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Traffic Lights Requires a Wolfram Notebook System Requires a Wolfram Notebook System At a normal traffic intersection, you will follow the instructions of the light directly in front of you. Did you know there are seven distinct light cycles that will prevent collisions? Graph theory can find these cycles, by labeling each lane, and connecting traffic-compatible lanes. The resulting graph (the order-4 Möbius ladder graph) can be 4-colored in seven distinct ways. Each coloring gives a different 60-second traffic cycle. Traffic engineers also use graph theory for more complex intersections. Contributed by: Ed Pegg Jr (March 2011) Open content licensed under CC BY-NC-SA Feedback (field required) Email (field required) Name Occupation Organization	<urn:uuid:5ff323d3-f48b-42ff-91f0-0d94c5bf1f93>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.734375, "fasttext_score": 0.0566788911819458, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8138389587402344, "url": "http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/TrafficLights/" }
Children’s Literature and Guided Questions Picture Book K-3 You Forgot Your Skirt, Amelia Bloomer by Shana Corey, illustrated by Chesley Mclaren (Scholastic Press, March 2000) Summary: Newpaperwoman Amelia Bloomer refuses to be “proper” and dress like a lady. Her resistance to be proper leads to change…and more resistance. Yet she persists. 1. Looking at the pictures of the story, what do think about what Amelia’s decision to wear bloomers? 2. How else might Amelia have tried to make changes? Do you think they would have worked? 3. Who else was affected by Amelia’s decision? How do you think you would have had to have dressed if you lived as a child in Amelia’s time? 4. Are there some ways in which you have to be like others that you wish you didn’t? 5. Are women and girls still treated differently from men and boys? If so, how? For Grades 4-7 Passage to Freedom: The Sugihari Story by Ken Mochizuki (Lee and Low Books, September 2003) Summary: A Japanese diplomat uses his power against his countries wishes to help Jews escape the Holocaust. Chiune Sugihari was imprisoned and his family was disgraced by these actions. 1. What is the Holocaust? Why did it happen? 2. Why are people prejudiced? 3. Why is it so hard to do the right and compassionate thing at times? 4. Can you think of a time when you or someone you know did something you felt was right that was hard that people thought you shouldn’t do? 5. Why was Sugihari able to help so many people? Other worthy books: Grades K-3: Click Clack Moo: Cows that Type by Doreen Cronin. Illustrated by Betsy Lewin (Simon and Schuster, 2000) A duck organizes the rest of the farm animals to obtain better conditions from the farmer. Grades K-3: Freedom on the Menu: The Greensboro Sit-ins by Carole Boston Weatherford illustrated by Jerome Laguerrigue The story of the struggle for civil rights and those who refused the order to not sit at department store lunch counter and how they resisted oppression. Grade 3-up: Harry Potter (any)—JK Rowling (Scholastic) Any of the books could be used as an example of resistance to evil. Grade K-3: Shingebiss: An Ojibwe Legend by Nancy Van Laan, illustrated by Betsy Bowen (HMH Books for Young Readers, 1997) The legend of a Duck who resisted the bullying tactics of the North Wind Grade 5-Up: Warriors Don’t Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock’s Central High School by Melba Patillo Beals (Washington Square Books, 1994) How 9 African-American students integrated the Sout, told from the viewpoint of one the nine. Grades 4-7: Joan of Arc by Demi (Two Lions, 2011) The stunningly illustrated biography of a Catholic woman’s resistance to the French throne. Grades K-5: Separate is Never Equal: Sylvia Mendez and Her Family’s Fight For Desegregation (Harry N. Abrams, 2014) How a Mexican family desegregated the California school system in 1944. Grades K-3: Dissent: Ruth Bader Ginsberg Makes Her Mark by Debbie Levy illustrated by Elizabeth Baddeley (Simon & Schuster Books for Young Reader, 2016) Beginning with her resistance to being made with her right hand, the biography of the Supreme Court Justice who resisted inequality all of her life) Grades K-3: Horton Hears a Who by Dr. Seuss (Random House, 1954) Horton hears what no one else hears, resists the suggestions from others, and saves a community. Grades 4-7: The Grand Mosque of Paris: A Story of How Muslims Rescued Jews During the Holocaust by Karen Gray Ruelle, illustrated by Deborah Durland DeSaix (Holiday House, 2010) How a mosque worked to save Jews during World War II. Grade 5 and Up: Rad Women Worldwide: Artists and Athletes, Pirates and Punks, and Other Revolutionaries who Shaped History by Kate Schatz and Miriam Klein Stall (Ten Speed Press, 2016) The short biographies of 40 women across time from around the world and how they resisted the status quo. Grades 2-6 Harvesting Hope: The Story of Cesar Chavez by Kathleen Krull, illustrated by Yuyi Morales (HMH Books for Young Readers, 2003) The biography and story of the migrant farmer who organized the march for better working conditions for migrant farmers in California Grade 5-8: Winona LaDuke: Restoring Land and Culture in Native America by Michael Silverstone (The Feminist Press, 2001) Biography of the Native American activist who spoke before the United Nations at 17, and has worked tirelessly on the rights of Native Americans and environmental issues Grades 5 and up: The Hunger Games—Suzanne Collins (Scholastic, 2008) Katniss Everdeen takes on an evil government in a dystopian future of the USA.	<urn:uuid:53d1377d-7d42-4be5-8a6e-6ace2153565e>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.14641541242599487, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9190890789031982, "url": "https://faithrocket.org/january-resistance-re-books" }
This clip is all about strontium analysis of teeth. • Audience: The Himalayas contain many unique and ancient cultures. Recently, a team of researchers and mountaineers led by archaeologist Dr. Mark Aldenderfer began unraveling mysteries surrounding peoples who lived thousands of years ago in the caves of Nepal's Upper Mustang region. Aldenderfer led a 20-day expedition to the Upper Mustang to explore mysterious communal graves discovered in the 1990s. The skeletons and burial artifacts were found in caves on the sides of cliffs. To identify possible burial sites, Aldenderfer and his team, including bioarchaeologist Dr. Jackie Eng and seven-time Everest climber Pete Athans, combed the region for deep caves on the brink of collapse. The bones that Aldenderfer's team collected, thought to be the mysterious Membrak people, were then cleaned, pieced together, and analyzed. This video is about strontium analysis of teeth, what it can tell us about an individual, and the specific results uncovered by Aldenderfer's team. Strontium is an element that occurs naturally in the earth and is absorbed into the bodies of infants through water and mother's milk. Today, scientists can determine exact strontium levels of almost any place on Earth. The strontium levels of Upper Mustang have been documented, and Aldenderfer's team has been documenting strontium in local species like mice and snails. This helps them to determine the exact variables for the mortuary cave locations. 1. What isotope is Dr. Mark Aldenderfer trying to find? Where is he looking for it, and why? Dr. Aldenderfer is looking for strontium in the teeth of remains of ancient people buried in caves in Upper Mustang, Nepal. Strontium comes from groundwater a person drinks, and mothers pass it on to their infants. 2. What surprising discovery does Dr. Aldenderfer make? Strontium analysis reveals that males were indigenous to, or originated, in this high region. The women, who had different strontium levels, were probably from the lowlands. 3. What are the implications of this discovery? The discovery indicates that this area was a well-traveled crossroads. The strontium analysis also implies that women had to adapt to the high, cold climate of Upper Mustang. • Term Part of Speech Definition Encyclopedic Entry anthropology Noun science of the origin, development, and culture of human beings. Encyclopedic Entry: anthropology archaeologist Noun person who studies artifacts and lifestyles of ancient cultures. field work Noun scientific studies done outside of a lab, classroom, or office. Encyclopedic Entry: field work isotope Noun atom with an unbalanced number of neutrons in its nucleus, giving it a different atomic weight than other atoms of the same element. paleontology Noun the study of fossils and life from early geologic periods. Encyclopedic Entry: paleontology	<urn:uuid:f52deb8a-a5c9-485a-ba16-dac670a5725b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.6015695333480835, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9380912780761719, "url": "https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/clue-peoples-origins/" }
Contact FutureLearn for Support Skip main navigation Skip to 0 minutes and 7 secondsA significant part of the interior of every fort was taken up with barrack buildings. These long buildings were characterised by a series of compartments, or contubernia, with a larger house for a centurion or decurion at one end. Scholars have tended to assume that the first permanent barracks are simply a version of the tented arrangements recorded by ancient writers when they describe armies on campaign. A barrack range would thus be allocated to a century for 80 or so soldiers or a turma for about 32 cavalry troopers, depending on the unit type. In reality, we can see that it wasn't necessarily quite that simple. Skip to 0 minutes and 49 secondsMany barrack blocks have more space than we think a regular century or turma might require, but this is still a good way to think about the basic layout of these complex buildings. Within the barrack blocks, the organisation of contubernia is further subdivided to allow for an inner and outer room. Both of these rooms, we believe, would have served a contubernium, the basic infantry section of eight men. It's widely suggested that one of these two rooms was for the soldiers to store their equipment, another for them to sleep in, but it's quite possible that individual groups adapted their quarters to suit themselves. Skip to 1 minute and 32 secondsDespite all the barracks that we've identified, we cannot speak with confidence about the arrangements of beds or furniture, although the location of hearths is often very clear, archaeologically. For many years, archaeologists wondered where the horses of cavalry soldiers would have been kept. Recent work suggests that the distinctive extended pits found in rooms along one side of barracks sites, such as those found in the southern part of Wallsend Fort, were actually placed there to facilitate the mucking out of horses. Skip to 2 minutes and 3 secondsExtrapolating from the idea that these rooms would have accommodated three small Roman horses each, it appears that we can now see how turma barracks were organised, with three troopers occupying a room with a hearth backing onto the rooms where an equivalent number of horses were accommodated. The barracks were very much the focus of life for the soldiers. There were no separate mess halls for soldiers to eat in, so food had to be eaten there. And, so far as we can tell, there were not normally special armouries either, so equipment had to be cleaned and maintained in the soldiers' quarters, too. But there's growing evidence, too, that there was more to life in these barracks than even this would suggest. Skip to 2 minutes and 45 secondsThe soldiers were probably not the only people living in the fort. They had servants to be accommodated and families, too. While some of these may have lived beyond the fort walls, it seems increasingly likely, particularly towards the later period, that many actually lived inside the forts themselves, and that surely meant in the barracks. Next week, we'll be looking at the archaeological evidence for these underrepresented groups, too. Soldiers and their barracks A soldier on campaign would have slept in a tent (papillo) made of goat skin, but in more permanent quarters, he would have lived in a barrack block. Long L-shaped barrack ranges are a familiar feature of Roman forts. A large house which projected out at one end of the block would have housed the commander of the contingent, normally either a centurion (if it was an infantry unit) or a decurion (if cavalry). The soldiers would then have lived in blocks within the barracks. An eight man infantry section (contubernium) would have occupied each two room block, and probably used one room for sleeping and the other for other purposes such as storing equipment. Cavalry barracks look the same in plan, but their internal organisation was different: one room for three troopers, and back to back with it, another room for three of their mounts. Many first and second century barracks had a veranda where soldiers could sit and work while sheltered from the elements. In the video we see a reconstructed barracks from the third century, as displayed at Arbeia Roman Fort in South Shields. You will notice that this particular barrack type does not have a veranda, or a projecting officer’s house, but the internal divisions of the building are similar to those used in earlier periods – a larger quarters for an officer at one end, and blocks of two rooms each running along the rest of the building. There is still a lot that we don’t know about the internal organisation of Roman barracks, and our ignorance is compounded by the fact that soldiers probably varied their organisation of these spaces. Future excavation work will no doubt help us understand the arrangements better. Crucial clues as to how the occupants lived will come from the study of the remaining structures and the artefacts found within. The video contains a number of examples of barrack buildings from the frontier zone in an attempt to help understand how they were used. We will talk more about some of the artefacts and their significance later. • What do you think the barrack buildings reveal about life in Roman forts? Share this video: This video is from the free online course: Hadrian's Wall: Life on the Roman Frontier Newcastle University Course highlights Get a taste of this course before you join:	<urn:uuid:ea8132a2-8b5c-4f9e-8798-5b6996d40ac5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.875, "fasttext_score": 0.03023618459701538, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.976436972618103, "url": "https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/hadrians-wall/5/steps/204939" }
english dictionary definition meaning english dictionary definition meaningYesDictionary.com Lookup English Definition: virtual : [v'ɚtʃuəl] Virtual \Vir"tu*al\ (?; 135), a. [Cf. F. virtuel. See {Virtue}.] 1. Having the power of acting or of invisible efficacy without the agency of the material or sensible part; potential; energizing. [1913 Webster] Heat and cold have a virtual transition, without communication of substance. --Bacon. [1913 Webster] Every kind that lives, Fomented by his virtual power, and warmed. --Milton. [1913 Webster] 2. Being in essence or effect, not in fact; as, the virtual presence of a man in his agent or substitute. [1913 Webster] A thing has a virtual existence when it has all the conditions necessary to its actual existence. [1913 Webster] To mask by slight differences in the manners a virtual identity in the substance. --De Quincey. [1913 Webster] {Principle of virtual velocities} (Mech.), the law that when several forces are in equilibrium, the algebraic sum of their virtual moments is equal to zero. {Virtual focus} (Opt.), the point from which rays, having been rendered divergent by reflection of refraction, appear to issue; the point at which converging rays would meet if not reflected or refracted before they reach it. {Virtual image}. (Optics) See under {Image}. {Virtual moment} (of a force) (Mech.), the product of the intensity of the force multiplied by the virtual velocity of its point of application; -- sometimes called {virtual {Virtual velocity} (Mech.), a minute hypothetical displacement, assumed in analysis to facilitate the investigation of statical problems. With respect to any given force of a number of forces holding a material system in equilibrium, it is the projection, upon the direction of the force, of a line joining its point of application with a new position of that point indefinitely near to the first, to which the point is conceived to have been moved, without disturbing the equilibrium of the system, or the connections of its parts with each other. Strictly speaking, it is not a velocity but a length. {Virtual work}. (Mech.) See {Virtual moment}, above. [1913 Webster] adj 1: being actually such in almost every respect; "a practical failure"; "the once elegant temple lay in virtual ruin" [synonym: {virtual(a)}, {practical(a)}] 2: existing in essence or effect though not in actual fact; "a virtual dependence on charity"; "a virtual revolution"; "virtual reality" 31 Moby Thesaurus words for "virtual": accepted, basic, between the lines, constructive, covert, cryptic, delitescent, dormant, effective, esoteric, essential, fundamental, hibernating, hidden, latent, lurking, muffled, mystic, obfuscated, obscured, occult, possible, potential, practical, sleeping, submerged, under the surface, underlying, understood, unmanifested, install english dictionary definition & meaning lookup widget! english dictionary definition meaning工具: Select Color: english dictionary meaning information: English Dictionary 2005-2009	<urn:uuid:3bfb3633-c04b-414a-8875-46c2e29dc276>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.33624374866485596, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.721846342086792, "url": "http://www.yesdictionary.com/Virtual" }
Japanese Beetle Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) The Japanese beetle is a highly destructive plant pest that can be very difficult and expensive to control. Feeding on grass roots, Japanese beetle grubs damage lawns, golf courses, and pastures. Japanese beetle adults attack the foliage, flowers, or fruits of more than 300 different ornamental and agricultural plants. Japanese beetles were first found in the United States in 1916 near Riverton, New Jersey. Since then Japanese beetles have spread throughout most states east of the Mississippi River. However, partial infestations also occur west of the Mississippi River in states such as Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations that can be found in 7 CFR 301.48. The objective of the Japanese Beetle Quarantine is to protect the agriculture of the Western United States and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern U.S. The federal quarantine is designed to reduce artificial spread of Japanese beetles by aircraft. The Western states protected by the Japanese Beetle Quarantine are: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. Pest Identification Regulation Information Program Updates APHIS Program Publications Richard Johnson National Policy Manager Email: Richard.N.Johnson@aphis.usda.gov Complementary Content	<urn:uuid:68af4c3a-3dd2-4289-8376-710a690a05fc>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.703125, "fasttext_score": 0.020292460918426514, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8996925354003906, "url": "https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth/plant-pest-and-disease-programs/pests-and-diseases/japanese-beetle/CT_Japanese_Beetle" }
The Development of Heraldry part 3 Development of heraldryIn England during the reign of Edward I ( 1239 - 1307 ), the language spoken in his court was French. Words such as Argent ( Silver), and Azure ( blue) were part of common speech. What came to be known as the blazon, the language of Heraldry, is derived for the most part from the specialized language of artists. To describe a shield exactly required a scientific approach to the language used, and the artisans tasked with creating the coat of arms for the knight or nobleman developed the heraldic language as we know it today. This language was one which was very new in Edward I’s day and was full of inconsistencies. In the Rolls of Edward 1, the noted American heraldic expert Gerald J. Brault notes "it was a matter of indifference to the early compilers whether they blazoned a charge a bend or a baston, a canton or a quarter, an indented or an engrailed cross, a mullet or an estoile, a pale or a pile: I use only the first of these terms having the same meaning. Crosslets were arbitrarily painted in a variety of ways, botonny, cross crosslet, fitchy, paty, plain, etc.: I say crusily for all such semI fields. . . . Compony, which designates a single row of checkers in early as well as present-day heraldry, is used here, but the expression counter-compony for a double row is a later innovation and has been omitted in favor of the medieval term chequey." To make their job easier, as the number of shield designs grew (by the end of the Middle Ages, Brault notes, there were 800,000 of them), heralds began to compile (or convinced the court clerks to compile -- it's not clear who did the actual work) the rolls of arms that form the basis of Brault's study. There are painted rolls, which show actual colored images of rows of shields, and blazoned rolls, where the shields are only described in the language of heraldry. Some are actual scrolls of vellum, up to ten feet long; others have been cut apart and rebound as books; still others are later copies in book form. About 350 of the original medieval armorials, or heraldic rolls are still in existence today and they contain about 80,000 coats of arms. Of these 350 rolls 130 are for England alone. Although rolls of arms were compiled in France and England by the mid 13th century, the reign of Edward I, with 18 rolls surviving was viewed as the golden age of Heraldry, not only in England but in all of Western Europe. Heraldic roll Leave a comment Please note, comments must be approved before they are published	<urn:uuid:12b69ae8-a76b-409e-8bbd-da3afeb45659>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.05633974075317383, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9689785242080688, "url": "https://heraldicjewelry.com/blogs/heraldic-times/115642245-the-development-of-heraldry-part-3" }
PBS “The Donner Party” The Donner Party Structure: The structure is chronological, starting with the preparation and departure to the arrival of the survivors in California. The documentary uses three main devices for telling the story. These are a narrator, historians, and readings of primary sources. The visual elements include old maps, photographs and shots of the wilderness. The primary sources are mostly letters or diaries written by the members of the party. The main argument of the documentary is the tendency of Americans during this time of westward expansion to pursue the dream of prosperity often disregarding common sense. Manifest destiny became a race, with many overextending themselves and taking shortcuts. The Donner party decided to take a shortcut against the advice of others who had been there and suffered the consequences of cutting corners. The supporting points are generally made by historians who have written a book on the Donner party. These are examples of how this group of immigrants made several fatal decisions during the course of the journey in their rush to California. The film begins with a quote from Alexis de Tocqueville with a quote that supports the main argument, that Americans chase prosperity with great intensity until death eventually halts them in their tracks. We start with a description of the beginning of the westward expansion which began in the 1840s. Motivated by disease in the east and the promise of prosperity in the west, more than half a million people started along the trails to California. Among these were the Donner party who above all others retains a grisly legendary status. This is followed by a segment supporting the main point. Interviews clips with two historians speculate as to the motivations that lead to the party’s downfall, ambition and greed among them. We now turn to Lansford Hastings who will be one of the main characters in the narrative. He made the maps the that the Donner party follows, despite the fact that Hastings had never been on his own trail and was completely ignorant of the inherent dangers it contained. He sees prosperity for himself in “aiding” the immigrants in their journeys. There are also reactions to Hastings from historians who see him as highly driven but also very irresponsible. The next segment is the introduction of the Donner party. Despite already having achieved prosperity in Illinois the Donner and Reed families decide to go west for the land rush in California. James Reed is the originator of the trip and the description also includes that of the extravagant two story wagon of the Reed family. This is supported by primary source quotes. The narrator advances the story to independence, Missouri where the party resupplies and Lansford Hastings decides to see what his trail looks like. The trail coming out of independence is very hard for the Donner party with mud, rain and the first death, Sarah Keyes. Alternating between the narrator and primary source quotes, the party reaches the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Here the Donner party gets some good advice and decides to ignore it. Primary and secondary sources show that the party got advice from an experienced mountain man telling them not to take the route Hastings had mapped out because it would be impossible and longer than the normal wagon trails. Here we have the second sequence supporting the main argument. Historians analyze why James Reed decided not to take the advice, “He was an intelligent man, decisive. I don’t know. It’s always, I guess, our insatiable desire to take a shortcut in life, thinking it’ll get us there, and invariably it doesn’t.” Summer finds the Donner party heading to Fort Bridger where Hastings has promised to personally lead wagon trains through his shortcut. When the party arrives, however, Hastings has already left with another group. James Reed reasons that the shortcut will save hundreds of miles and so they will be able to make the trip in only seven weeks. They elect George Donner as the captain of the wagon train and take Hastings cutoff where the traveling is smooth for about a week until they reach an impasse. Hastings has left and note and later advises them to find a different route through the mountains. With James Reed at the lead, the party leaves the trail and goes into the mostly uncharted wilderness. This is a third segment that supports the main argument. When the party reaches this impasse and learns there is no real trail through the mountains, they decide to improvise instead of going back to fort Bridger and taking the normal route. Looking back it seems ridiculous that an inexperienced group of settlers would head into unmapped woods hoping to find a quick route to California. This was the point of no return. It took a month to get across the first mountains and to the shore of the Great Salt Lake and it was supposed to take a week to go this distance. Still following the notes left by Hastings the party slowly went on until they reach the salt plains. Another member dies of consumption. Contemporary historians call the attempt to cross the salt desert, “foolishness”. Hastings had underestimated the distance across by about half and without enough supplies oxen became heat crazy and many were lost, which meant the abandoning of several wagons. The misery of the situation is described by primary sources. Hastings arrives in California but the Donner party still has a long way to go. Fall finds the party with tempers wearing thin and James Reed kills John Snyder and is banished. The Reed family continues with no sign of the patriarch. The Donner party finally reaches the beginning of the sierras and receives some supplies as well as two Indian guides. Just a few days away from crossing the mountain pass, it starts to snow and the settlers are completely stuck on the shores of the lake. James Reed survives until Sutter’s fort and finds that his family is stuck in the snow covered mountains. He is unable to raise a rescue party because everyone is fighting the Mexicans in California. The settlers build a winter camp and much of the information from this point is from the diary of Irishman Patrick Breen. The snow continues and the pioneers watch for a relief effort and eat their livestock. The snow becomes hopelessly deep, animals are lost and a third member of the party dies of malnutrition. “The Forlorn Hope” describes fifteen men and women who decided to make another effort at escape. Five people died quickly and the remaining ten committed the first act of cannibalism. Several people had died back at the lake but six members of the forlorn hope made it out of the mountains and were fed. With the war in California over, two rescue teams were assembled with James Reed leading the second. The first relief party reached the lake in mid February and found most people dead or dying. Leaving a few supplies with the people remaining at the lake, the first party heads back and encounters James Reed on the way. The second relief party finds the camp alive only by eating the flesh of the dead. The third relief party found only seven people left alive and the fourth and final rescue effort found one man alive, delirious and surrounded by human bones stripped of meat. About half of the Donner party survived and most of them went on to lead normal lives in California. When gold was discovered the rush to the west became a flood and what is now known as the Donner Pass became a tourist attraction. It had taken one year for the Donner party to travel from Illinois to California in search of prosperity. This is the first sequence that supports the main point, a historian commenting on Hastings view of the American dream, “It’s all mixed up with the romance and the so-called ‘heroism’ of the westward migration and the big American dream. The American dream has some nightmares attached to it and this is one of the ways the American dream could go. The American dream probably resulted in for most of the people who followed it like a marsh light in disaster.” This is the second segment that supports the main argument. The Donner party gets some good advice and decides to ignore it. Primary and secondary sources show that the party got advice from an experienced mountain man telling them not to take the route Hastings had mapped out because it would be impossible and longer than the normal wagon trails. Historians analyze why James Reed decided not to take the advice, “He was an intelligent man, decisive. I don’t know. It’s always, I guess, our insatiable desire to take a shortcut in life, thinking it’ll get us there, and invariably it doesn’t.” “Devil in the White City” treatment and promotion This nonfiction work by Erik Larson has strong potential to be a successful three part series on HBO or Showtime. Each part would fill an hour and a half time slot and would premier on Columbus Day due to the fact that the fair itself was a celebration of Columbus’s arrival in America and also inspired the national holiday. The first part of the series would focus on the events leading up to the fair, the second part would show the events occurring during the fair, and the third part would focus on the events after the fair centering on the investigation of the serial killer. Plot Summery Although the book goes into excruciating detail about the designs and trials of the architects, it would be best to avoid this plot line as it will most likely only be interesting to people with a subscription to architectural digest. The fair and its novel architecture would be mainly a visually exciting background to the main story of a charming, methodical psychopath, “Dr.” Holmes. The first part of the series would show the killer as he establishes himself in Chicago by defrauding creditors and construction workers. There would be great contrast value in showing his construction of a “gloomy castle” complete with sound proof vaults, gas chambers, and a crematorium and the construction of the grand Romanesque buildings for the fair. The killer also had several relationships during this period, all of which ended with the disappearance of the women involved. One possible subplot that could be explored is the union struggles associated with the construction and the rise of Mayor Harrison, who would be killed by an altogether different kind of lunatic at the beginning of part three. The second part of the series would show Holmes as his hotel filled up with victims. He appears to have done the majority of his killing during the fair because of an abundance of visitors to the city. We also see him romancing his victims by taking them to the fair and enjoying the exhibits before taking them home and killing them. Holmes also has creditors piling up and letters from his victim’s families coming in as well. One darkly humorous part of the story is the fact that Holmes sold his victim’s skeletons to medical schools as a way to dispose of the bodies. Again there is a great contrast between Holmes canvassing the fair for victims and historically famous people visiting at the same time such as Buffalo Bill, Annie Oakley as well as visiting dignitaries. The third part of the series would show primarily the detective work that led to the arrest and execution of Holmes. The final part would begin with the murder of the mayor at the hands of a disturbed lunatic and the deterioration of both the economy and the once majestic white city. This would set the tone for the more disturbing elements uncovered during the investigation of Dr. Holmes. The investigation itself would be compelling because of the techniques used in those days compared to the criminal justice system we are used to seeing on TV or film. There is no forensics, profiling or even fingerprints so the detective simply went to an enormous number of hotels in many cities, asking questions and showing low quality black and white photographs. One novel aspect of criminal investigations was the unrestricted access the press had to crime scenes. This would be effective in showing the progress of the investigation in conjunction with colorful headlines. The author has had great success with his previous book “Isaac’s Storm”, a non fiction national best seller about the Galveston hurricane in 1900. Reviews of “The Devil in the White City” often compliment the author’s ability to take historical events and show them in an accessible and interesting way. The serial killer Genre has been very successful with films like “Seven” and “Taking Lives”, among other films. Particularly successful have been the ones where the killer is outwardly charming and inwardly disturbed and homicidal. This series would not be as graphic as the average serial killer film mainly because the killer used gas and suffocation with explicit violence and gore occurring rarely. This would make it more acceptable for the mainstream audience. Dr. Holmes—Vince Vaughn (has played a serial killer in two films), Jeremy Irons –Both actors can be very charming as well as very disturbing and dangerous Mayor Harrison—John Goodman Burnham (inspired Architect)—Television actor fitting description Olmstead (oversaw fair) — Donald Sutherland The first major promotional possibility would be with Westinghouse INC, whose founder George Westinghouse introduced large scale electric power at the fair, outbid Tomas Edison for the concession and also pioneered the alternating currant system. Because Westinghouse is now a large corporation, it would be a significant product placement. Another product placement strategy would be to tie in the consumer products first presented to the public at the fair. Aunt Jemima’s Pancake mix, Cream of Wheat, Quaker Oats, Juicy Fruit Gum, Cracker Jack, Shredded Wheat, and Pabst Blue Ribbon were all pioneered at the fair. The fact that these products have been in popular use since 1893 gives the product placements added power. Advertising for the series could be placed across all media platforms. As HBO is part of Time Warner, the possibilities for cross promotion are huge. Ads could also be placed in the monthly cable bills of HBO subscribers. Like it did with “Rome”, HBO could make several short ‘making of’ specials. These could include a virtual tour of the 1893 exhibition, an examination of the working conditions and labor problems leading up to the great depression. HBO could also include interviews with cast members and historians. These specials would also be available online and on demand. They would serve to create buzz and give the viewer more context that will not be shown in the series itself. The book is a #1 national bestseller and a finalist in the national book award and as such, an audience for the series already exists. A new edition with the movie cover and perhaps a short promotional DVD with extras and previews would insure readers’ interest in seeing the series. All this could be co-financed with the publishers as the series would in turn provide increased book sales. The potential for DVD extras is also significant because there is an abundance of material that could personalize the fair for viewers. A copy of the original fair maps, an admission ticket, or a replica of the Ferris wheel could all aid in creating a unique package fans of the series would want. There could also be expanded documentary extras in this area. Dr. Death by Jonathan Kellerman–Treatment and selected scenes Dr. Death could be made into a feature length film but the story and the number of characters make the book more suitable for a crime drama episode. The main characters are Alex the narrator and his friend and colleague on the homicide squad, Milo. Alex is a physiologist who does consulting work with the LAPD. A “doctor” Mate resembling Jack Kevorkian has been brutally murdered and cut to pieces and Milo has caught the case. There are three main suspects in the crime: Richard Doss, a prominent businessman whose wife was killed by Mate. A serial killer called Michael Burke whose existence is introduced by an FBI agent Fusco. Mate’s son Donny, who is a homeless criminal type. The killer is Michael burke, who “discovered” the body of Dr. Mate. He is killed by agent Fusco before being arrested. The story begins with Alex and Milo examining the scene where Mate was murdered, a parking lot on a deserted road. They spend a good deal of time examining the scene where they talk about the mind and motivations of the killer. The scene is chaotic, with CSI type people running around. They also interview the people who found the body, one of whom turns out to be the killer. This is a brief interview because the “witness” is not a suspect until near the end.We see the other side of Alex’s professional life after this as he talks to an old patient Richard Doss who needs counseling for his daughter. Richard Doss is immediately a suspect in the story because Mate killed his wife and he was extremely angry. Doss is bossy and obnoxious and very happy to hear Mate has been killed. Since the story revolves around the search for Mate’s killer, it would be effective to have a montage of the research Alex does on Mate. We discover that Mate was an attention seeker and might have killed for personal satisfaction rather than for moral reasons.There is a growing tension between Alex and Milo concerning Doss because Alex wants to keep his patients confidentiality and Milo thinks he is a prime suspect.The second suspect is introduced by a visit to Mate’s house where the landlady reports a bum sneaking in. Mate’s previously unknown wife is near the house and tells Alex and Milo about her son with Mate, who might be hostile towards his father. The son Donny is now a suspect and his whereabouts are unknown.An FBI agent Fusco contacts Alex and Milo and says he has something that could help their investigation. They all meet at a coffee shop where the agent gives the pair a large folder on a Michael Burke. The FBI man acts strangely and we don’t know why at this point. According to Fusco, the killer is probably Burke, who has been a serial killer for a long time and many of his victims were similar to the patients of Dr. Mate. Both Doss and Donny Mate become more suspicious as the story progresses. Doss becomes a more suspicious character because of the therapy Alex has with his daughter, who reveals how unbalanced her father is. Donny becomes more suspicious when they find a gruesome painting done by him at his father’s house.During a therapy session with Doss’s daughter, Doss is arrested for hiring someone to kill Mate. A former employee made a deal with the police and told them that Doss hired him to kill Mate. The former employee did not go through with it but the detective thinks he may have tried again.Finally looking through the file agent Fusco gave him, Alex finds a clue that makes it seem very likely that Michael Burke is the killer. Alex sees a hypodermic needle in an old crime scene photo that matches one found at the scene of Mate’s murder.Alex has a meeting with Doss, who claims that he did hire someone to kill mate but that when that didn’t happen, he didn’t attempt it a second time. We don’t know if he is lying at this point.Mate’s son appears, beaten up and taken to an LA hospital. The man is mentally unstable and a drug addict but an intense questioning session with Alex reveals that he probably did not kill his father. He wanted to but he didn’t get the chance.While searching for the elusive lawyer of Mate, Alex stumbles upon the dead bodies of the lawyer and a friend of Mate. They are tied to a tree and are carved up just like Dr. Mate and the victims of Michael Burke. At this point it is pretty clear that the person from Fusco’s files is the person who killed Mate. Milo believes that Burke was a covert assistant to Dr. Mate, which would explain why he killed the lawyer also. There is a problem with agent Fusco because when Alex calls the FBI to talk to the agent, two other FBI agents tell him that agent Fusco has gone AWOL and is under investigation. It appears that Fusco believes Michael Burke killed his daughter and has taken the case too personally.With this new information in mind, Alex and Milo take another look as Fusco’s file to find a fresh lead. Through discussions about the motivations of the killer, Alex notices a similarity in the descriptions and statements of the people who found many of the victims. One statement in particular catches his attention and we get a flashback to the witness at the scene of mate’s murder. Alex has solved the case but the killer is still out there. Alex and Milo can’t find anything on the killer so they go searching for a lead on the girls he was with. They manage to locate the girl’s sister who tells them how creepy her sister’s boyfriend is and a few places they might be able to locate her.Milo and Alex go on the search immediately because they believe that Michael Burke is planning to kill the girl. Eventually they trace her car to a remote cabin in the woods and they approach the place with caution.They sneak up and spy on the cabin where they see the killer and the girl. It appears that the killer is planning another murder and just as Milo is about to jump out and arrest Burke, he is killed by a sniper rifle. The killer of Burke is assumed to be the renegade FBI man Fusco. The case has been solved and Alex and Milo return to write their reports on the serial killer Michael Burke. Richard Doss goes to jail for the attempt to hire someone to kill mate and the other suspects are released. Special agent Fusco has taken revenge and is not captured or proven to be the shooter. Scene I MILO is sitting on hood of orange car and ALEX pulls into parking lot in own car. Big guy. Going cowboy? My Georgia O’Keeffe period. Milo laughs and turns to look at van No attempt to conceal. Milo shrugs and walks to the van We know where the van came from. The rental sticker traces back to an avis in Tarzana, Mate rented it last Friday, got the weekend rate. Preparing for another mercy mission? That’s what he uses vans for, but so far no one has come forth claiming mate stood him up. I’m surprised the companies still rent to him. They probably don’t. The paperwork was done by an Alice Zoghbie, a right to die activist who is out of the country as of Saturday. She rented the van and split the next day? Apparently. I called her and the machine said she Will be back in a week. She’s on my to do list. (taps notepad) I wonder why Mate never bought a van. From what I’ve seen so far he was cheap. He’s got a budget car and a barren apartment, He used to use cheap motels. ALEX (nodding) He liked to leave the bodies on the bed for The maids to find. I saw him on TV defending himself, saying the setting doesn’t matter. MILO (suspiciously) You’ve been following Mate’s career? Didn’t have to, he wasn’t exactly media shy. Any tracks of other cars nearby? Milo shakes his head So you’re wondering if the killer drove Up with Mate. Or parked farther down the road, or Left no tracks, or forensics missed something, I mean no one even noticed the damned Van and its been sitting here for hours. What about shoe prints? Just the people who found the van. What’s the time of death estimate? MILO (looking at watch) Between one and four am, Mate was found just after sunrise. The paper said the people who found him were hikers, they sure were up early. Couple of yuppies walking the dog, they were headed up the dirt road when they noticed the van. Any other people come by? There is a large housing development nearby. High-priced development. Guess the rich get to sleep in. There might be someone else we missed. Its possible but how many cars have you seen on this road? Alex turns and looks at deserted road And even if someone saw the van there is no reason to stop and look inside, it just doesn’t stand out It stood out to the yuppies. Their dog wouldn’t stop barking at it so they went and looked and I think its safe to say they won’t be taking this path That bad? Dr. Mate was hooked up to his own machine. The Humanitron. Yeah I figured the machine would be high tech but it looks like a failed grade school science project. It worked. It worked fine fifty times and that’s what I have to go on, fifty potentially angry families. I have a long list. Maybe Mate hooked himself up to the machine The machine was just for show, the killer carved him like a turkey and Mate probably bled to death during the cutting. He was castrated and there were eight other cuts using a scalpel or scissors, Squares, like the killer was playing around. Proud of himself. He preformed surgery and it sounds like a mess. Are you sure there’s no blood outside the van? (looking around) Not one speck, this guy was extremely careful. The killer wanted the body to be found, he left everything in the open, like he is saying look at what I did. What was the body position? Laying on his back head near the front seat. Mate prepares the van, the killer uses it. What a power trip. MILO (after thinking for a minute) There’s something that needs to be kept quiet, the killer left a note nailed to Mate’s sternum “Happy traveling, you sick bastard.” Scene II ERIC and Alex are sitting in chairs facing each other. Eric looks at boards games Hey lets play candyland, see who gets to the top of the mountain first. Nothing wrong with having a sweet life. ERIC (emotional) Everything’s a punch line with you, making your fucking point. Well thanks for the fuckin insight doc! The intercom buzzes and the receptionist comes on. Sorry for interrupting you but we have a problem out here. RICHARD and STACY are standing next to two cops, KORN and DEMETRI as Alex and Eric enter. These two gentlemen are waiting to take me to the police station Hey doc, nice place. You know him! What’s going on? Like Mr. Doss said, we’re taking him in. For what? In regards to? This is not your business. We interrupted you so Eric can take his sister home. Richard looks away and doesn’t answer. First I’m calling my lawyer. KORN (sighing) This is Richard Doss, please get max on the line… Whats that? When?… ok its really important that I talk to him…No no I can’t get into it right now, just call him in aspen…I’ll be at the west LA police Let’s get going. Scene III ALEX and MILO are standing next to the car looking up the driveway. No sense announcing ourselves, lets see if we can get a view of the cabin. Alex and Milo crouch behind some bushes with a view of the cars and the front door of the cabin. Separate cars… Maybe she is going to work early. He might have evidence here so I can’t mess up the search warrant. Maybe we should back off for now. She might be in danger. PAUL ULRICH comes out of the door with coffee in hand. He walks over to the car and pops the trunk, pulling out a black bag. Not good. Two more shots and Paul is down on the ground. Milo jumps out of the bushes with gun drawn and looks around franticly. ALEX (whispers)	<urn:uuid:8da4b085-e71d-4e2a-ae92-ac888a3e68f9>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.040469586849212646, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9501148462295532, "url": "https://onlygoodstuff.wordpress.com/tag/treatment/" }
AskDefine \| Define porthole Dictionary Definition 1 a window in a ship or airplane 2 an opening (in a wall or ship or armored vehicle) for firing through [syn: port, embrasure] User Contributed Dictionary 1. A circular window set in the hull of a ship. Extensive Definition A porthole is a small, generally circular, window used on the hull of ships to admit light and air. Porthole is actually an abbreviated term for "port hole window". Though the term is of obvious maritime origin, it is also used to describe round windows on armored vehicles, aircraft, automobiles (the Ford Thunderbird a notable example), and even spacecraft. On a ship, the function of a porthole, when open, is to permit light and fresh air to enter the dark and often damp below-deck quarters of the vessel. It also affords below-deck occupants a limited, but often much needed view to the outside world. When closed, the porthole provides a strong water-tight, weather-tight, and sometimes light-tight barrier. A porthole on a ship may also be called a sidescuttle or side scuttle (side hole). This term is used in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. It is also used in related rules and regulations for the construction of ships. The use of the word "sidescuttle" instead of "porthole" is meant to be broad, including any covered or uncovered hole in the side of the vessel. A porthole consists of at least two structural components and is, in its simplest form, similar to any other type of window in design and purpose. The porthole is primarily a circular glass disk encased in a metal frame that is bolted securely into the side of a ship's hull. Sometimes the glass disk of a porthole is encased in a separate frame which is hinged onto the base frame so that it can be opened and closed. In addition, many portholes also have metal storm covers that can be securely fastened against the window when necessary. The main purpose of the storm cover is, as its name implies, to protect the window from heavy seas. It is also used to block light from entering lower berths when darkness is preferred. Storm covers are also used on Navy and merchant marine ships to prevent interior light from escaping the ship's lower berths, and to provide protection from hostile fire. Hinged porthole windows and storm covers are accessible from inside the ship's hull, and are typically fastened to their closed positions by hand tightening several pivoting, threaded devices, commonly referred to as "dogs." Older portholes can be identified by the protruding collar of their base plate which may be up to several inches deep, thus accommodating the thickness of a wooden hull. Portholes range in diameter from several inches to more than two feet, and weigh from several pounds to over one hundred pounds. Much of the porthole's weight comes from its glass, which, on ships, can be as much as two inches thick. Metal components of a porthole are also typically very heavy; they are usually sand-cast and made of bronze, brass, steel, iron, or aluminium. Bronze and brass are most commonly used, favoured for their resistance to saltwater corrosion. The design of the porthole is such that it achieves its humble purposes without sacrificing the integrity of the ship's hull. The porthole's thick glass and rugged construction, tightly spaced fasteners, indeed even its round shape, all contribute to its purpose of maintaining hull strength. Spacecraft portholes Portholes on spacecraft must be made from glass that can survive rapid temperature changes, without suffering the cracking that can result from thermal shock. Those on the International Space Station were made from quartz glass mounted on titanium frames, covered with enamel. On the Apollo space capsules a porthole was located in the hatch that the astronauts used at the beginning and end of each flight. Submarine portholes Portholes on submarines are generally made of acrylic plastic. In the case of deep diving submarines, the portholes can be several inches thick. The edge of the acrylic is usually conically tapered such that the external pressure forces the acrylic window against the seat. Usually such windows are flat rather than spherically dished. This decreases the area that can be viewed, but eliminates distortion associated with curved glass. See also Title 46 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations Sec. 45.139 - Side scuttles. porthole in German: Bullauge porthole in Low German: Bulloog porthole in Dutch: Patrijspoort porthole in Polish: Bulaj porthole in Russian: Иллюминатор Synonyms, Antonyms and Related Words air hole, armhole, bay, bay window, blowhole, bow window, bullet-hole, bunghole, casement, casement window, cringle, deadeye, eye, eyelet, fan window, fanlight, gasket, grille, grommet, guide, keyhole, knothole, lancet window, lantern, lattice, light, loop, loophole, louver window, manhole, mousehole, oriel, pane, peephole, picture window, pigeonhole, pinhole, placket, placket hole, port, punch-hole, rose window, skylight, spiracle, tap, transom, vent, venthole, wicket, window, window bay, window glass, windowpane Privacy Policy, About Us, Terms and Conditions, Contact Us Material from Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Dict Valid HTML 4.01 Strict, Valid CSS Level 2.1	<urn:uuid:aa7bdfb7-4edc-443a-9e55-55281578833a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.05511367321014404, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9358570575714111, "url": "https://porthole.askdefine.com/" }
Saturday, July 23, 2016 AD 1346 The HISTORIAN tried to make ONE stanza for each year. The story starts in 1346, which may be the year the first LENAPE arrived at JAMES BAY.] (Most of these following Stanzas were deciphered by Craig Judge, Kean University.) Before; the LENAPE certainly came, to look where there was an abundance of rivers. As we studied the WORDS of the MAALAN ARRUM, we noticed a pattern. We asked Valdimar Samuelson, in ICELAND, if he knew of any ancient standard that might creat a pattern. His reply was the format The format is guidelines for a coding of sounds to create a stanza that is self-verifying. The main elements are an alliteration and a rhyme in every six syllables. We checked these two stanzas and found that they were self-verifying if the speaker was saying Old Norse words. You may observe the deciperment process by tapping on the DECIPHERMENT word under each stanza. Or you may accept the statement that the stanzas are self-verifying because they were composed by a man speaking Old Norse and following the Drottkvaett guidelines. A Drottkvaett score of 100% means we have found the Old Norse syllables the LENAPE historian was saying over six centuries ago. Reider T. Sherwin had compiled the meanings of those syllables. So we are fairly sure what the stanza was saying and that the information is self-validated. What do the two heads “looking in” mean? The LENAPE historian may have been trying to show tribes “looking back” toward their ancestors. What does the triangle in the circle mean? Perhaps the Historian was trying to show the origin of the tribes with the same language. The tribes started in the same place [the point of the triangle] and spread out [the triangle sides]. Why did the historian repeat the “abundance of rivers” symbol? Perhaps because at the time the Historian was trying to tell about, the origin of the ancestors, which he knew, was traceable to James Bay. The Historian appears to have been in South Dakota when he composed the beginning of his stanzas. So remembering a migration from James Bay would have been "recent history." AD 1347 Geese return to the large fish near the shore to expand all the children. Why does the bird look like a sea gull? Probably because the historian was located in the Dakotas where seagulls flock. He may have only seen the geese fly overhead. He definitely was saying, “goose,” which making sounds as they were flying overhead, “Ne wa, ne wa” What does the line over the bird mean? That may be the cue to use the “expanding” adjective. Where is the “large fish near the shore”? I think it is the little circle with the “poof” at top. _By the way _ Remember the Lil Abner comic strip and the “Kikapooh joy juice” Well, “Kikke” = “See.” "Pooh" = spout from a whale. When the arrogant French discovered the Americans in Wisconsin, they thought that the people, who were half-dressed in hides, had never ventured far from their home on the shore, The French bragged about crossing a big ocean, where they had seen whales spout in a large spray. The Wisconsin people tried to tell the French that they knew about the ocean. They pointed at their own chests and said,“We ‘kikke pooh.’ “ Which meant that they had seen the whales in the ocean too. The French named the people the “KIKKE Pooh.” They were recorded as a distinct tribe. Centuries later the tribe was an element of ridicule in the comic strip. The arrogance of the Europeans should have been ridiculed instead. See this from the (Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas) The Kickapoo were one of many tribes of Catholics, who spoke Norse, in the Great Lakes areaa. They occupied the western portion of the woodlands in southern Michigan near Lake Erie. However, European invasion changed the lives and cultures of these woodland Catholics, who spoke Norse, forever. During the 1830s, the U.S. army drove the Kickapoo west of the Mississippi. There are still three bands of Kickapoo in the United States and one in Mexico. _____Part B___ The fact that all three syllables refer to directions and two of them refer to the same direction implies a “more than coincidence” relation ship between FINNLAND and the LENAPE history. What do you think that relationship might be? In this case, the relationship might be that a symbol set, similar to the Egyptian Hieroglyphics, existed and was used by the better-educated classes. The symbols for directions may have been more repeated in common use and thus were better known. When the people in Iceland divided to escape the Odin worshipers. Each group may have taken a copy of the original symbol set. These symbols and its related direction may have been repeated through generations. The LENAPE historian was composing in self-validated verse and drawing pictures to clue the future historians about the subjects. The LENAPE historian chose symbols for three directions. But on the east side of the Atlantic the meaning for one symbol had changed. The sounds of the LENAPE stanza words are not the same as the sounds of the FINNISH letters. Wemipayat gune'unga shinaking, Wunkenapi chanelendam payaking, Allowelendam kowiyey tulpaking. What do you think about this situation? I think the LENAPE historian depended on the self-validation sounds to transmit information. He was making pictures to support the story told by the sounds. The self-validated stanza was the important creation. The picture was a help to the next historian, who would recite the LENAPE history. I do NOT think he was using the symbols to write only the first letter of a word that had be guessed by future generations. But, because this was the last stanza of his story, he may have chosen to use the symbols from the symbol set to draw the picture. The “Abundance of Rivers” symbol would have been useful to show the many major rivers flowing into James Bay. The LENAPE historians had consistently used the mounds to illustrate lands. Perhaps he was thinking that “I have the symbol set from long ago, but I do not really know what sound each symbol means. If I put many of the symbols into a picture, some future historians, somewhere, will recognize that I had the symbol set from long ago. “ The important information is carried in the self-validating sound set. The symbol set from long ago was used to draw the pictographs and as a way to tell other historians that the LENAPE did have the symbol set. Aidon Aakelas March 23, 2017 at 1:06 PM Regarding the warm relations between the settlers of New Sweden on the Delaware, and the Lenape, it was the Finnish settlers, (whose ancestors had been living in the forests of Sweden for several generations following their traditional Finnish lifestyle) who were closest to the Lenape. Most of them understood the Lenape language and often lived in close proximity to the Lenape. Perhaps this relationship between Finns and Lenape preceded post Colombian European settlement. Could the Finns have been traveling across the Arctic ice to America via Greenland for centuries? Could European settlements have predated even the Viking settlements in Greenland? There are Spanish, Norse and English accounts of contact with the Irish speaking people of Great Hibernia, south of Chesapeake Bay down to Florida. Spanish, English and American accounts of a Welsh speaking tribe in America and 13th century accounts of the British colony of Albania in America , founded by King Arthur, (preceding the Elizabethan John Dee's claims) Even Columbus, in his journal, noted that Newfoundland was discovered by St. Brendan. (Because that is what his map stated). Knowledge of and trade with America had been taking place for thousands of years before Columbus discovered Cuba. The wrecks of three Roman galleys have been found in Rio de Janeiro harbour. Thus, it would not be much of a surprise to discover that the Finns, along with the Norse, Gottlander Swedish, Irish, Welsh and British settled in America before Columbus. Aidon (and other viewers) All you comments may be valid. But if all of them did exist in history, then the NEW WORLD MYTH, which is the basis of American history, is not valid. Try another paradigm: The English won the firsrt world war. (They called it the French and Indian War.) The English used the word "Indian" in place of "Catholics, who spoke Norse. "Indian" suppressed both the "Catholic" and "Norse." (Clever, Heh.) But the English Agents were not done. They scoured maps, books, tales, and artifacts so they could SUPPRESS them by omitting them from history. They wanted to world to believe that America was truly a NEW WORLD with only a few pagan, savage people, who could never be converted to be Christians. The English have nearly SUCCEEDED! More that four thousand (4,000) times have I tried to have a discussion with an academic historian. More than four thousand times I have been ignored. (There are a FOUR academic historians following along this blog. But that is a 2017 development.) We have seen that type of suppression in action in this LENAPE HISTORY. For example, two of you challenged the Viking Sword without giving an adequate explanation of how the French sword could have gotten eleven inches deep, below the usual plowing base. I suggest you, too, had the false NEW WORLD MYTH in your head. ( You think a Viking sword could not be in Minnesota near a place called an Old Norse Church and in the midst of many stones with holes in them because, well, you think, America was a NEW WORLD. So you think only a sword made after Columbus found America could be the sword on display. An archaeologist working in China wrote that the English "Profoundly Distorted" history. Use those words to create a new paradigm in place of the NEW WORLD MYTH. The English PROFOUNDLY DISTORTED history by suppression by omission. Any thing in history books about events before the American Independence should be considered FALSE, because the English omitted the historical information. ______PART C______ What does MUSKOGEE mean? Look at: All of these are place names. One is a place in New England. What is that state? Also, I know there is a Muskogee stream running into the Nelson River near the Christian Sea (a.k.a. Hudson Bay). So, "Muskogee" was in southern Georgia & Alabama, in New England, and in Western Canada. What does the word mean? A swampy place, or pond, or creek. The Americans in Muskogee, OK call themselves the "Creeks." Were people using the same language in all those places before the English invaded? The Swampy Christians (a.k.a. Cree) in Canada were related by language to the Swampy Americans in Massachusetts, Georgia and Alabama. Because the English. who invaded, drove the Creeks to Oklahoma, the Okies from Muskogee are still related to the Swampy Catholics, who spoke Norse in Canada. The major elements required to make that situation happen are a boat (canoe) with oars (paddles) and time. 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According to the Köhler effect, people are most motivated when they’re part of a group — particularly if they deem themselves the weakest link. Call it peer pressure or embarrassment, but the Köhler effect clearly influences how people perform when they’re determined to not let their teammates down. History of the Köhler Effect Discovered by German psychologist Otto Köhler during the 1920s, the Köhler effect was first employed in hopes of explaining why groups persisted longer than individuals working on their own. The effect was explored in a weight lifting experiment, in which members of a local rowing club were asked to perform standing curls with 97-pound dumbbells as long as they could. When performed in groups, the exercise was done with a bar weighing two or three times as much as the standard dumbbell, depending on how many people were involved in the experiment. The study ultimately revealed that the weakest member of each group could persist far longer when performing standing curls with others than while executing the exercise alone. Rediscovery of Köhler’s Experiment Köhler’s findings were largely forgotten for six decades. In 1989, Erich Witte stumbled upon the experiment and replicated it for tasks involving not only physical exertion, but also basic computation. Further experimentation has delved into the impact of the Köhler effect among mixed-gender groups or when somebody in a “competing” group is brought into the effort. A notable 2011 study found that even a virtual workout partner could motivate participants to work harder, so long as that virtual partner’s performance was superior. Applying the Köhler Effect to Exercise Exercising alone is a struggle; there’s nobody to distract you from your discomfort and nobody to hold you accountable when you’re about to give up. When you work with a partner or as part of a group, however, you feel the pressure to keep going — particularly if the other individuals in the group are stronger or more physically fit than you are. It stands to reason, then, that the best way to motivate yourself is to join a team working hard towards a common goal. Even if there are no stakes and you don’t feel closely attached to your fellow fitness enthusiasts, their mere presence should motivate you to work harder than you would on your own. If motivation stands between you and a healthy exercise routine, the solution may be a greater emphasis on social exercise. Whether you buddy up with a workout partner, seek the assistance of a personal trainer, or join a class or team effort, you can benefit from applying the Köhler effect to your exercise regimen. Written by: Tony Thomas You may also like these posts Letter to Our CommunityExercising Outdoors: What the Research Says Leave A Reply: (optional field) No comments yet.	<urn:uuid:ca3ed70a-41d4-4544-a687-f9f19bc13f1d>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.59375, "fasttext_score": 0.018626034259796143, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9543454051017761, "url": "https://blog.beatthegym.com/the-kohler-effect-and-workout-partners-why-we-work-hard-in-groups/" }
How do kangaroos breathe while they hop? June 12, 2018, Particle Credit: CC0 Public Domain If you hop like a kangaroo, you might be able feel the air being pushed out of your lungs. Here's why it happens and why it matters. Could learning how kangaroos breathe while they hop to provide a leap to new discoveries? UWA Ph.D. student James Wong is hoping it can, with a project that will work closely with our national emblem. He'll image their lungs with MRI and CT scans at the Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and hopes to measure the airflow as they hop with custom-fitted breathing masks. It might be basic science, but James sees the potential for a crucial scientific breakthrough in the field of respiratory physiology. A flight from wonder It was Einstein who said the process of scientific discovery is a "continual flight from wonder". Three years ago, James's project took flight when he and his supervisor wondered how do kangaroos breathe while they hop? It is thought that kangaroos' hopping actually helps to facilitate their breathing. He says you can think of the chest as the barrel of a syringe and the guts as the plunger. As a kangaroo hops off, the inertia of the guts helps to draw air into its lungs, just as the plunger pulls air into a syringe. When the kangaroo lands, the guts crash into the diaphragm to push the air out. "If you hop, you can actually feel some of your air being pushed out," James says. "But for kangaroos, they reach hopping speeds of 40 to 60 kilometres an hour, so that's a lot of hopping force." "All this force could be applied to the lungs and the airways." How understanding animal hibernation could benefit humans. Credit: SCISHOW X-ray vision into kangaroo lungs James is using the advanced imaging techniques to study the structure of kangaroo lungs. Data collected will be combined with mathematical modelling to assess if kangaroos do in fact breathe with this unique hopping mechanism. Hop, skip and a jump to new knowledge You might think this all sounds hopping mad. But James works in a niche lab focused on examining how mechanical and structural abnormalities in respiratory disease makes it harder to breathe. The project aims to understand if there are any structural or functional changes to kangaroo lungs and airways to accommodate these large forces. James says it would provide new knowledge on how the airways constrict and expand while hopping. "If we understand more about function in a species that behaves a little differently, maybe we can understand the significance of changes observed in disease," he says. James says medical breakthroughs have come about in the past because of studies on the unique features of animals. "One example is with hibernating bears," he says. "Imagine sleeping all day, every day. While that would be the dream, it will get to a point where your muscles start to waste away. "Unfortunately, that is what happens with coma patients. "But if we think back to the hibernating bear, they wake up just as strong as before. "So by studying what is unique in the bear to prevent , we can potentially understand more about how muscle wasting works. "Likewise, kangaroos could help us understand the structural and functional changes we see in diseases such as asthma and chronic ." Explore further: Most primitive kangaroo ancestor rediscovered after 30 years in obscurity Related Stories Extinct giant kangaroos may have been hop-less October 15, 2014 Now extinct giant kangaroos most likely could not hop and used a more rigid body posture to move their hindlimbs one at a time, according to a study published October 15, 2014 in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Christine ... Motion-capture helping reveal how kangaroos hop March 11, 2011 Recommended for you Elephants resist cancer by waking a zombie gene August 14, 2018 An estimated 17 percent of humans worldwide die from cancer, but less than five percent of captive elephants—who also live for about 70 years, and have about 100 times as many potentially cancerous cells as humans—die ... Models give synthetic biologists a head start August 14, 2018 Synthetic biologists have the tools to build complex, computer-like DNA circuits that sense or trigger activities in cells, and thanks to scientists at Rice University and the University of Houston they now they have a way ... Click here to reset your password.	<urn:uuid:5a6624e3-df42-4a35-b4cc-c5ba2d7c4422>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.3165862560272217, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9450066089630127, "url": "https://phys.org/news/2018-06-kangaroos.html" }
The Wisdom Page Teaching Preschoolers About Wisdom — An Approach Synopsis: A lesson for preschoolers in what wisdom is. LESSON: (read these stories to the children with animation in your voice. Then discuss.) Having Wisdom means knowing what is going to happen at the very end of a situation. Having Wisdom also means knowing what will make you happy at the very end of a time or situation. That is why older people are often referred to as wise or having wisdom. They have seen many situations over their many years of life and how each situation ended, so now they are able to know, pretty well, what is going to happen at the very end of some new situation or what will make them or someone else happy at the very end of a time or situation. How can they do this? Well at the very beginning of a new situation, they see some signs and they remember a similar situation from before and how it ended, and they know this one will end the same. Let's take an example. Situation 1: Karen's family moved and she started the first grade in a new school. She didn't know any of the kids there. But when she was assigned her seat in class, the girl in front of her turned around and said "Hi" pleasantly and talked with Karen before class began. That girl's name was Megan. At recess, Megan invited Karen to play with her and some of Megan's friends. It was a good first day at school. Karen continued to talk and play with Megan and her friends for the next few weeks. Then, another girl, named Brittany, who was popular but bossy, asked Karen to join her at her lunch table with her popular friends. She left Megan and Megan's friends and began to hang out with Brittany and her friends. This went on for a few weeks until, one day, Karen wore a beautiful new dress to school. Karen got more attention at the lunch table than Brittany and Brittany was mad. Brittany was mean to Karen and told her she was not welcome at their lunch table any more. When Megan heard that Karen was kicked out of Brittany's friends, Megan invited Karen to rejoin her lunch table and her friends. Who was the true friend to Karen? Megan or Brittany? (Megan) What signs did Megan give that she would be a true friend? (Megan befriended Karen when Karen had 'nothing to give'. Megan was looking to give friendship to Karen, not receive increased popularity or power by having another person in her group, like Brittany. This is very important - help the children to understand this fact; in life, there are "giving people" and "taking people". The moral is that associating with giving people makes life much more pleasant. ) Situation 2: Bobby's Mom was taking him to the store with her. Mom allowed Bobby to get one small toy or piece of candy if he was good and quiet on a shopping trip. So Mom and Bobby went to the dry cleaner's where the smell was bad and the car repair shop where they waited a long time while the mechanic drove the car and listened to the car's squeaky wheel. Finally they went to the grocery store. Here there were toys and candy! Bobby loved Goo-Goo bars. They were chocolate and marshmallow together and they were up by the counter where they checked out. But, while Mom was still shopping in the aisles, Bobby saw Gummi Bears in a bag hanging from the shelf. He asked Mom for the Gummi Bears and she said, "Don't you want to wait and get a Goo-Goo bar when we check out?" But Bobby made a fuss and said no, he didn't want a Goo-Goo bar, he wanted the Gummi Bears, so Mom took one bag off the rack and opened it for Bobby. He ate the sweet, gummy candy and it tasted good, but after he had eaten some, Bobby realized he did not like it as much as he liked Goo-Goo bars. He had tried many candies over the years, but Bobby had never found one he liked as much as the Goo-Goo bars. When it came time to check out, Mom wheeled the cart to the checkout counter. There, hanging right where it always was, was the candy rack containing Goo-Goo bars. Bobby asked if he cold have a Goo-Goo bar, but Mom said, "You got your treat, you asked for the Gummi Bears!" Bobby got upset. He cried and wailed. He threw himself back and forth in the cart. Mom got upset then, too. Mom told Bobby to settle down or she would take what was left of his Gummi Bears away. Still, Bobby was so upset he cold not stop. He was mad that Mom would not let him have a Goo-Goo bar. When he would not stop wailing after several warnings, Mom reached into Bobby's hands and took the half-eaten bag of Gummi Bears away from Bobby. Now he had no Goo-Goo bar and no Gummi Bears. Bobby had made a bad choice, not to wait for a Goo-Goo bar at the checkout and now he was crying, Mom was mad and he had no candy of any kind! What kind of candy makes Bobby the happiest? Goo-Goo bars or Gummi Bears? (Goo-Goo bars) What mistake did Bobby make that made him unhappy? (This is very important - help the children to understand this fact; sometimes life presents us with a less desirable choice sooner, when what we really want is to wait for the ideal choice which appears later. We just need to wait patiently for the right one to come along.)	<urn:uuid:113f7d92-3290-44eb-8ab2-1fad713ffd4c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.9375, "fasttext_score": 0.08758902549743652, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9887295365333557, "url": "http://www.wisdompage.com/TeachingPreschoolersAboutWisdom.html" }
If We Must Die If We Must Die Study Guide "If We Must Die" is writer Claude McKay's most famous poem, showing his deft use of the form most associated with his work, the sonnet. McKay composed the poem in response to the outburst of racial violence in the summer of 1919, dubbed "The Red Summer" because of the many urban race riots that took place then. Written while McKay was working as a waiter for the Pennsylvania Railroad, the sonnet's first audience was in fact McKay's fellow black railroad workers, who were deeply moved by the poem's rhetoric. McKay first published the sonnet in the New York socialist magazine The Liberator in 1919, and he would go on to read it before audiences during his visits to Soviet Russia in 1922-23. Destined to become a crucial poem for the Harlem Renaissance, "If We Must Die" was reprinted and featured in black newspapers and magazines across America. It would also ultimately become, as McKay later noted with some regret, "the sole standard of appraising my poetry" among many of his readers. A brief poem of only 14 lines, "If We Must Die" turns powerfully on its title phrase, repeated at the beginning of both the first and second quatrains. The conditional "if," arguably the poem's most important word, at once acknowledges impending death and gestures towards the horror and the tragedy of the conditions that make that death inevitable. As a powerful protest against racial injustice, the poem has resonated well beyond its original context, leading readers and critics to compare McKay to Marcus Garvey and other crucial figures of black history. However, the poem's stark avoidance of racial terms—indeed, of any sort of concrete description—has also made it an inspiration for countless others experiencing violence and oppression. In a 1939 letter McKay reported that a Jewish friend of his had assumed the poem must be about the European Jews persecuted by Hitler, and McKay told his friend that he was "happy he was moved by the universal appeal." As an appeal to and justification for resistance, and a rousing call to arms for any facing discrimination and death, McKay's poem has ultimately proven as timeless as the sonnet form it so movingly employs.	<urn:uuid:6e42abae-eab4-4314-b647-2748352518b7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.9375, "fasttext_score": 0.24481916427612305, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9830809831619263, "url": "https://www.gradesaver.com/if-we-must-die" }
Daily Lessons for Teaching Escape from Mr. Lemoncello's Library Chris Grabenstein Buy the Escape from Mr. Lemoncello's Library Lesson Plans Lesson 1 Chris Grabenstein is the author of “Escape from Mr. Lemoncello’s Library.” The aim of this lesson is to examine Grabenstein’s life and writing. Class discussion: What does Grabenstein write in addition to children’s novels? When did he begin writing? What sort of thing did he write in eighth grade? Was his writing then similar or dissimilar to his writing today? What was some of the first paid writing that Grabenstein did? What did he write for twenty years? How long has he made a living as a writer? What helps Grabenstein as he works? Why did he write two books at the same time? How does the layout of his office help him write better? How did Grabenstein decide which books and authors to refer to in the novel? How did playing games as a boy influence Grabenstein and the writing of... (read more Daily Lessons) This section contains 10,396 words (approx. 35 pages at 300 words per page) Buy the Escape from Mr. Lemoncello's Library Lesson Plans Escape from Mr. Lemoncello's Library from BookRags. (c)2018 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved. Follow Us on Facebook	<urn:uuid:3d1466fa-0f3d-4c95-93f2-d4be3cfe8208>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.2499052882194519, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.957983136177063, "url": "http://www.bookrags.com/lessonplan/escape-from-mr-lemoncellos-library/lessons.html" }
Download a PDF to print or study offline. Study Guide Cite This Study Guide How to Cite This Study Guide quotation mark graphic Course Hero. "The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Study Guide." Course Hero. 12 Dec. 2016. Web. 15 Aug. 2018. <>. In text (Course Hero) Course Hero. (2016, December 12). The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Study Guide. In Course Hero. Retrieved August 15, 2018, from In text (Course Hero, 2016) Course Hero. "The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Study Guide." December 12, 2016. Accessed August 15, 2018. Course Hero, "The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Study Guide," December 12, 2016, accessed August 15, 2018, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian \| Discussion Questions 1 - 10 What does being a warrior mean to Junior and other men in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, and how does its importance cross cultural barriers? Being a warrior means proving physical strength and competence, which Junior does in his basketball tryouts and games. A warrior also defends others at possible personal cost. When Gordy stands up for Junior in social studies class, risking discipline from the teacher, Junior calls him a warrior. According to Junior, a warrior also shows control over emotions. Some men, like Eugene, think Junior shows the strength of a warrior by doing something scary and risky, like going to a white school. Ultimately, being a warrior means proving manhood. Junior describes himself and his fellow basketball players as warriors in that they are, "boys desperate to be men." The expectation for boys to transition into men by mastering their emotional and physical strength is present in white society as well, though the comparison to becoming a warrior is more implied than spoken. To act like a man often means downplaying sensitivities, but Junior is an example of how more men come to terms with their softer sides. What is the significance of Junior's two names, Junior and Arnold, in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian? The two names represent the two selves Junior struggles with as he attends Reardan. Arnold Spirit Jr. is his given name, the name he uses at Reardan, his white name, and the one accepted by authorities. Junior, a common Native American nickname, is the name every other person on the reservation calls him. Junior's confusion over which name to use at school exemplifies his confusion over who he is and who he can choose to be. Going by Arnold shows he's trying on a new identity. Names are a key aspect of selfhood, and Junior decides to change the name he goes by since he also wants to change his life. When the Native American audience chants his Reardan name, Arnold, in the basketball game, he knows they're mocking his school identity, his "white" self. How does Mary's desire to write romance novels in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian challenge traditional ideas of careers for working-class Native Americans? Junior thinks Mary would have been "a hero around here" for writing books on the reservation, implying few Native Americans have the choice or desire to pursue a creative career. Mary, however, hides her ambitions from her family. She and Junior both know big, impractical dreams, such as making a living writing romance novels, take hope and a willingness to fail. Mary's parents' goal is for her to get a part-time job at a post office—stability without huge risk. Working-class Native Americans, who struggle to put food on the table, often make family and money their priority. Mary is making art a priority. Junior realizes he can do the same. How are Junior's experiences at Wellpinit and Reardan High Schools representative of the real world in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian? The contrast between both fictional high schools is representative of how socioeconomic status plays out in school districts across America. Disadvantaged students get by with less and their education suffers for it, while advantaged students receive more opportunity and choice due to better funding. Wellpinit High School is poorly run with few supplies. Most students lack ambition and drive. Adult Native Americans aren't given much more to work with since they live on reservations that were meant to be death camps, and they turn to alcohol in the absence of hope. When Junior receives his mother's geometry textbook, he realizes school is a preview of life; the world's leaving behind Native Americans, declaring "nuclear war" on them. Reardan High School shows many of the power structures Junior will face in the adult world. Popular, high-achieving kids are at the top of the pack, money buys status, and racism goes unchallenged. Based on the prejudice his family has faced driving through Reardan, and the behavior of Reardan adults like Penelope's father Earl, Junior can tell the white world will give him the same challenges Reardan does. Throughout The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, how and why does Junior use sarcasm to cope with trauma and pain? Junior's sarcastic and dry sense of humor gives him an authorial distance from his troubles, even though he feels grief deeply. His description of Ted at Grandmother's funeral, for instance, shows that through mocking the falsely sympathetic rich man when he writes, "Even billionaires have DARK NIGHTS OF THE SOUL," Junior can take back power. Sarcasm also helps Junior see the situational irony in his friends walking out of social studies class without him, though he was the reason for their protest. Seeing a darkly comic side of things has helped Junior's people survive; for example, Dad's Thanksgiving joke that they should be thankful the whites didn't kill all the Native Americans. How do the different styles of illustration in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian reveal the nature of Junior's thoughts? The text uses three main types of illustration. The smaller sketches, usually a quick joke or a passing thought, reveal Junior's surface thinking in that they are light, comical, and witty. The sketches in darker ink, with detailed captions, are either of people in Junior's life, such as his family and favorite teachers, or five-paneled cartoons illustrating important aspects of his life, like his poverty or journeys to school. These represent concepts into which Junior has put more thought and care. The lightly penciled portraits are of people close to Junior, whom he wants to illustrate respectfully, like Rowdy, Gordy, and Penelope. Junior draws cartoons to honor his friends and family, and he takes time with their representation. In The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian how does laughter become an expression of grief? Native Americans know, "Laughter and tears are pretty much the same thing" when it comes to grief since both entail spontaneous, loud expressions of emotion when things happen outside of their control. Since Native Americans have lost control over their land and their people, they're used to misfortune and can greet it with laughter as well as tears. The crowd at Grandmother's funeral laughs over the absurdity of Ted's tribute, a laugh started by Mom, whose grief is most acute. The bond of laughter shows Mom the community will be there for her in whatever way they can. Junior also laughs out of relief his father is still alive after Mary dies. This laughter is more motivated by shock, but it still lets him release his tumultuous emotions of fear, grief, and guilt. How does Junior's journey in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian mirror the journey of the epic hero? Junior's beginnings are humble in that he's born into poverty. He also has several unusual features that at first don't seem to mark him for heroism, but single him out for bullying. Like a hero, though, he stands out from the pack. He notes his eccentricities would have been celebrated by older tribes of Native Americans; his brain, smart but damaged, is "beautiful and sacred and magical." Junior leaves his home to go on a journey where he faces dangers. The journey aspect is emphasized by his efforts to get to school, even walking 22 miles. He also goes through trials to prove his strength, most notably in playing basketball. After a victory he returns home to find a great deal has changed. What advantages to being an ethnic minority does The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian portray, and what does Junior appreciate about his culture? Despite the poverty he lives in, Junior has the advantage of not only belonging to a strong nuclear family, but also belonging to an entire reservation of people who are like family. "Indian families stick together," he says. This is in contrast to his observations of how many of the families of the white students at Reardan are often ignored by their parents. The support of his parents allows Junior to take on new adventures and to achieve his goals. Junior enjoys watching the powwow dancers and admires the respect Indians of different tribes have for his grandmother. He notes traditional Native American culture's respect for difference in that, "Weird people were often celebrated." Indians know how to celebrate with the dead, too, ensuring dead family members aren't forgotten. Toward the end of the novel, Junior appreciates the physical and natural beauty of the reservation. How is The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian a bildungsroman, or a coming-of-age narrative? Junior's transition into high school marks a change from childhood to young adulthood. So does his choice to leave the reservation on his own. He's making decisions independent of his family, friends, and past—though as the novel progresses, he'll see his childhood influences are always with him. Some of his oldest relationships, like his relationship with Rowdy, change forever. Junior has sexual awakenings in his relationship with Penelope and in his observation of other women in the novel. He notices the boys on his basketball team all want to become men, and the basketball games are trials of their own. Junior's change and growth, from feeling like the biggest loser on the reservation to being determined to never to give up, mark the novel's biggest shift. He discovers, for the first time, that he is a member of many tribes. Cite This Study Guide information icon Have study documents to share about The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian? 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Why Did The Concorde Lower Its Nose On Approaches? Why Did The Concorde Lower Its Nose On Approaches? The history of the Concorde began in 1962 when the British and French governments agreed to develop an SST (supersonic transport aircraft). The conceptualization and manufacturing of the plane was done through a joint effort between Aerospatiale and British Aerospace. The Concorde took its first flight in 1969 and only 20 Concordes were ever made. The consensus among Avgeeks is clear: the Concorde is considered to be one of the most beautiful airliners ever. It was built for an average cruising speed of Mach 2.02 (1,330 mph), more than double the speed of conventional aircraft. Its swept back delta wing, needle-like fuselage, vertical tail and moveable nose provided exceptional performance. But, oh that nose! But what about that crooked nose? Why did the Concorde’s nose tilt down on approaches? It looked rather odd. When the Concorde was being photographed (which was often) or was sitting at the gate, the nose was always intentionally put in the more attractive “up” position. Aesthetics aside, there are a couple of logical reasons for the nose tilt. The main reason is that it was impossible for the flight crew to see the runway in the nose-up position. The Concorde had a high angle of attack because its delta wing produced lift at low speeds. The nose was put in the lowest position when the aircraft was coming in for a landing to reduce drag and achieve the best aerodynamic efficiency. A moving visor retracted into the nose before it was lowered. The visor was constructed of special glass that was heat resistant and used as a protection for the windscreens when the plane was supersonic speeds. During flight, the nose and window would be up which gave the plane its aerodyamic shape. When the nose was raised to its default position (horizontal), the visor would raise up before the cockpit windscreen to provide streamlined aerodynamics. There were actually four different nose positions: The Concorde’s nose actually had four different positions. Each was used in various stages of flight: take-off, supersonic cruises, taxi and landing. 1.) Nose down at a 5-degree angle with visor retracted into nose: This position was sometimes used for take-off and taxi. 2.) Nose and visor both in fully retracted up position: This was used in two cases, when the Concorde was at supersonic cruise speed or parked on the runway. 2.) Nose up but visor retracted into droop nose: Again, there are two instances when the nose was in this position, either when the plane was doing a subsonic fly past or was having its windscreens cleaned. 4.) Nose down at a 12.5-degree angle, with visor retracted into nose: This was the most common position used for landing and taxi but the nose was quickly raised to the 5-degree angle before taxiing to the tarmac to avoid damage to the aircraft. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here	<urn:uuid:4b028ff2-46af-4255-af5f-2161a4015907>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.8519152998924255, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9777213931083679, "url": "http://www.inticweb.com/top-stories/why-did-the-concorde-lower-its-nose-on-approaches-1174-2018/" }
Learn Italian from Pinocchio: chapter 1, part 15 This post concludes your detailed look at chapter 1 of the Italian language used in Le avventure di Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi. You will look at the following portion of text, which closes the chapter: Questa volta il povero maestro Ciliegia cadde giù come fulminato. Quando riaprì gli occhi, si trovò seduto per terra. Il suo viso pareva trasfigurito, e perfino la punta del naso, di paonazza come era quasi sempre, gli era diventata turchina dalla gran paura. — Carlo Collodi, Le avventure di Pinocchio, capitolo 1 You will remember that the woodworker is nicknamed maestro Ciliegia (master Cherry) because of the colour of his nose, quasi sempre paonazzo (almost always violet). The text says il povero maestro Ciliegia, where povero means poor, as in unfortunate. Be sure to pronounce povero with the stress on the first syllable: pòvero. When the falegname heard the little voice say he was being tickled, cadde giù come fulminato (he fell down as through he had been struck by lightning). Cadere means to fall (in the text, you have cadere giù, meaning to fall down). Cadere is an important verb to learn: cadere da una finestra (to fall out a window), è caduto dal tetto (he fell off the roof), gli è caduto un mattone in testa (a brick fell on his head), gli son caduti già tutti i capelli (all his hair has already fallen out). Fulminare means to strike lightning. For example, ha tuonato e fulminato tutte la notte means there was thunder and lightning all night (literally, it thundered and struck lightning all night). The verbs here are tuonare and fulminare. When the falegname fell down, it was though he had been struck by lightning: fulminato. Of course, he was not really struck by lightning, so the text uses come fulminato, meaning as though he’d been struck by lightning. If he had really been killed by a bolt of lightning, you might say è morto fulminato (he was killed by lightning). The falegname then opened his eyes back up: riaprì gli occhi. The verb here is riaprire (to open back up, to open again, to reopen, etc.). Using the passato prossimo instead, this becomes ha riaperto gli occhi (he opened his eyes back up). With his eyes back open, si trovò seduto per terra (he found himself sitting on the ground). If you wanted to say I sat down in Italian, say mi sono seduto if you are a man, and mi sono seduta if you are a woman. This comes from the verb sedersi, meaning to sit (oneself) down. Mi sono seduto per terra means I sat down on the ground. Si sono seduti per terra is they sat down on the ground. Trasfigurare and trasfigurire both mean to alter, to transform. The viso (face) of the falegname seemed trasfigurito, or altered, by surprise and fear: il suo viso pareva trasfigurito (his face seemed altered); in other words, he was very disturbed. Pareva is from the verb parere, to seem. The Treccani dictionary tells you that trasfigurire is a rarely used equivalent of trasfigurare. The text then tells you that la punta del naso (the tip of his nose), which was almost always paonazza (violet) turned turchina (dark blue) out of fear. Of course, the masculine forms of these adjectives are paonazzo and turchino; they are feminine here because they agree with la punta (del naso). You saw the adjective paonazzo in part 3, where you will maybe remember the woodworker’s nose was described as lustro (shiny) and paonazzo (violet). In the text, you find the wording la punta del naso (…) gli era diventata turchina. Gli era diventata turchina can be translated literally as had become dark blue on him. The verb here is diventare (to become). Another example: il naso mi è diventato paonazzo (my nose turned violet; literally, my nose became violet on me). Dalla gran paura means out of great fear. This post’s portion of text can be understood as follows: Quésta vòlta (this time) il pòvero maèstro Ciliègia (the poor maestro Ciliegia) càdde giù cóme fulminàto (fell down as though lightning-struck). Quàndo riaprì gli òcchi (when he reopened his eyes), si trovò sedùto per tèrra (he found himself sat on the ground). Il sùo vìso paréva trasfigurìto (his face seemed altered), e perfìno la pùnta del nàso (and even the tip of his nose), di paonàzza cóme èra quàsi sèmpre (from the violet that it almost always was), gli èra diventàta turchìna (had become dark blue on him) dàlla gran paùra (out of great fear). Key Italian usages from this post include: quàsi sèmpre (almost always), pòvero (poor), cadére (to fall), il mattóne (brick), tuonàre (to thunder), fulminàre (to strike lightning), morìre fulminàto (to be killed by lightning), riaprìre gli òcchi (to open one’s eyes back up), sedùto (seated, sat), per tèrra (on the ground), sedérsi (to sit down), trasfiguràre, trasfigurìre (to alter, to transfigure), paonàzzo (violet, purple), turchìno (dark blue), dàlla gran paùra (out of great fear).	<urn:uuid:4fd7ad21-8f34-4533-bd6d-340c500e1f30>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.1817305088043213, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.6871702075004578, "url": "https://robertopolesello.com/2018/03/20/learn-italian-from-pinocchio-chapter-1-part-15/" }
Active Brazing Joins Titanium-Graphite Beam Target for Subatomic Particle Detection Beam target performs in harsh environment The beam target consists of a series of graphite segments lined by tubes filled with water for cooling. The particle beams strike the segments at the start of its 450-mile journey to create neutrinos. Beam targets, used in a harsh environment including high temperatures, vibration, and radiation, must be strong and robust, and able to withstand significant mechanical stresses. Replacing beam targets when they degrade is expensive due to the time, manpower, and equipment costs associated with the aggressive radioactive environment. Cory Crowley, mechanical engineer at Fermilab, explains that when the experiment began in 2005, scientists thought each target would last about a 1.5 years, a goal that was met with the first series of targets. However, after a few years, targets failed at an accelerated rate, lasting only about six months. “Since it takes a long time to build the targets, and it is difficult to source all the parts for the assembly, if it fails every six months and takes a month to replace, experiment time could be severely compromised,” said Crowley. Fermilab started to search for new target options as targets began to run out. Researchers also considered retrofitting older targets to ensure that a target was available to keep the experiment running. In the original beam target design, which included many transitions, stainless steel tubing was joined to graphite by soldering using electron beam welding. This fabrication method led to some quality control issues and inconsistent results. Failures were related to weld quality, the number of transitions used on the targets, and precision of assembly. Inspection of failed targets showed that in most cases failure was due to cracks in transition welds. This is a serious problem, because the tube is used as a water line for cooling segments. If segments overheat or do not cool properly, the entire target can degrade or melt. Active brazing improves joint strength Fermilab engineers created a new target design consisting of a single tube approximately 51 in. long, which uses three 180 degree bends rather than joints or transitions. In addition, the new design replaced stainless steel tubes with titanium tubes, which added strength and corrosion resistance. The same graphite segments used in the stainless design are used inside the tubes, each about 0.8 in. long. The small segments are stacked and brazed in place about 0.010 in. apart. The segments remain in place until depleted. The challenge was to find a method of attaching the graphite to the titanium. Because Fermilab engineers had limited experience with possible titanium to graphite joining methods, they turned to Morgan Technical Ceramics Wesgo Metals (MTC Wesgo), located in Hayward, Calif. MTC Wesgo has a long history of experience in active metal brazing, a process that allows metal to be bonded directly to nonmetallic materials, which typically require a metallization layer. Active metal brazing allows direct wetting of the alloy to the substrate material, eliminating several steps in the joining process and creating an extremely strong bond seal. MTC Wesgo developed more than 15 braze alloy compositions, which directly bond oxide and non-oxide ceramics and synthetics to metal or other materials, including graphite, diamond, and sapphire. Alloy compositions include those designed for use in very low temperature settings to very high temperature applications in the range of 500 to 1000°C. Alloys are set to meet specific service temperature conditions, as well as the requirements of all components to be joined. Figure 1 compares traditional brazing with active brazing. [Brazing Process Steps] Fig. 1 — Comparison of traditional brazing and active brazing According to the company, the active alloy process provides a more robust joint, with high bond strength. Alloys are designed to withstand thermal cycling, and will not crack, break, or undergo fatigue failure. For the MINOS experiment beam target, MTC Wesgo ran samples using a variety of alloys, after which Fermilab engineers conducted tests to review the part’s mechanical properties. Visually, test joints had no braze drips, and the foil adhered well to the graphite and titanium and did not expand beyond its initial boundaries. A second mechanical strength test performed in a tension testing device showed no breakage in the bonding regions (Fig.2). A sample cross section of the bonding region was prepared, polished, and mounted for metallographic examination at 1000´, which revealed a strong interaction between the braze foil and titanium. The active metal brazing alloy had an interaction one-third of the way through the tube wall, which results in the braze material creating an extremely strong metallurgical bond. [Pull test and fixture. Courtesy of FermiLab] Fig. 2 — Pull test and fixture. Courtesy of FermiLab A mechanical bending test was conducted to determine whether or not the strong interaction between two materials might create a brittleness that could lead to cracking. Test results indicated that the brazing foil adhered to the tube like tape. A final thermal cycling test was conducted to look at the possibility that the graphite might crack during rapid temperature changes. A brazed sample was taken from ice water and placed into boiling water over a few seconds, and after 30 cycles, the brazed sample showed no deterioration. Fermilab decided to proceed with this joining approach following the test program. Engineers visited MTC Wesgo’s Hayward site to work with the company to manufacture a target core. Assembly of parts and testing of the new design was carried out in a large vacuum furnace installed in a clean room. The team came up with a successful design after several iterations, design changes, and perfection of sample geometry to ensure all dimensions would work when the assembly was placed in the furnace (Fig. 3). Fig. 3 — Beam target assembly and manufacturing Graphite segments and titanium tubes were prepared at Fermi and shipped to MTC Wesgo, who brazed and shipped the assembly back for inspection and testing. It was checked out in the inspection lab, where the team ensured it met the extremely tight tolerances required, that it was flat, and that spacing between the graphite segments was correct so they would fit properly in the assembly. The new target is being held as the emergency spare for the experiment, because the emergency retrofitting succeeded in temporarily stemming the tide of beam target failures and scientists opted to keep the old design in place until it fails. However, the new titanium graphite design is being considered as the prototype for a new long baseline neutrino experiment (LBNE) for which Fermilab is pursuing funding from DOE. This is a higher energy experiment that will require an even stronger and more robust target. 1. MINOS Neutrino Experiment Launched at Fermilab, March 4, 2005;	<urn:uuid:1ef2941c-1505-4af4-ba07-92004f32ba3a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.022892355918884277, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9458979964256287, "url": "http://morganbrazealloys.com/en-gb/resources/technical-articles/active-brazing-joins-titanium-graphite-beam-target-for-subatomic-particle-detection/" }
Bellingham -- Thumbnail History • By Emily Lieb • Posted 8/20/2006 • Essay 7904 In 1852, two Californians in search of site for a lumber mill arrived at the mouth of northwest Washington’s Whatcom Creek, on the edge of the Puget Sound. The spot was close to the forests and streams they would need to supply and power their lumber business, and it had a good harbor that they could use to ship their products to market in San Francisco. The same natural bounty soon drew other newcomers. They formed four settlements: Whatcom, Sehome, Fairhaven, and Bellingham. In 1904, after a series of consolidations, the four towns became one city: Bellingham, at the time the state’s fourth-largest municipality. Yet even as the town boomed, most of its citizens -- miners, cannery workers, railroad builders, and loggers -- counted on the land and water around them for their livelihoods. At the beginning of the twenty-first century Bellingham still relies on the land to survive, but now caters to skiers, hikers, kayakers, and sightseers. First Peoples American Indians had lived in the Bellingham Bay area for thousands of years. The Lummi are a Coast Salish-speaking people who lived around the mouth of the Nooksack River, along the Whatcom Creek, and on the San Juan Islands. They survived by fishing, especially for salmon, and by catching shellfish. Along with the other Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest, they developed fishing techniques that became widely used, such as the reef net, which gently guides salmon into a shallow net, and the weir, which traps salmon behind a wooden latticework fence that blocks the mouth of an estuary or stream. In 1855, the Lummi Chief Chow’it’sut (?-1861) and other tribal leaders signed the Treaty of Point Elliott, which ceded most of the tribe’s aboriginal lands to the United States in exchange for a 15,000-acre reservation on a peninsula between Bellingham Bay and Lummi Bay. During the nineteenth century, Lummi workers from the reservation ferried goods and passengers up and down the area’s rivers and streams. They also helped white settlers build mills and houses and they worked in the logging industry. Bellingham's Logging Industry In December 1852, two investors from California -- Captain Henry Roeder (1824-1902), a German-born Ohioan who had earned his title as the master of a schooner on Lake Erie, and Russell V. Peabody of San Francisco -- came to Olympia, Washington, by canoe from Portland. They’d gone to Portland to start a fishing company, but when they got there they learned of a better opportunity: A fire had nearly destroyed San Francisco, and whoever managed to supply the lumber to rebuild it was going to get very, very rich. So, Roeder and Peabody headed upriver hoping to find a waterfall on which to build a water-powered sawmill. In Olympia, they met the Lummi Chief Chow’it’sut (?-1861), who directed them to the falls at Whatcom (which meant “noisy, rumbling water”). The investors took the chief’s advice, hired a pair of Lummi guides, and kept traveling north. When they reached the falls on Bellingham Bay, they found thousands of massive Doug-fir and cedar trees along the banks of streams powerful enough to turn the mill’s heavy waterwheels. It was the perfect site. According to legend, Roeder and Peabody returned to Chow’it’sut, who gave them the falls and the timber around them. He also sent Indian workers to help build and staff the new mill. By the time the mill was built, though, the reconstruction of San Francisco was well underway and lumber prices had fallen. Most lumber the Whatcom mill produced went north instead, where it helped to build the booming town of Victoria, British Columbia. The Washington Colony Fire destroyed this first Whatcom mill in 1873, and in 1881 Roeder and the Peabody heirs gave the site to a group of utopians from Kansas who promised to rebuild the mill along with a wharf, a church, a school, and 50 houses. The colonists were eventually able to do what Roeder never had -- in 1883, they delivered the area’s first large shipment of lumber to San Francisco -- but their settlement, the Washington Colony, met with little success. This is partly because it never hosted more than 25 families and partly because the Peabody heirs squabbled so much that the colonists were never free to do what they pleased on their land. Soon the colony became paralyzed by lawsuits and mired in debt. The founders tried to solve this problem by selling stock to new investors such as J. H. Stenger, who eventually became the sole owner of the Colony Mill and other interests. In revenge, two irate colonists blew up Stenger's house with a crude bomb made out of a gunpowder cartridge and a five-gallon oil can. By 1885, the settlement was abandoned. Advances in Logging Lumber remained one of the leading industries in the Bellingham Bay area for nearly three-quarters of a century. By the 1880s, steam power made it possible to build mills away from streams and closer to the timber stands themselves. The enormous Bloedel-Donovan Lumber Mill processed timber right along the shores of Lake Whatcom. Ten years later, steam-powered logging railroads made it possible to get the hugest logs from the inland mills to the Bellingham Bay for shipment. The region would have to wait for a major passenger and freight railway line, but these logging trains meant that builders all over the world could use Whatcom County lumber. Bellingham Coal Coal mining began in the Bellingham area in 1852, when William R. Pattle, the area’s first white settler, discovered coal on his land. The Pattle mine didn’t stay open for long and never made any money, but it inspired other would-be coal magnates to give mining a try. Henry Roeder discovered a 17-foot-thick seam of coal on his land, mined 60 tons of it, sold it in San Francisco for $16 a ton, then sold the tract to the California-based Bellingham Bay Coal Company. That firm soon opened the Sehome mine (named after Sea-hom, a Samish leader and the father-in-law of its manager). The Sehome mine became for a time the largest employer in the Territory, and the town that grew up around it contained a company store, miners' houses, saloons, and boarding houses. Despite difficult conditions -- tunnel collapses, fires, and floods -- the Sehome mine ran for two decades. It closed in 1878, and 20 families stayed in the town of Sehome. In 1856, the U.S. Army sent Captain George E. Pickett (1825-1875), later famous for leading the famously disastrous Confederate charge at the Battle of Gettysburg, to build a fort on the bay to protect the Sehome mine against Indian raiders from the north. Another mine opened in 1891 at Blue Canyon on the upper end of Lake Whatcom. The Blue Canyon mine operated for 25 years until 1917. Its most important customer was the U.S. Navy, which used the coal to fuel ships in the North Pacific fleet. In 1895, the Blue Canyon mine exploded, killing 23 miners in one of the worst industrial accident in the state’s history. The Fraser River Gold Rush Bellinghamians also sought to get rich from other kinds of mining. In 1858, prospectors found gold on the banks of the Fraser River in British Columbia -- and Whatcom was sitting in the middle of the shortcut from the ocean to the gold. Thousands of would-be miners swarmed into the town and camped on the beach while they waited for road-builders to finish the Whatcom Trail to Canada. Unfortunately, by the time the trail was finished, so were the Fraser River gold-fields: they had moved upriver and east to the Cariboo Basin. Besides, the Canadian government had begun to require that gold-seekers stop in Victoria to obtain supplies and permits. So, as quickly as it had arrived, the Bellingham Bay gold boom evaporated. Hoping for a Railroad By the 1880s, it seemed clear that, in order to really prosper, the Bellingham Bay area needed a railroad. Local boosters hoped to make one of the Bay towns the terminus of a transcontinental railway line. As early as 1854, when the U.S. Congress authorized the Corps of Topographic Engineers to survey all potential rail routes from east to west, Bellingham Bay settlers speculated that the area could win the economic and cultural investment that a transcontinental railroad would bring. But it wasn’t until 1864, when Congress chartered the Northern Pacific Railroad from Lake Superior to Puget Sound, that boosters had something real to pin their hopes on. The Northern Pacific dashed those hopes when, in 1873, it chose Tacoma to be its terminus. Then, in the 1880s, the Bellingham Bay Improvement Company and the developer Nelson Bennett promoted real-estate speculation around the bay in anticipation of the selection of Fairhaven to be the western headquarters of the transcontinental Great Northern Railway. Developers put up buildings in downtown Fairhaven so quickly that they forgot to leave space for alleys behind them. But the railroad went to Seattle instead. In the end, it was smaller companies like the Bellingham Bay & British Columbia and the Fairhaven & Southern that connected communities on the bay to Canada, Seattle, and the logging camps and tiny towns in the hinterlands. Two Towns, One City By 1890, there were four towns on Bellingham Bay: Whatcom (now Bellingham’s Old Town district), Sehome (Bellingham’s downtown), Bellingham (near Boulevard Park), and Fairhaven (today’s Fairhaven neighborhood). That year, a developer from Fairhaven bought and incorporated tiny Bellingham. A year after that, Whatcom and Sehome merged to become New Whatcom, which changed its name back to Whatcom in 1901. Whatcom and Fairhaven shared a street grid and an electric streetcar system. Although some Fairhaven citizens urged restraint, fearing that the larger Whatcom would swallow their tiny town and strangle its businesses, as the towns grew it became clear to most that consolidation was the best way to ensure that they would prosper. If there was going to be a new city, boosters decided, it needed a new name. This decision was a practical one: if Whatcom had tried to annex Fairhaven or vice versa, two-thirds of the annexed city’s voters would have to approve the merger, but if the two consolidated under a new name, only half of each town’s voters had to give their consent. Consolidation-boosters proposed the name Bellingham as a compromise (one snide newspaper editor suggested that “Whathaven” might be a better choice), and in 1903, the men of Fairhaven and Whatcom voted 2,163 to 596 to become the city of Bellingham. The new city was ready to face the twentieth century. Salmon and the Canneries Legend has it that farmers and gardeners could catch the Chinook salmon they used as fertilizer simply by sticking a pitchfork into a stream and flipping forkfuls of fish onto their fields. The salmon industry really began to boom around 1900, when companies figured out how to can and ship all the tons of fish they caught in their traps. Fish traps were wire nets that blocked salmon runs and forced the fish into big underwater pens. One fish trap could hold about 30 tons of fish. Workers filled boats with the trapped fish and return to the cannery, where they would clean the fish, pack it into sheet-metal cans, and prepare it for shipment. From 1900 until about 1945, canneries such as the Pacific-American Fisheries, the Bellingham Canning Company, and the Puget Sound Canning Company were the area’s largest employers. The Pacific-American Fisheries cannery was the largest structure in Washington and the largest Pacific salmon processing-plant in the world. Bellingham's Immigrant Workers Many immigrants worked in these canneries (as well as for companies that served the fishing industry, such as the Pacific Sheet Metal Works and the Fairhaven Shipyard). They came from Sweden, Norway, Slovenia, and Italy to work on ships and in the canning factories. Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino workers also worked in the canneries. They often did the dirtiest, smelliest jobs like gutting and cleaning the fish. And they weren’t welcome in Bellingham itself: They slept in a segregated bunkhouse near the cannery. The racist attitudes that Asian immigrant workers faced sometimes turned violent. During the 1880s anti-Chinese violence flared across the West and in Bellingham, in 1885, civic leaders campaigned to drive Chinese workers away from the area. When they succeeded, the towns celebrated with a torchlight parade. In 1907, a mob of several hundred white workers went to mills and boardinghouses along the Bellingham waterfront in search of the hundred or so East Indians who worked in the lumber mills. These men were furious because they thought East Indian workers were taking their jobs away by agreeing to work longer hours for lower pay. The white men beat all the Asians they found and ran them out of town. The next day, the remaining East Indians in the city fled. Then anonymous letters began to circulate, warning that the Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino workers who stayed in Bellingham would meet the same fate. There was never another riot in the city, but the Asian population declined anyway. Canneries began to use a mechanical fish-cleaning device that eliminated jobs that many Asian workers had held. The Asian population declined from 600 in 1900 to 240 in 1910 to 69 in 1920. Education was always an important part of the identity of the four towns that would one day make up Bellingham. In fact, the first thing the Whatcom County commissioners did at their inaugural meeting in 1854 was to levy a school tax. (The federal government required each territory it created to make provision for a public school system.) In 1890, the town of Sehome built the Northwest’s first high school. That first year, it served 33 pupils. But the most important school in Whatcom County was the New Whatcom Normal School. In 1895, the school Location Commission chose a drained marsh on the top of Sehome Hill to build a new normal school, the state’s third. The purpose of a normal school, according to the state legislature, was “to train teachers in the art of instructing and governing in the public schools” (Gregoire). It gave young women and a few young men the training they needed to be teachers in the rural communities around the Bellingham Bay. The New Whatcom Normal School started in a single building called Old Main that was completed in 1899. That’s where students went to class, studied, and ate their meals. They didn’t need to stay at the Normal School for long -- it took only a year to train to become an elementary school teacher. But by 1933, state law required that teachers have at least three years of college, and the Normal School’s curriculum had changed so much that the state granted it the power to award bachelor’s degrees in education. The school became the Western Washington College of Education. After World War II, the college boomed. Soldiers who might never have considered going to college before the war could suddenly use the GI Bill to pay their tuition and living expenses while they continued their education. By 1947, students at Western Washington could get bachelor’s degrees in chemistry and English as well as in Education. The school continued to expand, and in 1961 it became Western Washington State College. It’s been Western Washington University since 1977. Today, Western Washington is a highly ranked public university with about 13,000 undergraduate students in many majors. A Thriving Town During the early part of the twentieth century, Bellingham boomed. Railroad speculators built many ornate and imposing buildings in downtown Fairhaven. Bankers and merchants built homes and office buildings in Sehome. As the canneries and lumber mills prospered, the streets of the Bellingham Bay towns came to look more and more established and respectable. In 1891, local architect Alfred Lee (1843–1933) designed the Whatcom City Hall in the Second Empire style. It was a tall, three-dimensional building with a mansard roof and a dramatic clock tower. (The clocks themselves didn’t tell time at first. The depression of 1893 meant that there was no money to complete the interior of the building or to buy working clock parts, so the city simply fixed the clock hands at 7:00.) In 1939 Bellingham built a larger, more modern city hall on Lottie Street. Since then, the Old City Hall building has housed the Whatcom Museum of History & Art. In 1903, Fairhaven got a grant to build the area’s first Carnegie-funded library on 12th Street. That library still stands today. In 1906, Bellingham became one of only two cities in the country to win a second Carnegie grant. The downtown-Bellingham Carnegie library opened in 1908. It sat on a high, rocky hill, and in order to get to the front door patrons had to climb 57 steep steps. Almost immediately, library boosters started looking around for a new site for the city’s central library, but they didn’t get one until 1951. Two years after that, the Carnegie building was torn down and the hill regraded. In 1912, British architect F. Stanley Piper began work on the Bellingham National Bank, a five-story Chicago-style building that was dramatically different from the heavy-looking Victorian and Romanesque buildings railroad speculators had built. Until the Bellingham Herald finished its building in 1926, the National Bank building was the largest and most architecturally fashionable building in the city. It made clear to residents and visitors alike that Bellingham was a place to be reckoned with. Post-Industrial Bellingham By the mid-1950s, extractive industries like lumber, fisheries, and coal no longer formed the center of Bellingham’s economy and identity. Salmon stocks and timber supplies were depleted. The sawmills, shingle mills, and canneries had closed. The commercial fisheries on the waterfront disappeared. The downtown core, built around businesses that served mill and cannery workers and their families, declined too. City boosters thought that they could save Bellingham by attracting a new, multi-lane highway that would run along the waterfront and make it easy for travelers, workers, and customers to visit the businesses that remained in the city. They also hoped that a modern highway would encourage new factories and other kinds of businesses to move to Bellingham. The Idea of I-5 Bellingham boosters had always known that transportation networks were essential to their town’s survival, and in the 1950s they lobbied for their preferred route for the new highway, Interstate 5, with the same intensity that their predecessors had lobbied for railroads and interurban electric rail lines. They wanted to be sure that all traffic between Seattle and Vancouver had to drive right through the center of their city, not around it. The old highway, the cramped and crowded Route 99, had made it easy to get to the town’s Central Business District and industrial outskirts. But as the city’s local industries declined in the 1940s and 1950s, it lost its clout in highway-building negotiations. State road planners saw that a good deal of industrial and residential development was happening outside city limits (and outside Bellingham’s tax base). They planned a highway whose interchanges served such suburban enterprises as the Bellingham Mall (1960s) instead of firms on the Bellingham waterfront such as Pacific American Fisheries, the Puget Sound Pulp and Timber Company Mill, the Squalicum Creek industrial area, and Bellingham Coal Mine. The route's placement and interchanges then encouraged the development of suburban places at the expense of the city they’d once relied on. But this didn't prevent people in Bellingham from losing homes and businesses to the road, as it carved apart neighborhoods that people had lived in for decades. Still, the final route spared the neighborhood that had once been downtown Fairhaven. (The route the Bellingham boosters proposed would have required the roadbuilders to bulldoze the whole place.) Even so, by the early 1970s that neighborhood, like so many others across the country, was crumbling. Abandoned buildings and vacant lots lined its streets. People didn’t feel safe there, so they stayed away. The New Bellingham Neighborhood and community groups decided to try to save the city they loved. Because Fairhaven had been the site of a speculative frenzy in the 1890s, when people thought it would become the terminus of a transcontinental railroad, it had many beautiful old buildings. And ever since the imposing Fairhaven Hotel had been torn down and replaced by a filling station in 1953, the people of the neighborhood had been wary of “improvements” that required them to destroy what made the place unique. By the 1970s, the rest of the country had begun to come around to this way of thinking. Even developers were beginning to see how important it was to rescue and reuse old buildings. In Fairhaven, they built tourist-oriented shops and restaurants in some of the most distinctive old buildings, like the huge Mason Block. Preservationists worked to save others, such as the Carnegie Library and the Kulshan Club, once Fairhaven’s leading men’s club. Finally, the federal government added slightly more than three blocks of downtown Fairhaven to the National Register of Historic Places. Today, Fairhaven is packed with shops and restaurants, and concerts and movie-screenings on its refurbished Village Green attract people from all over the region. Sources: Lelah Jackson Edson, The Fourth Corner: Highlights from the Early Northwest (Bellingham: Whatcom Museum of History & Art, 1968), 279; “People Who Helped Shape Bellingham: Henry Roeder,” Bellingham Centennial website accessed August 20, 2006 (; JoAnn Roe, The North Cascadians (Seattle: Madrona Publishers, 1980), 42; "Local History,” and “Local History: 1892 Old City Hall,”Whatcom Museum of History & Art website accessed August 20, 2006 (; “Mines Faced Disasters, Financial Woes,” The Bellingham Herald, October 20, 2003 (; “Early Industry in Bellingham Bay: Railroads,” Bellingham Centennial Celebration website accessed August 2006 (; Richard Vanderway, “Brisk Debate Preceded Consolidation,” The Bellingham Herald, October 20, 2003 (; Aubrey Cohen, “Immigrants Peopled Early Bay Cities,” The Bellingham Herald, October 20, 2003 (; Bonnie Hart Southcottm, “Now Long-Gone Fish Traps Drove Fisheries,” The Bellingham Herald, October 20, 3003 (; Aubrey Cohen, “Early Asian Workers Faced Mob Violence,” The Bellingham Herald October 20, 2003 (; National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form:; Mary Lane Gallagher, “Higher Education Rose on Sehome Hill,” The Bellingham Herald, October 20, 2003 (; Christine Gregoire, “Attorney General’s Opinion on the Authority of the Legislature to Define Powers and Duties of the Superintendent of Public Instruction” (1998), accessed August 20, 2006 (; City of Bellingham Historic Tour: Bellingham National Bank website accessed August 20, 2006 (; "City of Bellingham Historic Tour" Whatcom Museum of History & Art website accessed August 20, 2006 (; “Lummi Nation Tribal Profile,” Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board website accessed August 20, 2006 (; Chris Friday, “ 'No Backward Steps?' A Centennial Perspective on the History of Bellingham,” Journal of the Whatcom County Historical Society (April 2004), 25–41; James V. Hillegas, "'Pushing Forward with the Determination of the Machine Age': Interstate 5 is built through Bellingham, Washington, 1945-1966" in The Journal of the Whatcom County Historical Society, Special Edition: Bellingham Centennial (April 2004), 105-138. See also Matthew Ryan, “House of Myth: Where Dwells the Enduring Legend of General George Pickett,” Columbia: The Magazine of Northwest History Vol. 25, No. 1 (Spring 2011), 22-27.	<urn:uuid:6b430f19-f277-44fd-9898-5968cc3dd187>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.024317920207977295, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.958692193031311, "url": "http://historylink.org/File/7904" }
Guyana Table of Contents Descendants of the Africans, the Afro-Guyanese came to see themselves as the true people of British Guiana, with greater rights to land than the indentured workers who had arrived after them. The fact that planters made land available to East Indians in the late nineteenth century when they had denied land to the Africans several decades earlier reinforced Afro-Guyanese resentment toward other ethnic groups in the colony. The AfroGuyanese people's perception of themselves as the true Guyanese derived not only from their long history of residence, but also from a sense of superiority based on their literacy, Christianity, and British colonial values. By the early twentieth century, the majority of the urban population of the country was Afro-Guyanese. Many Afro-Guyanese living in villages had migrated to the towns in search of work. Until the 1930s, Afro-Guyanese, especially those of mixed African and European descent, comprised the bulk of the nonwhite professional class. During the 1930s, as the Indo-Guyanese began to enter the middle class in large numbers, they began to compete with Afro-Guyanese for professional positions. Custom Search Source: U.S. Library of Congress	<urn:uuid:5d9fede3-97ac-4781-8cf6-b2b7a9ad9ec7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.3125, "fasttext_score": 0.05576372146606445, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9632865190505981, "url": "http://countrystudies.us/guyana/29.htm" }
Your Burning Questions About the Olympic Torch, Answered John Mark, the last runner in the 1948 relay bringing the torch into Wembley Stadium. After 101 days of traveling by plane, train, automobile, Korean warship, zipline and even robot, the Olympic torch will finally reach the site of the Winter Games in PyeongChang, South Korea. Last Friday, a lucky honoree will use it to light the Olympic cauldron in a grand, symbolic start to the games. While the blaze looks like any other, its origins are special: It was lit not with matches or a Zippo lighter, but with a parabolic mirror, echoing rituals from Ancient Greece. To brush up on algebra, a parabola is a particular type of arc that is defined by the exact curvature of its sides. Mathematically, these symmetrical curves all take some form of the equation, Y = X^2. Revolve a parabola around its axis, and you have the shape of a parabolic mirror. Unlike most curves, which scatter incoming light in many directions, the reflected beams bounce from a parabola and all concentrate to one point, the focus. These reflective surfaces are used in a number of devices to concentrate not only reflected light, but also sound or radio waves. Satellite dishes, some types of microphones, reflecting telescopes and even car headlights benefit from the reflective properties of parabolic dishes. In the case of the Olympics, when the sun shines on a parabolic dish, known to the ancient Greeks as a Skaphia or crucible, the rays all bounce off its sides and collect at one blazing hot point. Put a piece of paper—or a gas torch—in that focal point, and you get fire. A lone parabolic dish does a decent job heating things up, achieving temperatures of at least hundreds of degrees. That’s really very easy to reach,” says Jeffrey Gordon, professor of physics at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel. Some may even be able to reach temperatures in the thousands of degrees, says Jonathan Hare, a British physicist and science communicator. You can see the inner pilot light in the London 2012 torch through the perforations in the metal. Hare has witnessed parabolic mirrors vaporize carbon, something that only happens at temps over 2,000 degrees Celsius If conditions are absolutely ideal, light can be concentrated to match the same temperature as its source, Gordon explains. In the case of the sun, that means that the upper temperature limit when concentrating its rays is around 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit. No matter what you do, no matter how brilliant you are, you can never bring any object on Earth to a higher temperature [by concentrating sunlight],” says Gordon. But, of course, conditions are never ideal. First, some of that heat is lost to the atmosphere. Then, some is absorbed into your reflective surface, and still another fraction is scattered away due to imperfections in the mirror. The parabola is a good concentrator but not a perfect concentrator,” Gordon adds. Gordon’s research is focused on pushing the limits of sun concentration to the max. A backup Olympic flame from the Vancouver Games Using multiple concentrating mirrors, his lab has achieved temperatures of nearly 3,000 degrees Celsius, applying the heat for a range of feats, including a sun-powered surgical laser and a reactor for creating nanomaterials. But now, at some truly blistering temps, he has a different problem. We start to destroy everything,” he says. In the case of Olympic torch lighting, the issues are somewhat more mundane. For one, there’s the potential for clouds. In the days leading up to the modern torch lighting ceremony at the ancient temple of Hera in Olympia, the organizers light a flame in a parabolic dish, just in case clouds obscure the sun on the day of the ceremony. The preparedness proved useful at this year’s event, which took place on the drizzly morning of October 24, 2017. The original torch used in the Berlin 1936 Games. People have practiced the concentration of the sun’s rays for thousands of years. The most famous example of solar concentration comes from 212 B.C. during the siege of Syracuse, Greece. The Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes used the parabolic mirror, so the story goes, to deter a fleet of approaching ships, crafting a solar death ray using panels of what was likely polished bronze. Though there’s reason to doubt the veracity of these somewhat fantastical claims—including a failed MythBusters’ attempt to replicate the feat—the ancient Greeks did have a handle on the magic of these special curves. The first torches used in the games were modeled after ancient designs, writes Chapoutot. Built by the Krupp Company, Germany’s largest armament producer, each one only burned for 10 minutes. The torches used today have come a long way. In recent years, organizers have opted for high-tech features to keep the flame lit, no matter the weather. This year’s torch, dreamed up by Korean designer Young Se Kim, has four separate walls to ensure the flame can withstand winds up to 78 mph. It also has a tri-layered umbrella-like cover to prevent rain from extinguishing the blaze. It can even withstand temperatures down to -22 degrees Fahrenheit thanks to its internal circulation system. If the flame goes out en route, support is always nearby with backup fire lit by parabolic mirror to swiftly relight it. Though the flame has averted major disasters this year, its robot transporter almost tipped over. Organizers rushed to right the bot, preserving the flame. So during last friday’s opening ceremony, as the Olympic cauldron is lit, take a moment to appreciate the fire that roared to life under a glowing bath of concentrated rays of sunlight. As Greek archaeologist Alexander Philadelphus described during the planning of the first torch relay, the warm glow wasn’t lit by modern mechanics, but rather came directly from Apollo, “the god of light himself.” Please like, share and tweet this article. Pass it on: Popular Science	<urn:uuid:3f66f66f-c6da-49ee-adea-94b82bba2858>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.08493804931640625, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9134239554405212, "url": "http://answerswithjoe.com/tag/torch/" }
The Road That Led to Telangana Security personnel trying to disperse a group of protesters in Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, demonstrating against the ruling coalition's endorsement of the creation of a separate state of Telangana.Credit Associated Press The southern state of Andhra Pradesh was formed in 1956, with Hyderabad as its capital, on the principle of reorganizing Indian states on a linguistic basis. Andhra Pradesh combined the Telugu-speaking region of the former princely state of Hyderabad and the Telugu-speaking region of Seemandhra, which was part of the Madras Presidency. Hyderabad was a ruled by a princely ruler, the Nizam, and supervised by a British resident, and the Seemandhra region was ruled directly by the British authorities. The Seemandhra region includes four southern districts of Rayalseema region, and the nine districts of Coastal Andhra, along the shore of Bay of Bengal. On July 30, the Congress Party, which leads the governing coalition of the central government, endorsed the creation of Telangana as the 29th state of India by dividing Andhra Pradesh. The decision culminated a 57-year-old troubled relationship between the two Telugu-speaking regions, which had been combined to form Andhra Pradesh. The decision to create the state of Telangana by separating the two regions was brought about by a sustained agitation by the elites and the masses of Telangana over the last 14 years. They faced opposition to their demand from the elites and the middle classes of Seemandhra, who have been advocating the continuation of a united state for the Telugus. The idea of Andhra Pradesh as a larger region of Telugu-speaking people came out of the aspirations of the united Communist Party of India in the 1950s. The Communists had been at the forefront of organizing the peasants and workers in the two Telugu-speaking regions, Seemandhra and Telangana. In the Hyderabad state, especially in the Telangana region, the Communist Party organized a major armed struggle from 1946 to 1951 on behalf of the peasants and workers against the landlords and the princely ruler Nizam. In Seemandhra too, the Communists mobilized vast sections of peasants, agricultural tenants and workers against the landlords of the region. The formation of Andhra Pradesh was expected to lead to faster development of its people and ensure social justice for the oppressed people from both regions. By 1956, when Andhra Pradesh was created, the Communist Party had been sidelined. The Communists were defeated in electoral politics by their refusal to form coalitions with other political groups, and the Congress Party’s anti-Communist campaign in the elections that preceded the creation of the state of Andhra Pradesh. The landed elites and the incipient business classes of the Seemandhra and the landed elites of Telangana region stood with the Congress Party, which governed India at the time. These two sets of elites harbored mutual suspicions from the very beginning, influencing the interactions between the two regions. By the late 1960s, it became clear that this relationship between the elites had become rocky. Seemandhra had greater exposure to commerce, a modern state, the experience of social reforms among the middle classes and the enormous mobilizations that happened under the nationalist movement against the British. Telangana, on the other hand, also witnessed some exposure to commerce, a very different state under the Nizam (which had a mixture of modern and traditional patrimonial authority), and lesser exposure to the mainstream of the nationalist movement. Women in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, celebrating the ruling coalition's endorsement of the creation of a separate state of Telangana on Wednesday.Credit Mahesh Kumar A./Associated Press In the late 1960s, there was already a strong sense, especially in Telangana that the Seemandhra had monopolized state power and therefore public resources, public sector employment and the water resources. At that time, three agitations broke out. A separate Telangana movement was led by the old landed elites and the urban middle classes, which also mobilized popular support. A separate Andhra movement was led by the landed and business elites of Seemandhra, though it received popular support because the Indian Supreme Court had endorsed the exclusive claim of the Telangana locals, also known as Mulkis, for certain government jobs. The Communists, much weaker by 1971-72, led the movement for a united Andhra Pradesh. The Indian government, led by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, crushed the first two agitations by force and kept the state together, after working out a compromise formula. The question of a separate Telangana did not surface in any serious way for another 25 years, even though there was a continued muted sense of mutual suspicion. Between the early 1970s and the late 1990s, several important and interdependent processes emerged in the state of Andhra Pradesh. A strong Maoist movement broke out in the Telangana region. The Maoists fought for the interests of a small and marginal peasantry, agricultural workers and tribal people and also hoped to overthrow the government. The Maoist insurgency led to an elite flight from the villages, where the movement was strong, into towns and cities. On the other hand, the famed Telugu actor N.T. Rama Rao, leader of the newly created Telugu Desam Party, had become chief minister of Andhra Pradesh in 1983. Mr. Rao brought about two important administrative reforms. The first one was the abolition of the Karanam or Patwari, or village accountant, system, monopolized by the upper caste communities and used to control land transactions, which paved the way for a stronger role for elected officials at the village level. He also introduced a revised revenue system of block, or mandals, governance that inserted an intermediate electoral political layer between the village and the district. Both these moves created powerful vehicles for political and economic mobility that led to the strengthening of the somewhat large and disparate set of caste groups that are known as Other Backward Classes, or O.B.C.’s, at the village, block and district levels in Telangana. While the scheduled castes and the upper castes largely remained with the Congress Party, the perceived opportunities for mobility by the O.B.C.’s that form more than 65 percent of the total population in Telangana provided the sense that a united Andhra Pradesh state had space for people of all regions. Even as the Maoist movement was going on, there was a major spurt in agricultural production in the Telangana region during the 1980s and 1990s, as Telangana farmers shifted to commercial crops and Green Revolution technologies like tube well irrigation on the basis of a sustained state support, like public investment, institutional credit and extension services. By the late 1990s, structural adjustment policies of the Indian government cut down the public investment in agriculture, kept institutional credit at very low levels and cut down various subsidies to farmers. As loans became costlier to obtain from informal credit markets and tube well irrigation led to unsustainable and costly groundwater exploitation, the agricultural growth process ran into constraints. A spate of farmer suicides began in Telangana in 1998. The state of Andhra Pradesh also saw the emergence of its own business class with political interests by the time economic reforms were introduced in 1991 in India. This business class emerged, almost completely, from the landed and the rich agrarian classes of the Seemandhra through state patronage. Telangana elites did not find an easy entry into this. Within the Seemandhra too, while the elite in the four southern districts of Rayalseema amassed vast wealth and political power, the majority of Rayalseema’s population remained even poorer than the people of Telangana. The new capitalists of Andhra Pradesh migrated from rural areas to the urban centers of the state like Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada and Tirupati. There was also a substantial consolidation of professional and middle classes, which included I.T. workers or state bureaucratic workers in Hyderabad and other urban centers of the state. It created a spiral of city-centered (mainly Hyderabad) enclave based growth that kept out vast numbers of the poor from the larger economic growth processes. The new elite was also somewhat regionally structured, with different regional groups articulating the cultural differences among themselves. In addition, the economic and cultural elites of the Seemandhra portrayed Telangana people as backward or inferior in cultural or linguistic terms in films, media and literature. For example, in Telugu films, only villains or comedians spoke the Telangana version of spoken Telugu. The unequal integration of regional elites in economic, political and cultural terms led to the next phase of separatism in the late 1990 that culminated in the July 30 announcement of a new state of Telangana. The elites that had fled in the 1980s from villages, the newly prosperous members of the Other Backward Classes, several progressive outfits and different political parties came together in fighting for a separate Telangana. Each group had a different reason to join the demand for a separate state, but each felt a sense of grievance in a united Andhra Pradesh. This time around, the battle was between those fighting for a separate Telangana and those that were fighting for a united Andhra Pradesh state, with the latter group seeing the present Hyderabad as a commonly created space. The new Telangana comes with many conflicting aspirations and promises. Its elites have an intense desire for the economic success of their counterparts in Seemandhra and they might follow the same enclave-based model of economic growth. The common people have a desire for better access to resources like irrigation, public employment or a supportive welfare state. There has also been a spectacular consolidation of religious right in the lead up to the announcement of the separation. The Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party has considerably strengthened its political forces, despite its minor presence in the current legislature, because the Congress Party was dithering on the issue of creating a separate state while B.J.P. sounded more decisive. In an expected backlash, the Muslim political group, Majlis-e Ittehadul Muslimeen, which is strong in the city of Hyderabad, has been lukewarm about the separate Telangana movement. It is not clear how these conflicts will play out in the new state. One hopes that the repressed aspirations of those fighting for social justice since the 1940s for a democratic state that will aid fast-paced development, especially for the common masses, will finally be realized instead of the enclave-based growth model that has marginalized the majority, including the common people of Telangana. Vamsi Vakulabharanam is an Associate Professor of Economics at the University of Hyderabad.	<urn:uuid:e862713d-9625-4e2f-b06d-c336cfe4322c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.10251522064208984, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9647534489631653, "url": "https://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/05/the-road-that-led-to-telangana/?smid=fb-share&_r=1" }
How are Fingerprints Unique? Period 6 Big image (Moms' Depression Affects..) To understand how fingerprints are unique, you must first understand how fingerprints are created. Although scientist are not exactly sure how fingerprints are formed, there is a popular theory among scientist about their origins. In the womb, a mother has a layer of skin called the basal layer that is crutched up. The child in the womb gets skin creases because of this basal layer. This creates a unique fingerprint because the child will be in different positions in the womb and will therefore develop different creases on the skin. (Brit, Lasting Impression…) Work Cited Britt, Robert. "Lasting Impression: How Fingerprints Are Created." LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 2 Nov. 2004. Web. 15 Oct. 2015. <> "Moms' Depression Affects Babies' Language Development - but so Does Anti-depressant Drug - Research Shows." Canadacom. N.p., 08 Oct. 2012. Web. 19 Oct. 2015. <>.	<urn:uuid:ad61a1a4-ea97-444a-a26d-9397327561de>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.578125, "fasttext_score": 0.8900128602981567, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8842689990997314, "url": "https://www.smore.com/k8dtg" }
Biological Nitrogen Fixation 1. Write an equation for the overall chemical reaction that occurs in biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). 2. List three ways in which forage seed can be inoculated with Rhizobium bacteria. 3. Describe 3 ways in which society benefits from BNF. 4. True / False ? A deficiency of Mo may cause a reduction in BNF. 5. Define the term "inoculation." 6. Discuss how several environmental factors affect BNF. 7. Describe the process of infection and nodulation in BNF.	<urn:uuid:a68eed02-694f-40e4-89dd-dccb03c03136>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 1.0000096559524536, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8618817329406738, "url": "https://forages.oregonstate.edu/nfgc/eo/onlineforagecurriculum/instructormaterials/availabletopics/nitrogenfixation/pretest" }
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search The Rostocker Pfeilstorch, found in 1822, demonstrated that birds migrated rather than hibernating or changing form in winter. The term Pfeilstorch (German for "arrow stork") is given to storks injured by an arrow while wintering in Africa, before returning to Europe with the arrow stuck in their bodies. To date, around 25 Pfeilstörche have been documented. The first and most famous Pfeilstorch was a white stork found in 1822 near the German village of Klütz, in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It was carrying an arrow from central Africa in its neck. The specimen was stuffed and can be seen today in the zoological collection of the University of Rostock. It is therefore referred to as the Rostocker Pfeilstorch.[1][2][3] This Pfeilstorch was crucial in understanding the migration of European birds. Before migration was understood, people had no other explanation for the sudden annual disappearance of birds like the white stork and barn swallow. Some theories of the time held that they turned into mice, or hibernated at the bottom of the sea during the winter, and such theories were even propagated by zoologists of the time.[4] The Rostocker Pfeilstorch in particular proved that birds migrate long distances to wintering grounds.[5] 1. ^ Zoologische Sammlung der Universität Rostock (in German) article with picture of the Rostocker Pfeilstorch 2. ^ Flyer for the Rostock University Zoological Collection (in English) 3. ^ Der Sproessling 3 Archived 2014-11-25 at the Wayback Machine. (in German) edition of the local student association's magazine containing an article about the Pfeilstorch 4. ^ Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). Birds Britannica. Chatto & Windus. p. 315. ISBN 0-7011-6907-9. 5. ^ Ragnar K. Kinzelbach: Das Buch vom Pfeilstorch, Basilisken-Presse 2005, ISBN 3-925347-78-X (in German) Further reading[edit] (in German) Hagen, H. (1975). "Beobachtung eines Pfeilstorches in Ost-Afrika [White Stork (Ciconia ciconia) with arrow protruding from its body seen in East Africa]." Ornithologische Mitteilungen. 27(5): 111-112.	<urn:uuid:ce4ef249-831e-4d23-9e05-393079d66c1f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.035468339920043945, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8549910187721252, "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeilstorch" }
Lesson 8 Strong nouns: wa-stems These are a small class, not very strongly distinguished from the normal a-stems except by a tendency for the w to form a diphthong ending in u with a preceding vowel; when this occurs, the endings are: Masculine Neuter N -us -wos -u -wa A -u -wans -u -wa G -wis -we -wis -we D -wa -wam -wa -wam Examples: sa thius: the servant” (cf. Old English theow; the Gothic feminine is thiwi) N sa thius thai thiwos A thana thiu thans thiwans G this thiwis thize thiwe D thamma thiwa thaim thiwam thata triu: the wood (cf. “tree”) N thata triu tho triwa A thata triu tho triwa G this triwis thize triwe D thamma triwa thaim triwam thata kniu: “the knee” is declined in the same way as triu. Other nouns in these classes end in -w and are declined just like the normal a-stems: thata fraiw: the seed thata gaidw: the want, the lack thata hlaiw: the grave thata lew: the occasion sa snaiws: the snow thata waurstw: the work There are also -wo stems, but they are not declined any differently from the normal o-stems; some are: so fijathwa: the hatred so frijathwa: the love so triggwa: the covenant so bandwa: the sign, the token so nidwa: the rust wa-stem adjectives were probably declined in the same manner as strong a-stem adjectives; the change of w to u probably occurred, but isn’t attested in the existing Gothic texts. faus, fau, fawa: little, few (only plural forms known) lasiws, lasiw, lasiwa: weak, feeble qius, qiu, qiwa: alive, living (only plural forms known) (cf. “quick”) triggws, triggw, triggwa: true, faithful usskaus, usskau, usskawa: vigilant (only plural forms known) Strong i-stem nouns There were masculine and feminine i-stem nouns, but no neuters. The masculines declined identically to the strong a-stems except in the Nominative, Accusative, and Dative plural; the feminine i-stem is identical to the masculine i-stem except in the Genitive and Dative singular. Masculine i-stem endings: N -s -eis A zero -ins G -is -e D -a -im Note that i substitutes for a in the accusative and dative plurals (-ans v. -ins; -am v. -im). Example: sa saggws: the song N sa saggws thai saggweis A thana saggw thans saggwins G this saggwis thize saggwe D thamma saggwa thaim saggwim Other masculine i-stems sa arms: the arm sa balgs: the wineskin (cf. “bellows”) sa barms: the bosom, the lap sa baur: the child, the son sa gards: the house sa gasts: the guest sa hups: the hip sa mats: the meat sa saggws: the song sa saiws: the sea sa slahs: the stroke, the stripe (e.g. of stick or whip) (cf. slahan “to strike”) sa staths: the place (plural thai stadeis; cf. “stead”) sa striks: the stroke, the line (e.g. of pen) sa thlauhs: the flight (cf. thliuhan “to flee”) Feminine i-stem endings N -s -eis A zero -ins G -ais -e D -ai -im Example: so magaths: the maid N so magaths thos magatheis A tho magath thos magathins G thizos magathais thizo magathe D thizai magathai thaim magathim Some other i-stem feminines: so arbaiths (pl. thos arbaideis): the labor (cf. German “Arbeit”) so dails: the portion (cf. “dole” and “deal”, German “Teil”) so deths: the deed (pl. thos dedeis) so fadreins: the family (cf. “father”) so gabaurths: the birth (cf. bairan “to bear”) so gakusts: the test (cf. kiusan “to test”) so gaqumths: the assembly (cf. qiman “to come”) so gaskafts: the creation (that which is “shaped”) so magaths: the maid so mahts: the power, the might (cf. magan “to be able”) so nauths: the need so qens: the woman (cf. “queen”) so rohsns: the hall so sauhts: the sickness (cf. siukan “to be sick”) so siuns: the sight (cf. saihwan “to see”) so slauhts: the slaughter (cf. slahan “to strike”, afslahan “to kill”) so sokns: the search (cf. “seek”, “sought”) so taikns: the token so thaurfts: the need (cf. thaurban “to need”, tharba “beggar”) so urrists: the resurrection (“rising up”, us “out, up” + ris-; cf. “rise”) so waurts: the root (cf. -wort in plant names, e.g. bloodwort, St. John’s-wort) so haims: the village (cf. “home”) has an unusual declension: the plural is like the a-stems, but the singular like the i-stems. N so haims thos haimos A tho haim thos haimos G thizos haimais thizo haimo D thizai haimai thaim haimom The Passive: Unlike other Germanic languages, but like Latin or Greek, Gothic has a passive voice indicated by endings on the verb. Happily, it is quite simple, having only one tense (Present) and only three distinct forms. The indicative endings are: Singular Plural 1st person -ada -anda 2nd person -aza -anda 3rd person -ada -anda No distinctive dual forms are known. Examples: ik gibada “I am given” weis gibanda “we are given” thu gibaza “you are given” jus gibanda “you are given” ita gibada “it is given” ija gibanda “they are given” Reflexive Pronoun We already had the reflexive possessive adjective, sein-. There is also a reflexive pronoun si- which like sein- has no nominative case. Its forms are just like those of ik, except that they begin with s-: A sik “himself, herself, itself, themselves” G seina “his own, her own, its own, their own” D sis “to himself, to herself, to itself, to themselves” When it has a plural reference, si- is often used with misso “each to other, reciprocally”: Eis qethun sis misso “They spoke to each other” or “They spoke among themselves.” The non-nominative forms of the first and second person pronouns can also be used with reflexive meaning: Ik skof mik “I shaved myself”. Present Participles The present participle is formed from the present stem plus the ending -and. It is declined just like the weak adjectives, except that the masculine nominative singular most often ends in -s rather than -a, and the feminine is declined like the weak feminine nouns ending in -ei rather than -o. Consequently, the masculine, neuter, and feminine present participles end in -s, -o, and -ei. Examples: qithands, qithando, qithandei “speaking” N qithands qithandans A qithandan qithandans G qithandins qithandane D qithandin qithandam N qithando qithandona A qithando qithandona G qithandins qithandane D qithandin qithandam N qithandei qithandeins A qithandein qithandeins G qithandeins qithandeino D qithandein qithandeim The Present Participle agrees with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and case. It is very commonly used to represent action going on at the same time as the main verb, past or present: Thu gaggis in akrans itands jah drigkands. “You go into (the) fields eating and drinking.” Ik qam du razna theinamma haitands namo thein. “I came to your house, calling your name.” Eis skulun standan in gatwon, qithandans du sis misso. “They shall stand in the street, speaking to each other.” When both the Present Participle and the word it modifies are in the dative case, they may have an “absolute” meaning; that is, they indicate the conditions under which some other event takes place: Thiudana afleithandin, unsibjai mannans waiwaldun in landa. “(The) king having departed, lawless men ruled in (the) land.”—which is more naturally said: “When the king had departed, lawless men ruled in the land.” Izai qithandein mis, thiubos stelun gulth fram garda meinamma. “While she was speaking to me, thieves stole gold from my house.” Katta afleithandin, museis laikand. “When the cat’s away, the mice will play.” (laikan, lalaik, lalaikun, laikans “leap for joy”; neither katts nor *mus are actually attested.) sa skatts (a-stem): the coin (cf. Old English sceatt) sa waurms (a-stem): the serpent (cf. “worm”) so hrugga: the staff thata dragk: the drink du maurgina: tomorrow in maurgin: in the morning faurthis: first, beforehand, formerly than: when, at that time; then tharei: at the place which, where bi: about (+ dative or accusative) thai Nibiluggos: the Nibelungs gateihan, gataih, gataihun, gataihans: proclaim, make known (ai in gataih is long or a diphthong; ai in gataihun, gataihans is the short e) In thizai rohsnai Hrothagaizis soei Hairuts haitada, managai saggweis siggwanda jah managa dragka drigkanda. Du maurgina, silubr gibada allaim mannam jah qenim qimandam du garda is. Qim in gaqumth unsara; thu haitaza. Wit sehwu thiu ugkarana bairandan triu du thaim haimom. Triggwai thiwos, sijuth baureis this qiwis Guths. Gibith jus gastim meinaim thos dailos this matis thozei eis magun itan. Fawaim magathim gibada so mahts soei Guth thus gaf. Undar waurtins this bagmis, finthats gultheinata huzd thatei atta meins falh in airthai than so thiuda haimais seinaizos afslahana was. Sa ubila frauja sloh thiu seinana mith managaim slahim. Ik afwairpa thus fram gaqumthai unsarai; hrugga theina brikada. While they gathered fruit [use absolute: “(with) them gathering fruit”], a little snow fell on the servants standing in the fields. Need of bread drove me from the bosom of my family. Since our men touched [use absolute] the women of the village, they were killed in a great slaughter. Songs are sung about the need of the Nibelungs, those men whose deeds of power are continually proclaimed through our lands. In the days of the resurrection, neither man nor maid will speak an evil word to each other. The king gave coins to those needing silver for bread and drink. The serpent bit the man stealing a cup from his treasure. The hall of the king Hrothagais is burned, where formerly Bijawulfs fought the demon Grandils. You are called to speak before the assembly of men of the village. She saw your girlfriend (frijondi) walking with him. (Answers to this exercise.) Back to Lesson 7.	<urn:uuid:9e7446b1-367a-488b-8940-e7050b0b67bb>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.2472248673439026, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.838238000869751, "url": "http://gutiskarazda.org/en/english-lesson-8/" }
College Prep English 11 Crucible characters Crucible Questions Gandhi "Nonviolent Resistance" speech Hope Healthcare Summer Academy Health Academy Application Page "The Devil and Tom Walker" Story Essay Writing Lecture Meet Your Teacher Vocab Lesson 1 Review Lesson 2 Vocab Review "Holy" Vocab Lesson 5, Reading and Writing Class Bulletin Board Crucible Questions Enter subhead content here Discussion Questions 1. A symbol is an object or an action that stands for something else. Writers use symbolism to suggest an idea, quality, belief or value. What do the following represent – golden candlesticks, cows roaming Salem’s streets, Proctor’s signature, and the poppets? 1. Discuss the historical context for the play and its significance. Be sure to include McCarthyism and the issue of blacklisting. Consult: and 1. The word “crucible”, which comes from the Latin prefix crux meaning cross, is defined as 1) a container of metal or refractory material employed for heating substances to high temperatures and 2) a severe, searching test or trial. How do these two definitions apply to the play? What is their significance? 1. The Crucible is a modern morality play. As in the Greek tragedies, the tragic hero must die. What is a tragic hero? How is John Proctor a tragic hero? Why must he die? What is his tragic flaw (the attribute that leads to his fall)? 1. The word “proctor” means an official charged with various duties especially with maintenance of good order. Is John Proctor appropriately named? 1. If you were John Proctor, what would you have done at the end of the play? Why? 1. Was Arthur Miller successful in fulfilling his intent/purpose for writing The Crucible? (What was his intent/ purpose? What was he hoping to achieve?) 1. As an audience, what are we meant to learn from this play? Consult: 1. Do we seek the truth as a society? Explain. What historical/ social events resemble the Salem Witch Trials and McCarthyism? Enter supporting content here	<urn:uuid:1ca703ab-58f4-42c8-9e1b-5c355674f1fd>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.75, "fasttext_score": 0.9729564785957336, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9194649457931519, "url": "http://vgrossen.tripod.com/americareads/id11.html" }
1 in 100 People In The UK Have This Hole Above Their Ear Since Birth, Here’s Why An extra tiny hole in a person’s ear is a congenital imperfection that’s hardly noticeable. It also isn’t harmful. This imperfection is called preauricular sinus. It is also referred to as preauricular pit, preauricular cyst, or preauricular fissure. An evolutionary biologist named Neil Shubin has speculated that the preauricular sinus could be an “evolutionary remnant of fish gills.” However, this theory hasn’t been scientifically validated. The extra tiny hole usually develops during the fetus’ sixth week. According to data from the US National Library of Medicine, the congenital disorder was first reported in 1864. The hole manifests during the early stages of fetal development. It’s also hereditary. Online health resource Medscape explains, “These tiny holes in the ear are located near the front of the ear and mark the entrance to a sinus tract that may travel under the skin near the ear cartilage.” While the preauricular sinus itself is harmless, it could get infected. Checking for a preauricular sinus is part of newborn assessment. A feature by the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia points out, “The main problem with preauricular pits is that they can lead to benign cysts or infections. These include small pus-filled masses known as abscesses.” Doctors would recommend that the people who get repeated infections undergo minor surgery for the complete removal of the preauricular sinus. Antibiotics are prescribed for mild infections, surgery for chronic ones. However, for the most part, having a preauricular sinus poses no chronic problems. In that case, it can just be left alone. Anyway, there aren’t that many people who have a preauricular sinus. Studies show, though, that the condition is most common among those of African or Asian descent. The holes are often on the ear’s external part, but a few are inward. Indeed, a study published in the Korean Journal of Audiology reveals that 4 to 10 percent of the population in Asia and parts of Africa have a preauricular sinus. South Korea stands out, though, since as high as 5 percent of its population have a preauricular sinus. By contrast, as indicated in the study, only 0.9 percent of people in the UK have a preauricular sinus. The statistics go even lower in the US, where just 0.1 percent of the population have it.	<urn:uuid:f7fb404a-bd6a-474c-bfdd-92b8a8af3ef9>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.8125, "fasttext_score": 0.03592503070831299, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9529024362564087, "url": "http://ideaspots.com/1-in-100-people-in-the-uk-have-this-hole-above-their-ear/" }
Drainage west of Barton on Humber Up until the seventeenth century, much the land surrounding the Humber was often flooded and constituted ings, marsh and fen, with only a few areas reclaimed with limited success. This was a landscape where ordinary people could live by fishing, fowling and reed cutting. This was particularly the case further west at the Isle of Axholme. Charles I obtained the services of the Dutchman Sir Cornelius Vermuyden to drain Hatfield Chase (the King's estate) and the Isle of Axholme. A canal called the Dutch River had to be built to make the changes work. It was an expensive project when done. The idea was that the King, Vermuyden and the people would each receive one third of the resultant drained land. As a result Dutch and French people were able to settle in Sandtoft now owned by Vermuyden and his backers, the local people being removed. Of course the people who had lived there weren't too happy about the carve up that took place. Having fled persecution, the foreigners were driven out by the locals. Their homes and crops were destroyed, and their church became a stable. Drainage schemes of the 1600s Near South Ferriby and directly south in 1638 the straight River Ancholme was made and had the same effect on the locals. They took back their land and because they attacked the drainage works the system did not work until it was able to after the land was closed as part of the Enclosure Acts in the 1700s. Embanking was one reclamation method used. The sea level was lower from the mediaeval period which saw the notorious sand banks of the Humber become further exposed. Land was able to be reclaimed because the salt leeched away and so grass grew. Sunk Island east of Hull was gained. Reed Island above the Ancholme is actually an island. In many reclaimed areas farms were developed. Humberside County Council Archaeology Unit (1987), Tudor and Stuart Humberside (1485-1714), Booklet 9, Humberside County Council Archaeology Unit/ Manpower Services Commission, pp. 26-28.	<urn:uuid:f9e2babf-8dc4-4b07-b40e-b14f85f23b3c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.734375, "fasttext_score": 0.06392639875411987, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9882098436355591, "url": "http://pluralist.co.uk/localities/drainage.html" }
In Edgar Allan Poe's story "Hop-Frog; or The Eight Chained Ourang-Outangs," why were the king and his ministers the "real" fools? Please help! :) Expert Answers amarang9 eNotes educator\| Certified Educator Hop-Frog and Tripetta are the traditional jesters or fools of the court. The King’s generals forcibly took them from whatever land they came from to serve as slaves: entertainment for the king and his seven ministers. The king and the ministers love a good joke and it is clear that they get a kick out of humiliating and abusing Hop-Frog and Tripetta. The King and his seven ministers are the fools because Hop-Frog turns the tables on them. First he convinces them to act like fools. Then they are humiliated in front of all attendees at the masquerade and finally die a painful death. This is plain old irony. The fool makes the authorities, the abusive king and his ministers, look like fools.	<urn:uuid:fbb793bd-aad1-43bd-8426-e659cdcc9598>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.05369138717651367, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9593621492385864, "url": "https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/edgar-allen-poes-story-hop-frog-why-were-king-his-242327" }
Schiaparelli on Mars Wind and water have shaped Schiaparelli on Mars 10 December 2010 Schiaparelli is a large impact basin about 460 km in diameter located in the eastern Terra Meridiani region of the equator of Mars. The centre of the basin lies at about 3°S/17°E and is named after the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli (1835–1910). Although he also studied Mercury and Venus, he is best known for his observations of the Red Planet. Schiaparelli in context During the ‘Great Opposition’ of 1877, when Mars passed close to Earth, Schiaparelli mapped the planet, perceiving a number of straight dark lines across the red surface. He assumed that these were natural water-filled channels and used the equivalent Italian word, ‘canali’. However, other astronomers thought he meant canals, meaning artificial irrigation and transportation routes, which led to a few astronomers, and a large number of the general public, believing that they had been created by intelligent Martians. Now we know that Schiaparelli’s ‘canali’ were illusions created by the comparatively poor telescopes of the time and there are no water-filled channels on Mars today. Nevertheless, there is evidence in this new picture that water was once present in this region of the planet, perhaps in the form of a lake. Schiaparelli Elevation This image was taken on 15 July 2010 by the High-Resolution Stereo Camera of ESA’s Mars Express. Schiaparelli in perspective The interior of Schiaparelli has been modified by multiple geological processes, including the fall of ejecta blasted upwards by the initial impact, flows of lava to create the smooth plains, and watery sediments. Box 1 shows part of these sedimentary deposits. Also in the crater floor, smaller impact craters have been partially flooded and filled. Schiaparelli in perspective The sediments forming the smooth plains in Box 2 have been modified by erosion, either by wind, water or both to form sharp contours such as the skinny plateau at bottom left. In other places, material has been deposited by the wind to form hills and dunes. Features in Schiaparelli The prominent crater in Box 3 is 42 km across and rests on the inner rim of Schiaparelli. The interior of the smaller crater is filled with sediments that appear to form a terrace in the northern part and a delta-like structure near the centre. The latter seems to be partially composed of rounded light-coloured mounds. Dark wind-borne material has accumulated in the southern portion of the crater. Schiaparelli in high resolution Schiaparelli in 3D	<urn:uuid:87edb39b-7c85-46c5-acaa-7a9c4f303ab7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.828125, "fasttext_score": 0.02701050043106079, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9555044770240784, "url": "http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Wind_and_water_have_shaped_Schiaparelli_on_Mars/(print)" }
Questions & Answers What is a cultural property? And what is the difference between a tangible and intagible cultural property? Cultural Properties are objects, sites or people that are designated by the Korean government as having some importance in Korean history. They are categorized as either “intangible” or “tangible.” The objects or sites which hold special value in Korean culture, as well as the world’s culture, are designated as “tangible.” For example, Namdaemun, or the South Gate, in downtown Seoul is Tangible Cultural Property No. 1. A skill or a person who possesses an important skill, either technical or artistic, is called “intangible.” There are over 100 categories of Intangible Cultural Assets. The Korean government initiated the Intangible Cultural Properties system in 1962 to ensure the survival of important Korean traditions into the future. Those who are designated as intangible cultural properties by the government receive government support, and are obligated to both perform and transfer their skills or know-how to their pupils. Communication Services Driving in Korea Food Eating General Info Getting Around Government Regs Money Matters Teaching in Korea Travel in Korea Working Conditions A Plus Dental TCIS Taejon Christian International School,1 Nov 2017 JZ Associate I want to convert Cocoonfice, Business Center, Gangnam-gu, Seoul KoreanClass101 - An online Korean learning system EnglishClass101 - An online English learning system Helpul telephone numbers seoul korea	<urn:uuid:ba27675e-1d4b-40b4-99a8-b182dd9b9571>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.06934612989425659, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8986069560050964, "url": "http://www.korea4expats.com/About-Korea-qa-What-is-a-cultural-property-And-what-is-the-difference-between-a-tangible-and-intagible-cultural-property-193.html" }
Global Warming is Changing How Bears Eat—and That Could Mean Trouble A warming climate is transforming grizzlies' diets. Will it endanger their future? Publish date: Social count: Usually, early summer at Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge in Alaska means scores of grizzly bears crowding streams, scooping up so many sockeye salmon that fish carcasses soon litter the grassy banks. The red-bodied, spawning salmon pack the waterways so densely that even cubs can easily claw them from the water. William Deacy and Jonathan Armstrong, ecologists with Oregon State University, spent years studying how grizzlies “surf the wave” of salmon by moving from one stream to the next, gorging on fish. So it came as a surprise to Deacy and Armstrong in 2014 to find streams teaming with sockeye, but not a bear in sight. Whole salmon carcasses floated downstream or caught on the gravel, untouched. Instead, the bears’ radio collars beckoned from the hills. An unusually warm spring had spurred elderberries to ripen earlier, synchronizing with the salmon run, and the bears opted to become herbivores. If one source of food is good for bears, it stands to reason that two would be better. But to Deacy and Armstrong, the change spelled danger. “Previously, [the bears] had this series of really good food: the early run of salmon, then the berries would come up, then you’d have a late run of salmon,” Deacy says. “In warmer years, it’s berries and salmon at the same time, then a gap, then the late run of salmon. The question is, can they fill that gap with something that’s nearly as good, or is [the change] harmful?” Shifts in food cycles don't just affect grizzlies. After bears go for the energy-rich salmon pieces—humps on the males and eggs from females—they leave much of the leftovers on the banks, where the carcasses feed smaller animals like foxes, weasels, and gulls, and then fertilize the soil. If the bears aren’t there to pull the fish from the water, smaller predators go without. As spring temperatures increase, elderberries ripen earlier by an average of two and a half days each decade, according to Deacy and Armstrong’s research, which was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in August. By 2070, Deacy says, they’ll regularly align with the salmon run. (Salmon's schedules don't seem to be changing with the temperature so far) “What’s a strangely warm year now will be the average,” he says. “If that happens, we can expect to see the trickle-down effects being more permanent, and the other wildlife populations will probably be affected.” The bears themselves, at least on Kodiak, are expected to work it out. What sounds like a poor trade, like swapping a turkey sandwich for just a jar of jelly, isn’t all that bad from a nutritional standpoint: Salmon are packed with protein, but take more energy to break down and convert to weight. Research on how bears balance nutrients suggests they take just 17 percent of their energy from protein, a close match with elderberries, which are about 13 percent protein; Deacy estimates the bears may actually put on more weight eating just the elderberries. Plentiful options on the island allow grizzlies to ride out a changing climate by swapping one high-quality food source for another, but bears elsewhere with fewer options may run a higher risk of going hungry. Inland, in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, grizzly bears have been responding to a decrease in whitebark pine seeds, caused largely by climate-change-triggered beetle infestations, by consuming more plants and berries. Whitebark pine seeds, high in fat and protein, are a top-tier food for grizzlies, and how much bears fatten up before winter directly correlates with how many cubs they produce. A female grizzly can carry half a dozen fertilized eggs for months after mating in the spring, but how many eggs implant is dictated by how much fat she stores up over the summer months. Where food is plentiful, that could mean as many as four cubs; when food runs short, it might only be one. Stepping down to berries and plants may not immediately provoke a catastrophe for bears around Yellowstone, but the decrease in food options puts them on shakier ground. A new research method could shed light on just how much grizzlies rely on each food source, says Jack Hopkins, an assistant professor at Unity College in Maine. Hopkins uses isotopes from grizzly hair follicles to assess their food consumption for an entire season and estimate “assimilated diet”—what food actually goes into tissue. To collect data, Hopkins and his team picked a location where bears still consume a lot of whitebark pine seeds to assess that contribution to their diet; the technique can also be used to illuminate how grizzlies are adapting to the loss or decrease of other food sources, like elk populations that declined after wolves were reintroduced, or cutthroat trout that have been wiped out by invasive fish. Previous research has correlated whitebark pine to successful reproduction, Hopkins says, but using isotopes could indicate if bears are even more adaptable than we think, or if shorter menus are putting them in danger. “When we think about climate change, we often think about these iconic species that are threatened, like a polar bear starving on a melting iceberg, but in reality, we’re likely to see that a little bit of warming causes a lot of stuff to go out of whack,” Deacy says. “Just two degrees of warming can create fairly profound effects...In most of North America, it’s not going to be these species overheating, it’s going to be small shifts in the natural schedules causing ripple effects through the ecosystems.” The best insurance for grizzlies, Deacy says, comes back to early wilderness advocate Aldo Leopold’s statement about the first rule of intelligent tinkering: keep all the pieces. The more options in the grizzlies' pantry, the better their chances of surviving. Popular Content	<urn:uuid:508ee5f1-42ac-414b-a730-d603da85bcb8>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.08811932802200317, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9453418850898743, "url": "https://www.backpacker.com/stories/climate-change-affecting-how-bears-eat" }
Simulating Cloth In the modern world of computer graphics, flowing cloth is becoming more of a common presence in the visuals of computer animation. It's no longer practical for animators to manually animate the movement of the cloth as it reacts to the surfaces of the world, particularly in an environment such as a computer game where the environment may be dynamically changing. To get realistic motion in cloth, we have to create a physical model for the cloth. The Model The most commonly used cloth model is to create a lattice of cloth "nodes" connected by several types of "springs". The nodes have a mass and velocity, and represent the bulk of the cloth, while the springs keep the nodes in a configuration recognizable as the original cloth, and allow the general shape of the cloth to bend and stretch, while still retaining the original shape when at rest. The springs apply forces to the nodes, which then apply the forces to their own velocities, and then the positions are updated with the new velocities. Then the forces for the springs are recalculated, etc. The three types of springs typically used in these simulations are structural springs, shear springs, and bend springs, each of which gives the cloth a certain physical characteristic. Structural Springs Structural springs give the cloth elasticity. They connect all nodes to their adjacent neighbors, vertically and horizontally. Strong structural springs are similar to paper, or silk; they resist changes to the surface area of the cloth. A cloth patch with weak structural springs would be more similar to nylon or rubber. Shear Springs Shear springs connect nodes to their diagonal neighbors. This prevents the cloth from collapsing along the diagonal. This is normally accomplished in cloth by the density of the weave. So a cloth with weak shear springs would be a loosely woven cloth, so that you could pull on opposite corners of the cloth and see the cloth elongate along that axis while the other axis would shorten. Surface area isn't changed, but the shape collapses from a square to a rhombus. Stronger shear springs resist this tendency to collapse. Bend Springs Bend springs connect every node to the node just past their neighbors, vertically and horizontally. From a coordinate view, structural springs connect (x,y) to (x-1,y), (x+1,y), (x,y-1), and (x,y+1). Shear springs connect (x,y) to (x+1,y+1),(x-1,y+1), (x+1,y-1), and (x-1,y-1). Bend springs connect (x,y) to (x-2,y), (x+2,y), (x,y-2), and (x,y+2). The bend springs are what give the cloth the resistance to folding and bending. Weaker bend springs would create a cloth that could easily collapse onto itself, like silk once again. Stronger bend springs create a texture more like paper, which resists folding without a strong pressure. An interesting note is that when paper is pushed past a threshold, it creases. This can also be simulated by giving bend springs a property beyond which they permanently alter their resting length. However, to get desirable results with this, the cloth mesh must be very detailed, which is very computationaly expensive. Collision Detection Ok, so we have a bunch of nodes now, and we can pretty easily map a triangle strip onto the surface to render it. Unfortunately, the cloth patch can pass through itself and other objects. Collision detection with other objects is not so difficult. Generate a bounding box for the cloth based on the furthest nodes in each direction. Then you can use your own collision detection algorithms to decide whether the cloth may or may not be colliding, and if so, check each node individually. Since each node has a mass and velocity, you can handle the collision however you want with your rigid body physics system, treating each cloth node as a particle. Cloth self collision is much more complex, however, because each node must be compared to every other node, giving us an N squared algorithm, which is terribly slow. The most accurate methods for resolving this entail using polygon intersection tests for every section of the cloth. This is probably too slow for most applications, however, forcing us to find an alternate method. One method of approximating self collision prevension is to give each node a repulsive force to all other non-neighboring nodes. This works well unless extreme forces are applied to a section of the cloth, in which case cloth nodes can pass through, creating a section of cloth locked into itself by having nodes on either side of another section, each trying to get away from the intersection line. However, in practice, this usually resolves itself quickly, as it's usually a corner that passes through. The corner will have less nodes pushing away from the cloth than the other side, allowing the other side to pull the nodes through with the same force. You can also reduce this tendency to pass through itself by increasing the radius of the force generated by each node. This algorithm naturally creates a "force field" which rests between cloth folds. Increasing the force radius makes this only more obvious, and this effect which can normally be passed off as cloth "thickness" by the human perception, starts to become unrealistic.	<urn:uuid:b118ee43-b93c-4c90-9275-07b03ed46a56>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.5605468153953552, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9491405487060547, "url": "https://everything2.com/title/Cloth+Physics" }
Santa Cruz Sandhills Habitat Loss Habitat loss is the leading threat to the persistence of the endemic Sandhills species and communities. Naturally rare, the Sandhills historically covered and estimated 6,000 acres. However, approximately 40% has been lost due to conversion for human uses, including: The conversion of Sandhills habitat fragments and degrades remaining habitat, thus further impacting the native species and communities. Much of the remaining habitat is not currently protected, and instead is vulnerable to future development. Sand Quarrying The marine deposits of the Santa Margarita formation that give rise to the Sandhills communities also produce sand that is highly valued commercially. The sand deposits are very deep and loosely consolidated, so they provide abundant sand that is readily removable. The sand itself is desireable for several reasons including: In sand quarrying, Sandhills vegetation, soils, parent material, and some bedrock are removed. As a result, it is difficult to re-establish vegetation during reclamation. Despite extensive efforts, it has not been possible to recreate Sandhills communities following mining. Since its inception in the early part of the 20th century, sand quarrying in the Sandhills has occurred in six quarries, which have removed an estimated 450 acres of habitat and fragmented remaining habitat. Aerial image of a Sandhills sand quarry Sandhills habitat has been lost due to residential and commercial development in the several towns and cities in central Santa Cruz County, including Scotts Valley, Felton, Ben Lomond, Boulder Creek, and Bonny Doon. In addition to reducing Sandhills habitat, development impacts Sandhills species and communities in adjacent undeveloped habitat by: Despite the alteration of habitat conditions, several native Sandhills plant and animal species persist in developed areas, including the Mount Hermon June beetle. These populations may contribute to long term species persistence, by linking the otherwise small and isolated populations that persist in Sandhills habitat patches adjacent to development. Sandhills property owners can help facilitate global biodiversity by implementing a few simple steps in their own backyards. Sandhills habitat converted for residential, commercial, and recreational development Residential neighborhood in the Sandhills Inside a Sandhills sand quarry Though the Zayante soils are unsuitable for most crops, Sandhills habitat has been converted to vineyards and orchards, which can tolerate the well-drained soils. Agricultural conversion is the cause of less than 10% of Sandhills habitat loss. However, given the overall rarity of the Sandhills, even such small losses can have significant impacts on the endemic species and communities. Sandhills Alliance for Natural Diversity (S.A.N.D.) PO Box 2363 Boulder Creek, CA 95006 ● e-mail: Web design, text, and images by Jodi M. McGraw © 2005. All rights reserved. Not for use without permission.	<urn:uuid:955f2d41-4a2d-483b-8dbc-df9319cedfd3>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.734375, "fasttext_score": 0.032636821269989014, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9386694431304932, "url": "http://www.santacruzsandhills.com/habitat_loss.html" }
Around 1972 the Cree in the Bouclier region of the upper St-Maurice River in Québec decided to readopt the name Atikamekw (White Fish) used by their predecessors in the 17th century, and to abandon the name Tête-de-Boule, of uncertain origin, which had been applied to them since 1697. This name change does not necessarily imply a close ethnic relationship between the Atikamekw of the 17th century and those of today. Following various social upheavals linked to epidemics at the time of contact and during the violent Iroquois Wars in the mid-17th century in these regions, a complete reorganization took place among nomadic hunters in Québec, and various groups, hitherto distinct, began to band together. It is known that ethnic boundaries remained relatively flexible over the years and that today's Atikamekw have discovered genealogical links with several neighbouring groups. Although these people numbered 500-550 in the mid-17th century, by 1850 there were only about 150 scattered over 7000 km2 and divided into 2 major bands, the Kikendatch and the Weymontachie. The Manouane band appeared a little later (around 1865-75) as an offshoot of the Weymontachie. Economic Conditions Over the centuries, the Atikamekw of the St-Maurice region have led a hard life of hunting, fishing, trapping and wild berry picking around trading posts established in their region in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. They placed a high value on maintaining the autonomy of each nuclear family, but families combined into small winter cooperative or hunting groups, each with an experienced leader. Their economic activities were a compromise between traditional, seasonal activities and economic dependence upon the fur trade. Despite a long history of involvement in the fur trade, continuous contact with missionaries did not begin until about 1837. After 1830 Atikamekw ancestral lands were actively coveted by lumber merchants. In 1910 the railway reached Weymontachie and the harnessing of the St-Maurice and Manouane rivers added to environmental and social pressures. A wage-earning class appeared during WWII, along with various social-security benefits. Present Day In 1996 the 1747 registered Atikamekw of the St-Maurice region were fighting to preserve their traditional cultural autonomy and a role in society equal to the non-Indigenous Québec culture. Since 1975 they have joined with the Innu to form the Atikamekw-Montagnais Council. See also Aboriginal People: Subarctic.	<urn:uuid:55962741-c985-42e0-adbe-d790d351f052>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.1092119812965393, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9601906538009644, "url": "https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/attikamek/" }
Paths to Literacy for students who are blind or visually impaired Circle Time Braille Kit: Five Little Monkeys five little monkeys pre-braille kit I have created a number of emerging literacy kits for TVIs to use to help young children to develop pre-braille skills. Each kit includes print/braille books with tactile pictures, real objects, activities, interactive concept alphabet book,extensive teacher guide, etc. Each interactive book is based on one letter of the alphabet and is all concepts (not nouns) that start with that letter. Each teacher guide follows the same type of set-up and include similar types of activities - the activities all mirror what is done in the mainstream kindergarten classrooms in North Carolina. These are the kinds of activities our emerging braille kids miss as they are typically pulled out to learn the braille code. See the interactive book for the letter "m" that goes with this post. Five Little Monkeys Sitting in a TreeFive little monkeys with braille By Eileen Christelow Illustrated by Eileen Christelow Theme: Five Little Monkeys is a Circle Time Pre-Braille Kit that focuses on counting to five, prepositions, monkey and crocodile fun facts, and the letter M. Warning: There are small pieces in this kit that may not be appropriate for all students. Students should be closely supervised when using items in this kit. Please be sure to teach (and monitor) gentle handling of the objects and tactile materials to ensure safety and to increase the kit’s lifespan. This Circle Time PRE-BRAILLE Kit Contains: Tactile Books: Auditory Story: • recommend using iPad /iTouch/iPhone app “Five Little Monkeys Sitting in a Tree” by OM Book Story Board: 5 wooden monkeys, wooden crocodile, foam shapes Object: Stuffed animal monkey and plastic crocodile Teacher Hints -- before the student reads the story: • Transcribers Note: Grade I Braille is used in both the print and tactile books.Monkeys in a tree - The illustrations give clues to what happens to each monkey. The words in the book lead you to think that the crocodile has eaten each monkey; however, the pictures show that instead of the monkey falling into the water, the monkey is actually hiding in the leaves of a higher branch. A small portion of the monkey sticks out from under the felt leaves. The leaves can be folded back so the student can “find” more of the monkey. Depending on the student, the teacher may decide to read the story the first time through without pointing out the “hidden” monkeys. - The student should be encouraged to “explore” (or search) the entire tactile illustration in order to find each hidden monkey. The tactile graphics are consistent on pages that are similar. (Example: The pages that have the repetitive phrase, “____ little monkeys, sitting in a tree, tease Mr. Crocodile. . .” only have monkeys sitting on the lower branch; there is no upper branch. The page that has “Oh, no! Where is he?” shows the upper branch with the monkeys hidden under the leaves.) On every page, encourage the student to search for and count all the monkeys. • Describe monkeys and discuss the monkey Fun Facts: - Ask the student to explore the stuffed monkey and name the parts of the monkey. - Monkeys look a lotstuffed monkey like people; however, monkeys are furry and have a long strong tail. They use their feet and tail like hands. They can climb and swing from branch to branch using just their tails! (Playground “monkey bars” are called “monkey bars” because kids look like monkeys as they swing from bar to bar!) Monkeys are very fury except for their face, inside their ears, and on their hands and feet. Monkeys eat fruit, nuts, leaves, flowers, insects and bird eggs. Just like people, monkeys peel their bananas before eating them. Baby monkeys are called “infants”. Monkeys like to sleep high in the trees where they are safe. Baby monkeys sleep in their mother’s arms. -Demonstrate how a monkey moves and how to make monkey sounds. (Use your arms to model how a monkey scratches under his arm pits and lope like a monkey while saying, “eee, eee, eee”.) Have the student act like a monkey; if possible, assist the student to swing like a monkey on the monkey bars (and/or have another student demonstrate how they can swing on the monkey bars). • Describe crocodiles and discuss the crocodile Fun Facts: - Ask the student to explore the realistic crocodile model and name the parts of the crocodile. - Crocodiles have hard scaly skin, long tails, short legs and very sharp teeth. They live in swampy areas and along river banks. They swim very well with the help of their long and powerful tails. They have 48 teeth; the teeth are used to grab food but they usually swallow the food whole or in big chunks (hence the “crocodile bite”). They eat animals, fish, turtles, and birds. “Crocodile” is from the Greek word meaning lizard. Crocodiles are thought to be descendants of dinosaurs! -Using your arms straight out in front of your mouth with fingers spread wide and bent (to show the “teeth”), demonstrate how a crocodile opens and shuts his mouth. Have the student pretend to take “crocodile bites” out of the stuffed monkey and/or other objects. • Prediction Question: There is a tactile star placed in the top right hand corner of one page in the tactile book. This star indicates the prediction question, “What do you think happened to the monkeys?” Predictions are guesses – any reasonable answer that the student gives is acceptable. If the book is being read to a group of students, ask the students for their predictions. The students can turn to their partner to discuss their predictions or the teacher can ask the student to stand up if they agree with a specific prediction answer. (The teacher may choose to ask for “thumbs up” if the student agrees or “thumbs down” if the student disagrees.) The teacher should verbalize how many students agreed or disagreed. • Story Board: Story board with five little monkeys Story boards are sturdy boards covered in “headliner” material that enables the wooden story characters or objects (with Velcro) to stick to the board. Students can interact with the story board as the story is being read or the student can re-enact the story using the story board. Other activities, such as counting, sequencing the story events, etc. can also be done with the story board. • Monkeying Around: (story board, wooden monkey, wooden crocodile and various foam shapes) Monkeying aroundUsing preposition words (over, under, behind, beside, etc.) place the monkey, crocodile, shapes, etc. in various positions. Ask the student to name the position before removing the object from the board. Start with the monkey and place a square above the monkey and a circle below the monkey. Ask the student to find the object that is above the monkey. Tell the student to place the square above the crocodile. A variety of games can be played using these materials! • You Can’t Catch Me Game: (stuffed monkey) Use the stuffed monkey to demonstrate prepositions (under, over, beside, above, beneath, behind, in front, in, out, etc.) Explain that monkeys love to climb and hide. Pretend to have the monkey climb up a chair. Once the monkey is in place, have the monkey say, “You can’t catch me, I’m ABOVE the chair!” The student then pretends to be the crocodile (using his hands like a crocodile mouth opening and shutting) and say, “Snap! I can catch you, I’m above the chair too!” The crocodile snaps his mouth open and shut until he closes his mouth on the monkey. The student can switch and be the monkey (the student should name WHERE the monkey is) and the teacher (or another student) can be the crocodile. If appropriate, make the game more challenging by using harder prepositions such as “across the table”, “in the book bag”, “near the table leg”, etc. The monkey can be hidden across the room, and the student has to follow the directions to find the monkey which is now “on the teacher’s chair”. O&M routes within the classroom and around the school can also be incorporated into this game – be sure to involve the O&M instructor! (Example: The monkey is under the office counter – the student would travel to the office to find the monkey.) • Interactive Alphabet Book: Circle Time Braille kits include an interactive book that focuses on one letter of the alphabet. Each page in the book will have that letter and a word starting with that letter at the top of eachInteractive M book page. At the bottom of the page will be directions (if appropriate) and the letter brailled repeatedly in a line across the page. The Five Little Monkeys book focuses on the letter M and has a line of brailled M’s across the bottom of the page. The student should be encouraged to find the letter M at the top of the page and, with help, “read” the letter and the word. After the student has explored the things on that page, he should be encouraged to “read” the line of brailled M letters at the bottom of the page. Encourage the student to say the phonetic sound (mmmmm) as he “reads” each letter. If the student uses one hand to “read”, encourage him by saying, “Fast braille readers use two hands!” and then demonstrate by “reading” the letters and saying the phonetic sound as quickly as possible. Demonstrate slow, one handed braille reading by slowly saying the phonetic sound as you slowly “read” across the page. Each page will contain an activity or a concept development that starts with the letter M. Most pages are “interactive”, meaning that the student has to move at least one item on that page. Concepts in the M Book: (Move the shapes to the top of the page, Match the shapes, sort and Mix the Money, find the way through the Maze, place the triangle in the Middle, put More hearts on the left, count the Monkeys, track the line to find the Man, etc.) -Each interactive book will have a ziplock bag with items in the bag. The M book has 2 ziplock bags with money (pennies, and quarters) to sort and then “mix” together. -The last page has index cards and envelopes. Each index card has one brailled letter. In this M book, if the brailled letter is M, the index card will go in the “yes” envelope; if the letter is not M, the index card will go in the “no” envelope. • Who Did What? Comprehension game: The teacher chooses which “W” questions to ask (Who did What, Where? For this story, When and Why are harder questions and not as appropriate): After reading the story, ask the student Who? Who was in the story? (5 monkeys, mama monkey, crocodile) Did What? What happened in the story? (Monkeys teased the crocodile but instead of falling into the water, each monkey hid in the tree. The monkeys learned it was not nice to tease the crocodile.) When? (The When question is not easily answered in this story). Where? Where were the monkeys? Where was the crocodile? Can also ask where was Mama Monkey when the monkeys were teasing the crocodile? (Monkeys were in the tree, crocodile was in the water, and Mama Monkey was asleep on the blanket.) Why? (Could be replaced by “What happened?)” • Fun Facts: Fun Facts are additional information to foster concept develop about animals that were in the story (monkeys and crocodiles). If appropriate for your student, use the Fun Facts when exploring/learning about monkeys and crocodiles. (Fun Facts are under the monkey and crocodile descriptions.) Review the fun facts again, after reading the story and doing the activities. • Journal Prompt: Describe a monkey’s tail and tell something that a monkey does with his tail. If you had a tail, what would you do? circle time collage Posted on April 8, 2013 Updated on: January 25, 2018	<urn:uuid:73dcdec0-e350-40fd-a5c5-4dc034aa8cd0>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.034397244453430176, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9105458855628967, "url": "http://www.pathstoliteracy.org/blog/circle-time-braille-kit-five-little-monkeys" }
by The Late Cyril H Rogers, FBSA During the year 1840 the famous naturalist Gould brought to England the first pairs of wild caught green budgerigars. Their attractive ways and easy adaptation to cage and aviary life soon made them popular favorites with bird keepers. The budgerigars in their natural state are all light green but mutations have and do occur in the wild state, both yellow and blue coloured specimens have been seen flying together with the flocks of natural green birds. In the Kensington Natural History Museum, London, England, there is a skin preserved of a dark green budgerigar that was caught wild. Within a few years of their first importation green budgerigars were breeding freely and in 1870 to 1875 a light yellow mutation appeared in England. However, the very first yellow coloured birds to appear as mutation occurred in Europe and there seemed to be 2 distinct kinds, one, the ordinary light yellow with dark eyes, and the other a clear yellow with red eyes. The ordinary dark eyed yellow types were quickly established and it is from these birds that our present day light yellows have descended. Disaster overtook the first red-eyed yellow birds and the strain was not fixed at the time and it was not until many years later that they reappeared again. During the years 1880-1885 the sky blue mutation occurred also in Europe and the strain was very carefully preserved. These first sky blue birds were not very strong or prolific and it was not until 1910 that the first specimens of this really attractive bird were seen in England. A number of years went by before any further colour mutations were noted - odd specimens may have occurred but were not noticed by their owners and preserved. In 1915 the dark green budgerigars, or laurel greens as they were first termed, appeared in France, and the following year olive greens were evolved from them. Then came the first of the big colour experiments, the sky blues were crossed with the olive greens and in 1920 the first cobalt budgerigars were bred. In the same year the first white sky blue was raised in England, this was by chance and not be definite colour crossing as with the cobalts. As it would be expected, once cobalt birds were bred it was only a matter of a generation or so before the mauves appeared. Greywing Greens It is not quite clear when the first greywing greens were produced: they were originally called apple greens or jades. However, it is definitely known that they appeared as mutations several times between 1918 and 1925 both in England and Europe. The blue form of the greywings were bred some time during that period by crossing the green type with the ordinary blue and white varieties. The blue form also appeared as a separate and distinct mutation in Germany during 1928 and was quickly established in all the various shades. Before the greywing types were really well known to breeders many other mutations started to appear in rapid succession in various parts of the world, the keeping and breeding of budgerigars had become so universally popular. Early in 1931 the first of the cinnamon group, originally called cinnamon wings, were produced in England in their light and dark green types. Almost at the same time a cinnamon mutation occurred in Australia quickly followed by a further one in Germany. Since the appearance of the sky blue budgerigar the cinnamon mutation was the most outstanding event in the evolution of colour breeding in budgerigars, the cinnamon being a new and sex-linked character. The year 1931 also heralded the appearance of a further striking mutation, the red-eyed fallows in their green and yellow types. These first fallows were raised in California and it is to be regretted that these birds did not become established. Fortunately enough an identical mutation put in an appearance in Germany the following season and the majority of fallows seen in England at the present time are descended from this mutation. A year or so later more fallow mutations occurred, both in Australia and South Africa, with another following shortly afterwards in England: all of these strains have been fixed and developed. During 1932 another type of bird having deep plum coloured eyes and similar colouring to the fallows appeared in England and soon became established in many different colours. Quickly following the German fallow mutation was an albino mutation, which was soon established and both the red-eyed whites and red-eyed yellows were soon seen in considerable numbers both here and in Europe. In the same year an albino mutation occurred in England but was unfortunately lost, but a further red-eyed mutation occurred in 1936, a lutino type this time, and this was fixed. Other clear red-eyed types have appeared in various aviaries but unfortunately exact details of their breeding behavior have been lost. Somewhere about 1933 the opaline mutation appeared in England, Australia and Holland. All these 3 separate mutations showed exactly the same colouring and behaved in the same way in the breeding pen. The opaline was the second sex-linked type to be produced in the matter of 12 months or so. It is an interesting point to note that the Australian opaline type was evolved from a wild caught opaline light green hen. 1933 Rich in Mutations The year 1933 was rich in mutations, Australia producing the brilliant clearwings and also the Australian dominant grey. Although the clearwings appeared in Australia in a very fine and brilliant form similar birds had appeared in England and in Europe at odd times but unfortunately the strains had not been perpetuated. A further type of grey mutation appeared in England during 1934 but this type was recessive, quite the opposite to the Australian form, although almost identical in colour. In the following year a mutation occurred in several places that rather shook the budgerigar fancy, it was the yellow-faced blue form. The appearance of these strangely coloured birds dispelled the idea that it was not possible to have yellow and white colouring on the same bird. For a number of years past odd specimens of pied or variegated birds have occurred without a strain being established. However, during 1935 a true breeding strain of yellow and green and blue and white pied types were established in Denmark. During the war period a further mutation of the opaline form appeared in Belgium. These birds being similar to the opalines in colouring with the exception that all the long flight feathers and long tail feathers are white, in the case of the blue birds, and yellow in the case of the green birds, rather an interesting colour combination. It will be seen from the above that it is possible to produce a tremendous number of different colours and shades by crossing the already known and distinct varieties. It is likely to be many years before all the possible crosses have been produced. Budgerigar breeders have a very interesting time in front of them, even if no further mutations occur, and this is hardly likely in view of all the other mutations that have occurred. Since this article was written further mutations have indeed occurred, including Spangles, Clearbodies and Saddlebacks Contents Page	<urn:uuid:e3d34c29-4971-45cf-88ec-d2b157b269e1>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.578125, "fasttext_score": 0.11191606521606445, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9832868576049805, "url": "http://www.worldofbudgerigars.com/article19.htm" }
Video transcription Hi I'm Jay French, and, and I'm going to show you how to draw a medieval rose. Okay the medieval rose is very unlike what we think of as the spiraling pedaled roses, it's actually a different breed, but it was very iconic in medieval heraldry. There is actually a flower called the medieval rose, and it is a breed of rose which has five pedals. But the way it's shown iconically, you want to get a circle here just as a guide as the outer edge, but the inner part is actually done with circles, this part is yellow. And then you have five pedals, round of them, flat edge, but still rounded,(a little, lost control there) and then you want a little divid in here, try to ignore that original circle, that was just your guide. And generally, and this is not always the case, but generally, this is the red, and this area is pink, although sometimes it's green or yellow, or any number of other colors; a few spikes was common, especially unlike the Elizabeth the 1st, heraldic device. And then we have just small leaves that stick out here, because the real medieval rose does have very small leaves. Now, that's your classic medieval rose, but if you want a Tudor rose, you want another layer of rounded pedals on the outside, these are usually done in white, and are seen in several examples of stained glass, and they usually have a little wave, and they actually do connect, I just didn't, of two humps within them. And then you will have a larger leaf, and you can have this as well, or instead. And the Tudor rose are often very thick black lines between all the elements. And this will be a sort of curved leaf, it has pre-lumps, such as this, and it will be at every edge. And like I say, you can do this instead of, or as well as, the small pointed leaf. And that's how you draw your general medieval rose.	<urn:uuid:42b2f48e-9965-4378-b1b2-3524950c07bf>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.765625, "fasttext_score": 0.06147879362106323, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9812647700309753, "url": "http://www.ehow.co.uk/video_4979541_draw-medieval-rose.html" }
ACT Reading Test - 3 Reading Questions DIRECTIONS: The passage in this test is followed by several questions. After reading the passage, choose the best answer to each question. You may refer to the passage as often as necessary. Miep Gies: A Dangerous Secret 1 Miep Gies didn't look like a criminal. To a casual observer, she appeared meek and obedient. But every day for two years, Miep Gies broke the law. Today, the world salutes her for having the courage and compassion to do that. 2 In 1939, Miep (pronounced MEEP) was living and working in Amsterdam, Netherlands. She worked for a company that sold jam-making products. That fall, World War II broke out. A few months later, Hitler and his Nazi soldiers took over the Netherlands. Miep knew Hitler hated all Jews. Still, it was shocking to see Nazi soldiers begin to round up Jews and ship them off to forced labor camps. Miep Gies was not a Jew, but she hated what was happening. Rage smoldered inside her every time she saw a Nazi uniform. 3 By 1942, Miep's own boss was in danger. His name was Otto Frank. Mr. Frank desperately wanted to protect his wife Edith and their two daughters, Margot and Anne. But what could he do? As a Jew, he had no rights. He and his family weren't allowed to leave Amsterdam. They weren't allowed even to ride the local streetcars or own a bicycle. They had to wear big yellow stars on their coats so Nazi soldiers could spot them easily. And any day now, the soldiers would come and take them all away. 4 Miep knew that some Jews tried to avoid capture. Many ran for the coast, hoping to get onto a ship bound for England. Others snuck out to the countryside, hiding in abandoned shops or old barns. Miep wondered if the Franks had ever thought of fleeing. But she kept her questions to herself. She was sure Mr. Frank would do what he thought best. 5 Then one day, Otto Frank called Miep into his office. 6 "Miep," he said, "I have a secret to confide in you." 7 Miep listened as Otto explained his plan. There were some unfinished rooms in the attic above his office. He wanted to hide his family there. Would Miep be willing to help him? 8 It was a lot to ask. In order to help the Franks, Miep would somehow have to smuggle food into the attic every day. What if someone saw her? Besides, how would she get the food in the first place? Wartime rationing meant that people could buy only enough to feed their own families. If Miep started buying food for four extra people, surely someone would notice. The neighbors would becomes suspicious and report her to the authorities. 9 Furthermore, it was not just four people who would be hiding in the attic. Mr. Frank had invited a business partner to come with him, as well as the man's wife and son. So Miep would really need to take care of seven people. 10 Miep knew all this. She knew that if the Nazis found out, they would probably send her to a labor camp, too. Yet when Otto Frank turned to her, Miep never hesitated. Would she help? "Of course," she said quickly. 11 Mr. Frank hoped to prepare the attic rooms before they moved in. He wanted to bring in clothing and arrange the beds. But there wasn't time. In early July, Margot Frank received a notice in the mail telling her that she had been assigned to a labor camp. She was supposed to report right away. When Otto Frank heard that, he immediately contacted Miep. Early the next morning, they made their move. Miep brought Margot to the secret attic rooms. The rest of the group followed a short time later. 12 And so began 25 months of hiding. The two families in the attic suffered in many ways. Their secret rooms were hot in the summer, cold in the winter. During the day, when the building was filled with office workers, they had to be very quiet. When sickness struck, they simply had to wait it out. There was no way they could get medical attention. Anne's eyes began to bother her, and she suffered from bad headaches. Her parents knew she needed glasses, but they couldn't risk sending her out to an eye doctor. Although all seven people worked together as best they could, their nerves grew jagged. At times, tension filled the air. 13 Miep, meanwhile, had problems of her own. Every morning she went to work early. She had to get to the office before the regular workers arrived. Quickly she slipped up to the attic, where her friends gave her a list of the food they needed. Then later each day, Miep went shopping. She tried to appear casual when she walked into a store and ordered large quantities of food. 14 After a while, Miep began to trust one particular grocer. He never asked questions, but filled her orders as best he could. Miep believed he understood-and approved of-what she was doing. But one day when she entered his shop, the grocer wasn't there. In his place was his terror-stricken wife. 15 "What's the matter?" asked Miep. 16 "My husband's been arrested," the woman whispered frantically. "They've taken him away. He was hiding Jews. Two Jews. I don't know what they'll do to him." 17 Miep's heart raced. She felt a wave of fear for this gentle man who had been so good to her. She knew it could just as easily have been she who had been discovered. In addition, she knew that now it would be harder than ever to get food for the people in the attic. 18 Luckily, Miep found another grocer who was willing to sell her extra food. Still, it was getting more and more difficult to find anything decent. The Nazis were diverting food supplies away from Amsterdam to feed their own troops. Sometimes Miep spent hours shopping and still would up with half-rotten vegetables and spoiled meat. 19 The months dragged by. Miep struggled to keep up the spirits of those in the attic. She brought them news of the war-especially when the news was encouraging. She smuggled in armloads of books for them to read. She brought writing paper so young Anne could keep a diary. She managed to find sweets for the children. Once Miep and her husband even spent the night in the attic to help relieve their friends' boredom and unhappiness. 20 Miep's life became even more stressful when she and her husband agreed to hide a Jewish boy in their own apartment. Miep also took pity on her dentist, a Jewish man named Fritz Pfeffer. She got the Franks' permission to bring him to the attic to live. 21 By the summer of 1944, Miep had reason to hope that the war would soon end. Hitler's troops were retreating from several European positions. But the war did not end soon enough for the Frank family. Miep had been exceedingly careful. She had tried never to draw attention to herself or her activities. Still, someone figured out what was going on and turned her in. Records show that the Nazis received an anonymous phone call telling them about the Jews in the attic. 22 On August 4, Nazis raided Miep's office building. They went directly to the secret rooms. The next thing Miep knew, her eight friends were being marched away by Nazi police. It was the last time she ever saw most of them. 23 Miep herself was lucky. She was not arrested. After the Nazis took away her friends, she hurried to the attic. There, lying on the floor, she spotted Anne's diary. She picked it up and hid it in her desk drawer. It was a dangerous thing to keep, for it showed how deeply involved Miep had been in the conspiracy to save the Franks. But Miep didn't care. She promised herself she would keep the diary safe until Anne returned. 24 Tragically, Anne Frank did not return. She and the others were sent to concentration camps. Although Otto Frank survived the ordeal, none of the others made it out alive. Miep was shattered when she learned the news. 25 After the war, Miep gave Anne's diary to Otto. In time, he decided to publish it. That way, he hoped, others could learn how vibrant and kind-hearted his young daughter had been. 26 Many years later, Miep herself wrote a book, which she called Anne Frank Remembered. In it she wrote, "I am not a hero...I was only willing to do what was asked of me and what seemed necessary at the time." But on this point, the rest of the world disagrees. To people who know the story, Miep Gies is a hero. She is a woman of remarkable courage and conviction. She will always be remembered as a beacon of goodness and light during some of history's darkest days. Billings, Henry and Melissa, Ed. "Miep Gies: A Dangerous Secret." Heroes: 21 True Stories of Courage and Honor. Lincolnwood: Jamestown Publishers, 1999. Print. 1. The point of view from which the story is told can best be described as: A) Miep Gies telling the story of how she helped the Franks hide from the Nazis. B) Anne Frank describing how her father's co-worker helped her family hide from the Nazis. C) A narrator describing the horrible treatment of the Jews by the Nazis as he experienced it. D) An unidentified narrator describing the courage of Miep Gies who helped the Frank family hide from the Nazis. 2. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage? A) Although what Miep did was illegal, she was justified in doing it. B) Miep should not be considered a hero because what she did was illegal. C) Miep was relieved when someone finally made the phone call because she would no longer have to worry about getting caught. D) Miep did not consider herself a hero only because Otto Frank was the only one who survived the concentration camp. 3. It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that which of the following is Miep's feeling about what she did? A) Although it was dangerous, she had to do it because Otto Frank was her boss and she would get fired otherwise. B) It did not matter that it was dangerous because it was the right thing to do. C) If she hid the Franks, she would be considered a hero. D) She knew she was safe because she was not a Jew. 4.Paragraph 12 establishes all of the following EXCEPT:? A) The attic was very uncomfortable. B) The Franks did not want to share their space once it got cramped. C) Anne had eye problems but could not see a doctor. D) When someone got sick in the attic, they just had to suffer through it. 5. Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the passage? A) The grocer approved of Miep's actions because he was also hiding Jews. B) The people living in the secret attic did not always get along well. C) The Nazis discovered the Frank's hiding place because Miep was careless. D) Not everyone in Amsterdam was helping to hide Jews. From (Book): I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings - by Maya Angelou 1 The mourners on the front benches sat in a blue-serge, black-crepe-dress gloom. A funeral hymn made its way around the church tediously but successfully. It eased into the heart of every gay thought, into the care of each happy memory. Shattering the light and hopeful: "On the other side of Jordan, there is a peace for the weary, there is a peace for me." The inevitable destination of all living things seemed but a short step away. I had never considered before that dying, death, dead, passed away, were words and phrases that might be even faintly connected with me. 2 But on that onerous day, oppressed beyond relief, my own mortality was borne in upon me on sluggish tides of doom. 3 No sooner had the mournful song run its course than the minister took to the altar and delivered a sermon that in my state gave little comfort. Its subject was, "Thou art my good and faithful servant with whom I am well pleased." His voice enweaved itself through the somber vapors left by the dirge. In a monotonous tone he warned the listeners that "this day might be your last," and the best insurance against dying a sinner was to "make yourself right with God" so that on the fateful day He would say, "Thou art my good and faithful servant with whom I am well pleased." ... 4 Mr. Taylor and the high church officials were the first to file around the bier to wave farewell to the departed and get a glimpse of what lay in store for all men. Then on heavy feet, made more ponderous by the guilt of the living viewing the dead, the adult church marched up to the coffin and back to their seats. Their faces, which showed apprehension before reaching the coffin, revealed, on the way down the opposite aisle, a final confrontation of their fears. Watching them was a little like peeping through a window when the shade is not drawn flush. Although I didn't try, it was impossible not to record their roles in the drama. 5 And then a black-dressed usher stuck her hand out woodenly toward the children's rows. There was the shifty rustling of unreadiness but finally a boy of fourteen led us off and I dared not hang back, as much as I hated the idea of seeing Mrs. Taylor. Up the aisle, the moans and screams merged with the sickening smell of woolen black clothes worn in summer weather and green leaves wilting over yellow flowers. I couldn't distinguish whether I was smelling the clutching sound of misery or hearing the cloying odor of death. 6 It would have been easier to see her through the gauze, but instead I looked down on the stark face that seemed suddenly so empty and evil. It knew secrets that I never wanted to share. "from I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings" (1970). ref: 2013. Web. 18 December 2013. 6. According to the first paragraph, the narrator: A) Has never thought about death. B) Does not take death seriously. C) Realized her own mortality for the first time. D) Finds death to be humorous. 7. As it is used in the passage (Paragraph 3), enweaved most closely means: A) Clung B) Attached C) Moved D) Forced 8. The narrator's statement, "It knew secrets that I never wanted to share" (Paragraph 6) most likely means: A) Mrs. Taylor's face represented someone who had experienced death, and the narrator did not want to know what death is like. B) Mrs. Taylor was an evil woman who kept secrets. C) Mrs. Taylor's face looked frightening because it was empty. D) Mrs. Taylor had told the narrator secrets that she really did not want to know. 9. It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that the narrator is: A) An infant B) A child C) A teenager D) An adult 10. From the narrator's statement, "I dared not hang back" (Paragraph 5), it is reasonable to infer that the narrator: A) Did not like the other children. B) Feared being alone at the funeral. C) Did not like Mr. Taylor. D) Feared getting in trouble for not listening. ACT Resources Online ACT Practice Tests	<urn:uuid:f97dc71a-4eed-454f-8e48-9f683fc63ed1>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.4636889100074768, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9868034720420837, "url": "https://www.graduateshotline.com/act/reading-test-3.html" }
The Bible story of David and Goliath ranks as one of the most well-known and oft-retold stories in Sunday school. The "underdog bests archenemy" theme sparks kids' hero fantasies and provides all the elements of a well-crafted story to hold their attention. However, David and Goliath activities for kids should highlight not only the actual events but the spiritual significance of the unfolding drama, as David makes no secret of the fact that any victory belongs to God alone and declares boldly that he is doing this, "so that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel." (1 Samuel 17:46) Bag of Stones 1 Samuel 17 records that David "chose for himself five smooth stones from the brook, and put them in his pouch" and with one small stone slew the Philistine giant, Goliath. Let the kids make their own bag of stones to help them remember that it is by God's power that they can defeat their own "giants". Give each child five smooth, flat stones and let her paint them. After they dry, write scripture references with a permanent marker on them for verses that remind you to trust the Lord to fight your battles, such as 1 Samuel 17:37, 1 Samuel 17:46-47, Exodus 4:13-14, Deuteronomy 20:4 or Joshua 10:24. Use a brown paper lunch sack or a large circular piece of heavy cloth as a pouch. Put your stones inside and tie the top with twine. David and Goliath Marbles Kids may enjoy trying to knock out their own Goliath in this simple game. Paint six stones, one larger than the others which should be smooth and flat. Paint or write in permanent marker a "G" for Goliath on the larger stone. Mark the other five stones with the letters D-A-V-I-D, one letter per stone. Mark a play area with tape, string or yarn about 24 inches in diameter. Set the Goliath stone in the center. Let the children take turns trying to knock Goliath out of the ring with their David stones. The Battle is the Lord's A simple wall hanging can serve as a reminder to trust God when facing difficult or impossible situations. Cut two concentric rectangles out of contrasting colors of craft foam. Glue the smaller one in the center of the larger one leaving at least one inch border on all sides. Use a metallic paint pen or permanent marker to write, "The battle is the Lord's! 1 Samuel 17:47" in large decorative letters. Decorate the plaque by gluing on five small, flat rocks as accent. Punch a hole in the two upper corners and tie twine, string or yarn through both for a hanger. Shepherd's Sling The Bible recounts David's roots as a shepherd boy and as such, the weapon he used to slay Goliath was likely an ancient shepherd's sling rather than the more modern concept of a Y-shaped slingshot. If you have a large area or can take the kids outdoors, they can try their hand at taking aim at Goliath with a homemade sling. Prepare an oversized cut out of a giant body outline and fasten it to a wall or tree. Give each child a small rectangle or oval of heavy cloth with a hole punched in both ends and two equal length heavy cords. Instruct them to tie the cords through the holes securely. Let them take turns arming their sling with a small bean bag and trying to hit Goliath with their missile. The person who comes closest to hitting dead center between the eyes, like David did, gets bragging rights.	<urn:uuid:3ed84e3c-9de6-4b3d-8cd0-dcdc18095275>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.018477320671081543, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9476898312568665, "url": "https://classroom.synonym.com/david-goliath-activities-kids-8191653.html" }
Social customs in the regency period Updated April 17, 2017 The Regency era derives its name from the period of English history between 1811 and 1820. When the illness of King George III left him unfit to rule, his son the Prince of Wales was designated as Prince Regent to rule in his place. However, the term "Regency Era" is often applied more broadly to the period between 1795 and 1837. The era, which is known for its developments in literature, fashion, politics and culture, is famously represented in Jane Austen's novels. During the Regency Era, wet nurses cared for the children of well-to-do families for the first few years of life. Since it was commonly believed that a woman's breast milk was endowed with her characteristics, wet nurses were chosen based on their peaceful and patient demeanour. Young children had little parental contact. An under-nurse oversaw older children, while a nursery maid attended to the housework in the children's quarters. When children reached school age, they were assigned a governess. Governesses were primarily responsible for the education as well as the moral instruction of young ladies and gentlemen. A typical governess taught English, literature, poetry, letter-writing, French, Italian, arithmetic, geography, popular sciences and religion. Calling was an established convention in Regency society. Persons called upon other families of their social class and left their calling cards if the members of the household were out of the house or could not attend to guests. The function of calling cards was to keep social aspirants at a distance, as the butler or maid of the house would ask an unwanted guest to leave his card so that a visit could be reciprocated. Ladies' calling cards were larger than gentlemens', since men carried them in their breast pockets. When a lady called upon someone, she remained in the carriage while her groom carried her card to the door. Only if the mistress invited her in would she then exit the carriage. Visitors' calling cards were placed on a silver tray in the entry hall. The Regency Era was a debutante society. A debutante is a young woman who makes a formal debut into society, announcing her eligibility for marriage. During the era, women within the upper classes frequently debuted at balls or other formal social gatherings. A debutante had to be presented by a lady who had already been presented to society. This custom ensured social exclusivity. Mothers presented their daughters but sometimes other women presented girls whose mothers had died or were not themselves presented because of social standing. In some cases, married women who had never been presented were presented, if only for her to be acknowledged by society as a woman of status. Courtship etiquette during the Regency Era was very strict. A young unmarried woman was bound by the most stringent decorum, never allowed to appear in public without a chaperon. It was improper for a woman to walk alone or ride unescorted in public. It was even more improper for her to attend parties without a chaperon or maid at her side. However, the most unauthorised act for a woman was for her to keep private company with a man. Young couples were supervised during courtship. They were not permitted to embrace, kiss or even shake hands. First names were off-limits until a couple was engaged, in which case first names might be uttered in private but never in public. Even married persons referred to each other formally in public, using "Mr." and "Mrs." Courting persons were not permitted to exchange gifts. About the Author	<urn:uuid:b0fc7805-f65e-4a52-b8a0-b64362d847df>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.04132390022277832, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9880357980728149, "url": "http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8576060_social-customs-regency-period.html" }
Go to content Go to menu The political history of Utrecht. Due to the fact this brochure is based on the political and militairical aspects of Utrecht, a brief history of Utrecht concerning politics is implemented to clearify some special sights. To protect the Northern border of the Roman Empire, the Romans built a fort and a castle, on the spot where the Dom can be found at present. This was done in the first century. Remnants of these Roman forts can still be found in some basements of for example cafes around the Dom. After the Romans went, the Franks entered what is now called Utrecht. They used it the same way as the Romans did. After the Vikings had serioustly thretened the city, the city becaume a real political and trade center. This growth caused Utrecht was the biggest city in the Netherlands, until the 16th century. From the Late Middle ages untill the beginning of the 19th century the city had to deal with several struggles whitin several powers, naming the continuing reformation of Utrecht, the Gilds and French and Spanish people who were controlling the city. From the eight century onwards a bisshop settled in Utrecht. This caused Utrecht had a very important function in the Netherlands, because bisshops were seen as important people. In 1122 Utrecht got the right to call itself a city, admitted bij Hendrik the fifth, who was the duke of Germany. Because of this, the bisshop lost power. During the middle ages, there had been a great struggle between the pro-Holland part and the pro-Gelre who both wanted to conquer Utrecht and its outskirts. This had an effect on the political situation in the country, and it is argued that Utrecht got stuck in a civil war within city borders. In 1304, the Gilds got the power in Utrecht, and they word remain until 1528. Although the other Dutch cities were continually growing, Utrecht remained the most important cultural centre of the Netherlands. There were lots of monasteries established in the City, which illustrates that religion and state were interconnected. The parties around the city (called States) of Utrecht remained unhappy with the way Utrecht was governed. These parties got the right to control the things decided on the political era in 1375. These States were representatives from different states in the Netherlands. With the digging of the ‘Nieuwegracht’ in Utrecht the streetpattern of the city was mainly completed. This was a brief explanation how Utrecht was formed, considering the political issues. During the Middle ages, religion also played a very big rule in the city of Utrecht. It was mainly based on the Catholic Church. The Catholic church had a very dominant position in Utrecht. This can be concluded when looking how many Catholic churches can be found in the city-cetre. You can consider the Dom as the most popular one, but it would definately be advisable to have a look at the small Sint Maartenskerk. (The Dom is officially called the big Sint Maartenskerk). As stated, the Catholic church played a very big role in the history of Utrecht. To make sure the poorest people could live in a normal house, the Zeven Steegjes were built. Nowadays, this is a popular place to live, because these classical spots are always wanted by people, and it has a big historical value. In former times, Utrecht has been an important trading place. This can be stated when looking at the Oude gracht or several big public squares. This canal was made to make sure tradesmen could have a good connection and Bishop Godeblad, who governed the city from 1114 to 1127 also made a connection between the Vaertse Rhyn and the Hollandsche Yschel. In these times, Utrecht was a flourishing because of this national, but also international trade. Along this Oude gracht, a lot of families settled which included could be associated with the knights in that period, as well as important tradesmen who thereby lived close to work. The material of the houses was transformed into stone, because the wooden houses carried a larger risk of burning. The government gave financial help in 1468 to finish this renovation. At the end of the 14th century, the international trade which was performed in Utrecht declined. This was caused because larger ships started to choose for other routes, and this caused Amsterdam passed Utrecht in importance. Lots of the elite who lived along the Oude gracht decided to move and to settle along the Janskerkhof the Nieuwe gracht. The Nieuwe gracht was mainly used to get water for the fire-brigade or the sewage system. It consisted generally out of monasteries and other big areas. After the reformation these monasteries were moved or broken down. At present, the city centre of Utrecht supplies rather expensive houses. Think only about the Nieuwe and Oudegracht, which have a huge historical value, and are therefore highly priced. When looking at the difference between ‘old’ and ‘new’ you could see that the Oude gracht is built in a more luxurious style. The houses along the Nieuwe gracht are built in the side, whereas along the Oude gracht the houses are built on the side. And what to think about a street name such as the Donkere Gaard or the Lichte Gaard? It illustrates these streets were surrounded by big gardens, naming those of the bishops in Utrecht. Another nice thing to know: south-westwards of the Oudegracht, a regular monastery was located. This remained empty during the reformation of the city. On the Neude, another monastery was built, and this was used to control financial aspects of the city. 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Seed Plants: Gymnosperms This Seed Plants: Gymnosperms lesson plan also includes: Students identify what makes up a seed. In this gymnosperms lesson students identify conifers and explain how they reproduce and what the importance of gymnosperms are. 67 Views 78 Downloads Resource Details 6th - 8th Life Science 2 more... Resource Type Lesson Plans 1 hr Instructional Strategy Inquiry-Based Learning	<urn:uuid:e88b4fcc-33f8-4164-931e-bbb1b37fd9d9>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.65625, "fasttext_score": 0.17526394128799438, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7068595886230469, "url": "https://www.lessonplanet.com/teachers/seed-plants-gymnosperms" }
The Colosseum is one of the iconic symbols of Rome, the "Eternal City." The region has been home to villages, kingdoms, republics, empires (during which the Colosseum was constructed) and a series of tumultuous modern governments. Photograph by O. Louis Mazzatenta, National Geographic • On April 21, 753 BCE, the “Eternal City” of Rome, Italy, was founded. The real origin of Rome is entangled in legend—according to mythological sources, the city was founded by Romulus and his brother Remus, descendants of the Roman god of war, Mars. The twins were sent off in a basket down the Tiber River, but survived after being nursed by a wolf. Eventually, Romulus and Remus founded Rome on Palatine Hill, the site where they were rescued by this wolf. The date of April 21 was originally set forth in the first century BCE by the Roman scholar Marcus Terentius Varro. Nicknamed the "Eternal City" more than 1,000 years ago, Rome became the capital of a united Italy in 1870. The city still straddles the Tiber River and comprises seven hills. Rome is a religious destination, center for the arts, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for historical sites such as the Colosseum. In addition to its 2.6 million citizens, the city attracts millions of tourists and travelers each year. • Term Part of Speech Definition Encyclopedic Entry capital Noun city where a region's government is located. Encyclopedic Entry: capital city Noun large settlement with a high population density. entangle Noun to tangle or twist together. god Noun one of many spiritual deities or supreme beings. hill Noun Encyclopedic Entry: hill imperial Adjective having to do with an empire. legend Noun explanation of symbols and abbreviations used on a map, also known as a key. scholar Noun educated person. situate Verb to place or arrange. tourist Noun person who travels for pleasure. UNESCO Noun the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Encyclopedic Entry: UNESCO World Heritage Site Noun location recognized by the United Nations as important to the cultural or natural heritage of humanity.	<urn:uuid:a39e5b00-252f-4e09-9472-58bee88b7385>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.27631258964538574, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9532005190849304, "url": "https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/apr21/eternal-city-founded/" }
Two letters combined into one composite one, such as ae or oe, or various vowels and even a few consonants with an accent or a tilde. AEneas was a phoenecian, so he never ate jalapen~os. Everything needs to support digraphs. Blah. In graph theory, a digraph is a directed graph. The same as a graph, except elements of the edge set are ordered pairs, not unordered pairs. If (a,b) is an edge the edge (b,a) doesn't necessarily exist. Digraphs are two-character punctuation tokens in programming languages that can replace a single character. They are usually used to write certain characters not present in older character maps (most notably ISO-646). Pascal introduced the idea of digraphs. It defined a small set of digraphs to get around the problematic brackets and curly braces. Pascal defines the following digraphs: • (* means { • ) means } • (. means [ • .) means ] The 1999 revision of ISO C (C99) and ISO C++ define a set of digraphs, in addition to the standard C90 trigraphs. The digraphs were added to the standards due complaints that the original trigraphs were ugly and hard to read. The digraphs provide only a slight improvement. The digraphs accepted in C are: • <% means { • %> means } • <: means [ • :> means ] • %: means # • %:%: means ## Here is a sample with trigraphs: ??=include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char argv??(??)) ??< printf("Hello World??/n"); And now with digraphs: %:include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char *argv<: :>) <% printf("Hello World??/n"); Maybe a little bit better, but it hardly seems worth the effort. Di"graph (?), n. [Gr. = twice + a writing, to write.] © Webster 1913.	<urn:uuid:f7e41fc9-5441-499a-95e0-f842a11e57c0>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.890625, "fasttext_score": 0.3472878336906433, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9203053116798401, "url": "https://everything2.com/title/digraph" }
Today in History 12th Jan. 1967: Dr. James Bedford becomes the first person to Cryogenically Preserved with the intent of future resuscitation. Cryonics (from Greek κρύος ‘kryos-‘ meaning ‘cold’) is the low-temperature preservation (usually at −196°C) of people who cannot be sustained by contemporary medicine, with the hope that resuscitation and restoration to full health may be possible in the far future. Cryopreservation of humans is not reversible with present technology; cryonicists hope that medical advances will someday allow cryopreserved people to be revived. Cryonics is regarded with skepticism within the mainstream scientific community and is not part of normal medical practice. It is not known if it will ever be possible to revive a cryopreserved human being. Cryonics depends on beliefs that death is a process rather than an event, that clinical death is a prognosis of death rather than a diagnosis of death, and that the cryonics patient has not experienced information-theoretic death. Such views are at the speculative edge of medicine. Cryonics procedures can only begin after legal death, and cryonics “patients” are considered legally dead. Cryonics procedures ideally begin within minutes of cardiac arrest, and use cryoprotectants to prevent ice formation during cryopreservation. The first corpse to be cryopreserved was that of Dr. James Bedford in 1967. As of 2014, about 250 bodies were cryopreserved in the United States, and 1,500 people had made arrangements for cryopreservation after their legal death. Categories: Articles Leave a Reply %d bloggers like this:	<urn:uuid:8797f9ae-f1da-4fad-b038-99966eda51b4>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.051037609577178955, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9422281980514526, "url": "https://g3manda.com/2017/01/12/today-in-history-12th-jan-1967-dr-james-bedford-becomes-the-first-person-to-cryogenically-preserved-with-the-intent-of-future-resuscitation/" }
What new technology emerged from the Crimean War? The Crimean War began in 1853 when Ottoman Turkey declared war on Tsarist Russia. This declaration was not very unusual, since there had already been three previous Russo-Turkish Wars in 1768-74, 1787-92 and 1828-29. However, this war included the participation of the British and French, both aligned with Turkey, a very unusual alliance at the time, considering that Britain and France were enemies at least a couple centuries before that [wikipedia: “Crimean War”]. Turkey represented the Islamic interests in the Holy Land, particularly the city of Jerusalem, as well as the Balkans along the Black Sea as far as present-day Romania, at the Danube River. Tsarist Russia represented the competing Christian interests. Sound familiar? The infantries of the armies still rode horses. Mechanized infantry, i.e., tanks and jeeps, were not introduced until World War I in 1914. However, plenty of new technology was introduced during the Crimean War, not just newer and more lethal weapons. One was the newly invented technique of photography and another was the telegraph that contributed to substantially instantaneous war-time journalism. Examples of war-time photographs taken by Roger Fenton, some of which were originally published by Thomas Agnew & Sons, can be seen at the U.S. Library of Congress (LOC) website [http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/coll/251_fen.html]. Also, see the online collection by the George Eastman House Archive [http://www.geh.org/fm/fenton/htmlsrc/fenton_sld00001.html]. Note that none of the 263 photographs acquired by the LOC from a grand-niece of Roger Fenton in 1944, show actual battles or any of the tragic scenes of actual combat one might expect at a time of war. This could be an example of propaganda or self-censorship in the use of technology. Nevertheless, there are many photographs of soldiers and commanders on their horses [http://www.iphotocentral.com/showcase/showcase_descrp.php/68/1/1/0]. Photographs that may have showed the true horror of war in the Crimea may have been made by British military officers Brandon and Dawson, who were trained by London photographer J.E. Mayall, disappeared from official military files. This could be an example of a cover-up to prevent letting the public see the realities of war. What’s changed since then, right? It appears that Roger Fenton learned the art of photography from Paul (Hippolyte) Delaroche, in the early 1800s. Although Delaroche was a painter rather than a photographer, he was apparently instrumental in promoting the invention of Louis Daguerre [wikipedia: “Louis Daguerre”]. Fenton used the waxed-paper negative modified calotype process of Gustave Le Gray [wikipedia: “Roger Fenton”, calotype]. Note that the invention of Daguerreotype, a French competitor of the calotype of England, was purchased by the French Government and given as a gift “Free to the World” on August 19, 1839. In a parallel process of technological development, the newly invented telegraph was used to transmit information over long distances using wires placed using horse-drawn carriages in areas of the Crimea, particularly in the region near Sevastopol in the north-east of the Black Sea. The telegraph had been invented in the early 1800s after efforts were made to harness the features of the Leydon Jar to form a useful device. Samuel Morse was the famous American inventor, but he was not first to patent, since a British patent had been issued in 1837 at about the same time as Morse’s patent. However, Morse appears to be credited with completion of the first working model in 1835 [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Telegraph]. Various examples of early telegraph devices can be seen in museums in the U.S. (Smithsonian in Washington, DC), UK (Victoria & Albert Museum and the British Museum in London), and elsewhere in Europe. Also, the Royal Corps of Signals Museum, located at Blandford Camp, near Blandford Forum, UK, roughly 70 km west of Southampton in the Dorset countryside, describes the first use of the telegraph in war-time in the Crimean War as well as showing some of the earliest telegraphs [http://www.army.mod.uk/royalsignalsmuseum/displays/crimean_war.htm]. Thus, while U.S. Presidents John Tyler, James K. Polk, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan (who collectively held office from 1841 to 1861), where dealing with short-lived presidencies, politics (e.g., Whigs versus Democrats), the issue of slavery, and wars with Indians, the British, French, Spanish and Mexicans, and preparing for the U.S. Civil War – Europe, on the other hand, was dealing with Napoleon III and various monarchies (e.g., Tsarist Russia and the Hapsburgs), as well as the Ottoman Turks. And technology, in the meantime was gradually developing and contributing to the dramatic changes in society that were still to come. This brief synopsis of a very important moment in world history has not even included other major contributions to the progress of technology, particularly Florence Nightingale’s contributions to medicine, most notably the systematic and organized approach to nursing in the battle-field (i.e., using statistics in medicine, a precursor to today’s bioinformatics), where she noted that the majority of battle-field mortality was caused by “zymotic preventable” disease, such as typhus, cholera and dysentery. In 1860, she became the first female to be elected a fellow of the prestigious (British) Statistical Society [http://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/flo2.htm]. Her book entitled “Notes on Nursing” was also published in 1860. She also became an honorary member of the American Statistical Association, received the Royal Red Cross from Queen Victoria in 1883, and the (British) Order of Merit in 1907. Other areas of technological progress included the advancement of maritime and naval capabilities, such as the use of exploding shells by the Russian Navy. Also, the side taken by the British and French generally won the most favorable terms in the resulting Treaty of Paris of 1856 ending the Crimean War and signed by Russia, France, United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia, Italy/Sardinia/Piedmont, and Turkey (perhaps giving the Catholic clergy greater power in the Holy Land compared with the Orthodox clergy?); nonetheless, it seems that the British military behaved in a grossly incompetent manner throughout the conflict, especially by failing to provide adequate equipment, clothing and sanitation for the infantry [http://www.cwreenactors.com/~crimean/criwar.htm]. This incompetence led to the fall of the government of then Prime Minister Lord George-Hamilton, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, who was therefore succeeded by Lord Palmerston in 1855 before the end of the war [wikipedia, “George Hamilton-Gordon”]. In the building of nations, since the Kingdom of Sardinia (based on the island located near Corsica between present day France and Italy in 1848) had participated in the Crimean War on the side of England and France, this led to the consolidation of the various city-states of the Italian peninsula that led to the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, then to the First Republic of Italy in 1946, and ultimately to the present Second Republic of Italy that began in 1992. This time of conflict in the mid-19th century apparently contributed significantly to progress in photography, telegraphy and medicine, three major subject areas in today’s technology landscape. When these advances are combined with the advancements of the Industrial Revolution during the late 19th century, thanks at least to the contribution of inventors such as James Watt [http://www.answers.com/topic/james-watt?cat=technology] and his earlier improved steam engine (UK Patent No. 913) [http://www.ladas.com/GeneralInterest/Firefighting.html], Henry Bessemer and his concurrent improved steel-making process (U.S. patent No. 16082) [http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/bessemer.htm], Nicola Tesla and his later polyphase power distribution systems (U.S. Patent No. 390721) [http://www.frank.germano.com/nikolatesla.htm], to name only a few of the greatest contributors. This entry was posted in A Level History, British Empire, Crimean War, Empire and Expansion, History, Imperial Expansion 1815-1870 and tagged , , , , , , . Bookmark the permalink. 2 Responses to What new technology emerged from the Crimean War? 1. Martha Mahard says: you need to look at the history of the technology of photography – no cover-up or censorship or conspiracy is involved, the process was not able to capture any rapid motion until much later in the 19th century. The wet plate collodion process (also used by Mathew Brady and his photographers during the American Civil War) involved a lot of work with chemicals which had to be evenly coated on a glass plate – often larger that 5×7″ and inserted into the camera while still wet – you can’t do this in the midst of a raging battle. 2. Ken says: Thanks for that. I’m pretty sure we addressed this in a later post but this was an initial -and as you note, somewhat inadequate- assessment. Cheers, Ken Leave a Reply WordPress.com Logo Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s	<urn:uuid:51673e7d-9dfd-4a34-89dc-a42839b26c51>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.578125, "fasttext_score": 0.03453952074050903, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9566500186920166, "url": "https://kenbaker.wordpress.com/2009/01/14/what-new-technology-emerged-from-the-crimean-war/" }
How did Abraham Lincoln get on the penny? Quick Answer According to the United States Treasury, Abraham Lincoln was put on the penny in 1909 as part of the celebration of what would have been his 100th birthday. Before the Lincoln penny, portraits of real people were not used on American coins, with earlier pennies featuring an image of a woman representing liberty. Continue Reading How did Abraham Lincoln get on the penny? Credit: Matthew Brown E+ Getty Images Full Answer When he was president, Theodore Roosevelt wanted to redesign the coins currently in use in America. He commissioned the sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens to create the new coins, but Saint-Gaudens died before the work was finished. Roosevelt then saw a sculpted plaque by Victor David Brenner featuring President Lincoln's likeness and chose it as the new design for the coin. 25 million of the Lincoln coins were struck in anticipation for public demand, and it was officially issued to the public on Aug. 2, 1909. The original reverse side featured a pair of sheaves of wheat, and this design was updated in 1959 to depict an image of the Lincoln Memorial. The penny was changed again in 2010, replacing the memorial with a shield bearing the legend, "E Pluribus Unum" across the top. The front of the penny has not changed significantly since its original introduction, making it the longest-serving coin design in America and one of the most enduring coin designs in the world. Learn more about US History Related Questions	<urn:uuid:d977fd32-9429-43ec-b0fd-6f4a31dfb7da>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.6875, "fasttext_score": 0.03149676322937012, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9687223434448242, "url": "https://www.reference.com/history/did-abraham-lincoln-penny-bc1b59b917db757f" }
Using Domino Math Mats Dominoes have become a staple in most primary classrooms. They build upon dice patterns and are often used to model decomposition of numbers, building student knowledge of addition facts. They are an excellent manipulative for primary students to use and these are some examples of how students might use dominoes in the math center. Domino Mat The student needs some dominoes, counters and a domino mat. The student selects a domino and builds that domino on his/her domino mat. Next, the student counts the total number of dots on both sides of the domino and selects the correct number card to represent the total. The student may record this domino on the Domino Recording Sheet before clearing the mat, and choosing another domino. Differentiation: Teachers may easily differentiate this activity by providing differentiated baggies of dominoes that effectively target the varied instructional levels of students in their classes. For example, an easy set may include dominoes with sums less than or equal to 6 while a challenging set may include dominoes with sums greater than 12. Domino Flash Game Play Domino Flash to help your students master the domino patterns. Each student needs a domino mat and counters. Teachers may use overhead dominoes or Domino Flash Cards (copied on card stock, and cut apart) for this game. The teacher shows a domino for a count of 5-10 seconds, depending on the ability level of the students, then covers it. Students look at the domino as it is shown, then build the domino from memory. The teacher circulates around the room as students work, to observe student performance. After some time, the teacher asks students to describe the domino they saw and how they remembered the patterns to build. Finally, the teacher shows the domino again so that students are able to self-correct. Center Activity: make the Domino Flash Game materials available for students to play as pairs or triads at center time. Students love to rotate playing teacher for this game! Domino Parking Lot Students use a set of regular dominoes and a domino parking mat. Each student selects a domino, counts the total number of dots (pips) and places the domino in that parking spot. Dominoes with the same number of dots may be stacked on top of each other in the parking spot, if necessary. Center Activity: Teachers may use craft foam and a sharpie marker to create the parking lot mat or download the Domino Parking Lot game mat, copy it on card stock, and laminate the mat for student use. Provide sets of dominoes for small groups of students to sort. Challenge: As a variation of the game, select target sums and give students a point for each domino they find to park in those spaces. This motivates students to search for those particular combinations and heightens interest in finding those dominoes to win the most points for the group. Have one member of the group use a Domino Parking Lot recording sheet, write in the day's winning numbers, then draw in the dots of the dominoes the group finds for those numbers. Domino Fact Families Dominoes can be used to introduce students to fact families. Students need a Domino Facts Template inserted in a sheet protector, dry erase marker, and some dominoes for this activity. The student selects a domino and draws it on the template (or uses counters to build the domino). He/she then counts the number of dots on each side of the domino, writing the numbers in the squares above the domino sides. The student figures out the total number of dots and writes this number in the rectangle below the domino. These three numbers are the number family the students will use to write the 4 number sentences for that fact family. Alternately, the teacher may display a Domino Flash Card and have the whole class use the same domino for the introductory activity. In this case, the teacher should use an overhead of the Domino Facts Template. NOTE: inserting the overhead in a sheet protector allows the teacher to use dry erase markers and preserves the life of the overhead. For storage, many teachers elect to keep these often-used overheads in a binder. Differentiation: Vary the complexity of the dominoes students use to accommodate the varied needs of learners in the class. Center Activity: Make the materials available in the math center so that students practice fact families on a regular basis. Do Now! Transition Activity: Many teachers opt to have students keep the Domino Facts Template in their desks so that they can use this activity as a daily part of math class, beginning or ending math class with fact family practice. Mathwire.com: Math Mats Resources Please select a topic:	<urn:uuid:57640fd5-2b5e-439a-b1c3-6ce8ce43d700>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.15625, "fasttext_score": 0.050875186920166016, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9065036177635193, "url": "http://mathwire.com/strategies/matsdom.html" }
Data in spreadsheets In this section we will make an Ampersand script that is based on an existing spreadsheet. This technique is useful for bottom-up design of an information system. This has many uses in practice, because people tend to administer a lot in spreadsheets for lack of proper information systems to support them. Ampersand has a facility that allows you to import existing .xlsx files with minimal changes. Theory: tables vs. binary relations We can consider Ampersand as a finite system of relations. Every relation is a set of pairs and each pair contains two atoms. However, in the real world we also store information in wider tables, as we do in spreadsheets and relational databases. Here is the trick. If we have two pairs that share the same left atom, e.g. (1, Abraham) and (1, Lincoln), we can put them in the same row. Using the same trick, we can interpret a row in a spreadsheet as a number of pairs. Let us look at an example to get a feeling for this translation. Consider the following table. firstname lastname birth 1 Abraham Lincoln February 12, 1809 2 Barack Obama August 4, 1961 3 Calvin Coolidge July 4, 1872 4 Dwight Eisenhower October 14, 1890 Since Ampersand works with relations, it must represent this table as relations. Three relations can do the job in the following manner: POPULATION firstname[PresidentName] CONTAINS [ ("1", "Abraham") , ("2", "Barack") , ("3", "Calvin") , ("4", "Dwight") POPULATION lastname[PresidentSurname] CONTAINS [ ("1", "Lincoln") , ("2", "Obama") , ("3", "Coolidge") , ("4", "Eisenhower") POPULATION birth[President*Date] CONTAINS [ ("1", "February 12, 1809") , ("2", "August 4, 1961") , ("3", "July 4, 1872") , ("4", "October 14, 1890") Notice that the column names in the table correspond with the relation names in Ampersand. In the table we call them "attributes". So it makes sense to say that a relation in Ampersand can correspond with an attribute in a table. Practice: how to prepare a spreadsheet In theory, the population of the Hawaii-script might just as well be given in a spreadsheet. This works in practice too. It looks like this: Subject pass required [Subject] [Student] [Destination] Surfing Brown Hawaii Surfing Conway Latin Brown Rome World Religions Applegate World Religions Brown Rome In many spreadsheets, it is sufficient to add two lines above each table to inform Ampersand about the relations that are populated. Make a population of your own for the Hawaii-script and put it in a .xlsx spreadsheet. Upload that population in the Hawaii-application and play around with the results. The Excel import button is located on the right in the application's menu bar. results matching "" No results matching ""	<urn:uuid:2596b5b9-7e58-45a7-9ae2-97c84b613f6a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.9375, "fasttext_score": 0.22807252407073975, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8826175332069397, "url": "https://ampersandtarski.gitbooks.io/documentation/tutorial/data-in-spreadsheets.html" }
Dismiss Notice Dismiss Notice Join Physics Forums Today! Another STATICS question 1. Nov 17, 2007 #1 A uniform cylinder of radius a and weight W rests in equilibrium between 2 rough planes which are both inclined to an angle pi/6 to the horizontal. The axis of the cylinder is parallel to the line joining the two planes and the coefficient of friction at both points of contact is 1/2. Find the least couple which must be applied to the cylinder to make it rotate. Please help me! Who knows how this can be done? 2. jcsd 3. Nov 17, 2007 #2 Construct a diagram of the forces before the cylinder rotates. Resolve forces and find the normal reactions. The draw the diagram again for the block in rotation...you know the weight and normal forces, so you can find out the Friction forces and hence the couple... Diagrams are the answer. 4. Nov 17, 2007 #3 The problem is I don't know how to draw the diagram.. For example, which axis of the cylinder is it talking about? (Cylinders have more than one axis, if I'm correct) I'm really confused. 5. Nov 17, 2007 #4 Cilinders have only one important axis. The other two are of no importance. 6. Nov 17, 2007 #5 Which is..? 7. Nov 17, 2007 #6 The one that determines the rotational vector of a 'common' rotating cilinder wheel. You know, the one that goes throught he center of the cilinder? Last edited: Nov 17, 2007 8. Nov 18, 2007 #7 always go for the simplet solution - imagine a vee shape. in the vee is a circle. this is an end on view Similar Discussions: Another STATICS question 1. Statics question! (Replies: 1)	<urn:uuid:b8302cb7-8b1c-4955-afc9-e638c076b39f>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.04684293270111084, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9118792414665222, "url": "https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/another-statics-question.198769/" }
Wednesday, July 4, 2012 In honor of Independence Day in the USA... Everyone knows that to discuss the history of fireworks means talking about China and Marco Polo (1254-1324), but the real history of fireworks in the European Middle Ages may start with Roger Bacon (1214-1294). Bacon was a Franciscan Friar who spent time at Oxford and may have studied under Robert Grossteste. He has been called the first user of the scientific method, but more careful study of his works suggests that his conclusions and theories were the result of "thought experiments" like many other scholars, instead of actual scientific experimentation. Although Oxford's fairly careful and complete records of degrees given do not show that Bacon ever earned a doctorate, he was nicknamed Doctor Mirabilis (wonderful doctor) for his ideas. Many volumes have been filled about Bacon, his ideas and discoveries, but today we are interested in gunpowder. At the request of Pope Clement IV, Bacon wrote his seven-part Opus Maius (Greater Work) which discussed (among other things) his thoughts on philosophy, theology, and certain scientific experiments. We know that a contemporary and fellow Franciscan, William Rubruck (c.1220-c.1293), visited the Mongols and witnessed the use of gunpowder in the form of firecrackers. Perhaps Rubruck brought some back. The relevant passage in the Opus Maius is: The "no more than a bit of parchment containing it" reminds me of these. He speaks of this again in his Opus Tertium (the Third Work; and yes, there had been an intermediate Opus Minus, the Lesser Work): Then wonders can be done by explosive substances. There is one used for amusement in various parts of the world made of powder of saltpeter and sulphur and charcoal of hazelwood. For when a roll of parchment about the size of a finger is filled with this powder, it produces a startling noise and flash. If a large instrument were used, the noise and flash would be unbearable; if the instrument were made from solid material, the violence would be much greater. These are the earliest references in the English-speaking world to gunpowder and fireworks. Whether Bacon ever made his own gunpowder is unknown, however. Some articles will tell you that he could, and encrypted the knowledge in order to prevent its misuse. Claims that Bacon hid the formula for gunpowder in his works cannot be substantiated, however. He seems to know what goes into the formula, but not necessarily in what proportion. The secret numbers that some modern manuscript detectives claim to have found in his writings produce the wrong ratio for gunpowder to do more than smoke. Enjoy your day. 1. Very interesting that he lists two different woods for charcoal: willow and hazel. Hazel apparently creates a larger explosive force, assuming the proportions of the other ingredients are the same. I wonder if there is a scientist around who could speculate on the chemical differences of the charcoal? 2. I can't speak to Hazel, but Willow is prized as an energy-producing wood because it produces a very pure carbon. US Department of Agriculture (1917), Department Bulletin No. 316: Willows: Their growth, use, and importance, p. 31 G+ Followers	<urn:uuid:43dcd763-a5f9-43d6-b4d9-f0ef87784ea2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.640625, "fasttext_score": 0.09626048803329468, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9619978070259094, "url": "http://dailymedieval.blogspot.com/2012/07/fireworks.html" }
you're reading... Anemones can do the ‘symbiont shuffle’ in the face of climate change Paper: Hill, R., Fernance, C., Wilkinson, S., Davy, S., Scott A., (2014) Symbiont shuffling during thermal bleaching and recovery in the sea anemone Entacmaea quadricolor. Marine Biology. 161(12):2931–2937. DOI 10.1007/s00227-014-2557-9 Chris Davey - anenome fish An anemone fish in its bubble-tip anemone home off the east coast of Australia. (Image Credit: Chris Davey) Although they are animals, sea anemones are often hailed as flowers of the sea, which is quite fitting since they were named after a genus of flowering land plants. Some sea anemones, like Entacmaea quadricolor or the bubble-tip anemone, have reached the trifecta of symbiotic relationships (interaction between living organisms that live in close physical contact with each other). Not only are they sought out by bodyguards in the form of anemone fish or ‘Nemos’ as prize real estate–see image above, but just like corals, they play host to internal symbionts or endosymbionts. These endosymbionts are dinoflagellates (single-celled algae) of the Symbiodinium genus which crucially supplement the anenome diet by offering up fixed carbon via photosynthesis and are also the source of host anemone colour. Also like coral, sea anemones are not immune to thermal stress—even a small increase of 1°C above peak summer temperatures can cause bleaching. Bleaching occurs when hosts expel endosymbionts and can lead to mortality if prolonged. The bubble-tip anemone associates with six different types of endosymbionts and can harbour several types simultaneously. This raises the question: are there advantages to hosting different types of endosymbionts? Previous studies show that anemones rearrange or shuffle the composition of their endosymbionts during a short term bleaching event. Hill et al., followed up by investigating what happens to the cabinet during a prolonged bleaching event and post-bleaching event. Four specimens of three distinct colour morphs of E. quadricolor were collected by North Solitary Island off the eastern coast of Australia and settled in aquariums. Bubble-tips were acclimated over 14 days, and everything from temperature (22.9°C—average summer temperature in their natural habitat), water flow, shade control and diet of prawn was strictly controlled. After acclimation, temperature of half the aquariums were maintained while the temperature of the other half was slowly increased over three days to 28.5°C. The first day of increased temperature was designated as Day 1. On Day 42, bleaching was apparent, and temperature was reduced back to 22.9°C and maintained for another 75 days. Experimental time totaled 117 days and on days 1, 47, 67, and 117, four tentacles were clipped from each bubble-tip for analysis. Two of the tentacles were analyzed for symbiont density, while the other two were submitted for symbiont genotyping. Fun fact, both types of analysis involved a lot of blending and centrifugation—kind of like the spin cycle of a washing machine—of tentacles. The result is a symbiont algal pellet and liquid of other ‘stuff’. Glass beads were also used to ‘mill’ Symbiodinium cells to access the DNA for genotyping. A slew of statistical analyses were then applied in order to determine changes in symbiont density and change in ratio of symbiont types. a) Symbiont density and b) C25:C ratio on monitor days 1, 47, 67, and 117 for the anemones under control (black bars) and bleached (white bars) treatments. 'I' signifies significant differences between control and bleached anemones treatments, while 'II' indicates significant differences between days (p < 0.05). a) Symbiont density and b) C25:C ratio on monitor days 1, 47, 67, and 117 for the anemones under control (black bars) and bleached (white bars) treatments. ‘I’ signifies significant differences between control and bleached anemones treatments, while ‘II’ indicates significant differences between days (p < 0.05). Symbiont density in bubble-tips under the control treatment decreased 60% versus a 90% under the bleached conditions. The symbiont density decline under the control treatment was surprising, but may be explained by the higher exposure to light intensity during experimentation than the bubble-tips are used to in the field which has been known to elicit this type of response. There was no further significant change in symbiont density in both treatments for the remainder of the experiment suggesting that reducing the temperature of the bleached conditions, prevented additional symbiont loss–see figure to left. All twelve of the anemone specimens had both Symbiodinium C25 and C3.25. The C25:C ratio was higher in the control specimens versus the bleached treatment on first day. At day 47, the ratio had increased 6.6% in the control and 13.2% in the bleached treatment and the ratio was equal in both treatments. At day 67, the ratios were significantly different, having decreased in the control and increased in the bleached treatment. However, by the end of the experiment, the ratio was similar indicating that the anemones had recovered (see figure on left). The changes in the ratio of symbionts during the course of this experiment suggests that dynamic shuffling of symbionts occurs during periods of thermal stress. In this case, C25 may be more stress tolerant than other symbionts and be held preferentially by bubble-tips. During the recovery period, C3.25 started to make a comeback showing that it may be more beneficial in the absence of bleaching conditions. Perhaps it grows and divides faster than C25, making it more competitive. Ratios of symbionts are affected by multiple factors: temperature, light, period of thermal stress, and even host phenotype. Having an arsenal of different symbionts with different physiological performances may allow the bubble-tip anemone to internally strategize in the face changing environmental conditions. Turns out, mom was right all along, it’s not about what’s on the outside, but what’s on the inside that counts. bubble-tip motto Party rock anthem of anemones. (Image credit: Nick Hobgood, meme generated by imgflip) Megan Chen No comments yet. 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赤道系列：奇特的安第斯山 Equator: Paradox of the Andes (2009) 　　The Andes are one of the most unusual places at the Equator. In Ecuador, a country whose Spanish name means ‘equator’, unexpected plants and animals meet on the slopes of active volcanoes. Every day, a conflict rages b...展开etween the heat of the equatorial sun and cold created by towering mountains. The weather is always unpredictable and changeable, and the inhabitants of the paramo must endure four seasons in a day, and sometimes even in an hour. 　　Vicunas are camels, perfectly adapted to the cold desert of the high paramo. They’re protected from cold and intense levels of solar radiation by wool that is among the finest and warmest in the world. At 4300 metres above sea level air contains only half the oxygen it does at sea level, but vicunas can maximize each breath of this thin air. Their blood contains red cells that quickly absorb oxygen, and its thin blood is easily pumped around its body by a big heart. 　　The Ecuadorian hillstar, the world’s highest altitude hummingbird, copes with low air density by perching instead of hovering when it feeds. At the season-less Equator, food is available year-round, supporting an incredible diversity of plants and animals. On the lower slopes of the volcanoes, tiny tropical hummingbirds have a sugar-fuelled lifestyle, feeding on bromeliad nectar in lush, wet low paramo and cloud forest. Spectacled bears are South America’s only species of bear. They climb high into the canopy of the cloud forest, in search of the sweet hearts of perching bromeliads. A male spectacled bear, weighing in at nearly 180 kilograms, is able to destroy the massive flowering spike of a puya, a giant bromeliad that lives on the ground and is armed with fierce spikes. 　　The rare mountain tapir is the largest animal in the Andes, and the bulldozer of the paramo. Like the bears, the tapir is an ice age relic, with a thick coat to keep it warm during the long equatorial night. When temperatures sink to minus six at night, the plants of the paramo survive by super-cooling their sap. In a stream that flows strongly and doesn’t freeze, a tiny ferocious predator hunts for insects and fish. The nocturnal fishing mouse is a strong swimmer and diver, and like the hummingbird it is hyper-active and must eat frequent meals, often. With a wingspan of more than three metres, the condor is the world’s largest land bird. They glide effortlessly on intense thermals, created by the power of the equatorial sun. 　　The Andes of Ecuador truly are a place of paradox, where ice age survivors feed on tropical plants, and face the daily challenge of living in a world of sun and ice which can be both inhospitable and plentiful. 2009-10-06 (2009年) IMDB链接豆瓣链接	<urn:uuid:59d4c5a5-8882-4329-bfd8-c727c6b18707>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.09008902311325073, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8724061250686646, "url": "http://www.kangepian.com/movie/132878.html" }
An upsurge is when there's a sudden rise of something's strength or size. Hordes of people walking around your town with cameras might be due to an upsurge in tourism, for example. News shows often announce that there's an upsurge of crime or an upsurge of available jobs in public education. The noun upsurge is most often used in this figurative way, rather than to talk about something literally surging up, like stormy waves. These are more likely to be described as a surge, which is actually the root of upsurge — a surge is a "high, rolling swell of water," from the Latin surgere, "to rise." Definitions of upsurge n a sudden or abrupt strong increase “an upsurge of emotion” “an upsurge in violent crime” Type of: increase, step-up the act of increasing something n a sudden forceful flow rush, spate, surge debris storm, debris surge the sudden spread of dust and debris from a collapsing building a forceful forward rush or flow Type of: flow, flowing the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) Sign up, it's free!	<urn:uuid:c9894807-36c9-40cf-b28e-3cf8c12ab492>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.5130871534347534, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9468658566474915, "url": "https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/upsurge" }
The Apkanis were an Indian tribe located on the East coast of the United States. The tribe vanished sometime in the early 14th century. The civilization of the Apkanis is something of a mystery to the anthropologists because as the tribe vanished they took their whole culture with them. Even the graves and tombs were empty. The little knowledge known today about the Apkanis are due to settlements and graves forsaken or forgotten long before the tribe vanished. Although why the tribe vanished is the greatest mystery. For a long time the scientists believed that the Apkanis derived from the Inca and/or Aztec civilization. Many of the found artifacts and ruins bear a strong resemblance with these two cultures to support this theories. However, in the 1960s scientists found the remains of an Apkanis settlement on Fetch Rock, a small rock island at the coast of Gotham. They dated their findings to the Middle Bronze Age. This was a sensation, putting the peak of the Apkanis civilization approximately three to four thousand years before the estimated time calculated by the scientists. Also the Apkanis had a high culture long before the Incas and Aztecs. So it is more possible that these cultures where influenced by the Apkanis and not the other way round. Main Page Stories of Gotham City MaverickTheWild MaverickTheWild	<urn:uuid:9c621ad8-fc96-4787-9e72-72850782d7e2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.703125, "fasttext_score": 0.2728509306907654, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9608202576637268, "url": "http://stories-of-gotham-city.obsidianportal.com/wikis/apkanis" }
Height Site Tips for Leaders Making and Using Inclinometers Using an inclinometer, a person can calculate the height of something that he or she can’t easily measure with a ruler. This will come in handy when your group does the Bottle Blast-Off! activity. For your group, the incentive to make and practice using an inclinometer is that they will use it to measure the height of a rocket’s flight. Making Inclinometers Things to Talk About Before You Begin Before you have your group start making inclinometers, we suggest you show them an inclinometer, if you've made one, and talk a little bit about it. Tell them that the inclinometer is a tool that lets them measure the height of something too tall to measure directly. Here are few questions you might want to ask your group: An inclinometer has a protractor on it. What does a protractor measure? (A protractor measures angles.) If you are planning to build rockets, you might ask your group how a person could measure how high a rocket flies. You can compare its flight to nearby buildings that you know the height of. But what if there isn’t a building nearby? Or what if your rocket goes higher than a building? The inclinometer uses math to measure the rocket’s flight. Making an Inclinometer To make an inclinometer, follow the directions on Making Your Inclinometer. You can photocopy these instructions for your group or explain the steps one by one while members of your group follow your instructions. If one person finishes before the others, we suggest you ask him or her to help people who are working more slowly. Using an Inclinometer You can print out Using Your Inclinometer and have members of your group follow the steps on that. Or you can demonstrate each step while your group follows along. When you demonstrate how to use the inclinometer, be sure to look through the end of the tube that sticks out from the card. Otherwise, the weight will swing back and tap you in the face, amusing all the people in your group. You can either look through the tube or place the tube on your cheek and sight along the top of the tube. Distance Matters The angle a person reads on the inclinometer depends partly on how far the person is from the object he or she is measuring. To make sure people understand this, you might want to have two people sight on the same tall object—with one person standing several feet closer to it than the other. The person who’s closer will get a larger angle. Calculating the height of an object requires knowing both the angle and the distance to the object. Try Both Ways to Read the Angle We suggest that people work with partners. One person sights on the object being measured while the other person reads the angle. We also describe how to read the angle without a partner. Pinch the string against the card to hold it in place. This takes a little practice. Be sure everyone tries this method. They'll need it if they use their inclinometers to measure the height of a rocket's flight. What If People Get Different Answers? Have the whole group stand the same distance from a tall object, sight on the top of the object, and read the angle using one of the two methods described above. Have everyone compare their angles. If people are standing at different distances from the object, they will get different readings. If people are the same distance from the object, there will still be slight variations among the readings—but they should be within 5 or 10 degrees of each other. It’s normal to have some variation—that’s what a scientist would call experimental error. (In the Bottle Blast-Off! activity, we suggest that you have three people measure the height of each rocket's flight. By averaging the readings of three people, you'll get a more accurate result.) Calculating an Object’s Height Height Calculator GridYou can print out copies of the Height Calculator Grid and have people work with those. On the Height Calculator Grid, people will draw a triangle that's exactly the same shape as the same triangle out in the world. Suppose one of the people in your group measured a flagpole and drew a diagram like this one. At the lower left corner of the triangle is the measurer's eye. At the top corner of the triangle is the top of the pole. At the third corner is part of the flagpole that’s at the measurer's eye level. The triangle on the diagram is the same shape as the triangle in the world because the angles of these two triangles are exactly the same. First, people measured an angle with their inclinometers. Then they drew the same angle on the grid paper. The second angle that is the same in both triangles is the 90-degree angle formed by the intersection of the vertical and horizontal lines. In this case, that’s the vertical line of the flagpole and the horizontal line that marks the measurer’s eye level. If two triangles have two angles that are the same, then these triangles are exactly the same shape. If a side on the little triangle is half as big as the same side on the big triangle, then the other sides of the little triangle must be half as big as the corresponding sides of the big triangle. The triangle on the diagram is a scaled-down version of the triangle in the world. How much smaller is the triangle in the diagram? The side of each square on the grid paper represents 100 cm in the real world. The squares on the grid are about 1 cm tall, so the diagram is about 100 times smaller than the triangle in the world. By drawing a triangle that's exactly the same shape as the triangle in the real world, people can measure something indirectly that they can't easily measure with a ruler. Where's the Math? In math class, two triangles that are exactly the same shape are called similar triangles. Drawing similar triangles can help you figure out quantities that you can’t measure directly. When people use their drawings to find the heights of objects, remind them to count the height of each square as 100 cm. You should also point out that the horizontal line on the bottom of the grid represents the eye level of the measurer. To find the real height of an object, people need to add the height of their eye level to the height above eye level they got from the grid drawing. Quick Links: Making Your Inclinometer Using Your Inclinometer Height Calculator Grid Measuring Your Latitude Teacher/Leader version Tips for leaders: Making and Using Inclinometer Print Outs: Math Explorer Home © Exploratorium	<urn:uuid:d2619688-c112-40fb-a002-fc8e1dd9e190>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.6538907289505005, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9262270927429199, "url": "http://www.exploratorium.edu/math_explorer/tfl_howHigh_inclinometer.html" }
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search A GPS sonde, approx 220 × 80 ×75 mm (8.7 × 3.1 × 3 in) (with grounding station in background, used to perform a 'ground check' and also recondition the humidity sensor) A radiosonde (Sonde is French and German for probe) is a piece of equipment used on weather balloons that measures various atmospheric parameters and transmits them to a fixed receiver. Radiosondes may operate at a radio frequency of 403 MHz or 1680 MHz and both types may be adjusted slightly higher or lower as required. A rawinsonde is a radiosonde that is designed to only measure wind speed and direction. Colloquially, rawinsondes are usually referred to as radiosondes. Modern radiosondes measure or calculate the following variables: Radiosondes measuring ozone concentration are known as ozonesondes.[1] Kites used to fly a meteograph Meteograph used by the US Weather Bureau in 1898 The first flights of aerological instruments were done in the second half of the 19th century with kites and meteographs, a recording device measuring pressure and temperature that was recuperated after the experiment. This proved to be difficult because the kites were linked to the ground and were very difficult to manoeuvre in gusty conditions. Furthermore, the sounding was limited to low altitudes because of the link to the ground. Gustave Hermite and Georges Besançon, from France, were the first in 1892 to use a balloon to fly the meteograph. In 1898, Léon Teisserenc de Bort organized at the Observatoire de Météorologie Dynamique de Trappes the first regular daily use of these balloons. Data from these launches showed that the temperature lowered with height up to a certain altitude, which varied with the season, and then stabilized above this altitude. de Bort's discovery of the tropopause and stratosphere was announced in 1902 at the French Academy of Sciences.[2] Other researchers, like Richard Aßmann and William Henry Dines, were working at the same times with similar instruments. In 1924, Colonel William Blaire in the U.S. Signal Corps did the first primitive experiments with weather measurements from balloon, making use of the temperature dependence of radio circuits. The first true radiosonde that sent precise encoded telemetry from weather sensors was invented in France by Robert Bureau. Bureau coined the name "radiosonde" and flew the first instrument on January 7, 1929.[2][3] Developed independently a year later, Pavel Molchanov flew a radiosonde on January 30, 1930. Molchanov's design became a popular standard because of its simplicity and because it converted sensor readings to Morse code, making it particularly easy to use without special equipment or training.[4] Working with a modified Molchanov sonde, Sergey Vernov was the first to use radiosondes to perform cosmic ray readings at high altitude. On April 1, 1935, he took measurements up to 13.6 km (8.5 mi) using a pair of Geiger counters in an anti-coincidence circuit to avoid counting secondary ray showers.[4][5] This became an important technique in the field, and Vernov flew his radiosondes on land and sea over the next few years, measuring the radiation's latitude dependence caused by the Earth's magnetic field. In 1985, as part of the Soviet Union's Vega program, the two Venus probes, Vega 1 and Vega 2, each dropped a radiosonde into the atmosphere of Venus. The sondes were tracked for two days. Although hundreds of radiosondes are launched worldwide each day year-round, the only known fatality attributed to a radiosonde was the electrocution of a lineman in the United States who was attempting to free a radiosonde from high-tension power lines in 1943.[6][7] A rubber or latex balloon filled with either helium or hydrogen lifts the device up through the atmosphere. The maximum altitude to which the balloon ascends is determined by the diameter and thickness of the balloon. Balloon sizes can range from 100 to 3,000 g (3.5 to 110 oz). As the balloon ascends through the atmosphere, the pressure decreases, causing the balloon to expand. Eventually, the balloon will expand to the extent that its skin will break, terminating the ascent. An 800 g (28 oz) balloon will burst at about 21 km (13 mi).[8] One radiosonde from Clark Air Base, Philippines reached an altitude of 155,092 ft (47,272 m). At that time the United States Air Force was not logging such records.[citation needed] The modern radiosonde communicates via radio with a computer that stores all the variables in real-time. The first radiosondes were observed from the ground with a theodolite, and gave only a wind estimation by the position. With the advent of radar by the Signal Corps it was possible to track a radar target carried by the balloons with the SCR-658 radar. Modern radiosondes can use a variety of mechanisms for determining wind speed and direction, such as a radio direction finder or GPS. The weight of a radiosonde is typically 250 g (8.8 oz). It should also be noted that the average radiosonde is lost and never recovered; however, for the more expensive instrument packages, balloon-borne unmanned gliders (or UAVs) are used to ensure recovery.[citation needed] Sometimes radiosondes are deployed by being dropped from an aircraft instead of being carried aloft by a balloon. Radiosondes deployed in this way are called dropsondes. They are most often used in special research projects, such as when it is desired to obtain a profile through a specific feature of a storm.[citation needed] Routine radiosonde launches[edit] Worldwide there are more than 800 radiosonde launch sites. Most countries share data with the rest of the world through international agreements. Nearly all routine radiosonde launches occur 45 minutes before the official observation time of 0000 UTC and 1200 UTC, so as to provide an instantaneous snapshot of the atmosphere.[9] This is especially important for numerical modeling. In the United States the National Weather Service is tasked with providing timely upper-air observations for use in weather forecasting, severe weather watches and warnings, and atmospheric research. The National Weather Service launches radiosondes from 92 stations in North America and the Pacific Islands twice daily. It also supports the operation of 10 radiosonde sites in the Caribbean. A list of U.S. operated land based launch sites can be found in Appendix C, U.S. Land-based Rawinsode Stations[10] of the Federal Meteorological Handbook #3,[11] titled Rawisonde and Pibal Observations, dated May 1997. Uses of upper air observations[edit] Raw upper air data is routinely ingested by numerical models. Forecasters often view the data in a graphical format, plotted on thermodynamic diagrams such as Skew-T log-P diagrams, Tephigrams, and or Stüve diagrams, all useful for the interpretation of the atmosphere's vertical thermodynamics profile of temperature and moisture as well as kinematics of vertical wind profile.[citation needed] Radiosonde data is a crucially important component of numerical weather prediction. Because a sonde may drift several hundred kilometers during the 90- to 120-minute flight, there may be concern that this could introduce problems into the model initialization.[citation needed] However, this appears not to be so except perhaps locally in jet stream regions in the stratosphere.[12] This process was also used to collect data in the lower atmosphere. The National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) in Norman, Oklahoma, used radiosonde data to better understand and predict tornadic activity. Release stations were manned during the height of the tornado season around Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in March and April each year. Routine balloon launches were done to collect atmospheric data when conditions indicated a chance of a large storm event. The ultimate goal was have a radiosonde equipped balloon drawn into the developed tornado providing pressure and temperature data to the tracking crew at the launch site. This data would then be sent to the NSSL for analysis.[citation needed] See also[edit] 1. ^ Karin L. Gleason (March 20, 2008). "Ozonesonde". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2011-07-04. 2. ^ a b (French)"Radiosondage". Découvrir : Mesurer l’atmosphère. Météo-France. Retrieved 2008-06-30. 3. ^ (French)"Bureau (Robert)". La météo de A à Z > Définition. Météo-France. Retrieved 2008-06-30. 4. ^ a b DuBois, Multhauf and Ziegler, "The Invention and Development of the Radiosonde", Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology, No. 53, 2002. 5. ^ Vernoff, S. "Radio-Transmission of Cosmic Ray Data from the Stratosphere", Nature, June 29, 1935. 6. ^ "Linemen Cautioned About Disengaging Radiosonde," Electrical World, 15 May 1943 7. ^ 8. ^ Dian J. Gaffen. Radiosonde Observations and Their Use in SPARC-Related Investigations. Retrieved on 2008-05-25. 9. ^ Preflight Procedures and Success Criteria[dead link] 10. ^ U.S. Land-based Rawinsode Stations[dead link] 11. ^ "Federal Meteorological Handbook #3". Retrieved 2013-09-15. 12. ^ Dead link[dead link] External links[edit]	<urn:uuid:1d50a65c-bf49-4a1e-a3ae-7db558bf3828>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.78125, "fasttext_score": 0.06142771244049072, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8997824788093567, "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiosonde" }
Nonfiction > Upton Sinclair, ed. > The Cry for Justice Upton Sinclair, ed. (1878–1968). Co-operation and Nationality By “A.E.” (George W. Russell) (Irish author, 1867–1935) WHEN steam first began to puff and wheels go round at so many revolutions per minute, the wild child humanity, who had hitherto developed his civilization in picturesque unconsciousness of where he was going, and without any set plan, was caught and put in harness. What are called business habits were invented to make the life of man run in harmony with the steam engine, and his movements rival the train in punctuality. The factory system was invented, and it was an instantaneous success. Men were clothed with cheapness and uniformity. Their minds grew numerously alike, cheap and uniform also. They were at their desks at nine o’clock, or at their looms at six. They adjusted themselves to the punctual wheels. The rapid piston acted as pacemaker, and in England, which started first in the modern race for wealth, it was an enormous advantage to have tireless machines of superhuman activity to make the pace, and nerve men, women and children to the fullest activity possible. Business methods had a long start in England, and irregularity and want of uniformity became after a while such exceptions that they were regarded as deadly sins. The grocer whose supplies of butter did not arrive week after week by the same train, at the same hour, and of the same quality, of the same color, the same saltness, and in the same kind of box, quarrelled with the wholesaler, who in his turn quarrelled with the producer. Only the most machine-like race could win custom. After a while every country felt it had to be drilled or become extinct. Some made themselves into machines to enter the English market, some to preserve their own markets. Even the indolent Oriental is getting keyed up, and in another fifty years the Bedouin of the desert will be at his desk and the wild horseman of Tartary will be oiling his engines. 1	<urn:uuid:2168f40c-09b3-49cf-926d-15309bce13d3>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.671875, "fasttext_score": 0.053876638412475586, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9661840200424194, "url": "http://www.bartelby.net/71/1029.html" }
Julie Lovisa in lab Dr Julie Lovisa, of James Cook University, has created a mathematical model to predict when reclaimed land is solid enough to build on, allowing for greater accuracy in construction timelines. “With the continual need for port expansions, we are left with reclaiming land from the sea, a process that can take decades if not centuries,” says Julie, who studied land reclamation in the Port of Brisbane as part of her PhD. “We need to be as accurate as possible in our predictions – if we’re out by just one per cent, this can mean the difference between starting construction in two or 20 years,” she said. To create land at the Port of Brisbane, watered-down dredged mud is pumped into containment paddocks erected in the ocean. “It is the process of water being squeezed out of the mud that takes such a long time. We can try to speed this process up by loading the mud with sand, but there is only so much we can do,” Julie says. By mathematically modeling the flow of water through the mud, it is possible to more accurately predict how long the overall settling process will take. “At the end of the day, the bottom line for the port is ‘When can we build on our new land?’ We can now give them that answer with more accuracy,” Julie says. Queensland State Finalist: Julie Lovisa, James Cook University “With fossil fuel reserves dwindling, developing renewable alternative fuels is important,” postdoctoral fellow Dr Nicholas Surawski says, “but we should be particularly careful to protect against unwanted respiratory illness when we adopt new transport fuels.” The team is now looking at ways of cleaning up biofuel exhausts. [click to continue…] A new technology to stop falls before they happen could help the elderly stay in their own homes longer. Researchers at the University of New South Wales (UNSW) have developed a simple way of predicting the likelihood of an elderly person falling in the near future, allowing action to reduce the chances of it happening. [click to continue…]	<urn:uuid:c05a329d-8a43-4f78-9f54-41c732886561>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.84375, "fasttext_score": 0.02362847328186035, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.942800760269165, "url": "http://freshscience.org.au/tag/engineering" }
tufailA periscope, is an optical device for conducting observations from a concealed or protected position. Simple periscopes consist of reflecting mirrors and/or prisms at opposite ends of a tube container. The reflecting surfaces are parallel to each other and at a 45Â° angle to the axis of the tube. The Navy attributes the invention of the periscope (1902) to Simon Lake and the perfection of the periscope to Sir Howard Grubb. For all its innovations, USS Holland had at least one major flaw; lack of vision when submerged. The submarine had to broach the surface so the crew could look out through windows in the conning tower. Broaching deprived the Holland of one of the submarineâ€™s greatest advantages â€“ stealth. Lack of vision when submerged was eventually corrected when Simon Lake used prisms and lenses to develop the omniscope, forerunner of the periscope. Sir Howard Grubb, designer of astronomical instruments, developed the modern periscope that was first used in Holland-designed British Royal Navy submarines. For more than 50 years, the periscope was the submarineâ€™s only visual aid until underwater television was installed aboard the nuclear powered submarine USS Nautilus. Thomas Grubb (1800-1878) founded a telescope making firm in Dublin. Sir Howard Grubbâ€™s father was noted for inventing and constructing machinery for printing. In the early 1830s, he made an observatory for his own use equipped with a 9-inch (23cm) telescope. Thomas Grubbâ€™s youngest son Howard (1844-1931) joined the firm in 1865, under his hand the company gained a reputation for the first-class Grubb telescopes. During the First World War, demand was on Grubbâ€™s factory to make gunsights and periscopes for the war effort and it was during those years that Grubb perfected the periscopeâ€™s design. First application of the periscope to submarine warfare is usually credited to Simon Lake in 1902, although there is a report that an Italian, Triulzi, demonstrated such a device in 1901 calling it a cleptoscope. A modern submarine periscope incorporates lenses for magnification and functions as a telescope. It typically employs prisms and total internal reflection instead of mirrors. It may have additional optical capabilities such as range finding and targeting. The mechanical systems of submarine periscopes are typically hydraulically powered and need to be quite sturdy to withstand the drag through water. The periscope chassis may also be used as a radio or radar antenna. 0 replies	<urn:uuid:5c35f363-3b60-4785-b021-f08756a9e217>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.8125, "fasttext_score": 0.07479149103164673, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9500717520713806, "url": "http://muslimobserver.com/periscope/" }
Sign up Here's how it works: 1. Anybody can ask a question 2. Anybody can answer share\|improve this question up vote 9 down vote accepted The Latin Iesus is an irregular form of the 4th declension. (The Latin declensions are like verb conjugations in Spanish, but applied to nouns). Iesus is in the singular nominative case: the "name" of the word (as seek it in the dictionary) and the form it takes when is grammatical nucleus of subject. Iesum is in singular acusative (like direct complement). And Iesu is the form that takes all another cases (dative, genitive and ablative singular and plural). Since the formation of the Spanish language until the mid-20th century all Spanish speakers say the Latin name of Jesus Christ weekly in a ceremony: Mass. Consider the following passages of Mass in Latin: Grátia Dómini nostri Iesu Christi, et cáritas Dei, et communicátio Sancti Spíritus sit cum ómnibus vobis. ...exspectántes beátam spem et advéntum Salvatóris nostri Iesu Christi. Dómine Iesu Christe, qui dixísti Apóstolis tuis... In the simplified version of the Roman Missal of St. Pius V in 1570 I count 3 mentions of Iesu and none of Iesus or Iesum. In a full version of modern Latin Mass I count 10 mentions of Iesu, 5 Iesum and none of Iesus. (It's an approach, the text changes daily). Consequently, we can say that there is not really a loss of -s sound in the Spanish word "Jesús". What we have is a Latin cultism that led to the synthesis of two words in one. Iesu Christi became Jesucristo. Until the eighteenth century remains the original orthographic form with two words separated by a space, by example this Spanish book titles: But in the late eighteenth century there is evidence that the words are coming together in one compound word. A hyphen shows the first step of this join: In 1790, an edition of a book prefers to use the hyphen, and 27 years later, the new edition of 1817 already uses the modern form (and has even lost the H): Then we could say that the current Spanish form Jesucristo is used since circa 1800. A good evidence of this transition is found in this book in which among the hundreds of references to Jesuchristo, appear hidden 3 times Jesu-Christo with an hyphen. share\|improve this answer This is exactly the type of answer I'm looking for! I wonder if you can add some sources, especially for the second to last paragraph, about the origin of the two Spanish words. – Flimzy Aug 9 '15 at 18:29 Fantastic answer, well done! – fedorqui Aug 9 '15 at 18:31 Exactly. In medieval periods it was most common to see Jesus' name spelt jheſu. I'm currently transcribing a book from 1495 and it exclusively uses that spelling (jheſsu chriſtu in full, with a space) – guifa Aug 10 '15 at 12:52 @guifa, sorry, what means "with a sieve" in your comment? – Rodrigo Aug 10 '15 at 22:01 @Rodrigo "with a space", stupid autocorrect on my phone (and no editing of comments) – guifa Aug 10 '15 at 22:22 share\|improve this answer I cannot validate, but this does really sound feasible. The difference between the two Ss is really the phonetic emphasis they get because of their position in the word. Sadly, I cannot come up with any other examples right now. I will ask a language expert and see what she has to tell me on this later. – Alpha Jan 6 '12 at 18:17 @Flimzy: In spoken Spanish, even if not written, such a change occurs extremely frequently, and is well-documented in the literature as well. – Aprendedor Aug 10 '15 at 21:48 He encontrado una referencia en la Enciclopedia Católica Online que menciona al libro "Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ", Maas, Anthony. The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. Esta referencia incide en el hecho de que "Jesús" era un nombre común en la época y que "Cristo" era una denominación, por lo que "Jesucristo" es resultado de su uso conjunto. La palabra Jesus es la forma latina del griego Iesous, que a su vez es la transliteración del hebreo Jeshua, o Joshua, o también Jehoshua, que significa “Yahveh es salvación”. (...) El nombre griego está relacionado con el verbo iasthai, sanar; (...) Si bien en el tiempo de Cristo el nombre Jesús parece haber sido bastante común le fue impuesto a Nuestro Señor por orden expresa de Dios (Lc. 1,31; Mt. 1,21), como señal de que el Niño estaba destinado a “salvar a su pueblo de sus pecados.” La palabra Christ, Christos, equivalente griego para la palabra hebrea Messias, significa “ungido” Sólo luego de la Resurrección el título se convirtió gradualmente en nombre propio, y la expresión Jesucristo o Cristo Jesús se convirtió en una sola designación. (...) El uso del artículo definido antes de la palabra Cristo y su gradual desarrollo hacia un nombre propio muestra que los cristianos identificaban al portador de ese nombre con el Mesías prometido de los judíos. La caída de la s forma parte del proceso histórico de la evolución de las palabras a través de su uso. Sin embargo, no puedo encontrar una regla general que la explique con mayor detalle. share\|improve this answer lt might come from Latin, perhaps because all the declensions but two are Iesu (nominative Iesus, and accusative Iesum), v.g. Jesu Christi. This might have lead to a hyphenated use in Spanish as Jesu-Christo. The RAE erased the h. And, I don't know when or how, it got merged. (Still, I realize it's just a theory. Somehow I managed to be sure, so I checked and I'm editing this. I apologize.) • Christ means Messiah, not king. You can absolutely say/translate it as Cristo Jesús. It is perfectly fine, and perhaps more appropriate than Jesucristo. You cannot say Jesús Cristo, even if it's right, because it is not commonplace at all. But I would agree and advocate for writing "Jesu-Christo" as it was before, share\|improve this answer Besides this makes it alot easier to say too! =) share\|improve this answer Well, that doesn't say anything about what happens when the first words does not end in a vowel. – leonbloy Oct 28 '14 at 13:50 The term "Cristo Jesús" does occur in several places in the Bible. For example, in Efesios 2:10. I think this follows the word order chosen in the original Greek. The English translations do the same thing. Paul sometimes uses one word order, sometimes the other. As to why "Jesús Cristo" becomes "Jesucristo", I concur with the repsonders who theorize that it rolls off the tongue easier, and that's why it evolved that way. share\|improve this answer Most likely it is a mix of Spanish and Greek. JesuCristo => Jesus + Cristo Jesus (no explanation needed right?) Cristo comes from greek Xristo, which was a way to refer to the kings of Israel, so at the end Jesucristo is some kind of "Jesus, the king". share\|improve this answer This does not answer the question: why is it Jesucristo instead of Jesuscristo? – Gorpik Oct 28 '14 at 11:05 protected by Diego Dec 24 '14 at 1:59 Would you like to answer one of these unanswered questions instead?	<urn:uuid:4c68d368-6f30-4468-86e8-2a447a200bc4>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.578125, "fasttext_score": 0.8069238662719727, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7613816261291504, "url": "http://spanish.stackexchange.com/questions/536/origin-of-the-name-jesucristo/1173" }
The Yellow Star Jews throughout Nazi-occupied Europe were forced to wear a badge in the form of a Yellow Star as a means of identification. This was not a new idea; since medieval times many other societies had forced their Jewish citizens to wear badges to identify themselves. The badges were often printed on coarse yellow cloth and were a garish yellow colour. The star, which represented the star of David, was outlined in thick, black lines and the word 'Jew' was printed in mock-Hebraic type. In the Warsaw ghetto, Jews wore a white armband with a blue Star of David on their left arm. In some ghettos, even babies in prams had to wear the armbands or stars. Jewish shops were also marked with a Yellow Star. The star was intended to humiliate Jews and to mark them out for segregation and discrimination. The policy also made it easier to identify Jews for deportation to camps.	<urn:uuid:1676ad1d-d25f-43f8-a446-c0ce926e3293>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.890625, "fasttext_score": 0.06774771213531494, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9767934679985046, "url": "http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/voices/info/yellowstar/theyellowstar.html" }
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Hangul 환두대도 Hanja 環頭大刀 / 環頭把頭 Revised Romanization Hwandudaedo McCune–Reischauer Hwantudaedo Hwandudaedo ("ring-pommel sword") is the modern Korean term for the earliest type of Korean sword, appearing in the Proto-Three Kingdoms of Korea, influenced by the Chinese jian. These swords were at first symbols of a ruler's power, but their availability in the 5th century, and it became a more widespread symbol of military or political rank. The frequency of finds declines in the 6th century. The hwandudaedo were large military swords made for battle, as it had a thick back and sharpened blade. This sword's name was given because of the round shape of the pommel (daedo 파두 把頭). They were richly decorated, with inlay work and especially by elaborate pommel shapes. Subtypes are distinguished based on their decoration, including Sohwandudaedo (no decoration on the pommel rings), Samyeophwandudaedo (pommel ring with three opened leaves), Samruhwandudaedo (three pommel rings forming a triangle), Yonghwandudaedo (pommel with dragon), Bonghwandudaedo (pommel with phoenix), Bonghwangmun (peacock pattern), Indongdangchomun, Samyeopmun, Wondudaedo, Gyududaedo, Samruhwandudaedo, Bangdudaedo, Duchudaedo. History and characteristics of Korean Swords by Park Je Gwang – Curator War Memorial of Korea	<urn:uuid:a7d98541-a073-4c46-98f6-4e341515fa27>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.03358423709869385, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9111159443855286, "url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwandudaedo" }
Home > Bible Topics > Bible Studies > Job > Lesson 3 previous lesson < > next lesson Site Contents Daily Readings Bible Topics Worship Topics Ministry Topics Church Year Theology Topics New Additions Job 4:1-8:22 Roger Hahn Job’s speech in Chapter 3 is composed in poetry. It is usually considered a part of the poetic dialogues that compose almost the entire book of Job. Some scholars, however, consider Job’s speech in Chapter 3 as simply an introductory comment with the dialogues proper beginning with Job 4. In either case as we enter chapter 4 we enter a significant part of the structural design of the book. Job 4-7 consists of three cycles of speeches in which Job’s friends speak and he responds. The First Cycles of Speeches - Job 4:1-14:22 As is true in each cycle Job’s friend Eliphaz speaks first. Job 4-5 contains his opening speech. In chapters 6-7 Job responds and Bildad addresses him in Job 8. Job’s response to Bildad appears in Job 9-10. The final speech by a friend in the first cycle is that of Zophar who speaks in chapter 11. Job’s closing response in the first cycle appears in chapters 12-14. Eliphaz’z First Speech – Job 4:1-5:27 Eliphaz is the most prominent of Job’s comforters. This can be seen by the fact his speech comes first in all three cycles, the fact that his speeches are all longer than those of his co-comforters, and the fact that he is best speech maker of the friends. There is more evidence of rhetorical skill in the speeches of Eliphaz than in those of any other speaker in Job except God and Job. We know nothing historical about Eliphaz. We can deduce from his speeches that he was kind and wise, but his purpose in the book of Job is to present the ideas of his speeches for our consideration. Eliphaz argues for the position that suffering is God’s punishment for sin. His basic presupposition is that everyone is guilty of error. He boldly states that the righteous prosper and hardship befalls the wicked. He also praises God for his gracious blessings on those who are righteous. Eliphaz begins his speech with an attempt to "connect" to Job in verses 1-6 of chapter 4. Verse 2 shows the dilemma in which Eliphaz finds himself. He knows if he speaks Job may be irritated or offended (NIV has impatient and the KJV has grieved). The Hebrew expression suggests that Job may be weary with the subject of his suffering already and "fed up with" having to deal with it. Whatever Eliphaz may say could make Job angry simply because Job will not want to be reminded of his pain. However, as the second line of verse 2 notes, Eliphaz must speak. Job’s bitter words in chapter 3 offended Eliphaz’s sense of the rightness and so he feels compelled to correct his friend. Eliphaz begins the painful correction with compliments. He notes in verses 3-4 that Job has been a fine example of Old Testament spiritual leadership. He (Job) has instructed many. The Hebrew verb "instructed" implies moral and religious teaching. Isaiah 35:3-4 uses almost identical language to describe those in need of help. Job has helped others in affliction and enabled them to move on even when life had tripped them up. However, in verse 5 Eliphaz points out that though Job had previously instructed others about how to overcome suffering, he himself is now the one who is suffering. The criticism of Eliphaz is that Job responds with impatience and dismay to the same suffering he had told others to endure. In fact, the Hebrew word in verse 5 translated "troubled" in the KJV, "discouraged" in the NIV, and "impatient" in the NRSV is the same word used back in verse 2 meaning wearied or fed up with. Thus verse 5 charges Job with failing to live up to his own teaching. Many of us have discovered that our own advice is hard to follow when we are the ones standing in need of it. Good advice always seems more appropriate for someone else. Eliphaz accuses Job of failing to recognize this basic human inconsistency in his own life. He questions the reality of Job’s faith in verse 6. Job’s fear of God (the beginning of wisdom) should be a source of confidence and strength for him – it should not motivate him to curse the day of his birth. His uprightness (or integrity – the Hebrew literally has "perfection") should be the basis of hope. Eliphaz did not like Job speaking so bitterly as he had done in chapter 3. He feared that such bitterness either was the result of a loss of faith or would lead to the destruction of Job’s righteousness. Job 4:7-11 expresses the popular opinion among many people in Old Testament times that suffering was the result of sin. This is often called the doctrine of retribution. It arose from the teachings of Deuteronomy and Proverbs that God blesses obedience and punishes disobedience. Proverbs and Deuteronomy did not go on to say that all suffering is punishment for disobedience, but the doctrine of retribution made that claim. In verse 7 Eliphaz calls on Job to think. The Hebrew is literally a command to remember. He asks Job to come up with an example of anybody righteous who has suffered God’s punishment. Verse 8 states the doctrine of retribution with the illustration of farming. Those who plow sin and sow trouble reap a harvest of suffering. This figure of speech is important for it shows that Eliphaz is thinking of a life that is intentionally sinful. To plow and to plant implies a purposeful choice of life’s direction. In verse 9 Eliphaz claims that the losses suffered by the wicked are the results of God’s punishing work. He speaks of the breath of God and the blast of his anger. Though he does not directly claim that God sent the wind that destroyed the house in which Job’s children were feasting (Job 1:9) it is clear that Eliphaz believed that to have been true. Verses 10-11 seem to be designed to highlight the argument. Even ferocious lions cannot withstand the power of God’s judgment. Perhaps Eliphaz intended to compare Job’s outburst of anger against God in chapter 3 with the roaring of the lion in verse 10. Unfortunately, however, Job’s complaint in chapter 3 and Job’s case do not fit into the picture being painted by Eliphaz. Job has not plowed and planted intentional sin and there is no evidence that his losses were some form of punishment from God. Eliphaz had appealed to his (and Job’s) experience in verses 7-11. In Job 4:12-21 he appeals to another authority – that of a vision. Verses 12-16 are devoted to explaining the way (s) in which Eliphaz received the revelation he claimed from God. Anderson (p. 113) wisely describes this section as "evocative rather than photographic." There is always a mysterious element to direct contact with God and that mystery cannot be described with the same objectivity and precision we use for daily events. The actual content of what God showed Eliphaz appears in verse 17. It is not clear whether the revelation is only verse 17 and verses 18-21 are Eliphaz’s explanatory remarks or the revelation is all of verses 17-21. Verse 17 is expressed in the form of two rhetorical questions – both expecting "no" for an answer. The first question asks whether human beings can be righteous [or pure] before their Maker. The very construction of the sentence shows Eliphaz’s assumptions. Since one’s "Maker" is superior to the creature, there is no way the creature can stand against that Maker arguing for his or her own rightness and God’s wrong-ness. Eliphaz is convinced that every human being – no matter how thoroughly faithful they may be to God – cannot claim the right to question God. Verses 18-21 enforce the argument by a technique the rabbis would later call from greater to lesser. Eliphaz points out that God does not fully trust even his heavenly servants and angels. If God treats heavenly beings as his inferiors how much more will he consider earthly beings inferior to himself. The evidence Eliphaz sees of this is the way human life is so easily disrupted and destroyed. Eliphaz moves his argument to the next stage in Job 5:1-7. He asks where Job might turn to gain a hearing with God. In verse 1 he asks if any of the holy ones will be available to help Job? Here the question of a spiritual mediator who could get God’s attention for a human being is raised. Eliphaz asks the question rhetorically and assumes that none of the holy ones would help Job. From our later, Christian viewpoint we know of the one mediator who is able to bridge the gulf beyond God and ourselves, Jesus Christ. However, that kind of mediator was not available to Job and Eliphaz urges him to be careful not to ask for more than he can have. Verse 2 is formulated like a proverb – it is a general observation about life. It warns against impatience and envy, though a variety of English words are used to translate the Hebrew, vexation, resentment, passion, and jealousy. Hartley (p. 117) points out that both words describe "burning, angry emotions" that lead to "erratic behavior and the desire for revenge." Such uncontrolled emotion kills the fool and slays the simpleton. While it is true in a figurative sense (as the proverb intends) modern society has illustrated that such out-of-control emotions are also literally fatal. Eliphaz’s point is that Job must get his emotions under control and stop ranting against God. Verses 3-5 describe the consequences suffered by fools who do not control their emotions. Their children are in danger, they are crushed, they lose their harvest and their wealth. These are obviously aimed at Job and the losses he has suffered. Eliphaz points out that Job’s losses are consistent with the losses of those who foolishly lash out against God. Verses 6-7 come back to Eliphaz’s basic assumptions. Misery and trouble do not grow on trees – they are the product of human behavior according to verse 6. Verse 7 then affirms that such human behavior is intrinsically wicked. Human beings are destined for trouble because of their sinful nature and complaining against God about trouble is foolishness according to Eliphaz. From this perspective Job should silently accept the suffering of his life as just punishment for his sins whether he was aware of sinning or not. As chapter 6 will show, Job does not agree. Eliphaz moves to advice in Job 5:8-16. If he were in Job’s shoes he would seek God and commit his cause to the Lord. The opening word of verse 8 in the Hebrew text is a strong adversative showing the great contrast between what Eliphaz thinks he would do and what he believes Job was doing. Obviously Eliphaz does not believe Job has been seeking God or submitting his cause to God. Van Selms (p. 35) paraphrases Eliphaz in this way, "If I were in your shoes, I would not go to God with a complaint, which always implies some kind of accusation, but I would go to him with a request for advice and lay my cause before him: so do not indict him but await his…decision. You can trust God not only to give a verdict but also to put it into effect." Verses 9-16 then tell why a person can trust God with the verdict. Anderson (p. 120) describes these verses are one of the most beautiful creedal hymns on the Bible. Verse 9 affirms God’s marvelous ways in creation. Romans 11:33 reflects the same understanding. Verse 10 affirms God’s goodness in supplying rain and water. Jesus seems to draw on this verse in Matthew 5:45. Verse 11 declares God’s concern for the poor in spirit. Verses 12-13 describe the way God overcomes those who are wise in their own understanding. Paul draws from these verses in 1 Corinthians 1-3 and verse 13 is quoted by Paul in 1 Corinthians 3:19. This hymn of praise to God comes to its climax in verses 15-16 where God’s salvation of the needy and hope for the poor overcome the devastation of injustice. The final section of Eliphaz’s first speech is found in Job 5:17-27. Here he continues his advice for Job. He begins with a beatitude. Blessed is the man whom God reproves. Eliphaz appeals to the fatherhood of God. As father God disciplines and corrects those who stand in need of such correction. The appropriate (and blessed) response is to accept such discipline rather than rejecting it. In this Eliphaz echoes Proverbs 3:10-12 and Hebrews 12:5-11. Verses 18-26 then list a series of blessings that one can count on from the hand of God. Verse 18 points out that while God disciplines he also brings healing. This verse echoes Deuteronomy 32:39 where God declares, "See now that I, even I, am he; there is not god beside me. I kill and I make alive; I wound and I heal; and no one can deliver from my hand." Verse 19 uses the numerical patterns of some proverbs by speaking of six troubles and seven. Then a series of troubles are listed: famine, war, scourge of the tongue, and destruction. Eliphaz is confident that God graciously provides a way of escape and success. Verses 24-26 then contain a series of promises available to the person who accepts God’s discipline. Security, plenty of children and grand children, and successful old age await Job if he will stop complaining and start accepting God’s punishment. Eliphaz’s advice would be quite correct if his original assumption was true – that God was punishing Job for his sins. But the author has already told up repeatedly that Job has not sinned. What can we make of Eliphaz’s advice then? Perhaps it was inadvertent since Eliphaz was not present when the satan challenged Yahweh. But Eliphaz is suggesting to Job that God should be served for the blessings that he offers the righteous. Job’s First Response to Eliphaz – Job 6-7 Job does not back down in the face of Eliphaz’s advice. He affirms that his complaint against God does not undermine his righteousness. He charges his friend with insensitivity and lack of insight. Since he is still keenly aware that he has not sinned none of Eliphaz’s remarks apply to him. As a result he continues his complaint against God. Job begins his response by declaring the painful reality of his suffering in Job 6:1-7. He wishes for a huge scale or balance upon which he could place his pain so his friends could see how heavy the burden of his suffering was. He uses the same word, "vexation," that Eliphaz had used in Job 5:2. If such a scale were available his friends would understand his rash sounding words. Verse 3 allows Job to admit that his words were rash but the suffering he was enduring made them justifiable. Eliphaz had declared that vexation would kill a fool. Job responds that he is indeed vexed, but it is no fool. Verse 4 repeats the complaint that God has turned against him. Poisonous arrows from God are sapping his spirit; the terrors of God are terrifying him. In such circumstances should his friends expect him meekly to accept God’s torment silently? In verse 5 Job appeals to nature. The ox and ass do not bellow when they have food. Their noise is a complaint when they have nothing to eat. The losses of his life have ruined Job’s appetite for life. Therefore his complaint is to be expected not criticized. Job returns to the complaints of chapter 3 in job 6:8-13. Though he will not curse God and die, he asks God to curse him so he could die. If God would only strike him dead Job knows that he could die in the confidence that he had not sinned. Verse 10 is a powerful testimony to Job’ confidence that he has not fallen short of God’s expectations for him. He specifically declares that he has not denied God’s words. The KJV most literally translates the Hebrew word as "concealed" but the modern versions correctly interpret Job’s meaning with the word "denied." He meant that he had not hidden God’s words by making them a private matter of relationship between himself and God. Rather Job had lived out the instructions and word of God publicly in his life. Put another way, Job was affirming that his life had not contradicted God’s words, but had exemplified them. This is a moving and important testimony for several reasons. First, it is spiritually uplifting to see a person whose life embodies the will of God. All of us need to see human beings living out the will of God so that his will is not abstract theory but realistic and understandable life. Job’s testimony calls us to a life of integrity in which we can be an example of the way God intends life to be lived. Secondly, and perhaps more importantly for us, Job shows us here that right relationship with God cannot be kept in the private dimensions of our lives. There is such an over emphasis on personal and individual relationship with God that faith is made a private matter. While it is personal, faith is not private if it is biblical faith. Biblical faith is persistently public. What one believes privately is of no interest to Biblical people unless it is demonstrated by the way one lives publicly. In verses 11-13 Job again attempts to justify his complaint against God. He knows that he is not strong enough to bear such pain forever. There is nothing to be gained by suffering in silence from Job’s perspective. The end of his life is near; he must cry out to God. The remainder of chapter 6, verses 14-30, contain Job’s accusation against his friends. The tone of these verses is less violently emotional and more reasoned. Job acknowledges that these are his friends and brothers. He begins by accusing them of failing to keep their obligations of friendship to him. But he concludes the section by inviting them to try again to instruct him. Verse 14 begins the section with a powerful criticism. Job speaks of those who withhold kindness as the NRSV translates it. The word "kindness" ("pity" in the KJV and "devotion" in the NIV) translates the Hebrew word hesed. This word speaks of covenant loyalty and faithfulness. Job believes that friendship involves an actual covenant of mutual commitment and support. Failure to live up to that covenant of friendship is to abandon "the fear of the Almighty." This expression is important for two reasons. First, it is another way of referring to the fear of the Lord, which the wisdom tradition defines as the source of wisdom. Thus failure to observe the covenant of friendship is to reject the wisdom taught in Proverbs. Second, Job specifically calls God the Almighty in this verse. Eliphaz had used the same name for God in Job 5:17. Job’s response to Eliphaz is that the fear of the Almighty is more important than the discipline of the Almighty. In verses 15-17 accuse the friends of being unreliable. They are like run-off water in the desert. They wanted to be close friends when Job had plenty, but when life turned dry for him, they had nothing (no water) to offer. Using the water in the desert imagery Job continues in verses 18-20. Ancient caravans depended on certain oases or water holes, but when they arrive at a water hole and it is dry they panic as they look frantically for another. Verse 21 makes the application. Job’s friends had all the answers they and he needed when life was going well for him. Their theology was adequate as long as the water held out. But when they came to him and found him so devastated their familiar answers went dry. Their words of comfort were no more to Job than the panicked repeating of old water hole formulas. Forcefully Job has declared that his friends do not understand his pain and they do not know what they are talking about. But in Job 6:24-30 he opens the door for them to try again. Job invites his friends to teach him and promises that he will be silent long enough to listen. Verse 25 declares that honest words are powerful. This is an important truth. The Hebrew literally speaks of "straight" words. Words of integrity will be effective. Job was willing to submit his life and his words to examination in the confidence that straight talk will lead to the truth. In verse 28 he appeals to his friends to look him in the eye and he promises an honest response to them. Chapter 7 changes directions. Job is no longer responding to Eliphaz and his friends. Rather, he renews his complaint against God. All 21 verses are part of the lament form (see Patterns for Life: Lament). Hartley (p. 142) comments that the fact that Job begins to speak realistically of his pain in this chapter instead of simply cursing the day of his birth as he did in chapter 3 shows that he is beginning to cope with the reality of his pain. This is the first step toward making peace with God over the losses he has sustained. The first six verses describe the great pain of Job. He laments the hard life that all human beings suffer and then graphically describes the worms, scabs, crusts, and oozing that accompanied the disease afflicting his body. In verses 7-10 Job asks God to remember his frail condition. He is convinced he is about to die – to descend to Sheol as verse 9 puts it. Job was sure that God did not realize how far gone he was. He is also sure that if God would only understand how precarious his condition was that he (God) would respond in compassion. These verses reveal Job’s continuing confidence in God’s goodness. Verses 11-16 return to the lament. Since God has treated him so badly Job must respond forcefully. He will not keep silent nor restrain himself from words others might consider disrespectful. They are not the ones suffering. Finally, Job concludes his speech in verses 17-21 with a plea for God to come to his rescue before it is too late. Bildad’s First Speech – Job 8:1-22 Job 7 echoed many of the themes of Job 3 and so a friend speaks to correct Job’s foolish words. As was true of Eliphaz, we know nothing historically about Bildad. He is simply the second speaker in each of the cycles. This implies that he had lower status than Eliphaz and the author of Job presents him as less eloquent also. Bildad, however, is more direct. He plainly compares Job’s words to "wind" in Job 8:2. Verses 4-7 bluntly speak of Job’s children and Job himself. Bildad does not speak in generalities. If Job’s children sinned, that sin was fatal to them. If Job were pure then God would restore him. Bildad is sure that God is just and that the universe runs like clock-work in the carrying out of God’s justice. Job 8:8-19 provide Bildad’s evidence for God’s justice. Verses 8-10 appeal to tradition and experience. Everyone who has ever dealt with God experienced his justice. The fathers of the faith can teach us that. Verses 11-19 provide a series of illustrations from nature that argue the justice of God. Papyrus, reeds, spider webs, root systems, and rocks provide Bildad with examples of his basic premise. Those who sin will be punished severely. Verses 20-22 state the other side of the coin in Bildad’s mind. If those who sin are punished, then God will not punish a person of integrity or a blameless person. If Job is as innocent as he claims God will soon restore to him joy and laughter. Wickedness will be shamed and righteousness will be vindicated. Bildad is painful reminder of a certain kind of religious person. Hartley (p. 164) describes him as "a prisoner of tradition." His theology is set; he knows all the answers. Job’s experience must be forced into Bildad’s theology. There is no room to learn from Job’s experience. The only thing Bildad does not know is whether Job is guilty or not. So he must wait and see. The tragedy is that his concern is Job’s guilt, not Job’s pain. He is more concerned to be proved right than to really bring comfort. Study Questions for Reflection and Discussion First Day: Read the notes on Job 4:1-8:22. Look up the Scripture references given. 1. Identify one or two new thoughts that were important to you in this lesson. Why were they important? 2. Select one or two spiritual insights that apply to your own life. How is the Holy Spirit applying them in your life? 3. Write a brief prayer asking the Lord to make you more sensitive to the suffering of others than you are to the question of whether they are right or wrong. Second Day: Read Job 9:1-10:22. Now focus attention on Job 9:1-35. 1. Job describes God’s greatness in creation in verses 4-10. Using your own words and aspects of nature that are most impressive to you, offer to God a paraphrase of Job’s point in these verses using your own illustrations. 2. What points does Job make about God in verses 13-24 that seem important to you. Why are those points so important for a right understanding of God? 3. The NRSV translates verse 33, "there is no umpire between us." In Colossians 3:15 Paul calls on believers to let the peace of Christ act as umpire in our hearts. Had Job lived after the coming of Christ, how do you think the peace of Christ might have helped him face the sufferings of his life? Third Day: Read Job 9:1-10:22. Focus your attention on Job 10:1-22. 1. In verses 1-10 Job cries out that God is trying to destroy him. Have you ever felt that God had turned away from you? Based on your experience or on Psalm 22 describe how Job must have felt. 2. Verse 12 affirms God’s gift of life and covenant loyalty. Write a prayer of thanksgiving to God mentioning the good things he has granted you. How does thanksgiving affect your sense of hope? 3. In verse 14 Job asks God to hold him accountable for any sin in his life and verse 15 pronounces woe on him if he is guilty. Write a brief prayer asking God to examine your heart and to hold you accountable for your obedience and disobedience to him. Confess any sin that he might reveal to you. Fourth Day: Read Job 11:1-12:25. Focus in on Job 11:1-20. 1. Zophar tells Job in verse 6 that God is punishing Job less than Job’s guilt deserves. In other words, Job should be suffering worse than he is. Do you agree with Zophar or disagree? Why? 2. Compare Zophar’s comments in verses 7-12 with I Corinthians 2:6-13. How does one discover the deep things of God? Do you want to know those deep things of God? Why or why not? 3. What promises of God does Zophar speak in verses 13-19. Which of them especially speak words of comfort to you? Why? Fifth Day: Read Job 12:1-13:28. Focus your attention on Job 12:1-25. 1. Why do you think Job described himself as a laughingstock to his friends? Was he correct or was he overreacting? 2. What is Job’s point about God in verses 14-16? How could you re-state his point in your own words? Does this view of God make you comfortable or uncomfortable? Why? 3. In verses 17-25 Job describes God as one who turns around or reverses the way we perceive reality. What are some of the significant reversals of so-called reality that we find in Christ and the New Testament? Sixth Day: Read Job 12:1-14:22. Now focus in on Job 13:1-28. 1. Why does Job want to speak directly to God instead of with his friends? What are the reasons that would cause you to want to speak with God more than with your friends? What conclusions about your prayer life can you draw from your answer above? 2. Why does Job tell his friends that silence would be a demonstration of wisdom from them? When is silence golden and when is it yellow? What do Job and his friends teach you about comfort? 3. In verse 20 Job asks that God grant him two things, which are then listed in verses 21-22. If you were to ask God for just two things what would they be? Why would you choose those two things from God? 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How Did the Arctic Get Its Name, What Does the Word Mean, and How Is It Named After the Big Dipper? As part of the constellation of Ursa Major, the Big Dipper can be seen the entire year throughout Europe and most of North America. It also becomes brighter as you travel north. The Romans followed the Greeks in naming the seven-star constellation containing the Big Dipper “the Bear,” which in Latin is ursa. In Greek the word for bear is arktos, which gave us the name Arctic for the northern land beneath the Bear. What part did the Big Dipper play in naming the frozen north the Arctic? Leave a Reply	<urn:uuid:0ab9d519-6be7-482a-9b52-22d965af9c33>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.78125, "fasttext_score": 0.0649728775024414, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9359045028686523, "url": "http://superbeefy.com/how-did-the-arctic-get-its-name-what-does-the-word-mean-and-how-is-it-named-after-the-big-dipper/" }
The past few decades have seen some of the most advanced machines ever built landing on the inner planets of the Solar System. Many of these are equipped with marvelously designed robotic arms, but the scoops they use for collecting soil samples are so simple that they wouldn't be out of place in a window-box garden. According to the UC San Diego team, one answer to the space explorer's problem may be found in the mouth of the sea urchin. Located at the bottom of the its bulbous body, the mouth of the urchin (also called "Aristotle's lantern" after the Greek philosopher who first described it) is made up of five curved teeth held in a star pattern by an intricate muscle framework. This dome-like formation opens outwards and closes inwards like an arcade-game lucky dip claw, or the grabbers used in auto scrap yards. It's an arrangement that is not only elegant, but allows the urchin to cut, scrape, chew, and bore holes in solid rock. The UC San Diego claw mimics the architecture of Aristotle's lantern and according to the team, it has the potential to collect samples with greater precision and efficiency than conventional "shovel" methods, without disturbing the surrounding area. The UC research focussed on the pink sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus fragilis), a native of the waters off the west coast of North American that is found at depths of 100 to 1,000 m (330 to 3,300 ft). After removing the mouth parts, the team scanned then using micro–computed tomography to form 3D microscope images, while individual teeth were scanned under an electron microscope to determine their microstructure. From this the researchers were able to build an accurate digital model of the mouthpiece. They then used finite element analysis, which is a computer method for predicting how a structure will react to physical effects, to determine the structure of the teeth and how they stand up under stress. They discovered, for example, that a T-shaped structure called the keel that runs down the middle of each tooth like a ridge was an important feature. Computer simulations showed that the keel lowered stress on the teeth by 16 percent under a 10 lb (4.5 kg) load, yet only increased the mass by four percent. The team reverse engineered this formation to create digital files and build a series of prototypes using 3D printing. These went through three iterations. The first closely mimicked the urchin's natural mouth structure, but this wasn't very good at picking up sand. A second was made with flatter points, but this didn't close right, so a third was created with a different tooth connection. Once the final design was assembled, the team installed it on the arm of a miniature, remote-controlled rover, which was used to pick up beach stand. It worked, so the team moved on to simulated Martian soil with a similar humidity and density, which the claw also handled effectively. The team says that the claw could be used on a fleet of tiny rovers that fan out to collect samples, then return to the main rover for analysis. The research was published in the Journal of Visualized Experiments. The video below shows the sea urchin-inspired claw in action. Source: UC San Diego View gallery - 3 images	<urn:uuid:02bc46c4-8eb8-42db-ba99-933adf9343d2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.3125, "fasttext_score": 0.02012777328491211, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9536781311035156, "url": "https://newatlas.com/sea-urchin-manipulator/43114/" }
Former Irish Republican Army soldier Frank O’Connor’s 1931 short story “Guests of the Nation” confronts the difficulties of the Irish War of Independence of 1919 to 1921. The story focuses on a group of Irish soldiers, Bonaparte, Noble and Jeremiah Donovan and their English captives, Hawkins and Belcher. Though these characters are friendly with each other for much of the story, at the conclusion, the Irish soldiers execute Hawkins and Belcher as an act of retribution. The story’s metaphors emerge from the different characters and their relationships with each other. They symbolically represent the relationship between the warring Ireland and England. Game of Cards The prisoners and their captors often play cards together in the evening. As the narrator, Bonaparte, explains it, Belcher won all his money from Bonaparte and Noble, while they won all their money from Hawkins, but Hawkins only played with money he borrowed from Belcher. This chain in which money forever circulates back and forth between the characters symbolizes the interconnectedness of the Irish and English soldiers. The card games act as a metaphor for the relationship between the two warring countries. Religious Divide While Noble is a devout Irish Catholic, Hawkins identifies himself as a Communist anarchist atheist. In the story these two characters often debate each other on the presence of an afterlife. They continue this debate right up until Jeremiah Donovan kills Hawkins as reprisal for the four Irish soldiers killed by English forces. The constant debates between Noble and Hawkins symbolize one of the primary tensions between the Irish and English that prompted the Irish War of Independence: The divide between Irish Catholicism and English Protestantism. The debates are a metaphor for one aspect of the fighting between these two countries. Behavior as Metaphor Both Jeremiah Donovan and Belcher are quiet, stoic characters. Both seem resigned to their respective fates; Donovan accepts that he is obligated to kill Belcher and Hawkins, and Belcher accepts that he must die. The characters differ, however, in that Donovan believes that he is bound by duty to execute the prisoners, while Belcher seems to posses a “come what may” attitude. He states that he never understood the concept of “duty.” Donovan and Belcher symbolize the great number of Irish and English soldiers caught up in the War of Independence who felt obligated to serve their respective countries. As such, they are metaphors that represents the general ambivalence a large number of English and Irish people possessed regarding this war. The Burial Bog The Irish soldiers execute and bury Belcher and Hawkins in a bog just outside of the town in which they are staying. In the final scene, as he walks back to the house following the Englishmen’s execution, Bonaparte reflects on the nature of the bog. He equates it to a kind of trap that has captured not just the two dead Englishmen, but also their executioners. The bog symbolizes the quagmire in which both English and Irish have fallen. It acts as a metaphor of the War of Independence, which the story seems to suggest is a trap out of which neither English nor Irish will ever escape.	<urn:uuid:1123e2b9-af77-4953-be6f-03ce47b75065>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.46472471952438354, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9653131365776062, "url": "https://classroom.synonym.com/symbolism-metaphors-guests-nation-21448.html" }
Skip to content Tissue Culture While we investigate alternate storage methods for recalcitrant species, plants are often maintained in tissue culture. This process involves taking small sections of plant material and growing them in agar gel enriched with nutrients and hormones which keeps the cuttings growing. The cuttings typically grow very quickly in tissue culture (faster than they might if growing in a pot) and all the plants are 'the same age'. Additionally the cuttings are grown under sterile conditions which is required to prevent them from being killed by bacterial or fungal contamination. Each of these conditions actually makes plant material generated under tissue culture ideal for further experimentation and storage. Fortunately, because we have germinated fresh seeds as part of our normal seed testing protocols, living material is often already available to transfer into tissue culture. For other species that we were unable to germinate or obtain seeds, cuttings can alternatively be taken from plants and transferred into tissue culture. Once the material has been placed in culture, it can be maintained there indefinitely, by simply removing the cuttings, trimming them and placing them into new agar. More information about tissue culture can be found here. Murrogun, Cryptocarya microneura a rainforest plant from eastern Australia - Zoe-Joy Newby Southern Fontaniea, Fontaniea australis a rare rainforest plant - Zoe-Joy Newby Coastal Fontaniea, Fontaniea oraria a critically endangered rainforest species restricted to northern NSW - Zoe-Joy Newby Coolamoon, Syzygium moorei a vulnerable subtropical rainforest species - Zoe-Joy Newby Magenta Lilly Pilly, Syzygium paniculatum an endangered rainforest plant restricted to the central coast of NSW - Zoe-Joy Newby	<urn:uuid:522f0e6f-4030-41aa-92a9-456493862f73>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.055888593196868896, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9193143248558044, "url": "https://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/science/rainforest-conservation/sensitive-seeds!/tissue-culture" }
Narach Philosophy Before the assembled armies engaged in the fight, they settled their rules regarding different kinds of combat, with a view to fairness. If a combatant, after fighting, withdrew, he was to be allowed to do so. Those who engaged in a battle of words, were to be engaged with words only a car-Warrior was to fight a car-Warrior; an elephant rider an elephant rider; a horseman a horseman; and a foot soldier a foot soldier a warrior was to fight another after consideration of fitness, willingness, bravery and strength, and after having duly challenged him. One seeking refuge, retreating, or whose weapons were broken, or who was not clad in armour, was never to be struck; while charioteers, animals, and men engaged in carrying weapons, or those who played on drums or blew the conch, were never to be attacked. Sanjaya and Dhritarashtra: As Dhritarashtra was unable to witness the combat, and refused the gift of sight offered to him for he did not desire to see the slaughter of friends and relations Vyasa granted a boon to Sanjaya, enabling him to witness the whole scene of battle, and to describe it in detail to the blind old king. The Battle Arrays: Yudhisthira bade Arjuna to arrange his troops for the day, and that hero made an immovable Vyuha (array) called Vajra (Lightning), and Bhima was placed at the head of the fight. The Kuru army appeared like the full, rolling and surging Ganga. The armies of Dhritarashtra stood facing west, while those of the Pandavas faced the east; and Bhishma, who led the Kurus, arrayed his troops in human, celestial, Gandharva, and Asura Vyuhas, as occasion required.	<urn:uuid:04a0d774-3f1a-4728-9660-ff6443d96b31>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.625, "fasttext_score": 0.07990187406539917, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9804062843322754, "url": "https://www.narach.com/philosophy/the_field_of_battle.htm" }
The most widely circulated bible in the English Renaissance was produced by exiled English Protestants living in Geneva during the reign of Queen Mary I. With over 140 editions and half a million copies in circulation, the Geneva Bible and its complex marginal devices played a major role in shaping the English reader. Two of its innovative paratextual features are of particular importance: the breaking down of chapters into enumerated verses, facilitating the easy extraction of individual passages, and the expanded use of annotations, animating and enabling the application of biblical passages in contemporary social and political contexts. This essay rethinks the interpretive procedures and the cultural contexts of the notes, which, though influential in Elizabethan England, reflect the condition and polemical discourses of their exiled Marian community. Consequently, the Geneva Bible's notes construct a vision of the English “nation” as persecuted, captivated, and threatened by idolaters. You do not currently have access to this content.	<urn:uuid:6f97b00f-ec54-452c-842b-85f584862184>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.11523967981338501, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9359153509140015, "url": "https://read.dukeupress.edu/jmems/article-abstract/47/3/487/131913/Toward-a-New-Cultural-History-of-the-Geneva-Bible?redirectedFrom=PDF" }
The Roy Map The Roy Map is a map of Scotland that was made between 1747 and 1755. It is an incredible achievement in land surveying, and was the precursor (the origin even) of the Ordnance Survey. It has proved to be invaluable in my research on crannogs as it shows the landscape as it was likely to have looked prior to the majority of land-use changes that are associated with the ‘Improvement Period’. But in the age of GoogleMaps and GPS, the story of how the Roy Map was made is well worth remembering. As with many innovations, the Roy Map was born out of conflict. Following the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion, it was decided that an accurate map of Scotland was desperately needed. British commanders often found themselves totally at a loss in the Scottish countryside, and the Jacobites capitalised on their local knowledge of the landscape. To counter this advantage, the British military needed an accurate map. The task fell to one William Roy. Born in Carluke Parish, Lanarkshire in 1726, he was only 21 years old when he found himself stationed at Fort Augustus, and his superior officer put him in charge of the newly commissioned project of mapping all of the Scottish highlands. For the first two years, from 1747-1749, William Roy was the only surveyor working on the project – we can only hope/assume that he also had some untrained help. There is little information regarding Roy’s training, although it is assumed that he honed it skills as an engineer in the Board of Ordnance. In the latter years of the survey we know Roy’s attention turned largely to surveying archaeological remains, in particular the Antonine Wall. Such interest suggests that Roy was very much an ‘Enlightened Gentleman’ common to the educated class. Regardless of his training, we know that Roy was incredibly gifted in his surveyor’s skills. The first year was considered a pilot for the project, and it went so well Roy was told to continue and ‘Survey over the whole of the North of Scotland’. Roy’s work is all the more incredible when we consider what techniques he had at his disposal. Roy’s method was to use 50 foot chains and a sighted theolodite to take measured traverses. The measurements were compiled with field notes and then drafted at a scale of 1 inch to 1000 yards to make a map. These methods were basic even by 18th century standards. An account of the survey made in the early 19th century records some more detail; ‘The courses of all the Rivers and numerous streams were followed to the source, and measured; all the Roads, and the many Lakes of Salt-water and Fresh were surveyed, as well as such other intermediate places and cross Lines were found necessary for filling up the Country; and intersections being taken to the Right and Left ascertained innumerable minute situations.’ -Arrowsmith (1806). By 1752, all of Scotland north of the Glasgow-Edinburgh line had been finished, and it took only three more years to complete all of southern Scotland. The completed map was known then as the Great Map, but as great as it was (if you were to lay it out on a floor it would measure over 9×6 metres), very little tangible came of it. As the threat of further rebellions in Scotland waned, and the threat of French invasion in the south and dissonance in America increased, the map itself was largely forgotten. Only a handful of printed maps were ever published from the Roy Map. However, the legacy of this cartographic achievement was to be felt for a century, and culminated when the Ordnance Survey was commissioned. To this day, all the editions of the Ordnance Survey remain a treasure trove of geographic (and archaeological) information. This can, by and large, be attributed to William Roy’s skill, and as far as the archaeological information contained within the Ordnance Survey, it may just have been Roy’s influence again. He did make a point about how important he thought archaeology was in his posthumously published book about the ‘military antiquities of Scotland’. ‘Hence it is that military men, especially those have been much accustomed to observe and consider countries in the way of their profession, in reasoning on the various revolutions they have already undergone, or on those which, in certain cases, they might possibly suffer hereafter, are naturally led to compare present things with the past; and being thus insensibly carried back to former ages, they place themselves among the ancients, and do, as it were, converse with the people of those remote times.’ -William Roy (1793) One thought on “The Roy Map 1. Pingback: Why are there so few crannogs in northeast Scotland? \| Scottish Crannogs Leave a Reply You are commenting using your account. Log Out / Change ) Twitter picture Facebook photo Google+ photo Connecting to %s	<urn:uuid:5c55b425-38a1-4a53-aa48-8eab41e040f7>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.578125, "fasttext_score": 0.022723674774169922, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9811137914657593, "url": "https://scottishcrannogs.wordpress.com/2014/04/17/the-roy-map-part-1/" }
Friday, 16 March 2012 No Dark Ages: 13th-Century Bishop Discovered What Colour Is Bishop Robert Grosseteste. Image courtesy of William Morris, Joel Kontinen Skeptics will tell us that the Middle Ages were exceptionally dark, at least in the intellectual and scientific realm. However, historians would disagree as many great inventions were made during that period. Recently, an article in New Scientist suggests that a 13th-century English bishop might have come up with a ”a working theory of colour centuries before the birth of modern science.” The bishop, Robert Grosseteste (ca. 1175 –1253), is characterised as “a pre-Renaissance Renaissance man.” In the New Scientist article Michael Brooks says that Grosseteste’s view of what colour is resembles the modern view of colour. Grosseteste knew that colours do not exist by themselves, but are a property of the interactions of light and matter: ‘Colour is light incorporated in a diaphanous medium,’ as he puts it. Second, colours are made by sliding along three scales: from clara to obscura; from multa to pauca; and from purum to impurum. Whiteness, he adds, is an extreme produced by the combination of clara, multa and purum. This description is very similar to the way we regard colour today. ‘At the conceptual level Grosseteste's writings show a very strong resonance with modern views of colour,’ says Hannah Smithson, a perceptional psychologist at the University of Oxford and a member of the Ordered Universe team.” The Dark Ages were not so dark after all. Far from being anti-science, medieval churchmen could actually promote science. They could do so because they believed that a rational Creator had created a rational creation that could be studied. Brooks, Michael. 2012. Medieval modern master: Colour decoded before its time. New Scientist 2855, 52-53.	<urn:uuid:91463e35-22f2-4cbb-a88f-24f2b19fdf22>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.026213526725769043, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.959328830242157, "url": "http://joelkontinen.blogspot.com/2012/03/no-dark-ages-13th-century-bishop.html" }
Maps are Territories Look now at three relatively contemporary examples (ITEMS 3.6, 3.7 and 3.8), which are not easily distinguished from pictures and clearly have aesthetic qualities as well as practical ones. What elements in ITEMS 3.6 and 3.7 would you say make them maps, and what elements give them the character of pictures? Is the Leonardo da Vinci example (ITEM 3.8) neither a map nor a picture? Why not? Is it a diagram? What is it about the Enniskillen map (ITEM 3.9) that makes it a rather doubtful example of a map by Western standards? Verona, lake garda and the adige valley Verona, Lake Garda and the Adige valley (mid-15th century). Kingsai province in south-east china Kingsai province south-east China (18th century). Leonardo da vinci's plan to regulate the river arno Plan by Leonardo da Vinci to regulate the river Arno (1502). Siege of enniskillen Siege of Enniskillen (1594). Next page	<urn:uuid:20df4a4e-fa2f-4525-8a9a-62c6c571aa5b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.9298625588417053, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9049368500709534, "url": "http://territories.indigenousknowledge.org/exhibit-3/3.html" }
Please Enter Your Search Term Below: Websearch Directory Dictionary FactBook Wikipedia: Iridium (satellite) Wikipedia: Iridium (satellite) Iridium (satellite) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Iridium allows worldwide voice and data communications using handheld devices. The Iridium service once failed financially and the earth stations were shut down. Its financial failure was largely due to insufficient demand for the service, the bulkiness and cost of the handheld devices compared to cellular mobile phones, and the rise of cellular GSM roaming agreements during Iridium's decade-long construction period. The Iridium satellites were, however, retained in orbit, and their services have been re-established in 2001 by the newly founded Iridium Satellite LLC, partly owned by Boeing and other investors. The system is being mainly used by the US Department of Defense for its communication purposes. However, it is open for everyone with global communication needs; typical customers include oil companies, scientists, and globetrotters. The initial commercial failure of Iridium has had a dampening effect on other proposed commercial satellite constellation projects, including Teledesic. Other schemes (Orbcomm, ICO, and Globalstar) followed Iridium into bankruptcy protection, while a number of proposed schemes were never constructed. Phone rates from land lines to Iridium phones are $2 to $4 per minute, from Iridum to land lines about $1.50 per minute and between Iridium phones less than $1 per minute. Iridium and other satellite phones may be identifiable to the listener because of the particular "clipping" effect of the data compression and the time lag due to the long travelling path of the signal. Iridium phones are mainly available from two vendors, Kyocera and Motorola. Kyocera phone models SS-66K and SD-66K are no longer in production, but still available in the second hand and surplus market. The Motorola phone 9500 is a design from the first commercial phase of Iridium, whereas the current 9505 model is a more modern design which is especially popular in military applications. Iridium phone numbers all start with +8816 or +8817 (which is like the country code for a virtual country) and the 8-digit phone number. Because of the satellites' peculiar shape with two polished door-sized antennas at 45 degree angles with the main bus, the Iridium satellites have a highly visible satellite flare. On their orbits, the antennas directly reflect sunlight, creating a predictable and quickly moving illuminated spot of about 10 km diameter when the reflected beam hits the earth. To a spectator this looks like an extremely bright flare in the sky with a duration of only a couple of seconds. Some of the flares are so bright (up to -8 magnitude) that they can be seen at daytime, but they are most impressive after dusk and before dawn. This flashing has been of extreme annoyance to astronomers in that the brightness of the satellites disturbs observations and can damage sensitive equipment. External links From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Modified by Geona	<urn:uuid:ec00dbcd-f09c-4178-8344-f6443ea96673>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.17060410976409912, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9251759052276611, "url": "http://factbook.org/wikipedia/en/i/ir/iridium__satellite_.html" }
Name: Mongolepis (Mongolian scale). Phonetic: Mon-go-lep-is. Classification: Chordata, Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii. Diet: Uncertain, presumed carnivore. Size: Uncertain due to lack of fossil material. Known locations: Mongolia. Time period: Late Silurian. Fossil representation: Placoid scales. Mongolepis is one of the earliest known sharks and its scales date back to four hundred and twenty million years ago. Two other sharks named Elegestolepis and Polymerolepis are also known this time period, and are also only known from their scales. This means that while science accepts these as being representative of sharks, no one knows what they exactly looked like. More sharks and fish	<urn:uuid:6f67c529-1691-4c06-9609-9972d9f69054>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.75, "fasttext_score": 0.624363899230957, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8494208455085754, "url": "http://www.prehistoric-wildlife.com/species/m/mongolepis.html" }
Pentangles Home Medieval Graffiti The Survey Catalogue Gallery Contact Us The pentangle is an extremely ancient symbol whose use has been recorded as far back 3000BC. Since the reformation the symbol has become associated with the magical arts and, in more recent centuries, it has become particularly associated with Wiccan practises and Victorian concepts of ‘black’ magic. However, during the middle ages it is clear that this symbol was regarded as a specifically Christian symbol with no ‘evil’ connotations and, more specifically, was seen as a symbol of protection. According to the 14th century poem, Gawain and the Green Knight, the symbol represented the five wounds of Christ, the five virtues of a Knight and was taken as a symbol of fidelity. The pentangle is most certainly one of the less prolific ritual protection marks found in medieval churches. Compared to the compass drawn motifs it is relatively rare, appearing in only a dozen or so Norfolk churches surveyed to date. However, it appears in sufficient quantities in diverse locations for it to be regarded as an apotropaic marking. Like the Solomon’s Knot, the pentangle would appear to act specifically against demons, trapping them within the endless line and literally pinning them to the wall, such as the magnificent example recorded at St Mary’s church, Troston. Pentangles are also sometimes used as mason’s marks, supporting the idea that there was no malign influence attached to them as a symbol, although the difference in execution between apotropaic and Masonic pentangles is readily apparent.	<urn:uuid:0c422ab4-57d3-4e61-b81b-7c57ec963cf5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5625, "fasttext_score": 0.2650687098503113, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9708223342895508, "url": "http://medieval-graffiti.co.uk/page21.html" }
What is Delphi? The Delphi Programming Language Explainedembarcadero delphi What is Delphi? The origins of the Delphi programming language stem from an extension of the Pascal programming language, that was designed for use in the object-oriented programming arena, called Object Pascal. In the late Eighties Borland introduced their Object Pascal extensions to Turbo Pascal for the Mac and Turbo Pascal 5.5 for DOS. Then in the mid Nineties when Borland refocused their efforts from DOS to Windows, Turbo Pascal gave way to Delphi. Delphi introduced a whole new set of extensions creating what is now known as the Delphi Programming Language. Currently Embarcadero Delphi, known formerly as CodeGear Delphi & Borland Delphi, is an IDE for Microsoft Windows based application development. Distinguishing features of Delphidelphi 7 Delphi has pioneered an era of rapid application development by introducing crucial features that have notably decreased application prototyping times, such as: • The Application Framework • The visual Window Layout Designer As previously mentioned Delphi is based on Object Pascal, and compiles Delphi source code into native x86 code. Both include the VCL (Visual Component Library), support for COM independent interfaces with reference counted class implementations, and support for a large number of third-party components. A strong emphasis is placed on database connectivity and Delphi offers a rich database component set. The Visual Component Library (VCL) contains a large library of database aware controls, and database access components. Dunstan Thomas Consulting and Delphi DT Consulting are not only Delphi specialists but also partners with Embarcadero. As such DT Consulting provide a range of services around Delphi Applications Support and Development. Dunstan Thomas also support other languages for legacy application support.	<urn:uuid:e2594e0e-0d99-4755-8d0d-6ce2520f8917>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.030522167682647705, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8862777948379517, "url": "http://dthomas-development.co.uk/support/delphi-application-support/what-is-delphi-the-delphi-programming-language-explained/" }
Frequently Asked Questions about Squab Pigeon with pears, a speciality in the Loire Valley area, at La Maison Tourangelle Stevens Fremont/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images Squab is a general culinary term for young domesticated pigeon. Before current practice of raising one type of pigeon for meat consumption, doves, mourning doves and the now-extinct passenger pigeon had also been included as squab. Squab has been raised as livestock for hundreds of years, possibly originating in the Middle East, but there are historical records citing squab-raising in Ancient Egypt, Rome and extensively throughout the Medieval period in Europe. Squab has long been considered a delicacy (it was served on the Titanic), but because pigeons are easy to raise and breed, it is also eaten in lower-income areas. Despite the popularity of squab and pigeon in many cultures, it is often considered unsanitary, due to the misconception that squab is the meat of feral pigeons. How are Squab Raised? Squab have been raised in the U.S. and Canada since 1900. Formerly, pigeons were raised in dovecotes, which allowed the pigeons free access. Pigeons differ from other poultry in that males and females bond exclusively (once mated, they breed a number of years), and both parents brood (thus eliminating the need for incubators) and feed the squab chicks, which promotes fast growth. Utility pigeons that are raised industrially for meat production are confined to smaller dovecotes, thus forcing the parents to continually brood the nests and increasing squab growth rate, so the squab is ready for slaughter in 30 days from hatching. (A utility squab weighs 1-1/3 pounds after one month, while a traditionally raised squab weighs 1/2 pound, a substantial difference.) Increased production of squab is achieved through "double-nesting," which allows the female pigeon to lay eggs in one nest, and when the chicks hatch and are about 2-weeks-old, she moves to a second nest while the male broods the chicks. This procedure yields twice as many squabs. What Does Squab Taste Like? Squab is a tender and moist dark meat. It has a slight game flavor, similar to duck. In commercially raised squab, there is more breast meat than leg meat; however, traditionally raised squab have a more equal proportion. Although there is a layer of fat on squab, the meat itself is not fatty or greasy as duck or goose. How Is Squab Cooked? Squab is very popular in many world cuisines. In Asia, squab is prepared similarly to Peking duck with crisped skin and moist flesh. In France, squab is often prepared roasted or as confit, and older birds are braised in casseroles. In Indonesian cuisine, squab is deep fried and spiced with chilis, and in Egypt, it is grilled or stuffed with rice and/or herbs and roasted. Squab differs from other game birds in that it can be cooked rare (in France, "bloody to the bone"), medium rare (rosy pink), medium and well-done. Where Can I Buy Squab? Squab can be purchased online at a number of specialty meat sites, for example, D'Artagnan or Marx Foods. Because pigeon/squab husbandry is sustainable, you may also be able to source squab from local farms, which is a better cost option than sourcing from online purveyors.	<urn:uuid:3a8ac986-9ac9-435a-b53c-28968866a65b>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.18290430307388306, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9637289047241211, "url": "https://www.thespruce.com/frequently-asked-questions-about-squab-2313817" }
Home tortures The Torture of Brazen Bull The Torture of Brazen Bull The torture of the brazen bull was invented by Perillos of Athens, and presented to Phalaris, the Tyrant of Akragas, as a new method of execution. How did the brazen bull function? The instrument was a bronze statue depicting a bull, with natural dimensions. The inside, however, was hollow and on one side was a door through which a condemned man entered. He was forced into a laying position and, given the size of the statue, did not have much space to move. Once in position, the door was closed, and a fire was started just under the belly of the bronze bull. It was fanned until the belly was glowing. In this way the victim inside was slowly roasted to death in the most atrocious, painful way. Even if death occurred from the Inhalation of the fumes released during the first few minutes, the condemned man suffered from severe burns, and emitted harrowing screams. But the Bull had not only been designed as an instrument of torture, but also as an item of enjoyment for the tyrant, so the screams would not have been very pleasurable. Perillos, therefore, had thought well in advance to provide the head of the bull with a system of internal tubes that transformed the cries of the poor wretches inside into sounds of a bellowing bull. Furthermore, spices and perfumed oils were placed inside the bull to mask the smell of burning human flesh.It is said that the victims’carbonized bones seemed to shine as jewels, and bracelets were made with them. The death of the inventor of the brazen bullStatua di Moloch The Tyrant of Akragas was very pleased with this new method of execution, and wanted to test it immediately. He wanted to hear if the screams really would be similar to a bull’s bellows, and ordered the very same Perillos to enter his creation for testing. The bronze founder entered, confident of his invention. But as soon as he’d settled inside, Phalaris ordered the door closed, and set the fire under the bull. Perillo yelled desperately, and Falaride appeared pleased that his screaming sounded like bellowing. Perillos was allowed to exit before he died, but it is then said that Phalaris had him thrown from a cliff. This method of torture was used not only in Ancient Greece, but also by the Romans as a method of execution for Jews and Christians. It is believed that the inspiration for this bronze bull could be found in a Carthaginian statue of the god Moloch. It was represented with the head of a calf, in which children were sacrificed by putting them into the hands of the statue,from where they slid into a furnace in the underlying bronze. Previous articleThe Superman Curse Next articleThe bound feet	<urn:uuid:023bb592-35ba-4ac1-a681-e57cea16ab12>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.5, "fasttext_score": 0.023256659507751465, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9767884016036987, "url": "http://emadion.it/en/tortures/the-torture-of-brazen-bull/" }
Today, members of the Baha’i faith all around the world will be remembering the execution of the Báb in in 1850s Persia. Considered a forerunner to the Baha’i faith, the Báb (originally born as Siyyid `Alí Muḥammad Shírází), was killed by a firing squad for being an apostate. He was the founder of Bábism, a messianic movement that sprung up as an offshoot of Shi’a Islam. The Báb’s claim that he was the Promised One or Qa’im of Shi’a Muslims agitated the local religious authorities. As he gained more and more followers, he became involved in a number of confrontations with the clerical administration. His followers were persecuted and a series of uprisings resulted in massacres of Bábis that number in the thousands. Local villagers targeted Bábis with violence and drove them out of their towns and cities. The Báb was put on trial to prove his divinity and the clergy attempted to paint him as insane. The trial did not result in a conviction, but a fatwa was issued declaring his apostasy and the clergy demanded he be punished — they administered 20 lashes to the bottoms of his feet. In 1850, after a change in regime, the Qajar government of Persia finally ordered the Báb’s execution. On July 9th, his execution was to be a public spectacle and an audience gathered to watch him die in the courtyward of the army barracks where he was being confined. The firing squad arrived, the shots were taken, but when the smoke cleared, the Báb was gone. The bullets had cut him free of the ropes. They found him back in the barracks, completely unharmed. A second firing squad of Muslim soldiers was arranged once again. This time, when the shots fired, they killed the Báb. Baha’is today mourn the death of the Báb — not just as central figure of their faith, but also as a symbol of strength in the face of hatred, bigotry and religious intolerance.	<urn:uuid:6bc5c86f-9d1b-42f2-97e1-7c3c73313ba0>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.578125, "fasttext_score": 0.06098252534866333, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9832994341850281, "url": "http://www.bahairights.org/2013/07/09/histories-of-persecution-remembering-the-execution-of-the-bab/" }
New Artificial Heart Biomimics The Heart Of A Cockroach Sujoy K. Guha, a biomedical engineer at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (IITK) has invented an artificial heart which, inspired by the cockroach heart, has a number of interconnected diaphragm chambers. His invention, the Biventricular Pump, consists of two identical artificial ventricular pumps that are each made up of several diaphragm chambers. Guha explained to India's Telegraph that the cockroach heart pumps blood in stages, which reduces the build-up of pressure, unlike the human heart. The cockroach heart has a fail-safe mechanism, in that if one of the chambers stops pumping blood, it doesn't mean that all the others do, so the situation is not life-threatening. An artificial heart patterned after the cockroach heart addresses some issues with other artificial hearts as well as heart transplants; the main one is that a Guha's Biventricular Pump will continue pumping even if one or more of its chambers fail for some reason. It will also prevent excessive blood recirculation and blood stagnation. The Biventricular Pump has already been tested on frogs and will be next tested in goats. Telegraph via	<urn:uuid:ab0fa4ed-541a-44ba-9f14-0f0d7aea8176>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.05180037021636963, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9223252534866333, "url": "http://inventorspot.com/articles/new_artificial_heart_biomimics_heart_cockroach_29352" }
American Script English Round Hand The 1700's was a time when a variety of writing styles were taught and used in various groups. Your penmanship would reveal your age, gender, profession, and societal rank. However, while reading instruction was spreading, writing was only for the upper class and their secretaries, professionals, merchants, and clerks. The upper-class colonists wrote in English Round Hand, also known as the English copperplate method. George Bickham's copybook, The Universal Penman, was incredibly influential in England upon its publishing in 1743. It set English copperplate as the standard. American Copperplate In the late 1700's John Jenkins created a distinctly American style based heavily on English copperplate. His book, The Art of Writing, was published in 1791. Jenkins' American copperplate was the writing style from the colonial to the antebellum period. It was taught until 1840's. Modified Round Hand Duntonian Script was a modified round hand which became popular from the 1840's to 1865. At this time regular school attendance was up, and Duntonian Script was a style suitable for young pupils. Alvin R. Dunton, 1812-1892, created this writing style with a variety of writing needs in mind. Spencerian Script The most important and longest-taught American writing style of the 1800's, the Spencerian method, was created in the early 1820's. Platt R. Spencer broke down letter forms into easily reproducible common elements, which could be combined to form individual letters. This method was beautifully ornate, yet fairly easily learned. It proved incredibly popular and became the standard of the 1800's. It is still the standard among southerners of a certain standing. The Palmer Method replaced the Spencerian handwriting system by the 1890's. A. N. Palmer, 1859-1927, created the style which would be popular in business and elementary schools into the early 1920's. This new method did away with much of the ornamental flourish, and the resulting plainer script was easier to write quickly. Its creation coincided with the advent of business and secretarial schools, and it was tauted as the business writing style.	<urn:uuid:7597481e-11be-4033-af6b-deaed568a8f2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.9375, "fasttext_score": 0.07079815864562988, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9750199913978577, "url": "http://oldsoutherngarden.blogspot.com/2016/03/american-script.html" }
Monday, 27 January 2014 Edwin Hubble Edwin Hubble (1889–1953), American astronomer, who made important contributions to the study of galaxies, the expansion of the universe, and the size of the universe. Hubble was the first to discover that fuzzy patches of light in the sky called spiral nebula were actually galaxies like Earth’s galaxy, the Milky Way. Hubble also found the first evidence for the expansion of the universe, and his work led to a much better understanding of the universe’s size. See also Astronomy. Edwin Powell Hubble was born in Marshfield, Missouri. He attended high school in Chicago, Illinois, and received his bachelor’s degree in mathematics and astronomy in 1910. He was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship to study at the University of Oxford in England, where he earned a law degree in 1912. He returned to the United States in 1913 and settled in Kentucky, where his family had moved. From 1913 to 1914 Hubble practiced law and taught high school in Kentucky and Indiana. In 1914 he moved to Wisconsin to take a research post at the University of Chicago’s Yerkes Observatory. In 1917 Hubble earned his Ph.D. degree in astronomy from the University of Chicago and received an invitation from American astronomer George Hale to work at Mount Wilson Observatory in California. Around the same time that Hubble received the invitation, the United States declared war on Germany, marking the beginning of official U.S. military involvement in World War I (1914-1918). Hubble volunteered to serve in the U.S. Army, rushing to finish his dissertation and reporting for duty just three days after passing his oral Ph.D. exam. He was sent to France at first and remained on active duty in Germany until 1919. He left the Army with the rank of major. In 1919 Hubble finally accepted the offer from Mount Wilson Observatory, where the 100-in (2.5-m) Hooker telescope was located. The Hooker telescope was the largest telescope in the world until 1948. Hubble worked at Mount Wilson for the rest of his career, and it was there that he carried out his most important work. His research was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II (1939-1945); during the war he served as a ballistics expert for the U.S. Department of War. While Hubble was working at the Yerkes Observatory, he made a careful study of cloudy patches in the sky called nebulas. Now, astronomers apply the term nebula to clouds of dust and gas within galaxies. At the time that Hubble began studying nebulas, astronomers had not been able to differentiate between nebulas and distant galaxies, which also appear as cloudy patches in the sky. Hubble was especially interested in two nebulas called the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud (see Magellanic Clouds). In 1912 American astronomer Henrietta Leavitt had used the brightness of a certain type of star in the Magellanic Clouds to measure their distance from Earth. She used Cepheid stars, yellow stars that vary regularly in brightness. The longer the time a Cepheid star takes to go through a complete cycle, the higher its average brightness, or average absolute magnitude. By comparing the brightness of the star as seen from Earth with the star’s actual brightness (estimated from the length of the star’s cycle), Leavitt could determine the distance from Earth to the nebula. She and other scientists showed that the Magellanic Clouds were beyond the boundaries of the Milky Way Galaxy. After World War I, with the Hooker telescope at his disposal, Hubble was able to make significant advances in his studies of nebulas. He focused on nebulas thought to be outside of the Milky Way, searching for Cepheid stars within them. In 1923 he discovered a Cepheid star in the Andromeda nebula, now known as the Great Andromeda Spiral Galaxy. Within a year he had detected 12 Cepheid stars within the Andromeda Galaxy. Using these variable stars, he determined that the Andromeda nebula was about 900,000 light-years away from Earth. (A light-year is the distance light can travel in one year, a measurement equal to 9.46 trillion km or 5.88 trillion mi). The diameter of the Milky Way is about 100,000 light-years, so Hubble’s measurements showed that the Andromeda nebula was far outside the boundaries of Earth’s galaxy. Hubble discovered many other nebulas that contained stars and were located outside of the Milky Way. He found that they contained objects similar to those within the Milky Way Galaxy. These objects included round, compact groups of stars called globular clusters and stars called novas that flare suddenly in brightness. In 1924 he finally proposed that these nebulas were in fact other galaxies like our own, a theory that became known as the island universe. From 1925 he studied the structures of these external galaxies and classified them according to their shape and composition into regular and irregular forms. The regular galaxies, 97 percent of the total, had elliptical or spiral shapes. Hubble further divided the spiral galaxies into normal spiral galaxies and barred spiral galaxies. Normal spiral galaxies have arms that come out from a central, circular core and spiral around the core and each other. The arms of barred spiral galaxies come out from an elongated, bar-shaped nucleus. There are no distinct boundaries between the types of galaxies—some galaxies have the characteristics of both spiral and elliptical galaxies, and some spiral galaxies could be classified as either normal or barred. Irregular galaxies—galaxies that seem to have no regular shape or internal structure—made up only 3 percent of the galaxies that Hubble found. Hubble began to measure the distance from Earth to the galaxies that he classified. He used information provided by Cepheid stars within the galaxies to measure their distance from Earth. He compared these distance measurements to measurements of the galaxies’ movement with respect to Earth. Several astronomers, in particular American astronomer Vesto Slipher, studied the speed of the galaxies in the 1910s and 1920s, before Hubble classified them as galaxies. The astronomers measured the galaxies’ speed by measuring the redshift of the galaxy. Redshift results from the radiation that an object emits. This radiation will appear to shift in wavelength if the object is moving with respect to the observer. If the object is moving away from the observer, each wave will leave from slightly farther away than the wave before it did, increasing the distance between the waves. The wavelength of an object’s radiation will seem shorter if the object is moving toward the observer. This is called the Doppler effect. When the radiation emitted by the object is visible light, a lengthening in wavelength corresponds to a reddening of light. Therefore, the light of astronomical objects moving away from the observer is said to be red-shifted. Slipher and the other astronomers found that all of the galaxies were moving away from Earth. Hubble also did his own redshift measurements. In 1929 Hubble compared the distances of the galaxies to the speed at which they were moving away from Earth, and he found a direct and very consistent correlation: The farther a galaxy was from Earth, the faster it was receding. This relationship was so consistent throughout the 46 galaxies that Hubble initially studied, as well as in virtually all of the galaxies studied later by Hubble and other scientists, that it is known as Hubble’s Law. Hubble concluded that the relationship between velocity and distance must mean that the universe is expanding. In 1927 Belgian scientist Georges Lemaître had developed a model of the universe that incorporated the general theory of relativity of German American physicist Albert Einstein. Lemaître’s model showed an expanding universe, but Hubble’s measurements were the first real evidence of this expansion. The relationship of the velocity of galaxies to their distance is called the Hubble constant. If astronomers knew the precise value of Hubble’s constant, they could determine both the age of the universe and the radius of the observable universe. Many teams of scientists have attempted to measure the value since Hubble proposed his theory. In 1999 a group of scientists measured Hubble’s constant to be 70 kilometers per second-megaparsec, with an uncertainty of 10 percent—the most precise measurement to date. This result means that a galaxy appears to be moving 260,000 km/h (160,000 mph) faster for every 3.3 million light-years that it is away from Earth. The universe may be infinitely large, but if objects really do move faster as they move farther from the center of the universe, at some distance objects will be moving at the speed of light. That distance would be the limit to the observable universe, because light from an object moving at the speed of light could never reach Earth. The radius of the observable universe is called the Hubble radius. During the 1930s, Hubble studied the distribution of galaxies. His results showed that galaxies should be scattered evenly across the sky. He explained that there seemed to be fewer galaxies in the area of the sky that corresponds to the plane of the Milky Way because large amounts of dust block light from external galaxies. Hubble was an active researcher until his death. He was involved in building the 200-in (508-cm) Hale telescope at the Mount Palomar Observatory, also in southern California. The Hale telescope was the largest telescope in the world from when it went into operation in 1948 until the Keck telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii was completed in 1990. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST), a powerful telescope launched in 1990 and carried aboard a satellite in orbit around Earth, was named after Hubble and has helped scientists make many important observations. No comments: Post a Comment	<urn:uuid:7f64a791-a90a-418e-9a74-cd50ba03e6dd>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.71875, "fasttext_score": 0.5048677921295166, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9667539596557617, "url": "http://overhistory.blogspot.com/2014/01/edwin-hubble.html" }
The Scottish Heavy Events have been a part of Highland Games for centuries. The ancient Heavy Events date back early in Scottish history originating during the reign of King Malcolm Canmore in the 12th Century. The Heavyweight Athletes compete in seven traditional events over two days. At the end of the second day, the points are totaled, the winner being the one with the most points. The seven basic events are: Ancient Stone Throw This is the first event of the competition. It resembles the modern day shot-put event but a 22-24 pound stone picked from a local river is used. The throw takes place from behind the “trig” or toeboard. A trig is a piece of lumber about 4’6″ in length, 6″ in height, and 8″ in width. The Throw is recorded by measuring the distance from the back of the trig where the athlete’s feet end, up near the edge of the mark the stone makes when it hits the ground. Each competitor is allowed three attempts with the best throw being recorded for the final score. The 56 lb. Weight Toss This event involves a block of iron of any shape not exceeding 18″, including the iron ring or handle which is attached to the weight by a short chain. The weight is thrown with one hand for horizontal distance. The athlete must throw from behind the trig. Scoring is identical to that of the Stone Throw. The 22 lb. Ancient Hammer The Scottish Hammer is a spherical, metal ball fastened to a wooden handle. The athlete has his back facing in the direction of the throw. He is not permitted to spin, his feet must not move until the Hammer has been released from behind the trig. He whirls the Hammer around his head as fast as possible releasing it at its maximum speed. Scoring is similar to that of the Stone Throw. Preliminary Caber Toss The Caber Toss is considered the most impressive of the Heavy Events. The Caber is generally a spruce log measuring about 20′ and weighing approximately 120 lbs. The athlete shoulders the Caber cupping the small end in his two hands. Once the Caber is balanced, the athlete runs and releases it by heaving it so that it goes end over end. Those who successfully turn the Caber in this fashion continue on to compete in the Challenge Caber on day two. A Caber that fails to flip is not recorded. A judge runs behind the athlete and if the toss is successful, he calls it in line with an imaginary clock. The athlete’s feet are positioned at 6 o’clock and he attempts to toss the caber so that it resembles the hands of a clock at 12 o’clock. This would be a perfect throw. 28 lb. Weight Toss for Distance This event starts off the second day of competition. A 28 lb. Weight is tossed and scored identical to that of the 56 lb. Weight Toss. 16 lb. Ancient Hammer This event is executed the same way as the 22 lb. Hammer. 56 lb. Weight for Height In this back-breaking event, the athlete tosses the 56 lb. Weight described in the Weight Toss over the pole vault bar. The weight is tossed with one hand only and the athlete is allowed three tries at any given height. Final Caber Toss The Caber used on the second day is usually longer at 20′ and heavier at 150 lbs.	<urn:uuid:853dfddf-14e9-4e59-a627-c78d058f7ad2>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.06056171655654907, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9582347869873047, "url": "http://highlandgames.ca/heavy-events/" }
Departmental Bulletin Paper 明治時期日本勳章制度與光緒年間清國寶星制度的形成 The Formation of the Medal System in Meiji Japan and Late Qing 王, 君強 The Japanese system of awarding medals for meritorious service originated in the Meiji Period. The Qing Dynasty also introduced a similar system at roughly the same time. The 'medals system' is a product of the eastward dissemination of western learning, which ultimately led to the breakup of native honor systems in East Asia. Among westerners especially, the awarding of medals had a positive function in modern history. The Japanese medal system grew out of the honors system. The medal system of the late Qing however was created in order to reward foreigners with a good record of service to the Qing. This system consisted of eleven ranks of five grades. Later on this system was also applied to the Chinese themselves, thus becoming similar with the medal systems of other countries. Number of accesses : Other information	<urn:uuid:1d6246a1-cc8a-4206-990e-da322e6789b4>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.09375, "fasttext_score": 0.027110934257507324, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9189456701278687, "url": "http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0161/00009369/en" }
Monday, July 23, 2012 8 balls problem and solution Given 8 identical balls, there is a fake ball, which may be either heavier or lighter. Assume that there is a balancing-scale available. To identify the fake ball, 1.) how many rounds of comparisons are needed? 2.) how many rounds of comparisons are required if the number of balls is n? A useful definition : A control ball : A ball that did not cause the scale to tip. Since we know that there is only one ball that is different select a control ball intuitively form the n-1 possible ones. 1.) 3 weighings. Number the balls 1-8 • Weigh 1-2 / 3-4 Three outcomes: • 1-2 is lighter : Weigh 1 / 2 . Three outcomes: • 1 is lighter. Yup then 1 IS lighter • 2 is lighter. Yup then 2 IS lighter • Equal. Well weigh 3 / 4 and one is bound to be heavier :) • 3-4 is lighter : proceed same as 1-2 is lighter. • Equal - Weigh 5-6 Three outcomes: • 5 is lighter : Weigh against a control ball (any from 1-4). If same 6 is heavy otherwise 5 is light. • 6 is lighter : same as 5 is lighter • WORST CASE equal: Weigh 7 and a control ball (any from 1-4). Answer should be evident. Since in each step you split your sample space in half. So in general you need log(n,base2) steps. Further analysis If you know whether the ball is heavier OR lighter the weighings reduce to log(n) -1. Also if you need to know whether the fake ball was heavy or light (not just identify the ball). You will need one more weighing, in case 7 was not fake, you would know 8 is fake but not if its heavy or light. Bad approach The first intuition is to try and weigh 4 balls / 4 balls instead of 2 balls / 2 balls shown here. The problem with 4/4 approach is that you do not know which particular set of balls have a problem. You only find the direction of the problem for a set of 4 balls. You need to focus on discriminating the balls and that will intuitively lead you to a classification of 2 / 2 balls initially which tells you WHICH 4 balls have the problem.	<urn:uuid:5bc3ca16-a157-4507-82ef-2103ba4dd981>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.953125, "fasttext_score": 0.023663043975830078, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9006237983703613, "url": "http://basaratali.blogspot.com/2012/07/8-balls-problem-and-solution.html" }
Picking Berries - Kit : Connections Between Data Collection, Graphing, and Measuring Dr Seth Meyers,Jerry Lipka,Janice Parmelee,Rebecca Adams, Illustrated by Putt Clark Big John and Little Henry are best friends and classmates in Anchorage, Alaska. One day, when they witness an Elder making a kayak by traditional methods using body measurements, Big John decides to surprise his friend by making him a kayak of his own. The only thing is, Little Henry has the exact same idea! But their plans go haywire when they both forget one key detail... In a fun and engaging way, Big John and Little Henry describes a unique measurement system used by Yup?ik Elders. The Yup?ik system takes into account the person, the object being made and the objects use. As the boys in the story build their kayaks, students learn about body measures and proportional thinking. This story is part of the Math in a Cultural Context series and can be used in the Picking Berries module for grades two and three.	<urn:uuid:1a978890-1d68-4d06-a129-c6c4038d07b1>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.75, "fasttext_score": 0.02904188632965088, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9355188608169556, "url": "http://razborpoletv.ru/pdfbooks/Picking_Berries_-_Kit___Connections_Between_Data_Collection,_Graphing,_and_Measuringdut.html" }
Underground Piping: Out of Sight, Out of Mind, Until It Leaks When many older plants were built, steel and cast iron piping were common materials used underground. Although these materials have proven to have long, useful lives, improvements in plastics offer additional alternatives today. An understanding of best practices for inspecting and servicing buried piping will help you keep systems operating as designed. Most, if not all, power plants have at least some piping systems that are located below-grade, that is, below standard ground elevation as defined at the station. In most cases, the piping is installed during new plant construction, and few people think about it again until a problem arises. The systems range from those with minimal effect on safe plant operation, such as storm drains (although, if inadequately designed, even these can result in serious consequences), to safety-related systems, such as auxiliary feedwater piping used to supply water to steam generators at some nuclear plants if the main feedwater system is unavailable. Other important systems that are frequently underground include fire protection, service water and air, and emergency diesel generator fuel oil piping. To be clear, there is a narrow distinction between “underground piping” and “buried piping.” Buried piping is technically a subset of underground piping. Buried piping is defined as piping that is below-grade and in direct contact with soil, whereas underground piping is below-grade, not accessible, and outside of buildings. Underground piping could, for instance, be contained within a concrete vault, which may not be designed to accommodate personnel and may not be routinely accessible. High-Profile Problems While air and service water leaks at coal or biomass plants don’t usually cause a media frenzy, underground fuel oil leaks can generate environmental concerns, and tritium leaks at nuclear plants can result in public relations nightmares. Tritium is a mildly radioactive type of hydrogen that occurs both naturally and during the operation of nuclear power plants. Water containing tritium and other radioactive substances is released from all nuclear plants under controlled, monitored conditions. The releases are planned and documented. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations place limits on these releases to ensure the impact on public health is very low. However, public confidence can be easily shaken when unintended releases occur. In 2006, the NRC created a task force to examine the issue of inadvertent, unmonitored releases of radioactive liquids containing tritium in response to incidents at the Braidwood, Indian Point, Byron, and Dresden power plants. The focus of the task force was on releases that were neither planned nor monitored. The case at Braidwood (Figure 1) received a lot of attention from the media as well as from state and federal elected officials. The problem came to light in March 2005 when the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency notified Exelon Corp.—owner of Braidwood as well as the Byron and Dresden plants—that tritium had been found in wells in a nearby community. 1. Braidwood Generating Station. The spotlight shined brightly on Exelon’s dual-unit nuclear plant in northeast Illinois following unintended tritium releases in 2006. Courtesy: Exelon Corp. After months of investigation, Exelon attributed the contamination to historical leakage of vacuum breaker valves along the circulating water blowdown line at Braidwood. The blowdown line is an underground pipe that carries wastewater, including tritiated water at times, about 5 miles from the plant to the Kankakee River. It contains 11 vacuum breaker valves spaced along the length of the line. Ultimately, groundwater monitoring in the vicinity of the valves indicated that six of the valves had leaked at some point in time. The Byron station identified similar problems in February 2006. Elevated tritium levels were detected in several of its vacuum breaker valve vaults, which are located along approximately 2.5 miles of its circulating water blowdown line. The problem at Dresden was a bit different, but was also related to underground piping leaks. In its case, contaminated water leaked from pipes connected to the plant’s condensate storage tank. Although the NRC determined that effluent release limits were not exceeded and that the leaks did not present a health and safety hazard to plant personnel or to the public, in March 2010, Exelon settled three separate civil complaints that the Illinois attorney general and the state’s attorneys of Will, Ogle, and Grundy counties had filed jointly as a result of the tritium releases. The company agreed to pay civil penalties totaling $628,000 and an additional $548,000 to fund several supplemental environmental projects in and around the communities where the power plants are located. Events like this highlight the importance of having a comprehensive underground pipe inspection program. Exelon, for its part, has come a long way since those days. Now it is seen as a model company when it comes to underground piping. Neil Sheehan, public affairs officer for NRC Region I, said Exelon is enclosing much of its buried piping in concrete vaults now, and the company is very proactive in trying to prevent similar incidents. Uncovering Solutions David Smith, technical executive in the Balance of Plant Corrosion Team at the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), noted that nuclear plants have focused their buried pipe integrity inspections on the most vulnerable and significant piping. “The nuclear power industry has taken a full programmatic approach,” Smith told POWER. “They’ve developed programs. They’ve inventoried their assets. They’ve risk-ranked those assets with respect to not only level of susceptibility to corrosion issues, but also with respect to consequence of failure. The high-risk, high-consequence piping is where they have focused most of their inspections.” EPRI has been helping the industry by doing some valuable research. In addition to providing programmatic guidance, reference materials, and a risk-ranking tool, EPRI is investigating buried pipe inspection technologies, some of which were developed by the oil and gas industry. Modification is usually required to adapt inspection technologies for use in what some have called the “spaghetti bowl” of piping found at power plants. Unlike the miles of straight lines frequently found in the oil and gas industry, which usually include launch and retrieval stations for “pigs” (devices inserted into pipelines to do a variety of tasks, including cleaning and inspecting the pipe), power plants often have valves and elbows that make tasks more difficult, but the results have been positive. With Exelon’s help, EPRI developed guidance for the use of one such tool, which utilizes guided wave technology. Guided wave technology uses ultrasonic guided waves to detect flaws, such as corrosion, in buried pipes. Exelon was one of the first utilities to use the technology on its underground piping. The way it works is that a probe is mounted on the outside surface of a pipe (Figures 2 and 3). A guided wave is generated that travels some distance along the pipe. Changes in wall thickness reflect the wave. The technique can effectively survey a long run of pipe from a single location, reducing the amount of excavation necessary and helping focus work in areas known to be deficient. 2. Preparing to test. In this photo, guided wave sensors are installed on a pipe mockup to test and develop guidance for use in the field. Courtesy: Electric Power Research Institute 3. Evaluating pipe condition using guided wave technology. Collars can be permanently installed, allowing testing to be completed quickly and easily. Courtesy: Electric Power Research Institute However, various factors can influence the effectiveness of guided wave technology. Pipe geometry, coating type and thickness, soil loading, backfill material, buried depth, and pipe content all affect sensitivity and coverage capabilities. Often, those variables are not known until the examination is performed, so the length of pipe that can be inspected is not known until the results are obtained. With Exelon’s assistance, EPRI created parameters to judge the effectiveness of guided wave examinations. The EPRI report Buried Pipe Guided Wave Examination Reference Document (10119115) specifically addresses items such as data acquisition and analysis for guided wave examination of buried pipes in nuclear power plants. But it hasn’t stopped there. EPRI is continuing to explore ways to use guided wave technology to inspect past piping elbows. More Than Just a Nuclear Concern The fact is that leaks don’t just happen at nuclear plants; they can happen in underground piping anywhere. The Big Stone Plant—a 475-MW coal-fired station in eastern South Dakota—was commissioned in 1975, so most of its buried piping has been in the ground for more than four decades. The original material used in many of the lines was steel or cast iron, which are both susceptible to corrosion, and the original installation practices have caused some additional problems. “In particular, it seems the air lines were not originally bedded in gravel, so drainage isn’t adequate,” said Jeff Endrizzi, plant manager of the facility. “When excavated, we often find these lines pitted and pocked due to corrosion.” Leaks are not always easy to find either. The clay content of the soil at the Big Stone site is very high. As a result, air and water leaks can migrate a significant distance in either direction from the leak location. Dan Oakes, fuel supervisor at the plant, recalled one such instance. “We began digging where air bubbles were coming up through a crack in the paved road. We dug straight down and found the air line, but we ended up following the line about 25 feet before finding and repairing the leak. We then backfilled with gravel, so in the event that we need to work in this area again, locating and repairing leaks will be much easier.” Repairs have varied from installing a boot over a leak to replacing a small portion of pipe to replacing significant sections of line. When repairs have been necessary, the plant has tried to swap out the original pipe with an appropriate corrosion-resistant material (Figures 4 and 5), such as PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or HDPE (high-density polyethylene). Results have been very good. 4. Time for an upgrade. Replacing buried firewater piping is not a small job, but the significance of the system warrants a reliable fix. Courtesy: Otter Tail Power Co. 5. Making a connection. HDPE (high-density polyethylene) pipe is frequently welded in the field using specialized butt fusion machines. The faces are machined square, heated to melt the pipe interfaces, and forced together to create a bond. Courtesy: Otter Tail Power Co. Cast Iron Versus Thermoplastic Pipe Although management at the Big Stone Plant has decided to convert some of its systems to PVC and HDPE, cast iron pipe is still a very suitable solution for many fluid systems. According to Dave Parney, executive vice president for the Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute, it is even required by building codes in some jurisdictions. Gray cast iron pipe is primarily used for drain, waste, and vent plumbing applications, while ductile iron pipe—a form of cast pipe developed in 1948—is used in water and wastewater systems. There are many examples of cast iron pipe that has been in service for more than 150 years, including one water system that French King Louis XIV had installed, which was used for 330 years. One of the benefits of using cast iron is that there are fewer problems related to expansion and contraction when compared to a plastic product. Parney said that cast iron expands and contracts similarly to concrete and steel, so competing forces are minimized. It also has better crush loads for underground installation. Cast iron is up to 10 times stronger than thermoplastic materials, so it does not need to rely on the compaction of the sidefill to support the pipe wall. For example, based on an American Society for Testing and Materials standard, the trench for a thermoplastic pipe is required to be the width of the pipe outside diameter (OD) plus 16 inches or the OD times 1.25 plus 12 inches. Therefore, a 6-inch thermoplastic pipe requires a trench roughly 20 inches wide, whereas a cast iron pipe of the same size has no such minimum trench width. There are also bedding requirements for plastic, while cast iron requires only that the trench bottom be flat to provide uniform support. Backfill used during plastic pipe installation must be compacted in 6-inch layers, with a minimum compaction density of 85% to 95%, depending on soil type. Cast iron advocates say that the extra work leads to extra cost, and when its high-strength, durability, and impact and corrosion resistance are factored in, cast iron should be in the conversation whenever buried pipe installation is considered. Planting Problems At least one leak at the Indian Point nuclear plant was traced back to damage that likely occurred during installation. In February 2009, Entergy plant operators conducting shift rounds observed water around a pipe penetration in the auxiliary feed pump building. After a brief investigation, it was discovered that condensate was leaking from a buried section of piping associated with the condenser hotwell reject line to the Unit 2 condensate storage tank. Entergy determined that much of the leakage had gone through the plant’s storm drain system and flowed to its discharge canal. The area around the leak location was excavated to gain access to the pipe, the affected pipe section was replaced, and the system was returned to normal in a little less than a week’s time. The company conducted a root cause investigation, which included sending the failed carbon steel pipe segment to a laboratory for analysis. The evaluation concluded that the protective external pipe coating that was applied at the time of original construction had failed, resulting in external corrosion in a localized area. However, a potential contributing factor was that backfill placed around the pipe during installation contained rocks up to eight inches in diameter. Staff conducting the investigation determined that the large rocks in the backfill likely damaged the pipe coating during installation, allowing corrosion mechanisms to act on the unprotected metal surfaces. Additionally, the section of piping was at a low point, which was close to the water table. Damp or wet conditions have a tendency to accelerate general corrosion of exposed carbon steel. Although the pipe coating applied is capable of protecting the pipe for the lifetime of the plant—testing areas of the piping in which the coating had not been damaged proved this fact—the damaged coating and wet conditions in this case resulted in a leak. Although the backfill material used during initial construction was permitted by the specification in use at the time, one of the first corrective actions identified by Entergy was to update the specification. The company also implemented a buried piping and tank inspection program, including the use of improved inspection techniques, such as guided wave technology. A Novel Acoustic Solution Although not as technologically advanced as the guided wave system, a small Southern California–based company recently developed another tool for use on buried piping. The LeakTronics FLASH Leak Locating System can be used in certain situations to locate leaks in pipes ranging from 1 inch to 60 inches in diameter, and for lengths of piping as long as 300 feet. According to Darren Merlob, owner of LeakTronics, the system is very easy to use. The leaking pipe must first be taken out of service and drained. It is easiest to have at least two openings in the line to be checked—preferably one at each end. A pull-guide tool, that is, a cord that can be more easily threaded from one end of the line to the other, is fed into one opening in the pipe with a plastic sleeve attached to the end, allowing a vacuum cleaner inserted in the opposite opening to suck the sleeve and cord through the pipe (Figure 6). The plastic sleeve is then removed and the FLASH unit head (Figure 7) is attached to the pull-guide system in its place. The cord is pulled back through the pipe, thereby easily threading the unit head in. 6. Snakelike. The pull-guide tool can be sucked through the line with a vacuum cleaner and then retrieved with the unit head attached. Courtesy: LeakTronics 7. A pill for your ills. At less than ¾ inch x 1½ inch, the FLASH unit head contains a microphone and can emit a 512-Hz frequency signal. Courtesy: LeakTronics If the piping arrangement has restrictions, such as valves, or cannot be opened on opposite ends—prohibiting the use of the pull-guide system and vacuum cleaner—a fiberglass push rod can be used to insert the unit head into accessible areas. Once the unit head is in place, the pipe is closed on each end in order to allow a slight pressure to be applied to the line. In the case of the opening through which the unit head cord protrudes, a slide plug is provided in the kit, which allows the unit head to be pulled through the pipe while the line remains relatively pressure tight. The slide plug also facilitates connection of a pressure rig, which is used to pressurize the piping being tested to about 6 psig with air. The unit head and a set of headphones are connected to the FLASH amplifier, and then the head—which contains a microphone—is slowly pulled back through the pipe while the operator listens for the leak using the headphones. When the microphone reaches the exact location of the leak, the operator will hear a distinctive jet noise. The sound identifies the location where air is exiting through the hole in the pipe. Once the leak has been found, the operator stops pulling the cable and switches the unit head connection from the amplifier to the FLASH driver. The driver emits a 512-Hz frequency signal from the unit head, which the operator then locates using the FLASH receiver. The receiver, or scanner, has an analog meter and external speaker, allowing the operator to pinpoint the spot above ground, under which the unit head is located in the buried pipe. The location is then marked and excavation can begin. Knowing exactly where the leak is located allows excavation and repair efforts to be focused in the correct area, preventing unnecessary work, which saves time and money. This is especially important if the pipe is embedded in concrete or runs underneath pavement. Merlob says the receiver will reliably detect the unit head through 4 feet of solid concrete, and up to 15 feet of soil, depending on the type of dirt. To see an animated demonstration of the FLASH system online, visit: bit.ly/1HMUEQ2. ■ Aaron Larson is a POWER associate editor.	<urn:uuid:fda3f508-555f-4ae8-97c7-c7136a087ea5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.609375, "fasttext_score": 0.019748449325561523, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9559018611907959, "url": "http://www.powermag.com/underground-piping-out-of-sight-out-of-mind-until-it-leaks/" }
Providing evidence to improve practice Action: Create patches of bare ground for ground-nesting bees Bee Conservation Key messages One replicated controlled trial in Germany and four small trials (three replicated, one not) have shown that artificially exposed areas of bare soil can be successfully colonised by ground-nesting solitary bees and wasps in the first or second year. We have captured no evidence for the effect of creating areas of bare ground on bee populations or communities on a larger scale. Supporting evidence from individual studies Three scrapes with vegetation removed at Headley Heath, Surrey, England were being used by ground-nesting bees two or three years after they were created (Edwards 1996). The average densities of burrows attributed to ground-nesting bees and wasps were 2.3, 1.2 and 2.3 burrows/m2 for small (500 m2), medium (2,500 m2) and large (5,000 m2) scrapes respectively. Nest density of ground-nesting bees and wasps was increased by removing plant cover, or digging and raising soil, in trial plots at five sandy grassland sites in Baden-Württemberg, southwest Germany in 1992, relative to five control sites (Wesserling & Tscharntke 1995). Digging and raising soil was more effective at increasing nest density. Raking was not very effective, because it generated a dense plant cover. A study of artificially made scrapes on three lowland heaths in West Sussex, England (Edwards 1998) found between two and eight solitary bee species using the scrapes one to four years after they were created, with up to five of the species actively nesting. Severns (2004) created 1 m2 plots of mostly bare ground whilst planting seeds of the endangered legume Kincaid's lupine Lupine sulphureus spp. kincaidii, in an upland prairie restoration project in Oregon, USA. The bare ground was colonised by an increasing number of nesting solitary bees, mostly of the common species Lasioglossum anhypops, over the following three years. Three years later, there were 320 nests over 30 plots. Four shallow bays (3 x 5 m), with a rear vertical face (30 cm), were dug to attract ground-nesting bees and wasps at Shotover Hill, a heath degraded due to a long-term lack of grazing in Oxfordshire, southern England. All four bays were colonised in the first year with 80 solitary bee and wasp species recorded in the following three years (Gregory & Wright 2005). Referenced papers Please cite as: Dicks, L.V., Showler, D.A. & Sutherland, W.J. (2010) Bee conservation: evidence for the effects of interventions. Pelagic Publishing, Exeter, UK	<urn:uuid:89020052-0dda-4c0b-8d3a-e9f469f4b557>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.890625, "fasttext_score": 0.05655878782272339, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.956261932849884, "url": "https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/13" }
Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th Edition a district of eastern France embracing portions of the departments of Ain, Saône-et-Loire and Jura. The Bresse extends from the Dombes on the south to the river Doubs on the north, and from the Saône eastwards to the Jura, measuring some 60 m. in the former, and 20 m. in the latter direction. It is a plain varying from 600 to 800 ft. above the sea, with few eminences and a slight inclination westwards. Heaths and coppice alternate with pastures and arable land; pools and marshes are numerous, especially in the north. Its chief rivers are the Veyle, the Reyssouze and the Seille, all tributaries of the Saône. The soil is a gravelly clay but moderately fertile, and cattle-raising is largely carried on. The region is, however, more especially celebrated for its table poultry. The inhabitants preserve a distinctive but almost obsolete costume, with a curious head-dress. The Bresse proper, called the Bresse Bressane, comprises the northern portion of the department of Ain. The greater part of the district belonged in the middle ages to the lords of Bâgé, from whom it passed in 1272 to the house of Savoy. It was not till the first half of the 15th century that the province, with Bourg as its capital, was founded as such. In 1601 it was ceded to France by the treaty of Lyons, after which it formed (together with the province of Bugey) first a separate government and afterwards part of the government of Burgundy.	<urn:uuid:af0c7212-5dbb-4ccf-80b2-6c4f1d5d5dda>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.53125, "fasttext_score": 0.026936113834381104, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9552192091941833, "url": "http://dita2indesign.sourceforge.net/dita_gutenberg_samples/dita_encyclopaedia_britannica/html/entries/entry-d1e219.html" }
Skip Navigation K-1: The Senses The Cerebellum Procedure (cont.) Direct students place their hands on the lower back of the head (on the curved portion of the skull above the neck). Explain that the brain part in this location is called the cerebellum, which helps muscles work together to coordinate well-learned movements (like playing a musical instrument or mastering a complicated dance). It also controls the sense of balance and is responsible for storing automatic skills that we have learned, such as reciting the pledge of allegiance or repeating quick math facts. Have students locate the cerebellum on their brain diagrams and color it blue. Have students choose pictures they think are related to the “learned movement” part of the brain (skating, swimming, dancing and walking). Discuss students’ selections. Have them color the bottom bands of this new set of pictures blue, and then tape or glue the images near the blue cerebellum on their diagrams. Note: See slide 10 for the answer key. Related Content • Making Sense! Making Sense! Reading	<urn:uuid:98e6a472-6b16-40bf-b708-148de7d2ab18>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 4.25, "fasttext_score": 0.14369922876358032, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9068068861961365, "url": "http://www.bioedonline.org/slides/classroom-slides1/brain-and-behavior/k-1-the-senses/?tk=169&dpg=7&pageaction=displaySlideDetails" }
Zhongdian, one child poster. Image credit: Flickr Zhongdian, one child poster. Image credit: Flickr One-child policy is a nationwide family planning policy introduced by the Chinese government to curb its overgrowing population that was hampering the nation’s economic growth. As per the rule, couples could only give birth to one child. They, however, could go for another child if the previous child died. Couples living in rural areas were allowed to try for a second child if the first kid was a female or was mentally or physically disabled. When the Chinese Communist Party officially announced the rule in September, 1980, the long-term vision was to ensure the population didn’t increase beyond 1.2 billion by 20th century end. As per a 2015 government announcement, the policy will officially cease to exist by early 2016. In late 1978, a voluntary population control program was announced by China. As per which, families were encouraged to not have more than a couple of kids, with a single child given higher preference. In 1979, the demand to limit one kid per family grew. During the year, the stricter or mandatory requirement was unevenly applied across provinces – in 1980, a standard policy was introduced. However, the enforcement was still on the lenient side in the rural regions compared to cities. Why the One-Child Policy? Till the 1960s, Chinese couples were free to determine their family size. Later, in the 1970s, the government took note of the alarming population growth. There were many Chinese couples with as many as four children, which resulted in economic crisis-like scenarios such as food shortages, abuse of public services, etc. The restriction was implemented to stabilize water and food supplies and reduce the burden on government services, besides enhancing individual prosperity. Managing this population was imperative to ensure quality education and healthcare and good career opportunities to all. Thanks to the one-child policy, gender imbalance became widespread. Families started preferring a male kid as their only child, for obvious reasons. This gave rise to a flurry of gender-selective abortions, and also female child abandonment and female infanticide. Several baby girls were up for adoption or handed over to relatives with no kids. As per the Chinese Health Ministry’s 2014 report, there were 336 million abortion and 196 million sterilization procedures carried out in the three decades post 1980. Also, 403 million intrauterine devices (a contraceptive equipment fitted within the uterus to mitigate fertilized ova implantation) were inserted. The one-child policy, in a way, altered the people’s way of living. People had to think about who to marry, the job to have, retirement years, etc. due to the policy. Single kids couldn’t afford to fail both professionally and on a personal level because their families didn’t have anyone else to count on. On a positive front, the enhanced economy meant most Chinese kids were not born in poverty. The urban crowd benefited the most. With a sibling not around, their access to things such as higher education and good nutrition was much improved. Policy Breach Consequences To ensure strict adherence to the policy, the Chinese government subjected its women to regular pregnancy tests – even women in their ‘40s and ‘50s weren’t spared. Those found to be pregnant had to undergo forced abortions and also sterilizations. The officials’ actions against pregnant women were brutal. There was one instance when a woman with a seven-month-old pregnancy had to abort her fetus. In several localities, the officials threatened policy violators with other stringent punishments, which included destruction of houses and seizure of cattle. In several million reported cases, Chinese families successfully managed to hide their new kids from family planning authorities. Those caught had the option to remit “an upbringing or social compensation fee”, typically multiples of the average income of the child’s birthplace. The fee was collected to cover the extra child’s healthcare and education costs.	<urn:uuid:edde763a-211c-4157-804f-017babf2618c>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.04211080074310303, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9770573377609253, "url": "http://www.explainz.com/explanations/governance-administration/one-child-policy/" }
10.4. Temporal tenses: PU and ZI The following cmavo are discussed in this section: short time distance medium time distance long time distance Now that the reader understands spatial tenses, there are only two main facts to understand about temporal tenses: they work exactly like the spatial tenses, with selma'o PU and ZI standing in for FAhA and VA; and when both spatial and temporal tense cmavo are given in a single tense construct, the temporal tense is expressed first. (If space could be expressed before or after time at will, then certain constructions would be ambiguous.) Example 10.15. le nanmu pu batci le gerku The man [past] bites the dog. The man bit the dog. means that to reach the dog-biting, you must take an imaginary journey through time, moving towards the past an unspecified distance. (Of course, this journey is even more imaginary than the ones talked about in the previous sections, since time-travel is not an available option.) Lojban recognizes three temporal directions: pu for the past, ca for the present, and ba for the future. (Etymologically, these derive from the corresponding gismu purci, cabna, and balvi. See Section 10.23 for an explanation of the exact relationship between the cmavo and the gismu.) There are many more spatial directions, since there are FAhA cmavo for both absolute and relative directions as well as direction-like relationships like surrounding, within, touching, etc. (See Section 10.27 for a complete list.) But there are really only two directions in time: forward and backward, toward the future and toward the past. Why, then, are there three cmavo of selma'o PU? The reason is that tense is subjective: human beings perceive space and time in a way that does not necessarily agree with objective measurements. We have a sense of now which includes part of the objective past and part of the objective future, and so we naturally segment the time line into three parts. The Lojban design recognizes this human reality by providing a separate time-direction cmavo for the zero direction, Similarly, there is a FAhA cmavo for the zero space direction: bu'u, which means something like coinciding. (Technical note for readers conversant with relativity theory: The Lojban time tenses reflect time as seen by the speaker, who is assumed to be a point-like observer in the relativistic sense: they do not say anything about physical relationships of relativistic interval, still less about implicit causality. The nature of tense is not only subjective but also observer-based.) Here are some examples of temporal tenses: Example 10.16. le nanmu puzi batci le gerku The man [past-short-distance] bites the dog. A short time ago, the man bit the dog. Example 10.17. le nanmu pu pu batci le gerku The man [past] [past] bites the dog. Earlier than an earlier time than now, the man bit the dog. The man had bitten the dog. The man had been biting the dog. Example 10.18. le nanmu ba puzi batci le gerku The man [future] [past-short] bites the dog. Shortly earlier than some time later than now, the man will bite the dog. Soon before then, the man will have bitten the dog. The man will have just bitten the dog. The man will just have been biting the dog. What about the analogue of an initial VA without a direction? Lojban does allow an initial ZI with or without following PUs: Example 10.19. le nanmu zi pu batci le gerku The man [short] [past] bites the dog. Before a short time from or before now, the man bit or will bite the dog. Example 10.20. le nanmu zu batci le gerku The man [long] bites the dog. A long time from or before now, the man will bite or bit the dog. Example 10.19 and Example 10.20 are perfectly legitimate, but may not be very much used: zi by itself signals an event that happens at a time close to the present, but without saying whether it is in the past or the future. A rough translation might be about now, but not exactly now. Because we can move in any direction in space, we are comfortable with the idea of events happening in an unspecified space direction (nearby or far away), but we live only from past to future, and the idea of an event which happens nearby in time is a peculiar one. Lojban provides lots of such possibilities that don't seem all that useful to English-speakers, even though you can put them together productively; this fact may be a limitation of English. Finally, here are examples which combine temporal and spatial tense: Example 10.21. le nanmu puzu vu batci le gerku The man [past-long-time] [long-space] bites the dog. Long ago and far away, the man bit the dog. Example 10.22. le nanmu cu batci le gerku puzuvuku The man bites the dog [past-long-time-long-space]. The man bit the dog long ago and far away.	<urn:uuid:56d066ad-ec52-4a95-a5e7-b40ff323d47a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.734375, "fasttext_score": 0.3661929965019226, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8871142864227295, "url": "http://www.lojban.org/publications/cll/cll_v1.1_xhtml-section-chunks/section-temporal-tenses.html" }
History of Villach The oldest human traces found in Villach date back to 3500 BC. Many Roman artifacts have been discovered in the city, as it was near an important Roman road called the Römerweg. A document mentions a bridge in what is today Villach in 878, and the settlement across the bridge was given market town status in 1060, though Villach is first mentioned in records in 1240. Villach's first mayor took office in the 16th century. On January 25, 1348, an earthquake destroyed a large part of Villach, followed by another earthquake in 1690. There were also several fires in Villach, which destroyed many buildings. In 1759 Empress Maria Theresa of Austria formally purchased Villach, as well as much of Carinthia. During the Napoleonic Wars, Villach was part of the Illyrian provinces of the French Empire from 1809 until 1813. The Südbahn railway finally reached Villach in 1864, providing growth and expansion. During the period of the German Anschluss (1938–45) when Austria was annexed to Nazi Germany, the mayor of Villach was Oskar Kraus, an enthusiastic Nazi. A memorial for the 1919 border conflict caused controversy when it was inaugurated in 2002, as Kraus, who had not been especially prominent in the conflict, was the only person named. During World War II, allied forces bombed Villach 37 times. About 42,500 bombs killed 300 people and damaged 85% of the buildings. Nevertheless the city quickly recovered. Today, Villach is a bustling city with commerce and recreation, yet it retains its historic background	<urn:uuid:cc67606c-63c4-4b1d-b7bd-af8b2aff3204>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.0875501036643982, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9747510552406311, "url": "http://www.traveltill.com/destination/Austria/Villach/history.php" }
Anwar al-Sadat Born into a family of 13 children in 1918, Anwar al-Sadat grew up among average Egyptian villagers in the town of Mit Abul Kom 40 miles to the north of Cairo. Having completed a grade school education, Sadat's father worked as a clerk in the local military hospital. By the time of his birth, Anwar's Egypt had become a British colony. Crippling debt had forced the Egyptian government to sell the British government its interests in the French engineered Suez Canal linking the Mediteranian Sea with the Indian Ocean. The British and French had used these resources to establish enough political control over Egyptian affairs to refer to Egypt as a British colony. Four figures affected Sadat's early life. The first, a man named Zahran, came from a small village like Sadat's. In a famous incident of colonial rule, the British hanged Zahran for participating in a riot which had resulted in the death of a British officer. Sadat admired the courage Zahran exhibit on the way to the gallows. The second, Kemel Ataturk, created the modern state of Turkey by forcing the downfall of the Ottoman Empire. Not only had Ataturk thrown off the shackles of colonialism, but he established a number of civil service reforms, which Sadat admired. The third man was Mohandas Gandhi. Touring Egypt in 1932, Gandhi had preached the power of nonviolence in combating injustice. And finally, the young Sadat admired Adolf Hitler whom the anticolonialist Sadat viewed as a potential rival to British control. In 1936 as part of a deal between the British and the Wafd party, the British agreed to create a military school in Egypt. Sadat was among its first students. Besides the traditional training in math and science, each student learned to analyze battles. Sadat even studied the Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point in America's civil war. Upon graduating from the academy, the government posted Sadat to a distant outpost. There he met Gamal Abdel Nasser, beginning a long political association which eventually led to the Egyptian presidency. At this outpost, Sadat, Nasser and the other young officers formed a revolutionary group destined to overthrow British rule. Commitment to their revolution led Sadat to jail twice. During his second stay in jail, Sadat taught himself French and English. But the grueling loneliness of jail took its toll. After leaving prison, Sadat returned to civilian life. He acted for a bit, and he joined in several business deals. Through one of his deals, Sadat met Jihan whom he would eventually marry. Sadat recontacted his old associate Nasser to find that their revolutionary movement had grown considerably while he was in prison. On July 23, 1952, the Free Officers Organization staged a coup overthrowing the monarchy. From the moment of the coup, Sadat began as Nasser's public relations minister and trusted lieutenant. Nasser assigned Sadat the task of overseeing the official abdication of King Farouk. Working with Nasser Sadat learned the dangerous game of nationbuilding in a world of superpower rivalries. Egypt eventually became the leading "non-aligned" country in the world, giving a voice, through Nasser, to the desires of the undeveloped and post-colonial societies. Their most important trial came over the Suez Canal, which Nasser nationalized in 1956. In a coordinated effort, the British, French, and the new nation of Israel launched an attack on Egypt hoping to reestablish colonial control over the Canal and its profits. The 1956 war ended only after the United States pressured its allies to withdraw. Egypt emerged from the war a hero of the non-alligned countries, having successfully resisted colonial powers and maintained its control of the Suez. Nasser's prominence suffered greatly from the debacle of the Six Day War. In it, the Israeli military completely destroyed the Egyptian air forces (mostly caught unawares on the ground) and swept through the Sinai to the Suez Canal routing the Egyptian army, killing at least 3,000 soldiers. The devastation also threatened to bankrupt the government. Internal squabbling among Arab nations and the growing Palestinian movement eventually strained Nasser's abilities to the limit. Under the strain, Nasser collapsed and died on 29 September 1970. When he succeeded Nasser, Sadat was completely unknown and untested. Over the next 11 years, however, Sadat proved his leadership abilities. His first trial on the international scene involved the aftermath of the Six Days War. Sadat openly offered the Israelis a peace treaty in exchange for the return of the Siani lands taken in the attack. Domestic crisis and international intrique presented Sadat with seemingly insurmountable problems. The Egyptian economy continued to real from war with Israel and the Egyptian's continuing relationship with the Soviet Union deteriorated as the Soviet's proved unreliable allies. When pressed for more military support to replace the devastation of the Six Days War, the Soviets simply ignored Sadat's requests. In a bold move, which soon became his trademark, Sadat expelled the Soviets. This grand gesture solidified Egyptian internal support at a time when the average Egyptian suffered greatly. Behind the scenes, however, Sadat plotted to retake the Egyptian Siani if the Israelis continued to refuse the Egyptian peace initiative. On 6 October 1973, Sadat struck. With exceptional military precision, the Egyptian army crossed the Suez back into the Sinai and began driving the Israeli army into the desert. Though short-lived, the attack created a new momentum for peace both in Egypt and in Israel. These pressures coincided with continued domestic problems in Egypt. The deteriorating economy in Egypt, accomplanied by a growing distance between rich and poor, led to internal strife, riots, strikes, attacks on the rich. These internal pressures raised the attention of the international community, particularly the United States, concerned that internal strife would weaken Sadat's moderate policies. Convinced that peace with Israel would reap an enormous "peace dividend," Sadat initiated his most important diplomatic ploy. In a speach to the Egyptian parliament in 1977, Sadat affirmed his desire to go anywhere to negotiate a peace with the Israelis. Even, he affirmed, he would go to the Israeli parliament to speak for peace. The Israeli's responded with an invitation to do just that and Sadat's speech to the Israeli Knesset initiated a new momentum for peace that would eventually culminate in the 1978 Camp David Accords and a final peace treaty with Israel in 1979. For his efforts, Sadat won the Nobel Prize for Peace. At home, Sadat's new relationship with the west and his peace treaty generated considerable domestic opposition, especially among fundamentalist Muslim groups. In 1980 and in 1981, Sadat took desperate gambles to respond to these new internal problems. He negotiated a number of loans to support improvements in everyday life. And he simultaneously enacted laws outlawing protest and declared that the Shari'a would be the basis of all new Egyptian law. Sadat died at the hands of fundamentalists assassins during a military review celebrating the Suez crossing in 1973. LtoR: Son-in-law Abdel Ghaffar, Lobna, Jihan, wife Jihan, Noha, and son-in-law Hassan Marei	<urn:uuid:34714957-0643-4026-a675-f18a07e61e9a>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.546875, "fasttext_score": 0.08908361196517944, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9614901542663574, "url": "http://hsje.org/Whoswho/Sadat-bio.htm" }
Slaves were given an island over 150 years ago. Then Irma struck First of a two-part series. Click here to read the second part. Last year's devastating hurricanes may have swept away one of the world's few examples of slavery reparations. The 1,800 residents of Barbuda can trace their ancestry to slaves who worked on the Caribbean island to the late 17th century, when it was a supply station for sugar cane plantations. When abolition arrived more than 100 years later, their former masters, the British Codrington family, abandoned the tiny dot of land, and the slaves used it to develop a method of cooperative land ownership that has supported them and their descendants through the generations. "They weren't called reparations then, but we're using that term now," said Diann Jeffers, a Barbudan who lives in New York City. "We came to know it that way, because we wanted the land to be passed down, to ensure continuity." And now Hurricane Irma has opened the door for change. Barbuda shares a country with a larger and more economically developed sister island, Antigua. And many leaders there, including Prime Minister Gaston Browne, have long held that the post-slavery land rights enjoyed by Barbudans inhibit the island's ability to attract economic investment. That makes the island dependent on federal handouts from Antigua. "All that I can tell you is that each month, the central government of Antigua and Barbuda has to pay all the costs of the local government on Barbuda, and all the costs associated with its operations," said Sir Ronald Sanders, Antigua and Barbuda's ambassador to the United States, in a recent interview with E&E News. Reshaping the island's ancient land ownership system has long been flirted with. But Barbudan opposition made it politically difficult. Then Irma crashed into the island Sept. 6, destroying an estimated 95 percent of the buildings on the 62-square-mile outcropping and driving its inhabitants to shelter on Antigua. The storm is consistent with the kind of supersized hurricanes scientists say could be more common as the oceans warm due to climate change. In the wake of Irma, the Browne government has been criticized for the slow pace of Barbuda's recovery. Many houses are still not connected to water or power six months later. Meanwhile, work on a new airport runway has continued, a move many Barbudans see as an invitation to tourism development, supported by Antiguan officials. The government has also moved to amend the Barbuda Land Act — the law that in 2007 codified the post-slavery land-use system, limiting land ownership to descendants of Codrington's slaves and specifying that much of the island must be available for that community's traditional economic activities, including farming, hunting and fishing. In December, with most Barbudans still not home, Browne and Barbudan Sen. Arthur Nibbs, who supports the changes, circumvented usual notice procedures to bring a bill before the nation's Parliament that would allow Barbudans to purchase small plots for $1. But it would also make the greater part of the island available for other uses — with less local oversight. The amendment has now passed both legislative chambers and will become law any day, when the nation's Governor-General Rodney Williams signs it. Sanders, the ambassador, declined to say why the expedited legislative process was pursued. Plans to place it on the legislative agenda were made public only through an unauthorized press leak. John Mussington, principal of Barbuda's secondary school and an outspoken opponent of the plans, accused the prime minister of employing a "shock doctrine." Mussington, who said he was forced off the island by national security forces following Irma, said the evacuation was part of the government's plan to weaken opposition. "In their state of weakness, you pulled this on them in terms of changing their land rights system when you knew they would be least likely able to defend themselves and resist attempts," Mussington said of Browne's government. Barbuda's slavery past The system of land ownership that Browne and his supporters are seeking to replace is similar to the "family lands" systems that exist in other former British West Indies colonies. It guarantees Barbudans perpetual ownership of the island by making it impossible for outsiders to purchase land, a provision that Mussington and others say is necessary to prevent land values from rising to the point where a relatively poor native population would quickly be priced out. "This would affect me and my descendants in that there would not be much left for us to pass down to our descendants," said Jeffers, a health care union consultant living in the Bronx who, like many Barbudans, maintains strong ties to the island. Besides promising them a home, the communal land system also provides Barbudans access to "the grounds" — land they can use on a rotating basis to supplement their diets and incomes. Jeffers remembers her grandmother leaving every morning on the family donkey to tend her sweet potatoes, peas and other crops designed to flourish in Barbuda's bad soil. "I remember my grandmother saying, 'I'm going to my grounds,'" she said. The local council is tasked with allocating land for resident fishing, crabbing and other seasonal activities. Soldier crabs migrate in the spring months, so that's when islanders collect crab roe to make a dish called "soldier fungi," which has African roots. Hunting and fishing are also practiced sustainably and allow the local population to avoid paying a premium on imported protein. "This would help to subsist us when people couldn't find work, when the hotels weren't open, when you retired and didn't have an income," said Jeffers, who says she makes the journey home several times a year. "It would help you to live. We lived off the land. What these developments and projects would do is totally change our way of life." Browne views the Barbuda Land Act as unconstitutional and contends that the island belongs to the nation as a whole and not to Barbudans alone. The ancient system of land ownership has rendered Barbuda a "glorified welfare system," he told The New York Times in a recent interview. Changes to the ancient system will help open Barbuda to business, he said. Barbuda currently has a sharp limit on the duration of leases to outside companies. Meanwhile, Antigua welcomes cruise ships and all-inclusive resorts. Browne has not been shy about expressing his hopes for a post-Irma Barbuda. "You cannot run a country on sentimentality," he said. "We're saddened by the extent of the damage, but there are opportunities to be exploited." Browne did not respond to requests for comment, but he has told other news organizations that his amendment will give Barbudans the "option" of gaining individual control over their land, not rob them of rights. Browne and Sanders contend that Barbudans live at the expense of Antiguans, but there are few published figures to support that claim. The island does have its own local government funded by the Antiguan and Barbudan government in St. John's. Sanders stated that before the storm, there were 300 Barbudans on the government payroll as cleaners, out of about 1,600 full-time Barbuda residents. But he declined in an interview to answer questions about how public services and salaries provided to Barbudans compared with those provided to other regions of the country. Publicly available budget documents for Antigua and Barbuda don't provide separate line items for Barbuda. And while they agree that the government is a very large employer on the island, Barbudans note that they pay taxes, too. Orlando Morris, a spokesman for the Barbuda Council, said the government in St. John's provides a percentage of Barbuda's budget. He said national coffers this year provided about 40 percent of public spending on the island, or around $10 million. Slowly rebuilding Barbudans say the government response has been painfully slow since Irma, especially given the millions of dollars in international aid and insurance payments the country has received to help with the process. "Five months and basic services are still not restored, that's a serious problem here," said Mussington. The government claims that power has been restored to the island, but while power poles are up and transmission infrastructure is in place, the public utility has prescribed expensive upgrades to homes' electrical systems before they can be connected. Morris of the Barbuda Council said the upgrades — which will be made at homeowners' expense — are necessary because most of the wiring on the island is very old. Residents say running water is intermittent; Morris said it's connected but is sometimes turned off for repairs. Between 300 and 500 Barbudans have come home despite the damage. Some sleep in tents in their front yards. But there have been sharp incongruencies in the recovery that underscore tensions between the two islands. When Barbudans asked for the schools to be reopened in mid-November, the national education ministry did not respond to the request. Islanders led by Mussington then took matters into their own hands, opening a school in a church. The Ministry of Education responded by dispatching a truancy officer to the island but eventually bowed to local pressure and reopened the schools. Meanwhile, nongovernmental institutions and international organizations are filling in the gaps for the needs of those returning. China Aid and the United Nations Development Programme ran afoul of Browne on a recent fly-in when the prime minister was angered to see "UNDP-China Aid" stickers on houses they were re-roofing. He demanded they be taken down, insisting they didn't give the national government enough credit for the work it was doing on the recovery. Stephen O'Malley, the UNDP representative overseeing work on Barbuda, said the island's recovery was always likely to be slow. "There are real logistical constraints in this story," he said. "It's a difficult task for the government." Building materials must come through Antigua, traveling the 30 miles to Barbuda via a limited and overstressed ferry system. Work crews have to be brought to the island and fed and sheltered. The Browne government is paying to shelter storm victims in Antigua and for their security. Morris stressed that the resettlement in Antigua is expensive, and it continues to feed and shelter hundreds of unemployed people. Sashagay Middleton, a marine ecosystems consultant with a nonprofit contracted to the Antiguan and Barbudan Department of Environment, has found herself organizing meals, counseling services and subsidized ferry rides for returnees. She also helps their children access tutors while the schools remain closed. "We're not set up to be a disaster relief fund, but given the situation in September, we recognized that a lot of donors wanted to channel funds through [nongovernmental institutions] rather than government," she said. Middleton, who is originally from Jamaica, said local residents were frustrated with Antiguan politicians' response to the crisis, which she characterized as flying into the island with an entourage, looking around and leaving — generally without speaking to any of the inhabitants. "They don't feel that the government is looking out for them," she said. Twitter: @chemnipot Email: Like what you see? We thought you might. Start a free trial now. Latest Selected Headlines More headlinesMore headlines More headlinesMore headlines More headlinesMore headlines More headlinesMore headlines	<urn:uuid:5d6b8bfb-fcd6-495f-989d-96db071bbaf5>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.703125, "fasttext_score": 0.030384361743927002, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9680495858192444, "url": "https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060074807" }
IMIS \| Flanders Marine Institute Flanders Marine Institute Platform for marine research Publications \| Institutes \| Persons \| Datasets \| Projects \| Maps A brief history of the Coriolis force Gerkema, T.; Gostiaux, L. (2012). A brief history of the Coriolis force. Europhys. News 43(2): 14-17. In: Europhysics News. EDP Sciences: Les Ulis. ISSN 0531-7479, more Peer reviewed article Available in Authors Authors Top • Gerkema, T., more • Gostiaux, L. In 1835, Gustave Coriolis derived the expression of a force acting in rotating systems, now known as the Coriolis force. His work was inspired by rotating devices such as waterwheels. However, the onerotating device that has always been with us is the Earth itself. Indeed, the earliest studies on how moving objects behave in a rotating system were directed to the Earth's diurnal rotation. Here we trace the history of these studies, which started two centuries before Coriolis.	<urn:uuid:f5e7b0dc-9ec8-4bbb-89db-2a435c740a70>	{ "dataset": "HuggingFaceTB/dclm-edu", "edu_int_score": 4, "edu_score": 3.515625, "fasttext_score": 0.1041574478149414, "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8369080424308777, "url": "http://www.vliz.be/en/imis?module=ref&refid=239414" }

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