was not liable to create sparks that might accidentally ignite the powder inside; and it was also translucent when held up to the light, so it was possible to see how much powder was left.
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Skip to content
Carbon 13 - the fishy isotope - answers page
I would want to know where the bones were found; in coastal or inland sites.
One theory is that the rise in agriculture meant that communities did not need to travel to hunt for marine fish. If they had all the fresh protein they needed, there was no need to risk traveling to hunt wild food. Another theory is that cultural taboos grew up about fish eating. The arguments continue.
Collagen in bone is protected by being enclosed in mineralised bone. This protects it from the environment. Samples can be demineralised in the laboratory to leave just the collagen protein molecules.
12 + (2 x 16) = 44
13 + (2 x 16) = 45
Oxygen also has stable isotopes 16O and 18O. So the ratios for the CO2 molecules could be 44/45 or 44/47 or 44/49 or various other combinations. Most oxygen is 16O, but analysts need to be aware of the problem.
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<back to start
Fig. 5.3
Fig. 5.4
© 2018 | Part of ASE Online
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isten in English
The Science of Pain
Published: 5.29.2017
Level 6 | Time: 4:47
Accent: Canadian
Source: Quirks & Quarks (5.20.2017)
TOEFL: A professor talks about the science of pain.
You can download the file [ HERE ].
triangle Directions
1. REVIEW the vocabulary.
2. LISTEN to the audio above.
3. ANSWER the questions.
4. CHECK your answers (Show Answers)
triangle Vocabulary
• sensation [n] - sense / feeling
• drive-state [n] - a desire for something
• subjective [adj] - opinion (not objective)
• intrinsically [adv] - in an essential way
• internal [adj] - inside the body or mind
• photons [n] - a particle (piece) of light
• corresponds [v] - is connected
• inflamation [n] - swelling, heat or redness in a body part
• perception [n] - the ability to hear, feel, see, smell or taste
• needle-prick [n] - a poke from a needle
• joint [n] - a connection point in the body (elbow, knee)
• visceral organs [n] - internal organs (heart, lungs, liver)
• analgesics [n] - drugs that reduce pain
• variability [n] - change / variation
• put up with [phv] - endure / withstand
• genes [n] - the physical units of genetics
• variation [n] - change
• stimulus [n] - ab event/action that makes a response
• an astounding amount [adj] - a large (surprising) amount
• thermal [adj] - related to heat
• forearm [n] - the part of the arm between the hand and elbow
• susceptibility [n] - being likely to be affected by something
• opioids [n] - strong pain-killing drugs (like opium)
• morphene [n] - a strong and addicitve pain-killing drug
• chronic pain [n] - long-term pain
triangle TOEFL Questions
1. What is the discussion mainly about?
How people can cope with pain
The factors influencing people's experience with pain
The most recent scientific discoveries related to pain medication
2. Why does the professor compare pain to light?
Pain has many different properties.
Pain is difficult to measure.
Pain travels quickly through your body.
3. Why is pain a drive-state?
It can make people feel hungry or thirsty.
It lasts for a long time.
It forces people to respond to it.
4. What difference does the professor imply between vision and pain?
Vision requires more energy.
Pain is more important.
Pain is more difficult to measure.
5. What does the speaker mean whren he says this?
Pain ranges from mild to severe.
Pain usually doesn't last long.
Back pain is the most serious type of pain.
6. The professor suggests that...
there are many different types of pain.
pain to the skin is more common than pain to joints.
all pain has a similar biological basis.
7. According to the professor, which factors influence how a person experiences pain?
past experience with pain
whether you are a twin
sex & gender
drug addiction
8. What does the speaker mean when he says this?
People often exaggerate their pain.
People respond to the same pain stimulus very differenty.
Some types of pain are harder to measure than others.
9. Having a lot of expereince with pain...
makes you more sensitive to pain.
makes you less sensitive to pain.
has no effect on your sensitivity to pain.
10. What does the professor mean when he says this?
Women often argue about their pain experience.
Most people guess that men are more sensitive to pain than women.
Women are becoming more sensitve to pain.
11. According to the professor, women...
are more sensitive to pain than men.
use more pain medication than men.
are more likely to have chronic pain.
triangle Script
We'll look at how from a scientific perspective doctors are still trying to understand the complexities, even mysteries, of how we feel pain. So to talk about the scientific understanding of pain I'm joined by Dr. Jeff mogul. Dr. Mogul welcome to the program.
Thanks very much for having me.
Now this seems like a strange question but what exactly is pain?
Pain is a strange thing. It's sort of like lights which we learned a long time ago was two things at the same time. Pain is at least two things at the same time. It's a sensation - sort of like vision or hearing or touch, but it's also an emotion - like fear or anger. And it's also a third thing at the same time it's a drive state - like hunger or thirst. It's something that demands that you carry out an action.
So why is it so hard then to measure a person's pain?
I think the problem ultimately is that it's completely subjective. It's sort of intrinsically internal to the person in a way that vision and hearing are not. So with vision, there's energy out in the environment. There are photons, and you can measure how many photons there are hitting your eye. And usually the brightness corresponds very very well to the number of photons. But with pain it doesn't work like that at all. There are energies in the environment. There's pressure and there's heat and there's inflammation. But they don't correlate very well at all with the experience, the perception, that people have of pain and pain comes in different forms.
I mean you can have a needle prick and the end of your finger, but you could also have something like back pain or something really serious.
Exactly. You can divide pain up. You can split it into any number of different categories, and when you do so the biological basis completely changes. So there's no heat pain versus mechanical pain. And they're short lasting pain compared to long lasting pain. And there's pain to the skin compared to pain to the muscle compared to pain to the joints compared to pain to the visceral organs. And there's pretty good evidence that all of these things are very very different.
Why does there seem to be such a variability between the way people report pain? I mean somebody might complain a lot about some little thing and other people seem to be able to put up with a lot of pain.
Yeah, this is something that I've been studying practically my whole career. They've done twin studies and I can tell you that almost half the answer is genes. And a little bit more than half the answer are other environmental factors, probably the most important of which being how much pain experience have you had in your life before that.
How much of a variation could there be between one person and another given the same pain stimulus?
Oh an astounding amount of variation. So they've done studies like this. They once took 500 people in Bethesda, Maryland, and they gave them all the exact same thermal stimulus to their forearm and asked them to rate that on a scale from zero to 100. There were a few people at the low end that said that was about a four or a five out of 100. And then there were people at the high end that said it was a 95 or 96 of a hundred and every rating in between. So as much variability as you can imagine, we can demonstrate.
Now you mentioned genetics of pain. How is that influencing how we experience it?
Well on the one hand it's a large part of the answer. We know there are genes that influence pain sensitivity and susceptibility to developing chronic pain disorders and how well people respond to analgesics including the opioids like morphine.
So you're saying that some people are actually more sensitive to pain than others because of their genetics.
Oh 100 percent. It's just that I can't tell you which genes.
You also mentioned experience with pain. How does that come into it.
Yeah it turns out that one of the biggest risk factors for chronic pain and how long it's going to last and how big a problem you're going to have with it is whether you've ever had pain before. And why that is no one really knows. The system is probably sensitized, and each time you have an injury or some sort of insult that causes pain, it appears to make things a little bit worse than it was before.
Okay so other than genetics and your experience with pain from the past, what other factors might influence how we experience pain?
Well the big one is sex and gender, and it is known that women, and this is contrary to what most people guess, but women are in fact more sensitive to pain. They represent the clear majority of pain patients.
Dr. Mogel, thank you very much.
My pleasure.
Dr. Geoff Mogel is a professor in the Department of Psychology and Canada Research Chair in the genetics of pain at McGill University in Montreal.
Dog Intelligence
Genetics of Intelligence
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Classical-0
Who were these classical commentators, and what did they say?
(Research and comment by Frank)
Diogenes Laertius:
Diogenes was a Greek and a biographer of the Greek Philosophers. He probably lived somewhere between 200 and 500AD. The chances are that as with much of his work it was based on other sources rather than any first hand observation. This suggests that other classical authors known to Diogenes took an interest in the Druids and categorised them as Philosophers. This is a high complement coming from a people that birthed some of the greatest Philosophers of all time.
"Vitæ", intro., i:
"Some say that the study of philosophy was of barbarian origin. For the Persians had their Magi, the Babylonians or the Assyrians the Chaldeans, the Indians their Gymnosophists, while the Kelts and the Galatæ had seers called Druids and Semnotheoi, or so Aristotle says in the "Magic", and Sotion in the twenty-third book of his "Succession of Philosophers"".
"Vitæ", intro., 5:
He was a Roman. Known to be ruthless but ingenious military leader. His crimes against the Celts included an invasion of southern Britain, and the conquest of Gaul. He was contemporary with the Druids who opposed him and who may have played a large part in the defence of Gaul by helping Vercingetorix of the Arverni unite the tribes against the Romans. His strategy was divide and rule, conquering one tribe at a time, so the Druids had became in every real sense his intellectual enemy. Caesar survived to become emperor and even to be deified. His own accounts of his actions tended to exaggerate enemy numbers and advantage for propaganda purposes so whilst he is an important contemporary source he is also an enemy of the Druids known to be prone to exaggeration.
"De Bello Gallico", vi, 13,
"De Bello Gallico", vi, 14,
"The Druids usually hold aloof from war, and do not pay wartaxes with the rest; they are excused from military service and exempt from all liabilities. Tempted by these great rewards, many young men assemble of their own motion to receive their training; many are sent by parents and relatives. Report says that in the school of the Druids they learn by heart a great number of verses, and therefore some persons remain twenty years under training. And they do not think it proper to commit these utterances to writing, although in almost all other matters, and in their public and private accounts, they make use of Greek letters.
"De Bello Gallico", vi, 16,
"De Bello Gallico", vi, 18, 1, :
"The Gauls affirm that they are all descended from a common father, Dis, and say that this is the tradition of the Druids."
"De Bello Gallico", vi, 21, 1, :
A Roman who lived between 106 and 43 BC, he was said to be one of the most versatile minds of ancient Rome. He introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary, distinguishing himself as a linguist, translator, and philosopher. An impressive orator and successful lawyer. Today, he is appreciated primarily for his humanism and philosophical and political writings. Cornelius Nepos, the 1st-century BC biographer of Atticus, remarked that Cicero's letters contained such a wealth of detail "concerning the inclinations of leading men, the faults of the generals, and the revolutions in the government" that their reader had little need for a history of the period. Whilst he didn’t say very much about the Druids, he knew one personally, and he had nothing bad to say.
"De Divinatione", I xli, 90, :
"Nor is the practice of divination disregarded even among uncivilised tribes, if indeed there are Druids in Gaul - and there are, for I knew one of them myself, Divitiacus, the Æduan, your guest and eulogist. He claimed to have that knowledge of nature which the Greeks call "physiologia", and he used to make predictions, sometimes by means of augury and sometimes by means of conjecture.",
Diodorus Siculus:
A first century Greek historian who wrote 40 books as part of his ‘Universal History’ of which only 14 are known to survive today. The book about the Gallic War is one of the missing volumes sadly, but we can only hope that someday it might be found. He lived at the right time to have met Druids or at least to have heard first hand accounts of them. It is worthy of note that this Greek also uses the terms philosophers and theologians when describing the Druids.
"Histories", v, 28, 6:
"The Pythagorean doctrine prevails among them [the Gauls], teaching that the souls of men are immortal and live again for a fixed number of years inhabited in another body."
"Histories", v, 31, 2-5:
"And there are among them [the Gauls] composers of verses whom they call Bards; these singing to instruments similar to a lyre, applaud some, while they vituperate others.
"They have philosophers and theologians who are held in much honour and are called Druids; they have sooth-sayers too of great renown who tell the future by watching the flights of birds and by the observation of the entrails of victims; and everyone waits upon their word. When they attempt divination upon important matters they practice a strange and incredible custom, for they kill a man by a knife-stab in the region above the midriff, and after his fall they foretell the future by the convulsions of his limbs and the pouring of his blood, a form of divination in which they have full confidence, as it is of old tradition.
"It is a custom of the Gauls that no one performs a sacrifice without the assistance of a philosopher, for they say that offerings to the gods ought only to made through the mediation of these men, who are learned in the divine nature and, so to speak, familiar with it, and it is through their agency that the blessings of the gods should properly be sought. It is not only in times of peace, but in war also, that these seers have authority, and the incantations of the bards have effect on friends and foes alike. Often when the combatants are ranged face to face, and swords are drawn and spears bristling, these men come between the armies and stay the battle, just as wild beasts are sometimes held spellbound. Thus even among the most savage barbarians anger yields to wisdom, and Mars is shamed before the Muses."
Born in Turkey (Then part of the Roman Empire) living 63BC to 24AD, Strabo was widely travelled and studied under notable philosophers his interest was largely in anthropology, the study of peoples. His account of the Druids is therefor highly interesting, although he had lived in Rome it is not clear that he had ever travelled north to Gaul or Britain so the information about Druids was probably 2nd hand.
"Geographica", iv, 4, c. 197, 4 :
"Among all the Gallic peoples, generally speaking, there are three sets of men who are held in exceptional honour : the Bards, the Vates, and the Druids. The Bards are singers and poets; the Vates, diviners and natural philosophers; while the Druids, in addition to natural philosophy, study also moral philosophy. The Druids are considered the most just of men, and on this account they are entrusted with the decision, not only of the private disputes, but of the public disputes as well; so that, in former times, they even arbitrated cases of war and made the opponents stop when they were about to line up for battle, and the murder cases in particular, had been turned over to them for decision. Further, when there is a big yield [of criminals for sacrifice] from these cases, there is forthcoming a big yield from the land too, as they think. However, not only the Druids, but others as well, say that men's souls, and also the universe are indestructible, although both fire and water at some time or other prevail over them."
"Geographica", iv, 4, c. 198, 5 :
Ammianus Marcellinus:
A fourth century Roman historian noted for his impartiality and complete accuracy in his accounts of historical events. He had experience of fighting in Gaul, long after the repression of the Druids there, yet he has some interesting things to say about them and I suspect that he had first hand contact or reliable sources.
xv, 9, 4:
"According to the Druids, a part of the population [of Gaul] was indigenous, but some of the people came from outlying islands and lands beyond the Rhine, driven from their homes by repeated wars and by the inroads of the sea."
xv, 9, 8:
"In these regions, as the people gradually became civilised, attention to the gentler arts became commoner, a study introduced by the Bards, and the Euhages, and the Druids. It was the custom of the Bards to celebrate the brave deeds of their famous men in epic verse accompanied by the sweet strain of the lyre, while Euhages strove to explain the high mysteries of nature. Between them came the Druids, men of greater talent, members of the intimate fellowship of the Pythagorean faith; they were uplifted by searchings into secret and sublime things, and with grand contempt for mortal lot they professed the immortality of the soul."
Roman historian 70 AD to 130 AD. Noted the repression of the Druids outlawing their religion and teaching. He was more interested in telling the story of Roman Emperors which is why the Druids just get this important but passing mention.
"Claudius", 25:
"He [the Emperor Claudius] very thoroughly suppressed the barbarous and inhuman religion of the Druids in Gaul, which at the time of Augustus had merely been forbidden to Roman citizens."
Pomponius Mela:
Spanish born Geographer with an education in Philosophy he wrote around 43AD. Is it possible that his interest in the Druids starts with hearing that they ‘profess to know the size and shape of the world’ in accord with his own interests? I am speculating, but if I am correct then he would be an unbiased commentator, his interest having possibly arisen in this way.
"De Situ Orbis", iii, 2, 18 and 19:
"There still remain traces of atrocious customs no longer practised, and although they now refrain from outright slaughter, yet they still draw blood from the victims led to the altar. They have, however, their own kind of eloquence, and teachers of wisdom called Druids. They profess to know the size and shape of the world, the movements of the heavens and of the stars, and the will of the gods. They teach many things to the nobles of Gaul in a course of instruction lasting as long as twenty years, meeting in secret either in a cave or secluded dales. One of their dogmas has come to common knowledge, namely, that souls are eternal and that there is another life in the infernal regions, and this has been permitted manifestly because it makes the multitude readier for war. And it is for this reason too that they burn or bury with their dead, things appropriate to them in life, and that in times past they even used to defer the completion of business and the payment of debts until their arrival in another world. Indeed, there were some of them who flung themselves willingly on the funeral pyres of their relatives in order to share the new life with them."
Full name ‘Marcus Annaeus Lucanus’ he lived between 39 AD and 65 AD and was a Roman Poet. Living in Rome and a one time friend to Nero he would probably not have had access to Druids himself, but certainly to learned people, soldiers who had fought against them and access to libraries in Rome itself.
"Pharsalia", i, 450-8:
"And you, O Druids, now that the clash of battle is stilled, once more have you returned to your barbarous ceremonies and to the savage usage of your holy rites. To you alone it is given to know the truth about the gods and deities of the sky, or else you alone are ignorant of this truth. The innermost groves of far-off forests are your abodes. And it is you who say that the shades of the dead seek not the silent land of Erebus and the pale halls of Pluto; rather, you tell us that the same spirit has a body again elsewhere, and that death, if what you sing is true, is but the midpoint of long life
Pliny (the Elder) :
23 - 79 AD was an author, naturalist, and natural philosopher as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia. Born in Como, northern Italy. This detail may be significant as to why Pliny is able to give specific details of Druid rites. The hills surrounding the current location of Como have been inhabited, since at least the Bronze Age, by a Celtic tribe known as the Orobii. In 194BC their territory fell to Rome becoming part of the province of Gaul. Pliny very likely had first hand knowledge of the Druids.
"Nat. Hist.", xvi, 249:
"Here we must mention the awe felt for this plant by the Gauls. The Druids - for so their magicians are called - held nothing more sacred than the mistletoes and the tree that bears it, always supposing that tree to be the oak. But they choose groves formed of oaks for the sake of the tree alone, and they never perform any of their rites except in the presence of a branch of it; so that it seems probable that the priests themselves may derive their name from the Greek word for that tree. In fact, they think that everything that grows on it has been sent from heaven and is proof that the tree was chosen by the god himself. The mistletoe is found but rarely upon the oak; and when found, is gathered with due religious ceremony, if possible on the sixth day of the moon, (for it is by the moon that they measure their months and years, and also their ages of thirty years). They choose this day because the moon, though not yet in the middle of her course, has already considerable influence. They call the mistletoe by a name meaning, in their language, the all-healing.
Having made preparation for sacrifice and a banquet beneath the trees, they bring thither two white bulls, whose horns are bound then for the first time. Clad in a white robe, the priest ascends the tree and cuts the mistletoe with a golden sickle, and it is received by others in a white cloak. Then they kill the victims, praying that god will render this gift of his propitious to those to whom he has granted it. They believe that the mistletoe, taken in drink, imparts fecundity to barren animals, and that it is an antidote for all poisons. Such are the religious feelings that are entertained toward trifling things by many peoples."
"Nat. Hist.", xxiv, 103 - 104:
"Similar to savin is the plant called selago. It is gathered without using iron and by passing the right hand through the left sleeve of the tunic, as though in the act of committing a theft. The clothing must be white, the feet washed and bare, and an offering of wine and bread made before the gathering. The Druids of Gaul say that the plant should be carried as a charm against every kind of evil, and that the smoke of it is good for diseases of the eyes. The Druids, also, use a certain marsh-plant that they call samolus, this must be gathered with the left hand, when fasting, and is a charm against the diseases of cattle. But the gatherer must not look behind him, nor lay the plant anywhere except in the drinking-troughs."
"Nat. Hist.", xxix, 52:
"There is also another kind of egg, of much renown in the Gallic provinces, but ignored by the Greeks. In the summer, numberless snakes entwine themselves into a ball, held together by a secretion from their bodies and by their spittle. This is called anguinum. The Druids say that hissing serpents throw this up into the air, and that it must be caught in a cloak, and not allowed to touch the ground; and that one must instantly take to flight on horseback, as the serpents will pursue until some stream cuts them off. It may be tested, they say, by seeing if it floats against the current of a river, even though it be set in gold. But as it is the way of magicians to cast a veil about their frauds, they pretend that these eggs can only be taken on a certain day of the moon, as though it rested with mankind to make the moon and the serpents accord as to the moment of the operation. I myself, however, have seen one of these eggs, it was round, and about as large as a smallish apple; the shell was cartilaginous, and pocked like the arms of a polypus. The druids esteem it highly. It is said to ensure success in law-suits and a favourable reception with princes; but this is false, because a man of the Vocontii, who was also a Roman knight, kept one of these eggs in his bosom during a trial, and was put to death by the Emperor Claudius, as far as I can see, for that reason alone."
"Nat. Hist.", xxx, 13:
"It [magic] flourished in the Gallic provinces, too, even down to a period within our memory; for it was in the time of the Emperor Tiberius that a decree was issued against their Druids and the whole tribe of diviners and physicians. But why mention all this about a practice that has even crossed the ocean and penetrated to the utmost parts of the earth? At the present day, Britannia is still fascinated by magic, and performs its rites with so much ceremony that it almost seems as though it was she who had imparted the cult to the Persians. To such a degree do peoples throughout the whole world, although unlike and quite unknown to one another, agree upon this one point. Therefore we cannot too highly appreciate our debt to the Romans for having put an end to this monstrous cult, whereby to murder a man was an act of the greatest devoutness, and to eat his flesh most beneficial."
Tacitus: (Publius Cornelius Tacitus):
Tacituslived between AD 56 & AD 117, and was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire. He was born in Gaul, so it is possible that he knew Druids. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories—examine the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero and those who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors. The clue to understanding Tacitus value to study of the British Druids is that his father in law, who he much admired, was a general in the wars against the British Tribes and a critic of Roman brutality and his father was a procurator of the Belgic territorries. Tacitus has a lot to say about the way that the Romans treated the British and I believe that he had some sympathy and admiration for the latter.
"Annals", xiv, 30 :
"On the shore stood the opposing army with its dense array of armed warriors, while between the ranks dashed women in black attire like the Furies, with hair dishevelled, waving brands. All around, the Druids, lifting up their hands to heaven and pouring forth dreadful imprecations, scared our soldiers by the unfamiliar sight, so that, as if their limbs were paralysed, they stood motionless and exposed to wounds. Then urged by general's appeal and mutual encouragements not to quail before a troop of frenzied women, they bore the standard onwards, smote down all resistance, and wrapped the foe in the flames of his own brands. A force was next set over the conquered, and their groves, devoted to inhuman superstitions, were destroyed. They deemed it, indeed, a duty to cover their altars with the blood of captives and to consult their deities through human entrails."
"Histories", iv, 54 :
"The Gauls, they remembered, had captured the city in former days, but, as the abode of Jupiter was uninjured, the Empire had survived; whereas now the Druids declared, with the prophetic utterances of an idle superstition, and this fatal conflagration [of the Capitol] was a sign of the anger of heaven, and portended universal empire for the Transalpine nations."
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Did the colonists at Jamestown build a fort within a fort? That's the question the Jamestown Rediscovery archaeologists are asking themselves as a peculiar ditch discovered inside the walls of James Fort has them reassessing the nature of some of their previous finds and using their experience to hypothesize about the function of the ditch itself.
A ditch located next to the ca.1617 addition to a large ca.1611 building inside James Fort is currently being excavated. The building is one of two large buildings with cobblestone foundations that were constructed just inside of and parallel to the western palisade wall. It is thought to have been the residence of the governor of the colony of Virginia. The ditch runs up to and neatly ends at the wall of the building, evidence that it was constructed while the building was standing. Other ditches have been found inside the fort before, but they have turned out to be boundary ditches to divide property or to corral livestock. These ditches often will "cut through" or transect fort-period features, meaning that the ditches are younger in age than the features they pass through. Boundary ditches also usually are constructed so that the walls of the ditch form a "v" shape where they meet at the bottom. This helps keep livestock on their side of the ditch. The newly discovered ditch has a substantial flat bottom seen more in defensive ditches.
The archaeologists are removing clay layers above the ditch in order to find and follow its path within James Fort. Once they uncover the full length of the ditch they will be able to better assess its form and function. If the ditch does turn out to be part of a larger defensive structure within James Fort it is interesting to note that the date of construction supported by the archaeological evidence (ca.1617) was a time of volatile relations with the local Virginia Indians and amongst the colonists themselves. The acting governor of the time, Samuel Argall, was known as a harsh enforcer of the laws of the colony, a duty he thought necessary to rectify the disorder prevalent in the colony upon his election in 1616.
The presence of the ditch is causing the archaeologists to reconsider the function of other nearby features. A small brick structure next to the governor's house may have been a small guardhouse designed to give shelter to a soldier protecting the residence. Even more interesting is the possibility that a brick foundation thought to be for a bay window may in fact have supported a tower or gun emplacement. At this point, the archaeologists simply don't know for sure what the exact nature of these features are, but this is a good example of how new excavations can greatly alter the understanding of a previously discovered feature.
Excavations near the ditch have uncovered an area with a large amount of ash mixed in the soil. The ash could be the remains of a structure burned during one of the numerous times that Jamestown was afflicted by fire. The excavation of the subterranean feature thought to be a well or cellar has temporarily been put on hold as the Jamestown Rediscovery team tries to flesh out the nature of the ditch and the other features nearby.
related images
Dig Update Archive, 2004-presen
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Thursday, February 2, 2012
chapter 4 project
A horse is 200ft away from a barn and looks up at a 20 degree angle of elevation to see the top. It walks up and the angle of elevation becomes 40 degree. It walks up again and the angle became 60 degree.
a) At the end point of the horses walk how far is it from the barn?
b)How far did the horse travel from the second point to the third point?
c)How far did it travel from the first point to the second point?
d)At the first point what is the distance between the horse and the top of the barn?
No comments:
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Furniture Styles
Furniture > Ancient > Homes > Roman > Atrium
Roman Atrium
The atrium was the heart of the ancient Roman house. The most notable features of the Roman atrium were the compluvium and the impluvium. The water collected in the impluvium was carried into cisterns; across the compluvium a curtain could be drawn when the light was too intense, like across a photographer's skylight today. The two words were carelessly used interchangeably by Roman writers. So important was the compluvium to the atrium that the atrium was named from the way in which the compluvium was constructed.
Types of Roman Atriums
We learn from Vitruvius that there were four styles of ancient atriums. The first was called the atrium Tuscanicum. In this one the roof was formed by two pairs of beams crossing each other at right angles; the enclosed space was left uncovered and thus formed the compluvium. It is clear that this method of construction could not be used for rooms of large size. The second style of atria was called atrium tetrastylon. The beams were supported at their intersections by pillars or columns. The third, atrium Corinthium, differed from the second only in having more than four supporting pillars. The fourth was called the atrium displuviatum. In this the roof sloped towards the outer walls, and the water was carried off by gutters on the outside; the impluvium collected only so much water as actually fell into it from the heavens. We believe that there was another style of atrium, the testudinatum, which was covered all over and had neither impluvium nor compluvium.
Atrium Tetrastylon
Atrium Tetrastylon.
Changes in the Roman Atrium
In the very early years of the Roman republic the atrium was a fairly simple family area where most of life was lived but by Cicero's time the atrium had ceased to be the center of domestic life; it had become a state apartment used only for display. We don't know the exact steps in the process of change. Probably the rooms along the sides of the atrium were first used as bedrooms, for the sake of more privacy. The need for a detached room for the cooking, and then of a dining room, was felt as soon as the peristylium came into use. Then other rooms were added around the peristylium, and these were made bedrooms for the sake of even more privacy. In the end these rooms were needed for other purposes and the sleeping rooms were moved again, this time to an upper story. When this second story was added we don't know, but it presupposes the small and costly lots of a city. Even simple houses in Pompeii have the remains of staircases.
The atrium was now fitted up with all the splendor and magnificence that the house owner's wealth would allow. The opening in the roof was made larger to let in more light, and the supporting pillars were made of marble or expensive wood. Between these pillars, and along the walls, statues and other works of Roman art were placed.
Compluvium in a Tuscan Atrium
Compluvium in a Tuscan Atrium.
The impluvium evolved into a marble basin, with a water fountain in the middle, and was often elaborately carved or adorned with figures in relief. The floors were mosaic, the walls painted in brilliant colors or paneled with marbles of many hues, and the ceilings were covered with ivory and gold. In such an atrium the host greeted his guests, the patron, in the days of the Empire, received his clients, the husband welcomed his wife, and here the master's body lay in state when he died.
Persistence of Older Traditions
Still, some memorials of the older day were left in even the most imposing atrium. The altar to the "Lares" and "Penates" sometimes remained near the place where the hearth had been, though the regular sacrifices were made in a special chapel in the peristylium. In even the grandest houses the implements for spinning were kept in the place where the matron had once sat among her slave women, as Livy tells us in the story of Lucretia. The cabinets retained the masks of simpler and, perhaps, stronger men, and the marriage couch stood opposite the ostium (hence its other name, lectus adversus), where it had been placed on the wedding night, though no one slept in the atrium. In the country much of the old time use of the atrium survived even in the days of Augustus, and the poor, of course, had never changed their style of living. What use was made of the small rooms along the sides of the atrium, after they had stopped being used as bedchambers, we don't know; they served, perhaps, as conversation rooms, private parlors, and drawing rooms.
Copyright © 2004-12 International Styles
All Rights Reserved
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(also Vediŏvis). An old Italian deity whose peculiar attributes were early forgotten. At Rome he had a famous shrine in the depression between the two peaks of the Capitoline Hill, the Capitol and the Arx (Ovid, Fast. iii. 430; Gell. v. 12). There lay his asylum and afterwards his temple between two sacred groves. His statue, by the side of which stood a goat as a symbol, had a youthful, beardless head, and carried a bundle of arrows in its right hand; it was therefore supposed that he was the same as the Greek Apollo. Others saw in him a youthful Inpiter; while at a later date he was identified with Dis, the god of the world below. He was probably a god of expiation, and hence at the same time the protector of runaway criminals. The goat, which was sacrificed to him annually on the 7th of March, appears elsewhere in the Roman cult as an expiatory sacrifice. Etymologists differ as to the composition of the name Veiovis. Some regard the prefix veas diminutive, hence “little Iupiter” (Ovid, Fast. iii. 445), i.e. youthful. Others make it intensive, as in vepallidus, and hence interpret “mighty” or “destructive” Iupiter. It is probably separative and negative in its nature, as in vecors, vesanus; and hence the name is really the “Anti-Iupiter,” i. e. the antithesis of Iupiter, referring to Iupiter Inferus as the god of the lower world—Dis or Pluto, as noted above.
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The Advent Calendar of Literature: Day 13
In yesterday’s advent calendar post, we shared a little fact related to an enduring Christmas carol. Today, another Rossetticarol-related fact – though this time, involving one of the Victorian era’s leading poets.
Christina Rossetti (1830-94), the prolific Victorian poet, is perhaps most famous for writing ‘Goblin Market’. Except that that isn’t her most famous poem. Her most famous poem is not principally known as a poem, nor is it as widely known that Rossetti was the writer of it.
This is because Rossetti wrote the words to the Christmas carol ‘In the Bleak Midwinter’. It was written some time prior to 1872 when Scribner’s Monthly magazine requested a Christmas-themed poem. But it was only published in 1904, ten years after Rossetti’s death. Shortly after this, in 1906, it became a musical piece, one of the most popular Christmas carols. The first musical accompaniment for Rossetti’s poem was the work of none other than Gustav Holst, the British composer most famous for the Planets suite.
But it is Harold Darke’s setting of 1909 that is probably more familiar to people around the world.
You can hear a performance of the carol here.
Image: Portrait of Christina Rossetti by Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1866), public domain.
About interestingliterature
Posted on December 13, 2014, in Literature and tagged , , , , , , , , , . Bookmark the permalink. 4 Comments.
1. I prefer the Darke tune though I’ve probably heard it sung less often.
2. Sincerely better without it sung. But it’s good the sung hides the originator of the poem.
1. Pingback: 24 Amazing Literature Facts for Christmas | Interesting Literature
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Instanbul Shem RocketShip
Is this a replica (see photo) of an ancient single-seat rocket-ship? That’s what it looks like to Zecharia Sitchin, the leading authority and scholar on the Ancient Astronaut theory. Hidden away in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum in Turkey for a quarter of a century, Sitchin recently convinced the Museum that this artifact may indeed be ancient, and not the modern forgery they concluded it must be, simply because our current view of our ancient history doesn’t include rocket-ships.
In his article in Atlantis Rising Magazine, Issue 15, Sitchin describes this object as,
"a sculpted scale model of what, to modern eyes, looks like a cone-nosed rocket-ship… Powered by a cluster of four exhaust engines in the back surrounding a larger exhaust engine, the rocket-ship has room for a sole pilot—actually shown and included in the sculpture."
He describes the pilot as sitting with legs folded toward his chest, and wearing a one-piece "ribbed pressure suit" which becomes boots at the feet, and gloves at the hands, and points out that since the pilot’s head is missing, we cannot know whether the pilot wore a helmet, goggles, or other headgear. The artifact measures 23 centimeters long, 9.5 cm high, 8 cm wide, or 5.7 inches long, 3.8 inches high, and 3.5 inches wide.
Sitchin spent years tracking down the artifact, until he located it at the Archaeology Museum in Istanbul. It was excavated at Toprakkale, a city known in ancient times as Tuspa, where the kingdom of Urartu reigned briefly over 2500 years ago. The museum curators decided this small artifact must be a forgery because it differs from the era’s style, and more importantly, it looks like a space capsule.
They reasoned that since there were no space capsules in ancient times, it must be a modern fake, a practical joke, made of plaster of Paris and marble powder.
from "De Goden en de Broederschappen"
However, during Sitchin’s visit to Istanbul and the Museum in September 1997, he met with the Director, Dr. Pasinli, who took the artifact from a drawer, and allowed Sitchin to examine and photograph it. It looked to Sitchin to be carved from a porous, volcanic ash stone, the details very precise.
Dr. Pasinli asked Sitchin what he thought. It is not out of context, Sitchin told the Director and his colleagues, when you view various artifacts that also seem to represent an ancient, space faring civilization.
In Sitchin’s "The Lost Realms," you’ll find illustrations of artifacts that may represent bearded spacemen and rocket-ships from Mexico, and from Lebanon, what might be a rocket-ship on a landing platform. He advised the Museum directors to allow viewers to decide for themselves what it is, while stating their own doubt about the artifact’s authenticity.
This was enough to convince the curators to finally put the object on public display. Be sure to have a look for yourself next time you are in Istanbul.These beings who rode in these spaceships where either the good gods who were with Yahweh the creator, or the serpent men that rebelled against Yahweh.
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Intermediate - Lesson 5 - Counting Days, Weeks, and Years Lesson
Previous Lesson Next Lesson
Lesson created by Timmy McCarty
Counting the days in Korean such as saying one day, two days, and three days is very simple. All you have to do is take the Pure korean number system such as Hana, tul, and set and add the proper ending.
One day---Ha-ru (Hah-roo)
Two days---Iteul (Ee-tule)
Three days---Sa-heul (Sah-hule)
Four days---Na-heul (Nah-hule)
Five days---Tat-sae (Tah-say)
Six days---Yeot-sae (Yote-say)
Seven days---I-re (Ee-ray)
Eight days---Yeo-deu-re (Yo-tu-ray)
Nine days---A-heu-re (Ah-hoo-ray)
Ten days---Yeo-reul (Yo-rule)
When counting weeks in Korean the word for week is Chu-il (Chu-eel) and basically you take the Chinese derived numbers such as Il, I, sam, sa, and O and add Chu-Il at the end. Simple right?
One week---Il-chu-il (Eel-choo-eel)
Two weeks---I-chu-il (Ee-choo-eel)
Three weeks---Sam-chu-il (Sam-choo-eel)
Four weeks---Sa-chu-il (Sah-choo-eel)
Five weeks---O-chu-il (Oh-choo-eel)
Six weeks---Yuk-chu-il (Yuke-choo-eel)
Seven weeks---Chil-chu-il (Cheel-choo-eel)
Eight weeks---Pal-chu-il (Pahl-choo-eel)
Nine weeks---Ku-chu-il (Koo-choo-eel)
Ten weeks---Ship-chu-il (Sheep-choo-eel)
When counting years in Korean the word for Year is Nyeon and just like counting the weeks in Korean you are using the Chinese derived number system and adding the word Nyeon at the end.
One year---Il-nyeon (Eel-nee-yone)
Two years---I-nyeon (Ee-nee-yone)
Three years---Sam-nyeon (Sahm-nee-yone)
Four years---Sa-nyeon (Sah-nee-yone)
Five years---O-nyeon (Oh-nee-yone)
Six years---Yuk-nyeon (Yuke-nee-yone)
Seven years---Chil-nyeon (Cheel-nee-yone)
Eight years---Pal-nyeon (Pahl-nee-yone)
Nine years---Ku-nyeon (Koo-nee-yone)
Ten years---Ship-il-nyeon (Sheep-Eel-nee-yone)
Previous Lesson Next Lesson
Korean city of seoul">
90 out of 100 based on 17842 user ratings
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FreeMCATPrep Logo
More Than 475 Free MCAT Questions with Detailed Answers!
MCAT Question A Day - 2/4/14 - Answer!
Tautomers are
A. different resonance structures of the same compound.
B. mirror images of each other.
C. in rapid equilibrium.
D. always keto and enol forms.
The correct answer is (C). An example is
The acidic H jumps from the —OH group over to the double bond. Another
example of tautomers are enamine-imine tautomers.
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A History of Horses in the Fire Service
Horses in the Fire Service -- in 1832, the New York Mutual Hook and Ladder Company No. 1 volunteers purchased a horse to pull their engine. One of the reasons may have been due to a shortage of firefighters caused by a yellow fever epidemic. The other stations were unsympathetic. One evening the anti-equine element crept into the stable, shaved the horse’s mane and tail and painted a white stripe down the horse’s back, embarrassing the company. To add insult to injury, the Oceanus volunteers beat the horse-drawn Mutuals to a fire.
As steam engines gained popularity they grew in size and weight. Firefighters reluctantly accepted the need for horses. As Ditzel quotes: “A firehouse ain’t no place for no stinkin’ horse!” At first horses were stabled near the stations. When the alarm sounded, it took valuable time to unlock the barn, fetch the steeds and harness them to the engine. Before long, the horses lived at the station and the reluctance to accept them was replaced by a deep affection for the noble animals.
The stalls were positioned behind or next to the rigs. In 1871, a quick hitch was developed. Two years later, Charles E. Berry, a Massachusetts firefighter, created a hanging harness with quick-locking hames. His invention was so popular he left the fire department and sold his patented Berry Hames and Collars nationwide.
Not every horse could serve as a fire horse. The animals needed to be strong, swift, agile, obedient and fearless. At the scene, they needed to stand patiently while embers and flames surrounded them. They needed to remain calm while the firefighters fought the blaze. This was the case in all weather conditions and in the midst of a multitude of distractions.
The fire departments carefully selected their horses. Veterinarians for the departments evaluated each animal. Both stallions and mares were eligible to serve.
In Detroit, weight requirements were issued for the animals. Those pulling hose wagons must weigh 1,100 pounds, to haul a steamer 1,400 pounds, and to cart a hook and ladder 1,700 pounds. Stations also tried to create matched teams of two and three horses when possible.
Some cities had training stables but most provided on-the-job training. Detroit had a horse college. They claimed to be the only fire department that trained their horses by this method. Ditzel says: “There was a fire station with apparatus, training stalls, hanging quick hitches, a feed room, a horse hospital, and a 700-foot racetrack.” Each horse received progress reports and report cards at the conclusion of the their training. The horses that successfully completed their education were placed in the city’s fire stations. Departments added horse ambulances and horseshoeing wagons to their city’s rigs. A horse might work at a station for four to ten years. In 1858, the Philadelphia Fairmount Engine Company gave their fire horses a vacation. This became a tradition in the Philadelphia fire department. This was long before firefighters received vacations.
In the fall of 1872, a form of distemper, called epizootic spread among the horses. Within a period of twenty-four hours, 300 horses died in Buffalo. The epidemic spread rapidly to many cities. The cities relied heavily on horses for transportation and became paralyzed. Fire became a major concern. It was late October in Boston. Out of a total of 75-90 horses, four had died and 22 were unfit for duty. Until the epidemic ended, firefighters with the aid of citizen volunteers often found it necessary to drag the equipment to fires manually. On November 9, the Great Boston Fire burnt continuously for sixteen hours. It consumed 776 buildings, left 20,000 unemployed and 1,000 homeless. There were fourteen fatalities, including eleven firefighters. A century later John P. Vahey, a Boston fire chief, wrote about this catastrophe and renamed it the Epizootic Fire, after the disease that felled so many horses.
It was a sad day at the fire station when a horse was declared unfit for duty. Many retired fire horses continued to work for the city in less strenuous positions. Some were put out to pasture. Occasionally the noble beasts were put up for public auction. The gallant steeds might be purchased by junk drivers and delivery men. At times, the fire horses would forget their new roles and charge down the streets hauling a wagon after hearing a fire gong.
Ditzel, Paul C. Fire Engines, Firefighters: the Men, Equipment, and Machines, from Colonial Days to the Present. New York: Crown, 1976.
Smith, Dennis. Dennis Smith’s History of Firefighting in America: 300 years. New York: Dial, 1978.
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Machining Coolants
Coolant are liquids applied to the machining contact surface during the process. There are a wide range of coolants, such as oils, emulsions, pastes, gels, etc. A coolant is an emulsion of oil suspended in water.
Coolant liquids are broadly classified into
Oil based coolants (straight and soluble oils) and
Chemical machine coolants (synthetic and semisynthetic)
The functions of the coolant are
To maintain a low temperature.
The tolerances specified during the machining process may become distorted due to expansion at high temperature. Hence, the temperature should be maintained at specified range to ensure correct measurement.
To lubricate the cutting surface
Excessive friction at the cutting surface can cause hardening of the material, making cutting difficult.
Clean the surface
The coolant keeps the surface by removing material like burrs, dust, etc
Prevent rust
oxidation can occur at the high temperature caused by cutting. Coolants prevent rust formation by forming a protective surface.
The coolant is delivered to the desired location by different methods. Some machines use spraying or flooding. In some machines, a jet of coolant liquid is focussed on the work area.
The coolant liquid is also a fertile medium for bacterial growth. This can cause infections over a period of time. Sometimes, antiseptics are added to prevent bacterial growth.
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Podoscaph: A canoe-shaped float attached to the foot, for walking on water
The word is formed by attaching the Greek prefix pod(o)- (derived from pous, meaning “foot”) to skaphos, “ship”.
In the fifteenth century, Leonardo da Vinci toyed with podoscaph design—but, realizing that they wouldn’t be a particularly stable mode of locomotion, he sketched in a pair of ski-pole floats for his water-walker, too.
Leonardo podoscaph sketch
Leonardo’s podoscaphs
The little model built for the Macchine di Leonardo exhibition makes the design clearer, but no more convincingly stable.Model of Leonardo's podoscaphsThe Greek skaphos gave Auguste Piccard the name for his bathyscaphe (“deep ship”), the free-diving, deep-sea submersible that he designed in 1937, which he contrasted with Beebe and Barton’s earlier bathysphere (1934), which merely dangled from a cable.
And before moving on to other things, I can’t help but mention Jean Baptiste de La Chapelle‘s scaphander (“ship man”), a sort of cork jacket to aid locomotion in water. The illustration below, from his book Traité de la construction théorique et pratique du scaphandre, ou du bateau de l’homme (1775), speaks for itself. Though I’m not entirely sure what it’s saying.Illustration from La Chapelle's Scaphander (1775)
A thing that looks like a ship is scaphoid. There’s a gently curved scaphoid bone in your wrist. (It has a Roman cousin in your foot—the navicular bone, from the Latin navicula, “little ship”.)
A feature of extreme malnutrition is a scaphoid abdomen. When a starved person lies flat, the abdomen sags inwards. The v-shape of the ribs above is the prow of this abdominal ship, the curve of the pelvic bones below is the stern, and the inward-sagging abdomen between resembles the hollow inside of the ship’s hull.
Now, back to the other half of podoscaph:
That combining form pod(o)-, for “foot”, gives us podiatry “foot surgery”. Chiropody, a different name for the same job, is a “factitious designation”, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. It’s not clear whether the inventor of the term meant to combine cheiro-, “hand”, with pous, “foot” (thereby suggesting chiropody should involve both the hands and feet) or was using the Greek cheiropodes, “having chapped feet”. Neither quite makes sense, but neither is quite nonsense, either.
There are a huge number of foot-related words ending either -pod (Greek) or -ped (Latin), which are hardly worth discussing individually. But it’s worth mentioning octopus (“eight foot”) and platypus (“flat foot”), which are both derived from Greek pous, “foot”. That -us at the end is a trap for the unwary, luring us into trying out a Latin plural form, after the fashion of cacti, fungi, nuclei and hippopotami—but “octopi” and “platypi” are just plain wrong. If you want a Classical plural, it needs to be Greek: octopodes (ɒkˈtəʊpədiːz) and platypodes (plæˈtɪpədiːz) are what’s required— each with four syllables, emphasis on the second syllable. Try it, by all means. But people will look at you strangely. There’s nothing wrong with forming standard English plurals instead: octopuses and platypuses.
The Greek -podes plural is familiar from antipodes, “opposite feet”—people on the opposite side of the world have their feet pointing towards us. But note that antipodes is singular: each location on the globe has only one antipodes, all to itself. It’s tempting to work backwards from octopus and platypus to come up with a truly singular antipodal form: “antipus”. (Well, I find it tempting.) But that would imply that there was only one person in the opposite side of the world from you, and that they had only one foot.
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Below is an annotated list of children's literature for the elementary classroom. The books are organized by the Six Elements of Social Justice Curriculum Design (Picower, 2007). It is based on work by pre-service teachers at Montclair State University. They have read and reviewed these books and provided insights into how they can be used in K-5 settings.
Tuesday, September 30, 2014
Giraffes Can't Dance
Book Title: Giraffes Can't Dance
Author: Giles Andreae
Illustrator: Guy Parker-Rees
Grade Level: Pre-K - Kindergarten
Social Justice Element: Element 2 - Respect for Others
Gerald is a giraffe living in the jungles of Africa. Unfortunately, he is uncoordinated and so clumsy that he oftentimes has trouble just walking around. Gerald is very excited for the annual Jungle Dance. He watched all the other animals and their wonderful dancing, and wanted to join in. However, when Gerald ventured to join the dance he was teased by the other animals before he started dancing. This was so discouraging for Gerald that he left the dance feeling sad and lonely. While wallowing through the forest, Gerald ran into a cricket who encouraged Gerald that he could dance if he found the right music. The cricket began to play music, and made Gerald aware of the sound of the jungle and before long the giraffe was dancing away. The rest of the animals found Gerald and began to cheer on his dance moves.
Representation of Social Justice Element:
In the case of Gerald and his dance moves, the other animals of the jungle made assumptions about his abilities. Gerald was disrespected and ostracized before he was even given the opportunity to dance and enjoy himself. Not were the animals disrespectful of Gerald by accepting a stereotype that giraffes would not be good dances, but they were also disrespectful in insisting that only good dancers be allowed at the dance. The cricket, however, respected Gerald despite the preconceived notions and encouraged the giraffe to develop confidence and dance. The other animals grew to respect Gerald and realized they were wrong in the way they treated him. By the end of the book the whole jungle learned a lesson about respect for one another and were even asking Gerald to teach them some moves!
Classroom Activity:
When introducing this book to the class, the teacher could ask the class how they would feel if they were laughed at, or made to feel like they didn't belong. There could be a discussion about how it feels when people tell you that you are bad at something and kick you out of a group. The class would then read the book together. Following this, the teacher would ask the class what "respect" means to them. Once there is a clear definition of respect for others understood by the class, each student would then be asked to make a chart of which characters in the book were and were not respectful of one another. As a class, the teacher would lead a discussion about the actions of the characters and what they could have done differently to show respect for one another.
Side Note:
Not only does this book have amazing illustrations and focus around an animal very lovable for kids, but the syntax is also amazing. The rhymes flow very easily and would be especially helpful for kids who are having trouble with pronunciation or phonetic skills. The singsongy nature of the book attracts kids, and the theme of dancing can bring movement and excitement into the classroom.
Alternative Lesson Plan:
Get this Book!
1 comment:
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Easy Pace Learning
Lessons and exercises
Face and head parts English lesson
Learning about head and face parts?
In this English lesson there is a fun game / exercise to help you remember the vocabulary for face and head parts. The next part of the lesson are examples of how to use the words in sentences that you can use in everyday life.
Exercise head and face parts
How do I play the exercise on head and face parts?
Click on the play button and you will see on the right is a list of words, start drag each word holding down the left mouse button and drag the word then release the button to drop the word on the part of the face that you think is correct.
English vocabulary you have learnt so far = hair, eye, nose, ears, lips, and cheeks
Using head parts in sentences
Mrs Jones had lovely long blonde hair that was half way down her back. Long blonde hair
Mrs Bean what colour hair does she have? she has brown hair or she has fair hair
Eyes are used for seeing things with. Mrs Jones had very good eyesight and could see very far.
Eyes are for seeing things withMr Bean what colour eyes have you got? I have got blue eyes or could have brown eyes or grey eyes
Mrs Bean needed to wear glasses as she had poor eyesight
noses are used for smelling things withNose are used to smell things with.
Mr Jones was in the garden and is nose still managed to smell the bread is wife was making for him.
ears are used for hearing thingsEars are used to hear things with.
Mr Beans ears started to hear music from somewhere and started to dance.
Mr Bean had large ears but he still didn't have very good hearing.
Mrs Bean liked to wear large earrings in her ears which made her look very pretty.
LipsMrs Bean liked to wear bright red lipstick on her lips when she went shopping.
Pink lipstick is Mrs smith favorite color she likes to put on her lips.
cheeks gone red because of the coldThe weather was very cold today and made Mrs Beans cheeks go red.
Mrs bean was worried as the baby had very red cheeks.
Learning the parts of the head and face
Lessons that are related to the exercise
To view any of the lessons below click on link.
face parts - learning exercise English lesson
Face parts vocabualry learning English
Dictionary and how to use dictionaries
Click on the following link for the Online English dictionary - English lesson
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Why did Edmund Campion have to die?
Expert Answers
bullgatortail eNotes educator| Certified Educator
Like many other Catholic priests and leaders who were executed during the Tudor realm, Edmund Campion (1540-1581) was also executed for his pro-Catholic beliefs. A brilliant scholar and orator, Campion was once considered a possible husband of the young Queen Elizabeth I. However, his Jesuit beliefs eventually ran afoul of the anti-Catholic/pro-Church of England monarchy, and Campion was forced to live in hiding for much of his life. He was eventually captured and returned to London to face trial. Tortured on several occasions (including severe treatment on the rack), Campion met with the Queen, who offered him "wealth and dignities" should he reject his Catholic faith, which he refused to do. His conduct during various public conferences won him many admirers. However, he was eventually indicted on conspiracy charges of sedition and trying to dethrone the Queen. Later scholars have concluded that there was no basis to the charges, but he was condemned to be executed as a traitor. Campion was hanged before being drawn and quartered. He was made a saint in 1970 by Pope Paul VI and is known as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales.
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Stanford engineers show that consumers can quickly learn what environmentally friendly looks like
Without realizing it, our brains quickly learn to associate certain visual cues – a curve of a car or color of a product – with certain attributes, such as its environmental friendliness.
You can’t judge a book by its cover, goes the saying. Yet, that’s exactly what people do, according to new research from Stanford mechanical engineer Erin MacDonald and visiting researcher Ping Du. They found that when it comes to judging environmental friendliness, people learn to make quick decisions based on looks without even realizing it. Their study was published recently in the Journal of Mechanical Design.
Toyota Prius
Stanford mechanical engineer Erin MacDonald found that people quickly learned to associate visual cues – such as the teardrop shape of a Toyota Prius – with environmental friendliness. (Image credit: Getty Images)
“The idea of products cueing things is not new,” said MacDonald. For example, sports cars look streamlined and sleek, which cues that they go fast, she said. Alternatively, people identify teardrop-shaped cars, such as the Toyota Prius, as being more environmentally friendly than square-shaped cars like the Jeep Wrangler.
Passing judgment
This idea that people learn rules quickly and without even knowing it was confirmed when, after the final task, people revealed why they ranked some objects as being more environmentally friendly than others. The responses included things like how much material the product used, the aerodynamics or its effectiveness. But, said MacDonald, “Those reasons are absolutely wrong.” People came up with reasons, she said, because they weren’t aware they were just making quick, effortless decisions to save time. But that didn’t surprise the researchers: “It’s funny, we all do it,” MacDonald said.
Targeted focus
“I would really love for sustainable product designers to spend more time thinking about this,” said MacDonald. Designers spend significant time and energy developing environmentally friendly products, she explained, so it’s to their advantage to understand how people make their purchase decisions.
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Julius Caesar (100 – 44 BC) completed the defeat of Gaul in 51 BC, extending Rome’s reach to the English Channel, creating the imperial foundation that launched the Roman Empire (27 BC – 395 AD).
Caesar wrote of battling the seafaring Celtic Veneti, whose fleet of superior, larger ships (with no oars) were made of heavy oak transoms fastened by long iron nails “the thickness of a thumb“. Only by slashing the halyards of the Veneti’s leather sails did he disable and defeat the enemy.
Hand-forged iron nails (10” and longer) revolutionized Roman shipbuilding (bigger warships and merchant fleets), fortified military camps (“Castra“), and siege engines. Military Engineering progressed steadily from each conquest, merging and perfecting innovations of other cultures on a scale that the world had never seen before. Size matters in world domination.
Rome’s insatiable need for iron ore demanded improved metallurgy, conquest of distant territories, and the stable administration of mines in those lands, including Spain, Portugal, Austria, Britain, Egypt and Carthage (Tunisia).
Five Iron Nails from Roman Fortress of 83 AD at Inchtuthil in Scotland excavated in 1960 photoA Roman Fortress in Britain (Scotland), dating to 83 AD, was excavated in 1952-65 and found to have 750,000 iron nails buried in a pit. Distant outposts used the same heavy hardware throughout the Empire.
“For the want of a nail”. Not this kingdom.
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"url": "https://aturre.com/2016/08/25/my-kingdom-for-a-nail-how-the-conquest-of-the-veneti-in-gaul-launched-the-roman-empire/"
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Skip navigation
A series of images (Fig. 13-12, p. 338) shows the eruption of V838 Monocerotis.
Credit: NASA, ESA and H.E. Bond (STScI)
The text says:
“An especially peculiar, and still poorly understood, eruption was V838 Monocerotis. This object brightened by a large amount, but probably for a different physical reason than normal novae. It was surrounded by many shells of dust that were “lit up” by the nova outburst. These “light echoes” evolved with time, as shells at different distances from the nova were successively illuminated. A consensus is emerging that its outbursts were from a violent merger of the two components of a binary star.”
Prof. Howard Bond of Penn State University writes (October 2014):
This consensus has been gaining even more popularity. The “Rosetta Stone” was the eruption of V1309 Scorpii in 2008…. It was in a field in the Galactic bulge that had been imaged by the OGLE project for about a decade before the outburst, and it turned out that the progenitor was a close binary, and it was even shown that its period was getting shorter up until the eruption.
A recent paper by Kochanek et al. estimates that a stellar merger occurs in the Milky Way about once every 5 years, so these are actually pretty common events.
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This lesson plan introduces the students to history, community, and struggles of Little Manila in Stockton, California.
Lesson Plan Materials:
• Create Prompts for “Building Our Community” Exercise
Filipinos in Stockton - Images in America Series by Dawn Mabalon and Ricardo Reyes
Little Manila: Filipinos in California’s Heartland
thumb_Front_Cover.jpg thumb_VF_LM_DVD.png
These materials can be purchased at the Little Manila Foundation Store Website
Little Manila: Filipinos in California’s Heartland. (30 mins). Directed by Marissa Aroy for the KVIE Viewfinder Series. Available for $15 at and
Step 1
Have the students watch the documentary: Little Manila: Filipinos in California’s Heartland
Step 2
Have them write a letter to the someone in the Philippines in Carlos Bulosan’s voice about what happened to Little Manila in Stockton in the 1960s and 1970s, when redevelopment and the freeway destroyed the community.
“Building Our Community”: This activity requires the students to create their own community. Give them some toys and instruct them to create their ideal community with the toys. Then have them share the elements of their community with the rest of the class.
Step 1
Divide the students into five groups. If they are already in barangays, they should work together to build their ideal communities.
Step 2
Instruct them to come up with following:
Name for their community
Step 3
Next, pass out the toys. Have them build their communities wherever they are seated. Give them 20 minutes to finish the construction of the neighborhood.
Step 4
After their neighborhoods are complete, have the whole class take a tour of the communities. Have the students walk around the room to take a cursory look at the new constructed neighborhoods, and then have each group explain the vision of their neighborhood. This should take about 15 minutes.
Step 5
After the community tour, present a different scenario to each community. Pass out one of the five scenarios to each group:
1. You have just received a letter from the State Highway Commission. They have identified your house, block, and entire street for demolition to build a freeway. They will buy your home from you, but only for the lowest price. You can’t afford to buy another house. What is your response? How do you organize your community?
2. The owners of a residential hotel in your neighborhood want to turn it into a parking lot and evict all the residents—all of them poor and working-class people or elderly. They say that the hotel is already run down and a parking lot would be profitable. The hotel is a beautiful building, designed by one of the city’s leading architects, but it has gotten rundown and dilapidated. They argue that their plan is about progress for the community. You must convince your elected officials that the hotel should stand, and all the residents should be able to stay. What do you do?
3. A group of investors from the Filipina/o American community approaches you, saying they want to help you reinvigorate your neighborhood, which is full of historic buildings, organizations, and families, including elderly and poor people who cannot afford to move. They tell you that they want to bring a big Filipino corporate bakery, a Starbucks, a huge grocery store, and a large parking lot to your area. But in order to do this, they must demolish everything and throw everyone out. The city likes their idea, and so do other middle-class and more privileged Filipinas/os, who live in other areas and do not know the history of your neighborhood. What should you do? How do you organize your community?
4. A big discount retail store, like a Wal-Mart, wants to move into your neighborhood. There are some pros and cons to this. There might be more jobs in the area, and a cheap place to shop. But it would definitely put all the small Filipina/o shops and local mom-and-pop grocery stores, drugstores, and pharmacies out of business in your neighborhood. It would also bring traffic, pollution, and low-paying jobs, since the company will not allow their workers to form or join unions. What is your response? What should you do as a community?
5. Suddenly, your neighborhood is becoming the hippest and coolest neighborhood in the city because of its cheap rents, historic architecture, cultural diversity, and its location near downtown. But now, it is hard to find an apartment because the cost of rent is rising. Landlords are evicting old tenants and bringing in new ones who can pay double the rent. New condos and lofts are being built that no one in the neighborhood can afford to buy. The corner grocery store was turned into a café/gallery, the shoe repair and dry cleaning store has become an Internet company, and the new shopping mall and movie theater on the next block does not allow young Filipinas/os to hang out there unless they are shopping. The new gourmet grocery store sells food too expensive for your family to afford, and all of the new restaurants are too costly for your friends and family. What should you do? How do you react, and how should you organize your community?
Step 6
Give each group a piece of butcher paper and have them come up with the following:
Main Issue in the Scenario
Community Response
Steps to Addressing the Issue
Give them 10 minutes to come up with their answers.
Step 7
Have the students share their answers. They should designate one person to read the scenario that was given to them and three people to present what they wrote on their butcher paper.
Step 8
After they are all done presenting, conclude by connecting the students’ responses.
Step 9
Bring the students back to the Cultural Energizer by returning to the “Manilatown Talkshow.” Bring the panelists back and have them describe what they did when these same scenarios took place in their neighborhoods.
Ted Lapuz (Scenarios 1 and 3): We couldn't do much to fight the city council because we lacked political power and organization. Some old-timers felt that you could never fight city and state officials, and they just cried and moved on. I went to Little Manila to see what was happening to the Manongs in Little Manila and I was inspired to do something. Nine city blocks and two blocks of Little Manila were demolished for the freeway! With some strong allies, we fought for a Filipino Center to provide housing and a place for displaced businesses, and we obtained federal loans and grants. It opened in 1972! The Center was a success and is celebrating its 36th year. And now a new generation with the Little Manila Foundation is fighting demolitions, displacements, and honoring the history of the neighborhood. They fight city hall and developers to protect the last original buildings of Little Manila, and the culture and history of our neighborhood. Check out the historic banners in Little Manila!
Al Robles and Estella Habal (Scenario 2): We fought a protracted (ongoing) struggle against the owners of the International Hotel and the city to protect the residents and fight the evictions of the residents of the I-Hotel. We lost this battle, the residents were evicted and displaced, and the hotel was destroyed. A hole in the ground reminded everyone of that tragic night of August 4, 1977 when everyone was evicted. But we won in the end—we sparked a national movement for affordable housing and cultural preservation of Filipina/o American historic neighborhoods. In 2005, the new International Hotel and the Manilatown Center were built. It is a symbol of our historic presence in the neighborhood, the struggle of the I-Hotel. Most importantly, it is a place where we can all come home to Manilatown.
Royal Morales (Scenarios 1-5): All of these things happened in LA to varying degrees. We didn’t own land and we lacked political power, so our landmarks were destroyed and urban redevelopment took away much of what was historic. The new generation in LA went to the city council and designated the neighborhood as Historic Filipinotown. Organizations like SIPA, the Filipino American Library, the Filipino American Service Group (FASGI), and the Filipino Christian Church fight to protect the neighborhood and our history. We make sure we make political allies and community organizations to strengthen our political power. Look for the Historic Filipinotown sign off the 101 Freeway!
Bring on New Guests:
Community Activist from Hercules, CA (Scenario 4): We fought a big-box retail store and went to city hall and the national and local media to protest its desire to come into our community. We did research to show how harmful this store would be to our economy, city, and culture. We organized our entire community and won the battle to keep out the store! It was a historic battle that made national news.
Community Activist from the South of Market Community Action Network (Scenario 5): We created an organization that would fight for social justice and the rights of people who live in the South of Market neighborhood in San Francisco. The residents were becoming victims of gentrification that resulted from the dot-com boom in San Francisco. Poor, working-class, and immigrant residents of South of Market were being displaced in their own community! Now we fight developers and city policies that try to harm our neighborhood and our community, and we have won a lot of important victories.
Step 10
Following the talk show, you should return to the problems of the day.
Problems/Questions of the Day: There are visible Chinatowns, Japantowns, and other ethnic enclaves, but where are our Manilatowns? What happened to Little Manila in Stockton, the Manilatown in San Francisco, and Historic Filipinotown in Los Angeles? These neighborhoods were vibrant and productive. How did they “disappear?” What did the Filipinos in these neighborhoods do to preserve their community? What strategies were used to organize or respond to officials who wanted to destroy their neighborhoods?
Assessment: How was it for you to build your community? What was it like when the scenario was about the destruction of your community?
Connection: How do you relate to the stories shared on the talkshow? Are there issues in your own community that are similar to those of the Manilatowns? What can we learn from the ways that the members of the Manilatown communities responded to the scenarios in their neighborhoods?
• Robles, Al. Rapping with 10,000 Carabaos in the Dark. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Asian American Studies Center Press, 1996.
• Dawn B. Mabalon, “We Were So Sorry to Lose El Dorado Street: Race and Redevelopment in Stockton’s Little Manila,” in Positively No Filipinos Allowed, ed. Gutierrez and Tiongson, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006.
• Estella Habal, San Francisco’s International Hotel: Mobilizing the Filipino Community in the Anti-Eviction Movement. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008.
• Please see the bibliography at the end of this section.
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Oenopides of Chios
Oenopides of Chios (Greek: Οἰνοπίδης) was an ancient Greek mathematician (geometer) and astronomer, who lived around 450 BCE. He was born shortly after 500 BCE on the island of Chios, but mostly worked in Athens.
Very little is known about the life of Oenopides of Chios except that his place of birth was the island of Chios. We believe that Oenopides was in Athens when a young man but there is only circumstantial evidence for this.
In Plato's Erastae Oenopides is described as (see for example [1]):
... having acquired a reputation for mathematics...
and Plato also describes a scene where Socrates comes across two young men in the school of Dionysius who was Plato's teacher. The young men were discussing a question in mathematical astronomy which had been tackled by Oenopides and Anaxagoras. This question was certainly that of the angle that the ecliptic makes with the celestial equator. Bulmer-Thomas writes in [1]:
... it was probably [Oenopides] who settled on the value of 24°, which was accepted in Greece until refined by Eratosthenes. Indeed, if Oenopides did not fix on this or some other figure it is difficult to know in what his achievement consisted, for the Babylonians no less than the Pythagoreans and Egyptians must have realised from early days that the apparent path of the sun was inclined to the celestial equator.
However, in contrast to these claims, Heath writes [2]:
It does not appear that Oenopides made any measurement of the obliquity of the ecliptic.
Another major contribution to mathematical astronomy made by Oenopides was his discovery of the period of the Great Year. Originally the "Great Year" was the period after which the motions of the sun and moon came to repeat themselves. Later it came to mean the period after which the motions of the sun, moon and planets all repeated themselves so in the period of one Great Year all should have returned to their positions at the beginning of the Great Year.
Oenopides gave a value of the Great Year as 59 years. Heath writes [2]:
His Great Year clearly had reference to the sun and moon only; he merely sought to find the least integral number of complete years which would contain an exact number of lunar months.
Based on this Paul Tannery [5] showed that Oenopides' result leads to a lunar month of 29.53013 days which is remarkably close to the modern value of 29.53059 days. However many historians doubt whether Oenopides could have collected sufficient good quality data to enable him to obtain a value as accurate as this. To collect the data for even one period requires 59 years and this makes it almost impossible for someone to gather the data in their own lifetime.
Toomer believed that in fact despite Oenopides' Great Year of 59 years, he did not have this accurate value for the length of the month, and later calculations were made using better data than would have been available to Oenopides to give this very accurate value for the length of the month, more accurate than Oenopides could ever have known.
Paul Tannery in [5] makes another claim however when he states that Oenopides considered some of the planets as well as the sun and moon as part of his 59 year Great Year. The data works well for some of the planets, for example Saturn is only 2° from its starting position at the end of the 59 year cycle. Tannery is forced to conclude that not all the planets could have been taken into account by Oenopides, however, as some of the planets would be in the wrong sign of the Zodiac after the period ended.
Proclus attributes two theorems which appear in Euclid's Elements to Oenopides. These are to draw a perpendicular to a line from a given point not on the line, and to construct on a line from a given point a line at a given angle to the first line. These are elementary results but Heath believes that their significance might be that Oenopides set out for the first time the explicit 'ruler and compass' type of allowable construction. He writes [2]:
Oenopides also developed a theory to account for the Nile floods. He suggested that heat stored in the ground during the winter dries up the underground water so that the river shrinks. In the summer the heat disappears, as testing the temperature of deep wells suggests, and water flows up into the river so causing floods. This theory, which of course is false, did not prove popular as other rivers in Libya were subject to similar conditions but did not behave in the same way.
We have some other indications of the philosophy of Oenopides. He is said to have believed in fire and air as basic elements and thought of the world as a living being with God as its soul.
References for Oenopides
1. I Bulmer-Thomas, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990).
3. D R Dicks, Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle (London, 1970).
4. J Mau, Oinopides, in Der Kleine Pauly IV (Stuttgart, 1972), cols. 263-264.
5. P Tannery, La grande année d'Aristarque de Samos, Mémoires de la Société des sciences physiques et naturelles de Bordeaux 4 (1888), 79-96.
Oenopides of Chius A survey of the modern literature with a collection of the ancient testimonia, Berlin2007 - István M. Bodná
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The history of Independence Day celebrations
The night before July 4, people used to start the celebrations with an evening campfire. In New England, cities competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from drums and barrels. These were lit at nightfall, to make way for the celebration. The highest is located in Salem, Massachusetts (in Gallows Hill, the famous site of the execution of 13 women and 6 men for witchcraft in 1692 during the Salem witch trials, where the tradition of the bonfires in the celebration had persisted), integrated by forty barrels levels; these fires are the highest ever recorded. The practice flourished in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and is still practiced in some towns in New England.
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Arthur Gibbs Sylvester
Department of Earth Science
University of California, Santa Barbara
Last modified 1 December 2008
Thousands of scientific papers have been written about granite; they center around three main questions:
1) How is granite magma generated?
2) How does a large volume of granite magma transfer from its site of generation in the lower and middle crust and become emplaced in the shallow crust? and
3) how does a body of granite magma make room for itself when it intrudes the shallow crust?
Not one of the thousands of authors of those scientific papers knows the answer to any or all of the questions for sure, because not one of them was there when the plutons intruded. Those authors can only make inference from equivocal field data, from time-limited laboratory experiments, and from questionable modeling studies. I view granite studies akin to those of a pathologist: From the corpse, s/he must infer its death, but from the granite, the geologist must infer its entire life history – its birth, its adolescence, and its death history.
Given that rather negative introduction, however, considerable insight really has been gained from the totality of field, laboratory, and modeling studies over the last 300 years. The study of granite has progressed greatly even since H. H. Read's 1947 pronouncement that "there are granites and granites".
This web site presents illustrations from studies of the now classic Papoose Flat pluton, which offers a rather clear, but not entirely unequivocal, picture of its emplacement mechanism.
Granite bodies are very large, on the scale of tens to hundreds of cubic kilometers, large enough to require some unique process to replace the pre-existing rocks. The problem is one of transfer of mass – of a great volume of granite magma from depth into the shallow crust. The main ideas that authors over the years have proposed to explain how granite bodies make room for themselves are:
1) forcible emplacement where pre-existing rocks are shoved aside in a wholesale fashion by one large mass of granite magma (favored here for Papoose Flat pluton);
2) dike intrusions where one thin dike after another intrudes and shoves aside piecemeal the pre-existing rocks (recently proposed by many plutons worldwide, but especially for some in the Sierra Nevada);
3) granitization or transformation of pre-existing rocks into granite by solid state processes (hardly anyone ascribes to this mechanism any more except locally on the small scale of tens or hundreds of centimeters);
4) assimilation or geochemical dissolution and transformation of pre-existing rock into granite by processes involving fluids.
Fairly convincing examples exist for the first two mechanisms (Birch Creek pluton; McDoogle pluton), and the reader may spend an entertaining rainy afternoon searching the literature to find other examples. The emplacement mechanism for Papoose Flat pluton is well described in the literature and may take more than an afternoon to read.
My colleagues and I concluded that Papoose Flat pluton represents a single batch of magma that intruded as a large dike, through old rocks now exposed at the east end of the pluton, and then it expanded and forcibly shoved aside younger rocks by plastic flow and recrystallization at the west end of the pluton, much like air expands a balloon. Thus, just as the balloon's walls stretch and thin, so also did the rocks around the west end of Papoose Flat pluton.
The pluton lies at the crest of the northern Inyo Mountains between Owens and Saline valleys nearly at the latitude of Tinemaha Reservoir. Its westernmost exposure at 1830 m asl almost reaches the upper slopes of Owens Valley. The highest part of the pluton underlies Waucoba Mountain at 3390 m asl. The pluton is well exposed so that the geologic relationships leading to the conclusions about forcible emplacement, stretching and thinning of wall rocks, are readily seen in accessible outcrops.
Papoose Flat itself is underlain by granite at an elevation of 2650 m. Several erosional remnants of granite make scenic, randomly isolated spires, or monadnocks, on the flat that are the object of curiosity for off-road excursionists and geologists alike.
Access to the flat is gained by a 15 km-long dirt road that has several steep switchbacks at one point where 4-wheel drive is preferable. The unimproved dirt road to the western end is even more rugged and seldom used by geologic excursions. Access to the east end is gained via the county-maintained dirt road into Saline Valley. Most of the pluton can be reached only by shank's mare after a some rough driving; water is afforded by only two minor, undependable springs.
Papoose Flat pluton is one of several granitic plutons in the White-Inyo Range of eastern California that are generally regarded as satellites of the great Sierra Nevada batholith, which lies 20 km to the west. The granitic compositions and Jurassic-Cretaceous ages of the White-Inyo plutons are closely similar to those in the Sierra. The fundamental difference is that the White-Inyo plutons are largely encased in sedimentary country rocks whose ages and former stratigraphic geometry are known or confidently inferred; only a few screens and pendants of former country rocks are found in the Sierra. There plutons intruded each other in most instances, so it is hard to know how any given pluton made room for itself. Thus it is possible to infer the damage the White-Inyo plutons did to the country rocks more confidently than for the Sierran plutons.
The country rocks in the White-Inyo Range, although extensively folded and faulted, are not metamorphosed except around plutons. Thus, the metamorphism and associated structures date from the intrusion of the plutons. This is a fundamentally important conclusion, because in so many other plutonic terranes, plutons intruded rocks that had already experienced multiple metamorphic events, so that only with great difficulty may one unravel the metamorphism and deformation associated solely with pluton emplacement. Not so at Papoose.
The unique geologic features of Papoose Flat pluton may be tabulated as follows:
Differences between East and West Halves of Papoose Flat Pluton
West Half of the Pluton
East Half of the Pluton
1) Granite is concordant with country rock structure at all scales. 1) Granite cuts country rocks discordantly at the map scale and outcrop scale.
2) Outer margin of the granite is foliated and lineated consonant with the foliation and lineation in the country rocks. 2) Granite has only a vertical linear fabric consisting of aligned long axes of prismatic K-feldspar crystals
3) Granite dikes are rare; a few granite sills are present; two ptygmatically folded aplite dikes are also present. 3) Granite dikes are plentiful.
4) Country rocks resemble regionally metamorphosed schists, with well-developed S and L fabrics developed in flattening deformation. 4) Country rocks resemble classic contact metamorphosed rocks with hornfelsic textures lacking S or L fabrics.
5) Metamorphic grade of country rocks is largely albite-epidote hornfels facies. 5) Metamorphic grade of country rocks approaches hornblende hornfels facies.
6) Country rocks are thinned to just ten percent of their regional stratigraphic thickness. 6) Country rocks retain their regional stratigraphic thickness.
7) The granite-country rock contact dips moderately away from the center of the pluton.
7) The granite-country rock contact is steep to vertical .
8) Pegmatite and mafic enclaves are exceedingly rare. 8) Enclaves of quartz-biotite-rich wallrocks are common; pegmatite is non-existant.
9) Aureole rocks have a strong crystal fabrics. 9) Crystals in aurole rocks lack preferred orientation.
10) K-feldspar megacrysts are matchbox-shaped. 10) K-feldspar megacrysts are both matchbox- and prism-shaped. Penetrating K-feldspar twins are common as are euhedral, singly terminated, euhedral quartz crystals.
Papoose Flat pluton is tadpole-shaped in plan view, being about 13 km-long in the east-west direction and a maximum of 8 km wide. The tail of the "tadpole" is an apophysis that extends 2 km into Saline Valley. Structurally the pluton is dome-shaped; its contacts everywhere dip moderately to steeply outward. The granite consists largely of pale gray, biotite quartz monzonite that grades imperceptibly into biotite granodiorite close to the contact with the country rocks. The granite is remarkably homogeneous texturally except for the marginal gneissic facies and the vertically lineated granite in the apophysis, and it lacks distinctive internal contacts. A few small pegmatite dikes may be found beneath the west side of Waucoba Mountain. Mafic enclaves do not exist in the west half of the pluton but are common at the east end in the apophysis. Its age is 83 ma.
The singular feature of Papoose Flat pluton is the attenuation of country rocks around the west half of the pluton to about ten percent of their regional stratigraphic thickness. For example, the Poleta Formation has a regional stratigraphic thickness of 365 m, whereas it is less than 61 m thick around the west end of the pluton.
Internally, each member or informal subdivision of any given formation, although metamorphosed, may be readily related to its unmetamorphosed counterpart. For example, the upper limestone of the Poleta Formation consists regionally, from base to top, of 18 m of buff-colored limestone, 37.5 m of pale blue limestone, and 6 m of buff limestone at the top. The three buff-blue-buff limestone units may be walked continuously in outcrop for 3 km from an undeformed, unmetamorphosed succession to the margin of the pluton where a buff-blue-buff calcite marble is only 1-2 m thick.
The metamorphic rocks around the west half of the pluton are strongly foliated with a crystal lineation that lies within the plane of the foliation. Rocks having pronounced rheologic differences, such as quartzite and quartz-mica schist, are boudinaged or exhibit pinch and swell structures in response to the relative brittle behavior of the quartzite and the ductile behavior of the schist. The geometric relationship of the lineation and foliation to the boudins and pinch and swell structures clearly demonstrates that the lineation in both the outer marginal facies of the granite and in the country rocks is a stretching lineation (an A lineation in the strain terminology).
The boudins, pinch and swell structures, lineation, and foliation clearly indicate that these rocks flattened and thinned by plastic flow and recrystallization in response to heat and outward directed pressure from the intruding granite magma.
Matt Nyman and colleagues performed detailed thermometry on the rocks and came up with thermal profiles (plots of metamorphic temperature versus distance) across the aureole that have relatively flat and narrow temperature gradients (<100m). The gradients near the contact indicate temperature decreased slightly from 500–550°C at the pluton/wall rock contact to 450–500°C at the outer margin of the aureole. The thermal effects from emplacement extend no farther than 600 m from the contact in one of the thermal profiles. The pressure was less than 4 kbar, based on the coexistence of andalusite and cordierite in pelitic rocks of the aureole. That pressure is consistent with our inference of 2-3 kbar based on the postulated stratigraphic thicknesses of rocks that probably existed atop the pluton when it was emplaced.
Nyman et al used an analytical solution of the conductive heat flow equation for a rectangular-shaped pluton to reproduce the observed thermal maxima and profile shape. They concluded that isotopic and field evidence indicates limited fluid flow along the strongly deformed margin of the pluton to conductive rather than convective cooling. They also concluded that the strain rate in the aureole rocks may have been 10-12s-l, based on simple thermal models, observed high-temperature deformation features, and a measured 90% attenuation of stratigraphic units in the plastically deformed western part of the pluton's aureole. They postulated that two distinct generations of andalusite growth in pelites is evidence for episodic heating or prolonged heating and, therefore, slower strain rates. Thermal models also indicate that parts of the pluton still may have been above the solidus during deformation of the pluton margin and aureole.
The pluton contact is cut by a set of conjugate faults, wherein the more common is the NE-striking, left-slip one. Palinspastic restoration of the faults yields a pluton shape that trends northwest in contrast to its present E-W orientation. The faults die out in the pluton where they are healed by K-feldspar and quartz, indicating that the faults formed when the margin of the pluton was cool enough to fracture, but while the core was still hot enough to yield hydrothermal, mineral-rich fluids that could heal the fractures.
We concluded that Papoose Flat pluton intruded the core of the Inyo anticline as a dike, now exposed as the discordant apophysis at the east end of the pluton. The magma rose higher into the anticline, expanded its wall rocks concordantly like air expands the skin of a balloon, and then it was cut by a set of post-crystalline, conjugate faults.
We explained the disparate behavior of country rocks in the east and west halves of the pluton as due to hydrolytic weakening of silicate minerals in arenaceous and argillaceous sedimentary rocks that, when metamorphosed, allowed them to be as rheologically ductile as calcareous rocks at the same temperatures and pressure. We noted that the country rocks around the east half of the pluton consist of notably anhydrous argillite, dolomite, and quartzite of the Wyman, Reed, Deep Spring, and lower Campito formations, whereas the upper Campito, Poleta, and Harkless formations around the west half are shale-rich. Metamorphic dehydration of the shale would yield H2O that under elevated pressure and temperature would enter the crystal lattices of silicate minerals and thereby weaken the shale-bearing formations so that they could readily flow.
Some years later, Rick Law and Sven Morgan did a detailed study of quartz and andalusite crystal fabrics in the metamorphic aureole and concluded that initial the magma intruded initially as an inclined sill that subsequently inflated into a pluton or laccolith. Their conclusion differs in being able to put a label on the resultant pluton shape by saying it is a sill or laccolith rather than some kind of abstract balloon.
Law and Morgan then teamed up with Michel de St. Blanquat and Jean-Luc Bouchez in an AMS study of the pluton's cryptic internal magnetic fabric and found that conforms to the contact and structure of the wall-rocks in the west half, supporting the pluton's concordant emplacement there. The granite fabric is less organized in the east half, corresponding to the discordant nature of the pluton contact there. They concluded that the pluton assembled by forcible intrusion of successive pulses of magma at a crustal depth of 12–15 km. Thus, initial pluton formation involved magma ascent in a vertical west- northwest–striking feeder dike, now represented by the apophysis, which was arrested at a stratigraphically controlled mechanical discontinuity in the overlying Cambrian metasedimentary rocks, leading to formation of a southwest-dipping sill. We believe that the discontinuity is the change from anhydrous to hydrous rocks that is located near the top of the Campito Formation.
The sill, accompanied by horizontal infilling from the feeder dike at the base of the sill, subsequently inflated. Law and colleagues postulated that downward cooling from the roof of the pluton prevented further vertical inflation on the west side of the pluton, so that the magma was forced expand laterally northeastward. That inflation, which deformed and vertically translated previously emplaced magma pulses and local raised the sill roof, was facilitated by thermal and hydrolytic weakening as the wall-rock temperatures progressively increased during emplacement of successive magma pulses. Field evidence of successive pulses of magma pulses is lacking, however, except for a couple minor exceptions on the northwest flank of Waucoba Mountain where contacts between subtle textural variations can be trace a few tens of meters.
Simple thermal modeling by Law and his colleagues, using microstructural and thermobarometric data, indicates that the total duration of emplacement of the pluton did not exceed 30,000 yr. They concluded that this rapid emplacement rate may explain why the pluton appears to be anorogenic even though it was emplaced during a period of regional deformation.
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Remnant from the Triassic Period
Tuataras are an Ancient Species Still Living Today in New Zealand
by Annie Shao, age 17
The khaki-colored, rough-skinned reptile is about 16 inches in length. Although at first glance, the tuatara looks more or less like an iguana, it is actually vastly different in an evolutionary sense. Scientists have labeled it a “living fossil” because its skeletal anatomy has changed little since hundreds of millions of years ago during the Triassic period, the geological era that preceded the Jurassic period.
Not the average reptile, the tuatara has a uniquely long lifespan. Some have even been known to outlive the giant tortoise that lives for as long as 100 years. Scientists have recorded individual tuataras as old as 200 years, and speculate that some may be even older.
To match their longevity, tuataras have long reproductive periods. A female becomes sexually mature at age 20, and can still reproduce at 80. This lengthy reproductive window does not come without reason: tuataras reproduce slowly. It takes two to three years for unfertilized eggs to develop inside the mother. Once impregnated, the mother gives birth after seven to eight months. The eggs then need to be incubated in the ground for about a year before the baby tuataras emerge.
Tuataras also retain many primitive characteristics. Their heart and lung structures are simple compared to those of other reptiles, and their dental structure is just like that of a dinosaur. While modern mammals and reptiles have tooth sockets, the tuatara’s teeth sprout directly from its mandible. These teeth allow for a different method of chewing. Their single row of lower teeth slide into two rows of upper teeth, cutting like scissors. Perhaps most amazing, tuataras have a third eye on the top of their skull known as a pineal eye. This is a primitive feature. The eye is made up of only a few light-sensitive cells.
Despite its ancient physique, the tuatara’s genome evolves extremely rapidly. Scientists are still baffled by the fact that its DNA has possibly the highest mutation rate of any vertebrate.
Living in an isolated island habitat like New Zealand has also contributed to evolutionary changes in the tuatara species. Tuataras have adapted effectively to New Zealand’s environment. For example, they can withstand near-freezing temperatures. Their hemoglobin—or oxygen-carrying proteins in the blood—and their enzymes, are programmed to operate at low temperatures. Their tolerance for the cold allows them to be nocturnal. At night, they prey on wetas, giant crickets unique to New Zealand.
Currently, about 50,000 tuataras exist in New Zealand where they are considered a national treasure. Herpetologists, scientists who study reptiles, have recorded about 1,000 of them per acre on Stephens Island, a place heavily populated with reptiles.
These primordial reptiles thrive alongside other extraordinary creatures of New Zealand. Although many of their body structures are primitive compared to that of most animals, tuataras and their strange features manage to exist in a modern world.
[Source: The New York Times]
Very interesting article, Annie! Keep up the good work! – Max LienMadison, WI (2011-06-16 18:36)
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Did the Mayflower Bring Bed Bugs to the New World?
Bed bugs, the little parasites that feed on the blood of people and animals, are actually not native to North America. It is believed they were first brought to the continent either by explorers or the pilgrims.
Some sources indicate that the bed bugs, which have plagued Europe, Asia and Africa for thousands of years, first came to North America with Christopher Columbus and his crew, while other sources, such as the book, Studies in Insect Life and other Essays, suggest the parasites were passengers on the Mayflower:
“Cimex [the Latin word for bed bugs] is particularly common in ships, especially emigrant ships, and although unknown to the aboriginal Indians of North America, it probably entered that continent with the ‘best families’ in the ‘Mayflower.’”
According to the book Insect Biodiversity, thirteen different types of insects and parasites that were common in England but unknown to North America were introduced to the continent before the year 1800.
Bed Bugs
Bed bugs eventually became so common in the colonies that they earned nicknames from the colonists and the Native-Americans incorporated the bugs into their languages, according to the book Infested: How the Bed Bug Infiltrated Our Bedrooms and Took Over the World:
“By at least 1748, the bugs were common from the English colonies up into Canada, first appearing in gateway seaport towns and then working their way into other settlements through trade and travel. As the settlements grew, so did the bugs’ territory, and eventually they would earn nicknames like “the redcoats” and “mahogany flats.” They hitched rides into homes on used furniture, traveler’s luggage, and maids’ laundry baskets, spreading between adjoining houses and adjacent tenements…Eventually, Native-Americans incorporated the pests into their languages. In Navajo the bed bug is wósits’ílí, and in Cherokee it is galuisdi. In Hopi the bugs, or perhaps a closely related species, are pesets’ola…”
In fact, the pilgrims and early settlers of North America have been accused of not only introducing bed bugs to the continent but other non-native insects as well, such as cockroaches and lice.
Ever since bed bugs made their debut in North America, people have been trying to find ways to control or eradicate them. These attempts were mostly unsuccessful until the introduction of pesticides such as DDT in the 1940s.
Although the pesticide was highly effective and nearly wiped out the parasites completely, it was also very toxic and harmful to the environment.
The U.S. government officially banned DDT in 1973 and since then bed bugs have been on the rise again, reaching epidemic proportions in just the past few years.
Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Edited by Robert G. Foottit, Peter Holdridge Adler; Blackwell Publishing, 2009
Shipley, Sir Arthur Everett. Studies in Insect Life and Other Essays. T. Fisher Unwin, 1916
Morgan, Daniel J. Historical Lights and Shadows of the Ohio State Penitentiary. 1918
Borel, Brooke. Infested: How the Bed Bug Infiltrated Our Bedrooms and Took Over the World. University of Chicago Press, 2015
About Rebecca Beatrice Brooks
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Was the political system of the Mongolian Empire parlamentary and, if so, how did it become parlamentary?
Expert Answers
ophelious eNotes educator| Certified Educator
The governmental structure of the Mongolian Empire under Genghis was indeed parliamentary, though non-democratic in that the member chiefs were appointed based on extreme loyalty or bravery. It was called the Kurultai and consisted of the various Mongol chiefs who met with the Kahn to discuss common issues, both foreign and domestic. There were sort of "national" Kurulati, which elected the "Great Kahn," and regional Kurultai, which elected regional leaders. The amount of autonomy these bodies possessed is debatable and dependent upon the situation the Khans found themselves in.
Unlike a modern parliament, the Kurultai also functioned as a war council in which goals and strategies would be discussed. Thus, its main job was to select new leaders and strategize. Less time was spent in lawmaking than in a modern parliament.
The early mongols were very clannish and lived over expanses of land. They squabbled and fought in the same way the nobility of Europe did. The parliamentary system that developed was a way for these tribes to maintain some unity of thought and action. The power of such a body fluctuates greatly depending on the attitudes of those in it and the strength of the individual clans. When united, such as during the later time of Genghis, it could function fairly well. Under the rule of weaker leaders it could lead to fragmentation.
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Huarpe, extinct Indian people of South America who inhabited an area bounded on the west by the Andes and on the east by the Pampas, in the present-day province of Mendoza, Argentina. They engaged in hunting and gathering to supplement their marginal agriculture. Huarpe settlements were usually found along rivers and lakes or in places where irrigation was possible. Each settlement was headed by a chieftain. The family consisted of a man and one or more wives. They worshipped a god, Hunuc Huar, who lived in the mountains, as well as the Sun, the Moon, the morning star, and the hills. The population was never very large. Deportation to Chile as industrial labourers contributed to their extinction in the early 18th century.
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The origins of cartography
Cartography did not arose as a fully developed science or even art; it developed slowly and with difficulty, the sources of its origin are in the clouds. The first and the most important stage of its development starts in the last century of the pre-Christian era, in Alexandria, Egypt, the Roman capital. This city, located just 12 miles from the mouth of the Nile, was at that time the largest information center, where news from the whole world flow. Richly endowed with natural wonders, Alexandria was able to significantly augment inheritance masterpieces of architecture, art treasures and books; the beauty and the value of which rivaled only with the Eternal City. Alexandria became a true center of the Hellenic world, alluring beacon for travelers and a haven for scientists - a city where people could think.
Among European travelers, who in 25 BC crossed the Mare Nostrum (Mediterranean Sea) to visit Alexandria, was a young man named Strabo. Born in Amasia, the capital of the former kingdom of Pontus, he was a very important figure in the history of cartography.
Strabo was a very curious traveler; in addition, he had a very good ability to evaluate what he had seen. He was born in 63 BC and received an excellent education. While in Rome, he studied at Tirraniona whom Cicero considered to be capable philosopher and outstanding geographer. Strabo was a convinced Stoic, loyal follower of Zeno from Kition - the founder of the sect, for which physics, ethics and logic were the "official art", without which it is impossible to apply the philosophy and thereby acquire knowledge.
Strabo takes in history and in this story a strange place. It is doubtful that he has made at least some personal contribution to the treasury of human knowledge; hardly in his life he has made at least one map. But the "Geography" of Strabo - work in 17 books - is the main key to the history of ancient cartography, simply because this manuscript survived and was published, while most other works and maps were lost or destroyed.
Almost everything we know about Greek cartography up to Claudius Ptolemy (150 AD), originates in the writings of Strabo. So we were lucky that Strabo was not only a historian with extensive interests and talent of the narrator, but a geographer, interested in the customs and origin - the details of which more academically minded authors could find unnecessary. It is believed that he spent almost five years at the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, studying the works of ancient philosophers and scientists and collecting material for his "Geography".
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Armenian Highland
Also found in: Wikipedia.
Armenian Highland
the central of three Southwest Asiatic highlands; located mainly in Turkey, partly in the USSR and Iran. The part of the Armenian Highland that is in the USSR (the so-called Transcaucasian Highland) occupies all of the Armenian SSR, the southern Georgian SSR, and the western Azerbaijan SSR. In the broad sense of the word the Armenian Highland also embraces the Lesser Caucasus, the Armenian Taurus, and the Kurdish Mountains, taking in an area of approximately 400,000 sq km. In terms of structural geology, the Armenian Highland is a segment of the Mediterranean alpide volcanic zone of folding with an extensive distribution of thick sedimentary layers from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras and intrusions of granitoid and ultrabasite rock mainly from the Upper Cretaceous, Paleocene, and Neocene periods. In the highland there are numerous, often large deposits of chromite—for example, in Guleman (Turkey); copper pyrite ore, such as in Murgul (Turkey) and Kvartskhanra (USSR); arsenic, in Kagizman (Turkey); iron, gold, semimetallic ores, manganese, and rock salt in Kulp (Turkey); coal in Oltu (Turkey); and manifestations of petroleum and natural gas. The topography consists of Neocene and Anthropocene lava plateaus topped with volcanic cones, which were uplifted by the most recent vaulting movements, and tectonic basins which remain from a general upheaval of the basin structure and which are divided by folding fault-block mountain ranges. Many mountain ranges (Dzhavakhet, Arsiianskii, Ağri Dağ) were formed by chains of volcanoes which sprang up along large fractures. The highest volcanoes are Great Ararat(5, 165 m), Sabalan (4,821 m), Süphan (4,434 m), and Aragats (4,090 m). In historical times (1441) only the Nemrut volcano has been active. The largest nonvolcanic mountain ranges of the highland are, in the Soviet part, the Zangezur and, outside the USSR, the Palandoken, Bingöl, Ala Dag, Qotur, Kara Dag, Mishab, Karabakh, Gegam, and Bozqush. Characteristic of the highland are tectonic basins, parts of which are occupied by lakes (Van, Sevan, Urmia) with bottoms at altitudes from 700 to 2,000 m. Major hollows include Ararat, Erzurum, Mu, and Tabriz. The most extensive plateaus are the Kars, Ardahan, and Dzhavakhet. The climate of the Armenian Highland is subtropical continental. Annual precipitation averages 300–800 mm in the mountains and 150–300 mm in the basins. Minimum precipitation occurs in the winter and maximum in the spring. Winters are long; there is frost in the mountains and snow in the north and west. Average temperature in January ranges from-3° to -15° C; in July the average is 15° to 20° C and up to 25° C in the basins. The upper courses of the Kura, Aras (in Russian, Araks) Euphrates, and Great Zab (left tributary of the Tigris) rivers, as well as the large lakes Van, Urmia (saltwater), and Sevan, are all located in the Armenian Highland. There are many mineral springs, including thermal springs. The basins have arid steppes and mountainous semideserts. Soils are light chestnut and brown, ranging to sierozems. There are zones of river meadows and brushwood along the watercourses and densely populated oases in the irrigated areas. From 800 to 1,400 meters the humid slopes have mountainous steppes with dark chestnut soils and chernozems; forests (oak, pine), brushwood overgrowth of the shibliak type, and stands of juniper are encountered in the lightly podzolized brown forest soils between 1,000 and 2,300 meters. Thickets of low-growing pillowlike thorny brushwood are widely distributed in the rocky soils on the less humid slopes. Regions of alpine meadows occur at elevations of 2,000 to 3,000 m, and above this zone craggy landscapes predominate. The summits of Great Ararat, Süphan, and Kaputdzhukh are covered with permanent snow and glaciers. There are many rodents and reptiles in the Armenian Highland; the roe deer, bezoar goat, mouflon, bear, leopard, and striped hyena are also encountered.
Magak’ian, 1. G. “Armeniia ν sisteme tsentral’nogo Sredizemnomor’ia.” Doklady AN Armianskoi SSR, 1966, vol. 42, no. 4.
References in periodicals archive ?
It is situated in the heart of the Armenian Highland, at an altitude of 1914 meters.
The Armenian Highland is the central-most and highest of three land-locked plateaus that together form the northern sector of the Middle East.
And in the Armenian highlands, they'll follow a high-altitude, UNESCO-protected ridgeline in the country's little-visited Southern Highlands.
In addition, individual chapters address sesame cultivation in China, Ethiopia, Iran, Somalia, Thailand, Turkey, the Armenian Highlands, and America.
is provided by Zvartnots Dance Ensemble and Vartan and Siranoush Gevorkian Dance Ensemble, all known to dance to the intricate choreography of traditional and contemporary Armenian music, clad in the dazzling costumes of the Armenian Highlands.
His emissaries shuttled between Gilan and Safawi bases in Anatolia, Syria and the Armenian highlands.
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Lesson Plans: Grades 3-5
The Royal Art of Benin
The Lesson
Benin Kingdom people, Nigeria, mask
Benin Kingdom people, Nigeria, mask
Credit: The University of Iowa Museum of Art, The Stanley Collection (572).
Anyone who lived in the West African kingdom of Benin during its existence from the 12th or 13th century until its conquest by the British in 1897 was left in no doubt about one thing: the power of the king of Benin. In this lesson, students will learn how royal power was communicated in a society without written records—through brass plaques. Craftspeople from Benin created these works of art to speak to the people about the powers of their divine king.
Guiding Questions
• How did the king of Benin use works of art to project an image of power, authority, and divinity to the people of Benin?
Learning Objectives
• Identify Benin as a kingdom in West Africa
• Locate on a map the modern-day country of Nigeria, site of the kingdom of Benin
• Describe the power of the king of Benin
• Show how the king communicated his authority through the use of brass plaques
Preparation Instructions
This lesson plan consists of two sets of learning activities that build upon one another and should, therefore, be used sequentially. The first set of activities provide background and context for the second set. It should take about three class periods to complete all activities.
Students will examine brass plaques from the African kingdom of Benin. Some plaques depict Portuguese traders and soldiers, reflecting the influence of contact with the first Europeans. For the most part, these plaques have not been referenced in this lesson. Instead, the plaques chosen indicate aspects of life in Benin during the "pre-contact" period. (Having said that, the plaques are not entirely free from outside influence; their shape may well mimic the dimensions of books brought to Benin by the Portuguese.)
Artifacts from the Smithsonian are either:
• part of a permanent exhibit and can be accessed by clicking on a link; or
• part of the museum's collection that has to be accessed by conducting a search; in this lesson, search by "Nigeria" for country and "Edo peoples" for ethnic group.
Lesson Activities
Activity 1. Begin in Benin
Begin by arranging for students to locate the site of the kingdom of Benin on a map of Africa.
Have them go to the EDSITEment-reviewed resource National Geographic Society Xpeditions, and click on the map site. On the world map, click on Africa, then click on the modern-day country of Nigeria in the west of the continent. Locate Benin City, in south-central Nigeria, east of Lagos.
Or you may have students go to the EDSITEment-reviewed Odyssey Online website and click on the word Nigeria. Note to students that, despite its name, the kingdom of Benin was located in southern Nigeria, not in the neighboring country of Benin.
Background on Benin
Provide the students with background on this African kingdom, which flourished in the late 1400s, and on the king of Benin, known as the oba. You can find an overview at the Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art, a link available through the EDSITEment-reviewed Art and Life in Africa Online, and at EDSITEment's Detroit Institute of Art.
Plaques in the Palace
Explain that the oba—the king of Benin—adorned his palace with hundreds of metal plaques, or decorated pieces of metal. It was an act of amazing extravagance, a bit like hanging all the gold of Fort Knox on the walls of the White House.
But there was a point to all this extravagance. For the scenes on the plaques showed what the oba of Benin wanted his people to think about him—that he was powerful and that he was divine.
Point out that the plaques were quite small (about a foot and a half tall) and were made of brass—because brass showed something of the power of the oba. How could a metal do that? Because brass is hard and long lasting, the people of Benin associated it with the enduring power of the oba.
The king controlled the manufacture of brass plaques in Benin. Craftspeople could make brass for no one but the oba. If they did, they could be put to death. That's how serious a business this was to the king of Benin.
Activity 2. Let's Look at the Art: People and Animal Plaques
People Plaques
Have the students look at the plaque of the oba on horseback at the State Museum of Berlin, a link available from the EDSITEment-reviewed resource Goethe Institute. (Click on the magnifier to make the image bigger.)
Ask the students to describe what they see. Two attendants use their shields to shade the king, who rides sidesaddle on his horse, a manner of riding reserved exclusively for the king. Smaller figures bearing swords hold up his outstretched hands. This showed that the king ruled with their support.
And how about the size of the figures? Their relative sizes reflect their status in the court hierarchy.
Draw the students' attention to the hole above the oba's head. What do they think this was for? Explain that holes like this allowed the plaques to be nailed to the palace walls.
Now have them look at this Smithsonian plaque. Again, they should remark on the relative size of the figures. Note, too, the pair of nail holes. (You can see another plaque at the Smithsonian site; search by "Nigeria" and "Edo peoples," then click on "Full Record" for the third plaque of the oba and his attendants.)
Animals in the Art
Benin plaques didn't just feature people, but animals as well. These animal plaques still had the job of telling the people about their king.
Explain to the students that the oba liked to associate himself with certain animals—animals that exuded strength or certain special powers.
One was the mudfish. Have the students look at the figure of a mudfish on the Smithsonian site (again, search by "Nigeria" and "Edo" peoples, then scroll through to the mudfish, which is the eighth artifact listed).
What could a mudfish tell the people about their oba? It wasn't ferocious, like a shark, or powerful, like a whale.
But the mudfish had other abilities. It was a creature that could move across land as well as water. Did this special prowess reflect the oba's ability to swim as well as walk? No, it symbolized his ability to transfer between two realms—the earthly and the spiritual, between life and death. The mudfish became a symbol of the king's divinity.
The kings of Benin went farther than just creating images of the mudfish. So great was the power of this fish that obas had themselves depicted with mudfish legs. Look at this plaque from the Detroit Institute of Art. (Click on the "Explanation of Symbols," then on the "Larger Version.")
The oba has a human torso, but his legs are formed by mudfish.
The plaque shows an elephant's trunk that ends in a human hand. What might this tell us about the powers of the oba? The plaque also features a frog, which, like the crocodile, was a symbol of the king of Benin. Why were these good symbols? What could these creatures do that the mudfish could do?
The leopard was another symbol of the oba of Benin. Why did the king associate himself with the leopard? What qualities does a leopard have that the king of Benin would like people to think he had? Strength, cunning, speed, daring.
Project Your Own Power—on Paper!
Ask each student to create a wall plaque on a sheet of letter-size paper—oriented lengthwise, like most of the Benin plaques. The plaques should symbolize power and authority. They can include people, costumes, and animals, but not (because Benin had no written language) words.
Display some of the finished products in class. Have the students guess at the meaning of the symbolism used in the "plaques."
Extending The Lesson
A short narrative may help to reinforce the main points of the lesson, such as this incident from the life of oba Esigie, a 16th-century ruler of Benin.
"Whoever wants to succeed in life should not heed the bird that cries disaster." So declared Esigie when an ibis bird is said to have predicted the oba's defeat in a war with a neighboring people. His advisers agreed that the war should be called off. But Esigie refused. This kind of omen might scare ordinary men and women, but not the oba of Benin. He killed the bird and went on to win a great victory, thereby declaring his power not only over his mortal enemies but over fate itself.
Ask the students what the oba demonstrated by killing the bird. What might the people have thought if he had then lost the war?
Esigie wanted to remind everyone of his daring. He commemorated his victory by depicting an ibis bird in some of his plaques and on objects like this carved ivory spoon. (You can also see the spoon and accompanying information at the searchable Smithsonian site.)
Selected EDSITEment Websites
The Basics
Time Required
3 class periods
Subject Areas
• History and Social Studies > Place > Africa
• Art and Culture > Medium > Visual Arts
• History and Social Studies > Themes > Culture
• Critical analysis
• Cultural analysis
• Discussion
• Gathering, classifying and interpreting written, oral and visual information
• Map Skills
• Using primary sources
• Visual analysis
• Robin Currie (AL)
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紀要論文 和田実の「音楽的遊戯」論
Ongakutekiyugi by Minoru Wada
戸江, 真以
(29) , pp.63 - 70 , 2017-03-22 , 広島大学大学院教育学研究科音楽文化教育学講座
This study aimed to examine the characteristics of Ongakutekiyugi proposed by Minoru Wada (1876－1954). In short Ongakutekiyugi is children’s playing with music. Wada played an important role in early childhood educational circles from the late Meiji period to the Showa period. He built the unique theory on not only early childhood education but also children’s music (Ongakutekiyugi). The consummated theory of Ongakutekiyugi was composed of appreciation, singing and dancing. This theory was completed after several attempts. His four books (Yojikyoikuho, Yojihoikuho, Jikkenhoikugaku, Hoikugaku) and papers were the subject of study. His papers were accepted by the early childhood educational journal Fujin-to-Kodomo (later, Yoji-no-Kyoiku). As a result of consideration of these, there were differences between the second book Yoji-Hoikuho (1913) and the third book Jikken-Hoikugaku (1932a). In addition, his early paper differed from that of the Showa period. He added appreciation to the theory of Ongakutekiyugi in his third book, extended his research to the field of dance and had a positive response to dancing in his Showa period paper, unlike in previous writing. For 19 years from 1913 to, the importance of appreciation was discussed by a variety of scholars in the music education world and observation was included in the contents of childcare by imperial ordinance. His construction of the theory of Ongakutekiyugi was influenced by this movement.
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Norwegian stave churches are an architectural representation of the merging of Roman Catholicism and Norse Paganism in the 13th and 14th centuries A.D. In 1015, King Olav Haraldsson made Christianity the official religion of Norway. It took his death 15 years later for the trend to set. Once a majority of the Norwegian pagans converted, the country was faced with a new problem: no churches.
The Vikings were incredible shipmakers, architects, and wood-carvers who had been perfecting these trades for thousands of years. To build the foundation for their homes, they would place wooden posts called staves into holes in the ground. Naturally, their first churches were constructed in the same fashion. Unlike the homes, however, the churches were still being used a hundred years later when the corner posts of such constructions rotted away, leaving the structure to tumble. Viking builders were met with the problem of longevity, a challenge to which they were quick to rise. Now the staves were placed on wooden beams and sills, keeping them off the ground and away from damp, rot, and eventual collapse.
After years of refinement, the stave churches became incredible works of architecture. They are almost entirely made of wood, and rise into the sky with steep, shingled rooftops in a pagoda formation. Few windows allow light into the building, so worship was done by candlelight or in quiet afternoon shadows. The intricate ornamentation is breathtaking; carvings of dragons and other animals embedded in the woodwork tell stories of pagan tradition and Norse legend. Even more incredible is the crafstmanship of the building itself. If you tour a Norwegian stave church, you can see the dovetail joints, braces, and masts that keep the church standing. The precision and detail were achieved without nails and screws, stone or iron.
Although upwards of 1200 churches were built in medieval Norway, only a few stave churches still stand in the Norwegian landscape. Many fell because of poor maintenance and natural forces; others fell because of religious intolerance. There are between twenty and thirty stave churches in tact today, protected by the Society for the Preservation of Norwegian Ancient Monuments.
Information provided by and Norway, a tourist book published by SFG.
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Neonate pronghorn fawns were captured and outfitted with radiocollars to monitor survival.
Pronghorn Fawn Survival
For wildlife populations to sustain or grow, gains (births and immigration) must exceed population losses (deaths and emigration). For pronghorn populations in the Trans-Pecos, immigration and emigration can be considered negligible. Thus, for pronghorn populations suffering from a region-wide decline, pronghorn recruitment is paramount to population recovery. Fortunately, pronghorn have the reproductive potential to recover from catastrophes given that adult does have high incidence for twinning (~98%) including yearling does on a high nutritional plane.
Causes of mortality for pronghorn fawns monitored in the Trans-Pecos, 2011.
Since 2008, annual pronghorn surveys have revealed exceptionally low fawn recruitment. In fact most of the Trans-Pecos experienced fawn recruitment of less than 10% for two consecutive years in 2010 and 2011. These low fawn crops are a major contributing factor to the overall pronghorn decline in the Trans-Pecos. Several hypotheses emerged regarding pronghorn recruitment including fertilization rates, conception rates, fawning rates, incidence of twinning, and fawn survival.
To address fawn recruitment in the Trans-Pecos, we initiated a fawn survival study. Fawns were capture prior to 2 weeks of age using hoop-nets and spotlights at night. Upon capture fawns were weighed, aged, ear-tagged, and a light-weight, expandable radiocollar was affixed. Fawns were monitored from afar to document their behaviors and fate.
In 2011, we captured and radioed 26 neonate fawns over 4 study sites throughout the Trans-Pecos region. We documented high predation rates of fawns in our study where only 2 of the 26 fawns survived to 6 months old. Mortalities were attributed to bobcats (29%), coyotes (25%), and unknown predators (42%). One fawn was inadvertently trampled by cattle.
One of the more alarming statistics we documented in our study was the extremely low body weights of fawns. The abnormally low body weights suggest that the nutrition of fawns was compromised. We speculate that the drought conditions experienced in 2011 depleted the nutritional reserves of pregnant does during their last trimester of pregnancy and during lactation following parturition. The nutritional condition of pronghorn were further jeopardized by high concentrations of Haemonchus. Fawn production across the Trans-Pecos was consistent with our malnutrition hypothesis in that many pregnant does were documented, but few fawns survived to 6 months of age.
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Haunting Images from Abandoned Leper Colony of Chios
Just a few kilometers north of the modern town of Chios in the island lies a row of abandoned buildings, which for centuries served as a leper colony.
Sixty years since the asylum was abandoned, the derelict buildings offer a sometimes macabre, often poignant insight into their history.
If it were not for the smashed doors, the stripped beds that lie rusting, and rotting floorboards, one would be mistaken to think that these buildings were abandoned relatively recently.
Yet, the last patient left the asylum door in 1957, the year when all Greece’s leper colonies were shut down following the discovery of the drug against leprosy.
The colony, called Lovokomeio, opened in 1378 as the first leper colony in Greece and one of the first in all of Europe.
It was intended to isolate those suffering from leprosy and other contagious skin diseases from the rest of society, in order to avoid infecting others.
The origins of leprosy, now known to be caused by a bacterium, were then unknown, adding to the stigma placed on its sufferers.
The colony at Chios started to decline during the 19th century, when the island was the centre of fierce fighting in the Greek War of Independence.
By the middle of the century Chios was largely deserted, and the situation was worsened by an 1881 earthquake, which killed nearly 8,000 people.
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Key to Reading Unit 8
Main Index
Further Study
Unit Key 7
Unit Key 9
Unit 8
1. Caesar had extended the fortification from the left corner of the camp to the river. (Caesar, de Bello Civili, III, 66, 6)
2. For this reason the Haedui fled from their community and came to the senate at Rome (lit. to Rome to the Senate-house). (Caesar, de Bello Gallico, I, 31, 9 adapted)
3. A sudden war occurred in Gaul. The cause of this war was as follows: Publius Crassus was in winter quarters with a legion among the Andes (a Gallic tribe living in the region of modern Anjou) near the [Atlantic] Ocean. Because there was a shortage of grain in these places he dispatched prefects and tribunes of the soldiers to the surrounding communities for the purpose of [finding] grain; among them (i.e. those he dispatched) he sent Quintus Velanius with Titus Silius to the Veneti. The prestige of this community over (lit. of) the sea-coast of those regions is great because the Veneti both have many ships and surpass the rest in knowledge of ships. They had given hostages to Crassus and for this reason they held Silius and Velanius. (Caesar, de Bello Gallico, III, 7, 2ff. adapted)
4. At Alexandria Caesar learnt of the death of Pompey (cognoscit is a vivid present; cf. note on 17.2,10). (Caesar, de Bello Civili, III, 106, 4)
5. The kettle-drums and the Berecyntian boxwood of the Idaean mother are calling you (vocat is singular because it agrees with the nearer subject - a common idiom; the Idaean mother is Cybele (also called Cybebe), a mother-goddess whose worship was centred around Mt Ida in north-western Asia Minor; Berecyntus was a nearby mountain and its boxwood trees were used to make pipes, which are referred to here). (Vergil, Aeneid, IX, 619f.)
6. Your gifts remain fixed for you (i.e. no-one is going to take them from you). (Vergil, Aeneid, V, 348f.)
7. The shades (of the dead) send false dreams [up] to the sky. (Vergil, Aeneid, VI, 896)
8. When he said (lit. gave) these words and quickly (lit. quick; cf. 17.1/3) withdrew into the house (pl. for s.), he asked for horses (poscit is vivid present). (Vergil, Aeneid, XII, 81f.)
9. Altars stand for the shade, gloomy with blue bands and black cypress (Manes is only used in the plural but can refer to the shade or ghost of a single person; this is clear in this line from the broader context, and the shade referred to is that of Priam's son, Polydorus). (Vergil, Aeneid, III, 63f.)
10. Then regal Juno replied (lit. took up [the conversation] in this way). 'That work [you mention (iste)] will be my concern (lit. with me).' (Vergil, Aeneid, IV, 114f.)
11. At home I have a father, I have an unjust stepmother. (Vergil, Eclogues, III, 33)
12. The Ausonians (native Italians) will keep their ancestral speech and customs. (Vergil, Aeneid, XII, 834)
For further elucidation of the above sentences from Vergil consult a translation to see how they fit into the context in which they occur.
13. A fox changes its hair, not its character (mos in the plural can mean customs, as in 12 above, or character, cf. 8.1/4).
14. You are telling me my dream (i.e. telling me what I already know).
15. [X happened] after this, therefore [X happened] because of this (not strictly a proverb but an expression of the fallacy that because one event occurred after another the former was caused by the latter).
(c) Gavin Betts 2000
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"url": "http://tylatin.org/keys/Key8.html"
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Amalgam Electrode in Half-Cells - QS Study
QS Study
Amalgam electrode in Half-Cells
In many cases it is convenient to form the metal electrode by using an amalgam, i.e., a solution of the metal in mercury. Sometimes when the metal is highly reactive, it is more convenient to use the metal in the form of amalgams. The activity of the metal is lowered by dilution with mercury. These electrodes are generally set up by placing the metal-amalgam in contact with a solution of metal ion. An example is the Cd-amalgam electrode used in the Weston standard cell. As shown in Figure, electrical contact is made by a platinum wire immersed in the amalgam.
The reaction is the same as in the metal-metal ion electrode. An amalgam electrode is of importance in those cases where the metal is too reactive to be used in the pure form. For example, one cannot make a sodium electrode with the pure metal as sodium reacts with water, but a sodium amalgam electrode may be set up easily. Unless the amalgam it saturated with respect to the solute metal the concentration of solute metal in the amalgam as well as the concentration of the metal ion must be given as the e.m.f. of the electrode depends on both. A sodium amalgam half-cell is represented as-
Na – Hg (C1│Na+ (C2)
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<urn:uuid:b2b48937-a8ac-4667-9705-e9c6d263d0df>
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"url": "http://www.qsstudy.com/chemistry/amalgam-electrode-half-cells"
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stone-curlew defined in 1930 year
stone-curlew - Stone-Curlew;
stone-curlew - Beak black, yellowish at the base; irides, orbits, legs, and feet yellow; upper parts mottled pale brown; wing-coverts with white tips, forming two narrow bars; quill black; throat and stripe beneath the eye white; neck and breast buff streaked with dark brown. Length, seventeen inches. Sexes alike.
The stone-curlew owes its name to a superficial resemblance in its size and pale brown, mottled plumage to the common curlew, and to its preference for a sandy or stony soil. It is also called the thick-knee, from the curious conformation of its knees, which are very massive, and have a somewhat bulbous appearance. Its other common names are big plover and Norfolk plover, Norfolk and Suffolk being now the headquarters of this species in England, although it is still found in small and, sad to say, diminishing numbers in suitable localities from Hampshire and Dorsetshire in the south to the worlds of Lincolnshire and the East Biding of Yorkshire in the north. It does not occur in Ireland. It is a bird of a somewhat singular appearance, and is the sole representative of its family in Europe. It is a summer visitor to England, a few birds remaining to winter in the southern counties, and inhabits extensive heaths where there are patches of stony or pebbly ground; and it also frequents fallows and downs. In its habits it is semi-nocturnal, feeding principally by night; it is by night that its wild, clear, ringing cry is usually heard. Its breeding- time is about the middle of April, when it deposits its two eggs in a slight hollow in the ground, among the flint pebbles and scanty vegetation. The eggs are buff-coloured, spotted and streaked with grey and brown, and are very hard to discover, so well do they harmonise in hue and markings with the sandy and pebbly ground on which they are placed.
Mr. Trevor-Battye thus describes the nesting habits of the stone- curlew in his ' Pictures in Prose - ' This bird, quite apart from its own very quaint appearance and habits, mast always have a great interest for British ornithologists, as it is the nearest surviving link we have with the great bustard, now, alas I extinct in this country. It is nocturnal in its habits, and is extremely wary and shy. Although on its arrival in spring it keeps well away in the open, it generally lays its eggs not far from a belt or covert of trees. The pair of which I speak had chosen the middle of a gravelly space among the pines. By creeping upon hands and knees under cover of a bank one could gain a position, just fifteen paces away from the nest, without being observed, so close that with my glass I could see the light shine through the crystal prominence of the sitting-bird's great yellow eyes. At intervals one bird would relieve the other on the nest. "When disturbed the birds ran away for shelter to a bank beneath the pines. And here the bird that was not sitting always stood sentry. When its turn came to relieve its mate it would walk pretty deliberately across the first part of the open, where it was more or less screened by a fringe of trees; and then, having reached a point that was commanded from a long way off, it would suddenly lower its head, and run as fast as a red leg to the nest. When it was about a yard away the sitting-bird would slip off, and, staying for no greetings, run past, and away to the pine-bank.... It was interesting to notice that the bird always rose backwards from the nest, so that its long legs should not disturb the eggs; and that the new-comer did not turn the eggs immediately, but squatted perfectly still for perhaps a minute, as if to make sure it was not disturbed. And after the eggs were satisfactorily disposed, and all the coast seemed clear, the bird would close its eyes in the hot sunshine, and appear to go to sleep. But even then I could scarcely so much as move a finger above the ground but instantly it was off its nest and away.'
It is very delightful to be thus let into the domestic secrets of so shy and wary a bird by so close and sympathetic an observer as Mr. Trevor-Battye.
When anxious to avoid being seen the stone-curlew practises the device of squatting close on the ground with its neck extended. The South American rheas have a similar habit, and it is, perhaps, possessed by other large birds that have a more or less protective colouring and inhabit the open country.
The stone-curlew feeds on slugs, worms, and insects, and also devours mice and small reptiles.
The family Glareolidse is represented in works on British birds by one species, the collared pratincole (Glareola pratincola), a rare straggler to Great Britain from Southern Europe. This bird comes between the stone-curlew and the true plovers (family Charadriidse), which follow.
The cream-coloured courser (Cursorius gallicus) is another rare straggler to England from Western Asia and North Africa.
pictures for stone-curlew
stone-curlew stone-curlew. >>>>
near stone-curlew in Knolik
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definition of word "stone-curlew" was readed 754 times
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<urn:uuid:7dedc0f0-967b-48f6-94dd-e146938737b0>
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"language_score": 0.9731131792068481,
"url": "http://knolik.com/article0004896.html"
}
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Microorganisms friends and foe Worksheet-16
Microorganisms friends and foe Worksheet-16
True or False:
1. The living organisms which cannot be seen with naked eyes are called microorganisms.
2. Typhoid is caused by bacteria.
3. Tuberculxin is the toxin released by bacteria causing tuberculosis.
4. Tuberculosis is a viral disease.
5. Hepatitis A is a viral disease.
6. Cholera is transmitted through food and water.
7. Male anopheles mosquito is the carrier of malarial parasite.
8. Plasmodium is the malarial parasite.
9. Malaria is caused by a protozoan.
10. Alcohol is produced by yeast.
11. The process of conversion of sugar to alcohol is pasteurization.
12. Edward Jenner discovered small pox vaccine.
13. Robert Koch discovered penicillin.
14. Disease causing microorganisms are called pathogens.
15. Amoeba is a type of bacteria.
16. Bubbles of oxygen gas fill the dough after fermentation and increase its volume.
17. Yellow vein mosaic of bhindi is a viral disorder of plants.
18. Rhizopus resides in the root nodules of leguminous plants.
19. Spirogyra and Chlamydomonas are types of protozoans.
20. Lactobacillus promotes the formation of curd.
21. Dead or weakened microbes are called antibiotics.
22. When a disease producing microbe enters our body, the body produces antigen.
23. Chemicals used to check the growth of microorganism in food are called preservatives.
24. Salting is the method of preservation used to preserve milk.
25. Sugar reduces the moisture content which inhibits the growth of bacteria in food.
26. Nitrogen is used by the plants for the synthesis of carbohydrates.
27. Microorganisms growing on our food substances produce toxin which leads to food poisoning.
28. Citrus canker is animal bacterial disorder.
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. True
7. True
8. True
9. True
10. True
11. False
12. True
13. False
14. True
15. False
16. False
17. True
18. False
19. False
20. True
21. False
22. False
23. True
24. False
25. True
26. False
27. True
28. False
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<urn:uuid:ec4e08d1-6818-40ba-92aa-b0df1b57d30e>
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"language_score": 0.8035891056060791,
"url": "http://www.learnersplanet.com/8th-class-biology-microorganisms-friend-and-foe-questions-answers"
}
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History of Iloilo City
The waning textile industry was replaced however by the opening of Iloilo's port to world market in 1855. Because of this, Iloilo's industry and agriculture was put on direct access to foreign markets. But what triggered the economic boom of Iloilo in the 19th century was the development of sugar industry in Iloilo and its neighboring island of Negros. Sugar during the 19th century was of high demand. Nicholas Loney, the British vice-consul in Iloilo developed the industry by giving loans, constructing warehouses in the port and introduced new technologies in sugar farming. The rich families of Iloilo developed large areas of Negros, which later called haciendas because of the sugar's high demand in the world market. Because of the increase in commercial activity, infrastructures, recreational facilities, educational institutions, banks, foreign consulates, commercial firms and much more sprouted in Iloilo. Due to the economic development that was happening in Iloilo, the Queen Regent of Spain raised the status of the town into a city, honored it with the title "La muy leal y noble ciudad de Iloilo", and in 1890, the city government was established.
In October 1898, the Ilonggo leaders agreed to revolt against the Spaniards. By December 25, 1898, the Spanish government surrendered to the Ilonggo revoltionaries in Plaza Alfonso XII (Plaza Libertad today). Although the Ilonggos were victorious, the American forces arrived in Iloilo in late December 1898 and started to mobilize for colonization by February 1899. Resistance was the reaction of Ilonggos upon the invasion which went up until 1901.
In 1900, the Americans reverted the city's status into a township again, yet because of the continuous commercial activities and because it was an important port of call in the Visayas-Mindanao area, it gained cityhood status once more in July 16, 1937 incorporating the towns of Molo, Jaro, Mandurriao, La Paz and Villa de Arevalo.
However, prosperity did not continue as the sugar's demand was declining, labor unrests were happening in the port area that scared the investors away and the opening of the sub-port of Pulupandan in Negros Occidental, has moved the sugar importation closer to the sugar farms. By 1942, the Japanese invaded Panay and the economy moved into a standstill. During the Commonwealth era, Iloilo was prosperous and was popularly known as "The Queen City of the South".
By the end of the war, Iloilo's economy, life and infrastructure were damaged. However, the continuing conflict between the labor unions in the port area, declining sugar economy and the deteriorating peace and order situation in the countryside and the exodus of Ilonggos to other cities and islands that offered better opportunities and businessmen moved to other cities such as Bacolod and Cebu led to Iloilo's demise in economic importance in southern Philippines.
By the 1960s towards 1990s, Iloilo's economy progressed in a moderate pace. The construction of the fish port, international seaport and other commercial firms that invested in Iloilo marked the movement of the city making it as the regional center of Western Visayas.
Post a Comment
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<urn:uuid:c1c7ec49-a533-4aa0-b888-8eb46310378b>
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"url": "http://experience-iloilo-philippines.blogspot.com/2010/09/history.html"
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Picture of the Day
Fossils show ancient primates had grooming claws as well as nails
Humans and other primates are outliers among mammals for having nails instead of claws. But how, when and why we transitioned from claws to nails has been an evolutionary head-scratcher. Now, new fossil evidence shows that ancient primates -- including one of the oldest known, Teilhardina brandti -- had specialized grooming claws as well as nails. The findings overturn the prevailing assumption that the earliest primates had nails on all their digits and suggest the transition from claws to nails was more complex than previously thought. Grooming in mammals is not just about looking good. Thick body hair is a haven for ticks, lice and other parasites -- possible health threats, as well as nuisances. It's one that has been retained in many primates. Lemurs, lorises, galagoes and tarsiers have nails on most of their digits and grooming claws on their second -- and in tarsiers, second and third -- toes. So, why did the ancestors of monkeys, apes and humans lose their grooming claws? One possible answer: because we have each other. The research suggests the loss of grooming claws is probably a reflection of more complex social networks and increased social grooming.
Visit Website | Image credit: Kristen Grace/Florida Museum
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"url": "https://news.science360.gov/obj/pic-day/"
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Edwin Cohn - Scientist - Biography
Edwin Cohn Biography
Scientist (1892–1953)
Scientist Edwin Cohn helped develop a method of separating blood plasma proteins, which provided lifesaving care to many soldiers during World War II.
Biochemist Edwin Cohn was born in New York City on December 17, 1892. He spent most of his career at Harvard University. There he helped develop a process of blood fractionation, which separated the proteins in blood plasma. These plasma fractions provided lifesaving treatments during World War II and beyond. Cohn died at the age of 60 on October 1, 1953, in Boston.
Early Life
Edwin Joseph Cohn was born in New York City on December 17, 1892, the youngest of four children. His father was a successful tobacco merchant, which allowed Cohn to grow up in comfort. Cohn attended Amherst College, but transferred to the University of Chicago when he decided to pursue a scientific career.
Early Scientific Career
After completing his undergraduate degree at the University of Chicago, Cohn went on to receive his Ph.D. from the university in 1917. He chose to focus his scientific work on the study of proteins. With the entry of the United States into World War I, Cohn studied the proteins in bread, hoping to discover a way to cope with wartime wheat shortages.
Cohn moved to Harvard Medical School in 1920. There he worked on a liver extract that successfully treated pernicious anemia, though he was unable to isolate the active agent. He also began to study amino acids and peptides, the building blocks of proteins.
Work During World War II
As war broke out around the world, Cohn helped develop a process of blood fractionation, which separated the different proteins in blood plasma. Plasma fractions from human blood provided valuable medical treatments. One fraction, serum albumin, helped save patients who were in shock. Serum albumin from Cohn's lab was used to treat some of those wounded in the attack on Pearl Harbor.
With serum albumin in high demand as World War II raged on, Cohn oversaw the efforts to produce large quantities of this plasma fraction. A perfectionist, Cohn made sure that the industrial production sites met his high quality standards. As it became more available, serum albumin was often used on the battlefield, saving countless lives.
Other plasma fractions also helped patients. Gamma globulin fractions, which contain antibodies, were used to treat measles during the war. Gamma globulins were later the main recourse for fighting polio, up until the arrival of the polio vaccine.
Death and Legacy
In 1948, President Harry S. Truman awarded Edwin Cohn a Medal of Merit for his blood fractionation work. Feeling the importance of continuing to contribute to the public health, Cohn pressed on with his research, which included work on a machine designed to separate blood into its cellular components.
After years of ignoring his doctors' advice about controlling his high blood pressure, Cohn collapsed in his office after having a massive stroke. He died in Boston on October 1, 1953, at the age of 60. Today Cohn is remembered for his dedicated work that led to lifesaving treatments for soldiers and civilians alike.
Fact Check
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<urn:uuid:87e56265-9c3a-40e7-a544-26c54fb4bc3e>
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"language": "en",
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"url": "https://www.biography.com/people/edwin-cohn-9252667"
}
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The southern sand octopus can make a quick escape by making its own quicksand. How? It shoots jets of water into the sand grains, separating them into an almost fluid state, and allowing the octopus to burrow. There under the ocean floor, it hides from predators. This is likely a good thing for an octopus with no ability to camouflage. From New Scientist:
[Research article co-author Jasper] Montana and his team first caught the octopus in the act of burrowing in 2008 when they were scuba diving at night in Port Philip Bay, south of Melbourne, Australia. When they shone a light on the octopus, the startled animal spread out its arms and repeatedly injected high-powered jets of water into the sediment using its funnel… The liquefied sand is likely to reduce drag and so allow the animal to burrow more quickly, using less energy, Montana’s team speculates.
Watch these next: Making Sand Swim, Deep Look’s The Amazing Life of Sand, and the classic octopus unscrews a jar from the inside.
See more videos about...
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<urn:uuid:cfea68ac-52a7-4d47-aaac-7614e3f55123>
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9375462532043457,
"url": "http://thekidshouldseethis.com/post/an-octopus-that-makes-quicksand-for-a-quick-escape"
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Cornell University
Alumna Finds Clues to Climate Change in Ancient Wood
Carol Griggs '77, Ph.D. '06, Cornell's Dendro Lab manager, finds clues to climate change in ancient wood
The scene is straight out of a disaster movie: melting glaciers wreaking havoc on the ecosystem, and a tundra-like wasteland where once forest reigned. Thirteen thousand years ago or so the spruces, firs and birches of central New York state vanished; dendrochronology researcher Carol Griggs '77, Ph.D. '06, is using ancient wood to figure out what happened when they finally reappeared.
Griggs has been working on and off in the Cornell Tree-Ring Laboratory, home to the Malcolm and Carolyn Wiener Laboratory for Aegean and Near Eastern Dendrochronology, since her days as an undergraduate archaeology major. Now a research associate and also the lab manager, she started the New York state and N.E. North American Dendrochronology Project at the Dendro Lab as part of her graduate geology work.
In 2008, a farmer's call led Griggs to a jackpot of old logs sticking out from a stream bank. In three days, she and her volunteers were able to collect useable wood samples from 80 logs, which turned out to be 9,000 to 12,000 years old, dating from the end of the Younger Dryas to the beginning of the warmer Holocene (the current geological era).
Site where ancient logs were discovered
The logs sticking out of the banks of this creek grew anywhere from 6,000 to 12,000 years ago. The logs show evidence of a riverine environment, not much different than what it is today, but much colder. The oldest samples are mainly spruce, a dominant species in boreal forests. Photo provided by Todd Grote.
But Griggs also found evidence of a puzzle: an extremely abrupt drop in temperature near the end of the Younger Dryas era. The climate shift lasted approximately 50 years, much longer than could be accounted for by normal weather conditions. According to Griggs, this sudden dip in temperature must have been due to a large-scale event affecting the North Atlantic region. Figuring out what that event was could shed light on what to expect from the current period of climate change.
"The dip means colder water or colder air getting into this area," Griggs says. "The question is why."
Data about changing temperatures and precipitation patterns can be extracted from wood using both tree ring growth width patterns as well as stable isotope analysis of the wood, explains Charlotte Pearson, research associate and lab supervisor. "For trees growing in environments where conditions are tough, a tiny change in climate can make a big difference in growth, so we look at stressed trees that document those changes over time."
One possibility Griggs has considered for the 50-year temperature drop is based on evidence that salt concentration of the inland Champlain Sea decreased around this time. Perhaps glacial melt caused some of the seawater to spill into Lake Ontario, changing both the salt concentration in the water as well as its temperature. There's some evidence for this, though Griggs cautions that more data is needed before it's clear whether the dip was caused by glacial water coming in and cooling off the area.
With glaciers now melting again and sea levels rising around the world, Griggs says it's conceivable that the events she sees embedded in the ancient wood could happen again.
Carol Griggs prepares tree sample
Griggs prepares a sample from a tree that grew approximately 12,000 years ago. Photo by Lindsay France/University Photography.
In addition to the New York project, Griggs is part of a Dendro Lab team studying an old Istanbul harbor. The wooden posts left in the harbor are filling in a long-standing gap in the tree-ring record for the first millennium A.D. in Constantinople, providing a vital resource for dating in the region. According to Pearson, the Dendro Lab's analysis is so sensitive that researchers can sometimes identify both the year and the exact season in which the wood was cut.
Griggs has reconstructed the climate of the Aegean region from the present all the way back to 1086 A.D., and she plans to continue building chronologies with climatic information, one tree ring sample at a time.
back to listing
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<urn:uuid:8a26b476-dcdf-4f52-8887-db89298fa5e5>
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"url": "http://www.career.cornell.edu/alumni/profiles.cfm?s_id=28&page=1"
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The Histories
The Duke of Vincenza, General Armand de Caulaincourt, served as Napoleon’s ambassador to the Russian Empire from 1807 until 18111. During this tenure, he was forced to watch in horror as the fulfillment of his predictions regarding a French invasion of Tsarist Russia. In the end, Caulaincourt was right and eventually Tsar Alexander I rode into Paris as victor and conqueror of Napoleon. However, Alexander’s time on the world stage would not end with this victory. For, much as he shaped the victory, he would also leave an indelible mark on the shaping of the peace that followed. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to answer the question: “What role did Tsar Alexander I play at the Congress of Vienna?” It will show that he played a very influential role by shaping such matters as the creation of an independent Poland and the establishment of the Holy Alliance, while also ensuring the balance of power in continental Europe remained.
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<urn:uuid:b088173f-596c-4e60-a61a-c8cec2654d4c>
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"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9665939807891846,
"url": "https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol1/iss1/5/"
}
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